1
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Aguadé-Gorgorió J, Jami-Alahmadi Y, Calvanese V, Kardouh M, Fares I, Johnson H, Rezek V, Ma F, Magnusson M, Wang Y, Shin JE, Nance KJ, Goodridge HS, Liebscher S, Schenke-Layland K, Crooks GM, Wohlschlegel JA, Mikkola HKA. MYCT1 controls environmental sensing in human haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 2024; 630:412-420. [PMID: 38839950 PMCID: PMC11168926 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The processes that govern human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and engraftment are poorly understood and challenging to recapitulate in culture to reliably expand functional HSCs1-3. Here we identify MYC target 1 (MYCT1; also known as MTLC) as a crucial human HSC regulator that moderates endocytosis and environmental sensing in HSCs. MYCT1 is selectively expressed in undifferentiated human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and endothelial cells but becomes markedly downregulated during HSC culture. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of MYCT1 prevented human fetal liver and cord blood (CB) HSPC expansion and engraftment. By contrast, restoring MYCT1 expression improved the expansion and engraftment of cultured CB HSPCs. Single-cell RNA sequencing of human CB HSPCs in which MYCT1 was knocked down or overexpressed revealed that MYCT1 governs important regulatory programmes and cellular properties essential for HSC stemness, such as ETS factor expression and low mitochondrial activity. MYCT1 is localized in the endosomal membrane in HSPCs and interacts with vesicle trafficking regulators and signalling machinery. MYCT1 loss in HSPCs led to excessive endocytosis and hyperactive signalling responses, whereas restoring MYCT1 expression balanced culture-induced endocytosis and dysregulated signalling. Moreover, sorting cultured CB HSPCs on the basis of lowest endocytosis rate identified HSPCs with preserved MYCT1 expression and MYCT1-regulated HSC stemness programmes. Our work identifies MYCT1-moderated endocytosis and environmental sensing as essential regulatory mechanisms required to preserve human HSC stemness. Our data also pinpoint silencing of MYCT1 as a cell-culture-induced vulnerability that compromises human HSC expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Aguadé-Gorgorió
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Calvanese
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maya Kardouh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Iman Fares
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Kite Pharma, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Haley Johnson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Rezek
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Mattias Magnusson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juliana E Shin
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karina J Nance
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helen S Goodridge
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James A Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanna K A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Demirci S, Khan MBN, Hinojosa G, Le A, Leonard A, Essawi K, Gudmundsdottir B, Liu X, Zeng J, Inam Z, Chu R, Uchida N, Araki D, London E, Butt H, Maitland SA, Bauer DE, Wolfe SA, Larochelle A, Tisdale JF. Ex vivo culture resting time impacts transplantation outcomes of genome-edited human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in xenograft mouse models. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:641-648. [PMID: 38506770 PMCID: PMC11127784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ex vivo resting culture is a standard procedure following genome editing in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, prolonged culture may critically affect cell viability and stem cell function. We investigated whether varying durations of culture resting times impact the engraftment efficiency of human CD34+ HSPCs edited at the BCL11A enhancer, a key regulator in the expression of fetal hemoglobin. We employed electroporation to introduce CRISPR-Cas9 components for BCL11A enhancer editing and compared outcomes with nonelectroporated (NEP) and electroporated-only (EP) control groups. Post-electroporation, we monitored cell viability, death rates, and the frequency of enriched hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fractions (CD34+CD90+CD45RA- cells) over a 48-hour period. Our findings reveal that while the NEP group showed an increase in cell numbers 24 hours post-electroporation, both EP and BCL11A-edited groups experienced significant cell loss. Although CD34+ cell frequency remained high in all groups for up to 48 hours post-electroporation, the frequency of the HSC-enriched fraction was significantly lower in the EP and edited groups compared to the NEP group. In NBSGW xenograft mouse models, both conditioned with busulfan and nonconditioned, we found that immediate transplantation post-electroporation led to enhanced engraftment without compromising editing efficiency. Human glycophorin A+ (GPA+) red blood cells (RBCs) sorted from bone marrow of all BCL11A edited mice exhibited similar levels of γ-globin expression, regardless of infusion time. Our findings underscore the critical importance of optimizing the culture duration between genome editing and transplantation. Minimizing this interval may significantly enhance engraftment success and minimize cell loss without compromising editing efficiency. These insights offer a pathway to improve the success rates of genome editing in HSPCs, particularly for conditions like sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA..
