1
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Nelson AT, Cicardi ME, Markandaiah SS, Han JY, Philp NJ, Welebob E, Haeusler AR, Pasinelli P, Manfredi G, Kawamata H, Trotti D. Glucose hypometabolism prompts RAN translation and exacerbates C9orf72-related ALS/FTD phenotypes. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00140-7. [PMID: 38684907 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia is a (GGGGCC)n nucleotide repeat expansion (NRE) occurring in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene (C9). Brain glucose hypometabolism is consistently observed in C9-NRE carriers, even at pre-symptomatic stages, but its role in disease pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we show alterations in glucose metabolic pathways and ATP levels in the brains of asymptomatic C9-BAC mice. We find that, through activation of the GCN2 kinase, glucose hypometabolism drives the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs), impairs the survival of C9 patient-derived neurons, and triggers motor dysfunction in C9-BAC mice. We also show that one of the arginine-rich DPRs (PR) could directly contribute to glucose metabolism and metabolic stress by inhibiting glucose uptake in neurons. Our findings provide a potential mechanistic link between energy imbalances and C9-ALS/FTD pathogenesis and suggest a feedforward loop model with potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Shashirekha S Markandaiah
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - John Ys Han
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Nancy J Philp
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Emily Welebob
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Aaron R Haeusler
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hibiki Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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2
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Mercer JAM, DeCarlo SJ, Roy Burman SS, Sreekanth V, Nelson AT, Hunkeler M, Chen PJ, Donovan KA, Kokkonda P, Tiwari PK, Shoba VM, Deb A, Choudhary A, Fischer ES, Liu DR. Continuous evolution of compact protein degradation tags regulated by selective molecular glues. Science 2024; 383:eadk4422. [PMID: 38484051 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Conditional protein degradation tags (degrons) are usually >100 amino acids long or are triggered by small molecules with substantial off-target effects, thwarting their use as specific modulators of endogenous protein levels. We developed a phage-assisted continuous evolution platform for molecular glue complexes (MG-PACE) and evolved a 36-amino acid zinc finger (ZF) degron (SD40) that binds the ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor cereblon in complex with PT-179, an orthogonal thalidomide derivative. Endogenous proteins tagged in-frame with SD40 using prime editing are degraded by otherwise inert PT-179. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of SD40 in complex with ligand-bound cereblon revealed mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of SD40's activity and specificity. Our efforts establish a system for continuous evolution of molecular glue complexes and provide ZF tags that overcome shortcomings associated with existing degrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron A M Mercer
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephan J DeCarlo
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Shourya S Roy Burman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vedagopuram Sreekanth
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen Kokkonda
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen K Tiwari
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Veronika M Shoba
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arghya Deb
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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3
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Davis JR, Banskota S, Levy JM, Newby GA, Wang X, Anzalone AV, Nelson AT, Chen PJ, Hennes AD, An M, Roh H, Randolph PB, Musunuru K, Liu DR. Efficient prime editing in mouse brain, liver and heart with dual AAVs. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:253-264. [PMID: 37142705 PMCID: PMC10869272 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the promise of prime editing for the study and treatment of genetic disorders requires efficient methods for delivering prime editors (PEs) in vivo. Here we describe the identification of bottlenecks limiting adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated prime editing in vivo and the development of AAV-PE vectors with increased PE expression, prime editing guide RNA stability and modulation of DNA repair. The resulting dual-AAV systems, v1em and v3em PE-AAV, enable therapeutically relevant prime editing in mouse brain (up to 42% efficiency in cortex), liver (up to 46%) and heart (up to 11%). We apply these systems to install putative protective mutations in vivo for Alzheimer's disease in astrocytes and for coronary artery disease in hepatocytes. In vivo prime editing with v3em PE-AAV caused no detectable off-target effects or significant changes in liver enzymes or histology. Optimized PE-AAV systems support the highest unenriched levels of in vivo prime editing reported to date, facilitating the study and potential treatment of diseases with a genetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samagya Banskota
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew V Anzalone
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Hennes
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meirui An
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Heejin Roh
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peyton B Randolph