| | | | - Gabriela Hinojosa
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anh Le
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexis Leonard
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Khaled Essawi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bjorg Gudmundsdottir
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiong Liu
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zaina Inam
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Chu
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daisuke Araki
- CMTB, NHLBI/Regenerative Therapies for Inherited Blood Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan London
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henna Butt
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacy A Maitland
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scot A Wolfe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- CMTB, NHLBI/Regenerative Therapies for Inherited Blood Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John F Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch (CMTB), National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA..
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3
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Bak I, Choi M, Yu E, Yoo KW, Jeong SY, Lee J, Jo M, Moon KS, Yu DY. The Effects of Busulfan on Xenogeneic Transplantation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Recipient Mice. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:440-447. [PMID: 38368129 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humanized mouse models with engraftment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are effective tools for the study of human immunity. Busulfan has been used as a substitute for irradiation in human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation models, but it has not been tested in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transplantation models. METHODS This study evaluated PBMC engraftment using cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in female NOD.CB17/Prkdcscid/JKrb/ IL2 receptor γ-/- (NIG) mice treated with busulfan. RESULTS In this model, the percentage of human CD3+ T cell engraftment in the blood was 28.2%, with dominant infiltration of CD8+ cells in the spleen 3 weeks post PBMC transplantation. Production of human cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-22, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, and IL-10, was determined in mice treated with busulfan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that busulfan treatment is a beneficial alternative for simple and efficient PBMC engraftment in a rodent model, possibly helping to evaluate human immunity in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Bak
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Immunology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Choi
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yu
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Won Yoo
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Jo
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Yeul Yu
- GHBIO Inc. (Genes & Health Biotechnology), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Araki D, Hong S, Linde N, Fisk B, Redekar N, Salisbury-Ruf C, Krouse A, Engels T, Golomb J, Dagur P, Magnani DM, Wang Z, Larochelle A. cMPL-Based Purification and Depletion of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Implications for Pre-Transplant Conditioning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.24.581887. [PMID: 38464076 PMCID: PMC10925094 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.24.581887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The transplantation of gene-modified autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) offers a promising therapeutic approach for hematological and immunological disorders. However, this strategy is often limited by the toxicities associated with traditional conditioning regimens. Antibody-based conditioning strategies targeting cKIT and CD45 antigens have shown potential in mitigating these toxicities, but their long-term safety and efficacy in clinical settings require further validation. In this study, we investigate the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor, cMPL, as a novel target for conditioning protocols. We demonstrate that high surface expression of cMPL is a hallmark feature of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) within the adult human CD34+ HSPC subset. Targeting the cMPL receptor facilitates the separation of human LT-HSCs from mature progenitors, a delineation not achievable with cKIT. Leveraging this finding, we developed a cMPL-targeting immunotoxin, demonstrating its ability to selectively deplete host cMPLhigh LT-HSCs with a favorable safety profile and rapid clearance within 24 hours post-infusion in rhesus macaques. These findings present significant potential to advance our understanding of human hematopoiesis and enhance the therapeutic outcomes of ex vivo autologous HSPC gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Araki
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sogun Hong
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathaniel Linde
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bryan Fisk
- Integrated Data Science Services, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Neelam Redekar
- Integrated Data Science Services, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christi Salisbury-Ruf
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allen Krouse
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Theresa Engels
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Priority One Services, Inc., Alexandria, VA 22310, USA
| | - Justin Golomb
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Priority One Services, Inc., Alexandria, VA 22310, USA
| | - Pradeep Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Choo S, Wolf CB, Mack HM, Egan MJ, Kiem HP, Radtke S. Choosing the right mouse model: comparison of humanized NSG and NBSGW mice for in vivo HSC gene therapy. Blood Adv 2024; 8:916-926. [PMID: 38113461 PMCID: PMC10877116 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is an emerging and promising area of focus in the gene therapy field. Humanized mouse models are frequently used to evaluate novel HSC gene therapy approaches. Here, we comprehensively evaluated 2 mouse strains, NSG and NBSGW. We studied human HSC engraftment in the bone marrow (BM), mobilization of BM-engrafted HSCs into circulation, in vivo transduction using vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (VSV-G LVs), and the expression levels of surface receptors needed for transduction of viral vectors. Our findings reveal that the NBSGW strain exhibits superior engraftment of human long-term HSCs compared with the NSG strain. However, neither model resulted in a significant increase in circulating human HSCs after mobilization. We show that time after humanization as well as human chimerism levels and platelet counts in the peripheral blood can be used as surrogates for human HSC engraftment in the BM. Furthermore, we observed low expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, a requirement for VSV-G LV transduction, in the human HSCs present in the murine BM. Our comprehensive characterization of humanized mouse models highlights the necessity of proper validation of the model and methods to study in vivo HSC gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunga Choo
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Carl B. Wolf
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Heather M. Mack
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mitchell J. Egan
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
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6
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Li Y, Ding J, Araki D, Zou J, Larochelle A. Modulation of WNT, Activin/Nodal, and MAPK Signaling Pathways Increases Arterial Hemogenic Endothelium and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Formation During Human iPSC Differentiation. Stem Cells 2023; 41:685-697. [PMID: 37220178 PMCID: PMC10346406 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several differentiation protocols enable the emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), yet optimized schemes to promote the development of HSPCs with self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and engraftment potential are lacking. To improve human iPSC differentiation methods, we modulated WNT, Activin/Nodal, and MAPK signaling pathways by stage-specific addition of small-molecule regulators CHIR99021, SB431542, and LY294002, respectively, and measured the impact on hematoendothelial formation in culture. Manipulation of these pathways provided a synergy sufficient to enhance formation of arterial hemogenic endothelium (HE) relative to control culture conditions. Importantly, this approach significantly increased production of human HSPCs with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, as well as phenotypic and molecular evidence of progressive maturation in culture. Together, these findings provide a stepwise improvement in human iPSC differentiation protocols and offer a framework for manipulating intrinsic cellular cues to enable de novo generation of human HSPCs with functionality in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Li
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jianyi Ding
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core Facility, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Araki D, Chen V, Redekar N, Salisbury-Ruf C, Luo Y, Liu P, Li Y, Smith RH, Dagur P, Combs C, Larochelle A. Post-Transplant Administration of G-CSF Impedes Engraftment of Gene Edited Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Exacerbating the p53-Mediated DNA Damage Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547089. [PMID: 37425704 PMCID: PMC10327043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is commonly used as adjunct treatment to hasten recovery from neutropenia following chemotherapy and autologous transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for malignant disorders. However, the utility of G-CSF administration after ex vivo gene therapy procedures targeting human HSPCs has not been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we provide evidence that post-transplant administration of G-CSF impedes engraftment of CRISPR-Cas9 gene edited human HSPCs in xenograft models. G-CSF acts by exacerbating the p53-mediated DNA damage response triggered by Cas9- mediated DNA double-stranded breaks. Transient p53 inhibition in culture attenuates the negative impact of G-CSF on gene edited HSPC function. In contrast, post-transplant administration of G-CSF does not impair the repopulating properties of unmanipulated human HSPCs or HSPCs genetically engineered by transduction with lentiviral vectors. The potential for post-transplant G-CSF administration to aggravate HSPC toxicity associated with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing should be considered in the design of ex vivo autologous HSPC gene editing clinical trials.