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Lee J, Wellenstein K, Rahnavard A, Nelson AT, Holter MM, Cummings B, Yeliseyev V, Castoldi A, Clish CB, Bry L, Siegel D, Kahn BB. Beneficial metabolic effects of PAHSAs depend on the gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.28.558803. [PMID: 37808673 PMCID: PMC10557726 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.558803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids play an essential role in regulating the function of the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tract, and these luminal interactions contribute to mediating host metabolism. PAHSAs are a class of lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, but whether the gut microbiota contributes to their beneficial effects on host metabolism is unknown. Here, we report that treating high fat diet (HFD)-fed germ-free mice with PAHSAs does not improve insulin sensitivity. However, transfer of feces from PAHSA-treated, but not Vehicle-treated, chow-fed mice increases insulin-sensitivity in HFD-fed germ free mice. Thus, the gut microbiota is necessary for and can transmit the insulin-sensitizing effects of PAHSAs in HFD-fed germ-free mice. Functional analyses of the cecal metagenome and lipidome of PAHSA-treated mice identified multiple lipid species that associate with the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( Bt ) and with insulin sensitivity resulting from PAHSA treatment. Bt supplementation in HFD-fed female mice prevented weight gain, reduced adiposity, improved glucose tolerance, fortified the colonic mucus barrier and reduced systemic inflammation versus chow-fed controls, effects that were not observed in HFD-fed male mice. Furthermore, ovariectomy partially reversed the beneficial Bt effects on host metabolism, indicating a role for sex hormones in mediating probiotic effects. Altogether, these studies highlight the fact that lipids can modulate the gut microbiota resulting in improvement in host metabolism and that PAHSA-induced changes in the microbiota result in at least some of their insulin-sensitizing effects in female mice.
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5
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Nelson AT, Cicardi ME, Markandaiah SS, Han J, Philp N, Welebob E, Haeusler AR, Pasinelli P, Manfredi G, Kawamata H, Trotti D. Glucose Hypometabolism Prompts RAN Translation and Exacerbates C9orf72-related ALS/FTD Phenotypes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.07.544100. [PMID: 37333144 PMCID: PMC10274806 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia is a (GGGGCC)n nucleotide repeat expansion (NRE) occurring in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene (C9). Brain glucose hypometabolism is consistently observed in C9-NRE carriers, even at pre-symptomatic stages, although its potential role in disease pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we identified alterations in glucose metabolic pathways and ATP levels in the brain of asymptomatic C9-BAC mice. We found that, through activation of the GCN2 kinase, glucose hypometabolism drives the production of dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs), impairs the survival of C9 patient-derived neurons, and triggers motor dysfunction in C9-BAC mice. We also found that one of the arginine-rich DPRs (PR) can directly contribute to glucose metabolism and metabolic stress. These findings provide a mechanistic link between energy imbalances and C9-ALS/FTD pathogenesis and support a feedforward loop model that opens several opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Nelson
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - M E Cicardi
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - S S Markandaiah
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - J Han
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - N Philp
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - E Welebob
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - A R Haeusler
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - P Pasinelli
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - G Manfredi
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - H Kawamata
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, 407 East 61st Street, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - D Trotti
- Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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6
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Everette KA, Newby GA, Levine RM, Mayberry K, Jang Y, Mayuranathan T, Nimmagadda N, Dempsey E, Li Y, Bhoopalan SV, Liu X, Davis JR, Nelson AT, Chen PJ, Sousa AA, Cheng Y, Tisdale JF, Weiss MJ, Yen JS, Liu DR. Ex vivo prime editing of patient haematopoietic stem cells rescues sickle-cell disease phenotypes after engraftment in mice. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:616-628. [PMID: 37069266 PMCID: PMC10195679 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is caused by an A·T-to-T·A transversion mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB). Here we show that prime editing can correct the SCD allele (HBBS) to wild type (HBBA) at frequencies of 15%-41% in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with SCD. Seventeen weeks after transplantation into immunodeficient mice, prime-edited SCD HSPCs maintained HBBA levels and displayed engraftment frequencies, haematopoietic differentiation and lineage maturation similar to those of unedited HSPCs from healthy donors. An average of 42% of human erythroblasts and reticulocytes isolated 17 weeks after transplantation of prime-edited HSPCs from four SCD patient donors expressed HBBA, exceeding the levels predicted for therapeutic benefit. HSPC-derived erythrocytes carried less sickle haemoglobin, contained HBBA-derived adult haemoglobin at 28%-43% of normal levels and resisted hypoxia-induced sickling. Minimal off-target editing was detected at over 100 sites nominated experimentally via unbiased genome-wide analysis. Our findings support the feasibility of a one-time prime editing SCD treatment that corrects HBBS to HBBA, does not require any viral or non-viral DNA template and minimizes undesired consequences of DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcee A Everette