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8
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Everette KA, Newby GA, Levine RM, Mayberry K, Jang Y, Mayuranathan T, Nimmagadda N, Dempsey E, Li Y, Bhoopalan SV, Liu X, Davis JR, Nelson AT, Chen PJ, Sousa AA, Cheng Y, Tisdale JF, Weiss MJ, Yen JS, Liu DR. Ex vivo prime editing of patient haematopoietic stem cells rescues sickle-cell disease phenotypes after engraftment in mice. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:616-628. [PMID: 37069266 PMCID: PMC10195679 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is caused by an A·T-to-T·A transversion mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB). Here we show that prime editing can correct the SCD allele (HBBS) to wild type (HBBA) at frequencies of 15%-41% in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with SCD. Seventeen weeks after transplantation into immunodeficient mice, prime-edited SCD HSPCs maintained HBBA levels and displayed engraftment frequencies, haematopoietic differentiation and lineage maturation similar to those of unedited HSPCs from healthy donors. An average of 42% of human erythroblasts and reticulocytes isolated 17 weeks after transplantation of prime-edited HSPCs from four SCD patient donors expressed HBBA, exceeding the levels predicted for therapeutic benefit. HSPC-derived erythrocytes carried less sickle haemoglobin, contained HBBA-derived adult haemoglobin at 28%-43% of normal levels and resisted hypoxia-induced sickling. Minimal off-target editing was detected at over 100 sites nominated experimentally via unbiased genome-wide analysis. Our findings support the feasibility of a one-time prime editing SCD treatment that corrects HBBS to HBBA, does not require any viral or non-viral DNA template and minimizes undesired consequences of DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcee A Everette
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel M Levine
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kalin Mayberry
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoonjeong Jang
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Nikitha Nimmagadda
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erin Dempsey
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Xiong Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander A Sousa
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John F Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan S Yen
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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9
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Ding T, Yu Y, Pan X, Chen H. Establishment of humanized mice and its application progress in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2023; 15:679-697. [PMID: 37096919 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current high prevalence of malignant tumors has attracted considerable attention, and treating advanced malignancies is becoming increasingly difficult. Although immunotherapy is a hopeful alternative, it is effective in only a few people. Thus, development of preclinical animal models is needed. Humanized xenotransplantation mouse models can help with selecting treatment protocols, evaluating curative effects and assessing prognosis. This review discusses the establishment of humanized mouse models and their application prospects in cancer immunotherapy to identify tailored therapies for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Pan
- Department of Vision Rehabilitation, Gansu Province Hospital Rehabilitation Center, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
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10
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Li Y, Ding J, Araki D, Zou J, Larochelle A. Modulation of WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK Signaling Pathways Increases Arterial Hemogenic Endothelium and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Formation During Human iPSC Differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.21.529379. [PMID: 36865308 PMCID: PMC9980074 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.21.529379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Several differentiation protocols enable the emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), yet optimized schemes to promote the development of HSPCs with self-renewal, multilineage differentiation and engraftment potential are lacking. To improve human iPSC differentiation methods, we modulated WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK signaling pathways by stage-specific addition of small molecule regulators CHIR99021, SB431542 and LY294002, respectively, and measured the impact on hematoendothelial formation in culture. Manipulation of these pathways provided a synergy sufficient to enhance formation of arterial hemogenic endothelium (HE) relative to control culture conditions. Importantly, this approach significantly increased production of human HSPCs with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, as well as phenotypic and molecular evidence of progressive maturation in culture. Together, these findings provide a stepwise improvement in human iPSC differentiation protocols and offer a framework for manipulating intrinsic cellular cues to enable de novo generation of human HSPCs with functionality in vivo . Significance Statement The ability to produce functional HSPCs by differentiation of human iPSCs ex vivo holds enormous potential for cellular therapy of human blood disorders. However, obstacles still thwart translation of this approach to the clinic. In keeping with the prevailing arterial-specification model, we demonstrate that concurrent modulation of WNT, Activin/Nodal and MAPK signaling pathways by stage-specific addition of small molecules during human iPSC differentiation provides a synergy sufficient to promote arterialization of HE and production of HSPCs with features of definitive hematopoiesis. This simple differentiation scheme provides a unique tool for disease modeling, in vitro drug screening and eventual cell therapies.