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel M Levine
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kalin Mayberry
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yoonjeong Jang
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Nikitha Nimmagadda
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erin Dempsey
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yichao Li
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Xiong Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander A Sousa
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John F Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan S Yen
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Cicardi ME, Hallgren JH, Mawrie D, Krishnamurthy K, Markandaiah SS, Nelson AT, Kankate V, Anderson EN, Pasinelli P, Pandey UB, Eischen CM, Trotti D. C9orf72 poly(PR) mediated neurodegeneration is associated with nucleolar stress. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.16.528809. [PMID: 36824930 PMCID: PMC9949130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ALS/FTD-linked intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is translated into dipeptide repeat proteins, among which poly-proline-arginine (PR) displays the most aggressive neurotoxicity in-vitro and in-vivo . PR partitions to the nucleus when expressed in neurons and other cell types. Using drosophila and primary rat cortical neurons as model systems, we show that by lessening the nuclear accumulation of PR, we can drastically reduce its neurotoxicity. PR accumulates in the nucleolus, a site of ribosome biogenesis that regulates the cell stress response. We examined the effect of nucleolar PR accumulation and its impact on nucleolar function and determined that PR caused nucleolar stress and increased levels of the transcription factor p53. Downregulating p53 levels, either genetically or by increasing its degradation, also prevented PR-mediated neurotoxic phenotypes both in in-vitro and in-vivo models. We also investigated whether PR could cause the senescence phenotype in neurons but observed none. Instead, we found induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. In summary, we uncovered the central role of nucleolar dysfunction upon PR expression in the context of C9-ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cicardi
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J H Hallgren
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Mawrie
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Krishnamurthy
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S S Markandaiah
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A T Nelson
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V Kankate
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E N Anderson
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - U B Pandey
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C M Eischen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center
- Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Green A, Shen YMP, Nelson AT, Sarode R, Ibrahim IF, Cao J, Afraz S, Yates SG. Successful use of lenalidomide to treat refractory acquired von Willebrand disease associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Ann Hematol 2022; 101:2627-2631. [PMID: 36194257 PMCID: PMC9530414 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-022-04991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein crucial for normal hemostasis. AVWS has been described in association with several pathologic entities with varied mechanisms. Among these, lymphoproliferative disorders are the most common, with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) being the most frequently reported. AVWS in this setting is commonly associated with the development of bleeding that is clinically challenging to manage due to accelerated clearance of vWF, limiting the utility of many conventional treatment modalities such as DDAVP or vWF/FVIII. We report a case of a 43-year-old male who was sent to our institution for new-onset easy bruising and laboratories concerning for von Willebrand disease (vWD). Further diagnostic workup revealed evidence of an IgG monoclonal gammopathy and findings suggestive of vWF inhibition. Ultimately, he was found to have monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance (MGCS)-associated AVWS refractory to conventional treatment but responsive to lenalidomide and dexamethasone. This case suggests that lenalidomide may be suitable for patients with AVWS secondary to MGCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Green
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yu-Min P Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ravi Sarode
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ibrahim F Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sajjad Afraz
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sean G Yates
- Department of Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects motor neurons and causes muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. While a great deal of progress has been made in deciphering the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, no effective treatments for the disease are currently available. This is mainly due to the high degree of complexity and heterogeneity that characterizes the disease. Over the last few decades of research, alterations to bioenergetic and metabolic homeostasis have emerged as a common denominator across many different forms of ALS. These alterations are found at the cellular level (e.g., mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired expression of monocarboxylate transporters) and at the systemic level (e.g., low BMI and hypermetabolism) and tend to be associated with survival or disease outcomes in patients. Furthermore, an increasing amount of preclinical evidence and some promising clinical evidence suggests that targeting energy metabolism could be an effective therapeutic strategy. This review examines the evidence both for and against these ALS-associated metabolic alterations and highlights potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, JHN Bldg., 4th floor, room 416, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, JHN Bldg., 4th floor, room 416, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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10