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11
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Eckrich MJ, Frangoul H. Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and Transfusion Dependent Thalassemias- A cure within reach. Semin Hematol 2022; 60:3-9. [PMID: 37080708 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with significant morbidity and shortened life expectancy. Similarly, patients with transfusion dependent beta thalassemia (TdT) require life-long transfusion therapy, chelation therapy and significant organ dysfunction. Allogeneic transplantation from a matched family donor provided the only curative option for patients with SCD and TdT. Unfortunately, less than 20% of patients have a fully matched related donor and results using unrelated donor transplant were associated with high rate of complications. Ex vivo gene therapy through globin gene addition has been investigated extensively and recent encouraging preliminary data resulted in regulatory approval in patients with TdT. Recent improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathways controlling erythropoiesis and globin switching from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin offer a new and exciting therapeutic options. Rapid and substantial advances in genome editing tools using CRISPR/Cas9, have raised the possibility of genetic editing and correction in patient derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We will review results of gene editing approach that can induce fetal hemoglobin production in patients with SCD and TdT.
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12
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Bagchi A, Devaraju N, Chambayil K, Rajendiran V, Venkatesan V, Sayed N, Pai AA, Nath A, David E, Nakamura Y, Balasubramanian P, Srivastava A, Thangavel S, Mohankumar KM, Velayudhan SR. Erythroid lineage-specific lentiviral RNAi vectors suitable for molecular functional studies and therapeutic applications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14033. [PMID: 35982069 PMCID: PMC9388678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous genes exert multifaceted roles in hematopoiesis. Therefore, we generated novel lineage-specific RNA interference (RNAi) lentiviral vectors, H23B-Ery-Lin-shRNA and H234B-Ery-Lin-shRNA, to probe the functions of these genes in erythroid cells without affecting other hematopoietic lineages. The lineage specificity of these vectors was confirmed by transducing multiple hematopoietic cells to express a fluorescent protein. Unlike the previously reported erythroid lineage RNAi vector, our vectors were designed for cloning the short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for any gene, and they also provide superior knockdown of the target gene expression with a single shRNA integration per cell. High-level lineage-specific downregulation of BCL11A and ZBTB7A, two well-characterized transcriptional repressors of HBG in adult erythroid cells, was achieved with substantial induction of fetal hemoglobin with a single-copy lentiviral vector integration. Transduction of primary healthy donor CD34+ cells with these vectors resulted in >80% reduction in the target protein levels and up to 40% elevation in the γ-chain levels in the differentiated erythroid cells. Xenotransplantation of the human CD34+ cells transduced with H23B-Ery-Lin-shBCL11A LV in immunocompromised mice showed ~ 60% reduction in BCL11A protein expression with ~ 40% elevation of γ-chain levels in the erythroid cells derived from the transduced CD34+ cells. Overall, the novel erythroid lineage-specific lentiviral RNAi vectors described in this study provide a high-level knockdown of target gene expression in the erythroid cells, making them suitable for their use in gene therapy for hemoglobinopathies. Additionally, the design of these vectors also makes them ideal for high-throughput RNAi screening for studying normal and pathological erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Bagchi
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Nivedhitha Devaraju
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576119, India
| | - Karthik Chambayil
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Vignesh Rajendiran
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Vigneshwaran Venkatesan
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576119, India
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Aswin Anand Pai
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Aneesha Nath
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Ernest David
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki, 3050074, Japan
| | - Poonkuzhali Balasubramanian
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576119, India
| | - Kumarasamypet M Mohankumar
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576119, India.
| | - Shaji R Velayudhan
- Center for Stem Cell Research (A Unit of inStem, Bengaluru, India), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India.
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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13
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Magis W, DeWitt MA, Wyman SK, Vu JT, Heo SJ, Shao SJ, Hennig F, Romero ZG, Campo-Fernandez B, Said S, McNeill MS, Rettig GR, Sun Y, Wang Y, Behlke MA, Kohn DB, Boffelli D, Walters MC, Corn JE, Martin DI. High-level correction of the sickle mutation is amplified in vivo during erythroid differentiation. iScience 2022; 25:104374. [PMID: 35633935 PMCID: PMC9130532 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A point mutation in sickle cell disease (SCD) alters one amino acid in the β-globin subunit of hemoglobin, with resultant anemia and multiorgan damage that typically shortens lifespan by decades. Because SCD is caused by a single mutation, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be harvested, manipulated, and returned to an individual, it is an attractive target for gene correction. Results An optimized Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) with an ssDNA oligonucleotide donor together generated correction of at least one β-globin allele in more than 30% of long-term engrafting human HSCs. After adopting a high-fidelity Cas9 variant, efficient correction with minimal off-target events also was observed. In vivo erythroid differentiation markedly enriches for corrected β-globin alleles, indicating that erythroblasts carrying one or more corrected alleles have a survival advantage. Significance These findings indicate that the sickle mutation can be corrected in autologous HSCs with an optimized protocol suitable for clinical translation. The gene editing protocol corrects the sickle mutation in ∼30% of engrafting cells Random assortment of engrafting stem cell clones without clonal dominance was shown Corrected erythroid cells are preferentially enriched compared with unedited cells
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14
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Abstract
The regulatory 2D in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is part of a battery of tests, used to test for genotoxicity of new and existing compounds before they are assessed in vivo (ICH S2). The 2D MN assay consists of a monolayer of cells, whereas the in vivo bone marrow (BM) setting comprises a multicellular environment within a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Although the in vitro MN assay follows a robust protocol set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to comply with regulatory bodies, some compounds have been identified as negative genotoxicants within the in vitro MN assay but marginally positive when assessed in vivo. The glucocorticoids, which are weakly positive in vivo, have generally been suggested to pose no long-term carcinogenic risk; however, for novel compounds of unknown activity, improved prediction of genotoxicity is imperative. To help address this observation, we describe a novel 3D in vitro assay which aims to replicate the results seen within the in vivo BM microenvironment. AlgiMatrix scaffolds were optimized for seeding with HS-5 human BM stromal cells as a BM microenvironment, to which the human lymphoblast cell line TK6 was added. An MN assay was performed aligning with the 2D regulatory assay protocol. Utilizing this novel 3D in vitro model of the BM, known genotoxicants (mitomycin C, etoposide, and paclitaxel), a negative control (caffeine), and in vivo positive glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and prednisolone) were investigated for the induction of MN. It was found, in agreement with historical in vivo data, that the model could accurately predict the in vivo outcome of the glucocorticoids, unlike the regulatory 2D in vitro MN assay. These preliminary results suggest our 3D MN assay may better predict the outcome of in vivo MN tests, compared with the standard 2D assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Vernon
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Pemberton
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - H Ruth Morse
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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15
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Rosanwo TO, Bauer DE. Editing outside the body: Ex vivo gene-modification for β-hemoglobinopathy cellular therapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3163-3178. [PMID: 34628053 PMCID: PMC8571174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing produces genetic modifications in somatic cells, offering novel curative possibilities for sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. These opportunities leverage clinical knowledge of hematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene transfer. Advantages to this mode of ex vivo therapy include locus-specific alteration of patient hematopoietic stem cell genomes, lack of allogeneic immune response, and avoidance of insertional mutagenesis. Despite exciting progress, many aspects of this approach remain to be optimized for ideal clinical implementation, including the efficiency and specificity of gene modification, delivery to hematopoietic stem cells, and robust and nontoxic engraftment of gene-modified cells. This review highlights genome editing as compared to other genetic therapies, the differences between editing strategies, and the clinical prospects and challenges of implementing genome editing as a novel treatment. As the world's most common monogenic disorders, the β-hemoglobinopathies are at the forefront of bringing genome editing to the clinic and hold promise for molecular medicine to address human disease at its root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope O Rosanwo
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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Newby GA, Yen JS, Woodard KJ, Mayuranathan T, Lazzarotto CR, Li Y, Sheppard-Tillman H, Porter SN, Yao Y, Mayberry K, Everette KA, Jang Y, Podracky CJ, Thaman E, Lechauve C, Sharma A, Henderson JM, Richter MF, Zhao KT, Miller SM, Wang T, Koblan LW, McCaffrey AP, Tisdale JF, Kalfa TA, Pruett-Miller SM, Tsai SQ, Weiss MJ, Liu DR. Base editing of haematopoietic stem cells rescues sickle cell disease in mice. Nature 2021; 595:295-302. [PMID: 34079130 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene HBB1. We used a custom adenine base editor (ABE8e-NRCH)2,3 to convert the SCD allele (HBBS) into Makassar β-globin (HBBG), a non-pathogenic variant4,5. Ex vivo delivery of mRNA encoding the base editor with a targeting guide RNA into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with SCD resulted in 80% conversion of HBBS to HBBG. Sixteen weeks after transplantation of edited human HSPCs into immunodeficient mice, the frequency of HBBG was 68% and hypoxia-induced sickling of bone marrow reticulocytes had decreased fivefold, indicating durable gene editing. To assess the physiological effects of HBBS base editing, we delivered ABE8e-NRCH and guide RNA into HSPCs from a humanized SCD mouse6 and then transplanted these cells into irradiated mice. After sixteen weeks, Makassar β-globin represented 79% of β-globin protein in blood, and hypoxia-induced sickling was reduced threefold. Mice that received base-edited HSPCs showed near-normal haematological parameters and reduced splenic pathology compared to mice that received unedited cells. Secondary transplantation of edited bone marrow confirmed that the gene editing was durable in long-term haematopoietic stem cells and showed that HBBS-to-HBBG editing of 20% or more is sufficient for phenotypic rescue. Base editing of human HSPCs avoided the p53 activation and larger deletions that have been observed following Cas9 nuclease treatment. These findings point towards a one-time autologous treatment for SCD that eliminates pathogenic HBBS, generates benign HBBG, and minimizes the undesired consequences of double-strand DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Yen
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Kaitly J Woodard
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Cicera R Lazzarotto
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Shaina N Porter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kalin Mayberry
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kelcee A Everette
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yoonjeong Jang
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J Podracky
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thaman
- Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christophe Lechauve
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Akshay Sharma
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Michelle F Richter
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin T Zhao
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tina Wang
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke W Koblan
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - John F Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theodosia A Kalfa
- Division of Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shengdar Q Tsai
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Terahara K, Iwabuchi R, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. Perspectives on Non-BLT Humanized Mouse Models for Studying HIV Pathogenesis and Therapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050776. [PMID: 33924786 PMCID: PMC8145733 DOI: 10.3390/v13050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of humanized mice, which are reconstituted only with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) or with fetal thymus and HSCs, have been developed and widely utilized as in vivo animal models of HIV-1 infection. The models represent some aspects of HIV-mediated pathogenesis in humans and are useful for the evaluation of therapeutic regimens. However, there are several limitations in these models, including their incomplete immune responses and poor distribution of human cells to the secondary lymphoid tissues. These limitations are common in many humanized mouse models and are critical issues that need to be addressed. As distinct defects exist in each model, we need to be cautious about the experimental design and interpretation of the outcomes obtained using humanized mice. Considering this point, we mainly characterize the current conventional humanized mouse reconstituted only with HSCs and describe past achievements in this area, as well as the potential contributions of the humanized mouse models for the study of HIV pathogenesis and therapy. We also discuss the use of various technologies to solve the current problems. Humanized mice will contribute not only to the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-HIV regimens, but also to a deeper understanding of basic aspects of HIV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Terahara
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; (K.T.); (R.I.)
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-3-6424-2223
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Uchida N, Li L, Nassehi T, Drysdale CM, Yapundich M, Gamer J, Haro-Mora JJ, Demirci S, Leonard A, Bonifacino AC, Krouse AE, Linde NS, Allen C, Peshwa MV, De Ravin SS, Donahue RE, Malech HL, Tisdale JF. Preclinical evaluation for engraftment of CD34 + cells gene-edited at the sickle cell disease locus in xenograft mouse and non-human primate models. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100247. [PMID: 33948577 PMCID: PMC8080237 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a 20A > T mutation in the β-globin gene. Genome-editing technologies have the potential to correct the SCD mutation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), producing adult hemoglobin while simultaneously eliminating sickle hemoglobin. Here, we developed high-efficiency viral vector-free non-footprint gene correction in SCD CD34+ cells with electroporation to deliver SCD mutation-targeting guide RNA, Cas9 endonuclease, and 100-mer single-strand donor DNA encoding intact β-globin sequence, achieving therapeutic-level gene correction at DNA (∼30%) and protein (∼80%) levels. Gene-edited SCD CD34+ cells contributed corrected cells 6 months post-xenograft mouse transplant without off-target δ-globin editing. We then developed a rhesus β-to-βs-globin gene conversion strategy to model HSC-targeted genome editing for SCD and demonstrate the engraftment of gene-edited CD34+ cells 10-12 months post-transplant in rhesus macaques. In summary, gene-corrected CD34+ HSCs are engraftable in xenograft mice and non-human primates. These findings are helpful in designing HSC-targeted gene correction trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Uchida
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tina Nassehi
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire M. Drysdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Yapundich
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jackson Gamer
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan J. Haro-Mora
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Leonard
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Allen E. Krouse
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N. Seth Linde
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert E. Donahue
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harry L. Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institutes (NHLBI)/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yin L, Wang XJ, Chen DX, Liu XN, Wang XJ. Humanized mouse model: a review on preclinical applications for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4568-4584. [PMID: 33415020 PMCID: PMC7783739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the refractory and partial sensitive treatments to malignant cancers, immunotherapy has increasingly become a hotspot in effective anti-tumor research. However, at present, existing animal models could not accurately describe the interaction between human tissue and tumor cells for preclinical trials. Furthermore, it is a tough obstacle to reconstitute the immune system and microenvironment in a mouse model identical to humans due to species differences. In the establishment of the humanized mouse model, the co-transplantation of human immunocytes with/without tissues and tumor cells is the key breakthrough to solve this problem. The compelling progress has been investigated in the preclinical drug test for diverse tumor types. This review mainly summarized the development of immunodeficient mice, and the construction and practicability of the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the investigators also highlight the pros and cons, and recent progress in immunotherapy research for advanced utility of human cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - De-Xi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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An Overview of Different Strategies to Recreate the Physiological Environment in Experimental Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155263. [PMID: 32722249 PMCID: PMC7432157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human erythropoiesis is a complex process leading to the production of mature, enucleated erythrocytes (RBCs). It occurs mainly at bone marrow (BM), where hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are engaged in the early erythroid differentiation to commit into erythroid progenitor cells (burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit erythroid (CFU-E)). Then, during the terminal differentiation, several erythropoietin-induced signaling pathways trigger the differentiation of CFU-E on successive stages from pro-erythroblast to reticulocytes. The latter are released into the circulation, finalizing their maturation into functional RBCs. This process is finely regulated by the physiological environment including the erythroblast-macrophage interaction in the erythroblastic island (EBI). Several human diseases have been associated with ineffective erythropoiesis, either by a defective or an excessive production of RBCs, as well as an increase or a hemoglobinization defect. Fully understanding the production of mature red blood cells is crucial for the comprehension of erythroid pathologies as well as to the field of transfusion. Many experimental approaches have been carried out to achieve a complete differentiation in vitro to produce functional biconcave mature RBCs. However, the various protocols usually fail to achieve enough quantities of completely mature RBCs. In this review, we focus on the evolution of erythropoiesis studies over the years, taking special interest in efforts that were made to include the microenvironment and erythroblastic islands paradigm. These more physiological approaches will contribute to a deeper comprehension of erythropoiesis, improve the treatment of dyserythropoietic disorders, and break through the barriers in massive RBCs production for transfusion.
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