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Weisz HA, Boone DR, Coggins WS, Edwards GA, Willey HE, Widen SG, Siegel D, Nelson AT, Prough DS, Hellmich HL. Mechanistic insights gained from cell and molecular analysis of the neuroprotective potential of bioactive natural compounds in an immortalized hippocampal cell line. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267682. [PMID: 35657963 PMCID: PMC9165808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating novel compounds for neuroprotective effects in animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a protracted, labor-intensive and costly effort. However, the present lack of effective treatment options for TBI, despite decades of research, shows the critical need for alternative methods for screening new drug candidates with neuroprotective properties. Because natural products have been a leading source of new therapeutic agents for human diseases, we used an in vitro model of stretch injury to rapidly assess pro-survival effects of three bioactive compounds, two isolated from natural products (clovanemagnolol [CM], vinaxanthone [VX]) and the third, a dietary compound (pterostilbene [PT]) found in blueberries. The stretch injury experiments were not used to validate drug efficacy in a comprehensive manner but used primarily, as proof-of-principle, to demonstrate that the neuroprotective potential of each bioactive agent can be quickly assessed in an immortalized hippocampal cell line in lieu of comprehensive testing in animal models of TBI. To gain mechanistic insights into potential molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effects, we performed a pathway-specific PCR array analysis of the effects of CM on the rat hippocampus and microRNA sequencing analysis of the effects of VX and PT on cultured hippocampal progenitor neurons. We show that the neuroprotective properties of these natural compounds are associated with altered expression of several genes or microRNAs that have functional roles in neurodegeneration or cell survival. Our approach could help in quickly assessing multiple natural products for neuroprotective properties and expedite the process of new drug discovery for TBI therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris A. Weisz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deborah R. Boone
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William S. Coggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle A. Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Willey
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Widen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Patel R, Santoro A, Hofer P, Tan D, Oberer M, Nelson AT, Konduri S, Siegel D, Zechner R, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. ATGL is a biosynthetic enzyme for fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Nature 2022; 606:968-975. [PMID: 35676490 PMCID: PMC9242854 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy FAs (HFAs; FAHFAs) are recently discovered lipids that are conserved from yeast to mammals1,2. A subfamily, palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), are anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic1,3. Humans and mice with insulin resistance have lower PAHSA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue and serum1. PAHSA administration improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation in obesity, diabetes and immune-mediated diseases1,4-7. The enzyme(s) responsible for FAHFA biosynthesis in vivo remains unknown. Here we identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2)) as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for FAHFAs using chemical biology and proteomics. We discovered that recombinant ATGL uses a transacylation reaction that esterifies an HFA with a FA from triglyceride (TG) or diglyceride to produce FAHFAs. Overexpression of wild-type, but not catalytically dead, ATGL increases FAHFA biosynthesis. Chemical inhibition of ATGL or genetic deletion of Atgl inhibits FAHFA biosynthesis and reduces the levels of FAHFA and FAHFA-TG. Levels of endogenous and nascent FAHFAs and FAHFA-TGs are 80-90 per cent lower in adipose tissue of mice in which Atgl is knocked out specifically in the adipose tissue. Increasing TG levels by upregulating diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity promotes FAHFA biosynthesis, and decreasing DGAT activity inhibits it, reinforcing TGs as FAHFA precursors. ATGL biosynthetic transacylase activity is present in human adipose tissue underscoring its potential clinical relevance. In summary, we discovered the first, to our knowledge, biosynthetic enzyme that catalyses the formation of the FAHFA ester bond in mammals. Whereas ATGL lipase activity is well known, our data establish a paradigm shift demonstrating that ATGL transacylase activity is biologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Anzalone AV, Gao XD, Podracky CJ, Nelson AT, Koblan LW, Raguram A, Levy JM, Mercer JAM, Liu DR. Programmable deletion, replacement, integration and inversion of large DNA sequences with twin prime editing. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:731-740. [PMID: 34887556 PMCID: PMC9117393 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The targeted deletion, replacement, integration or inversion of genomic sequences could be used to study or treat human genetic diseases, but existing methods typically require double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) that lead to undesired consequences, including uncontrolled indel mixtures and chromosomal abnormalities. Here we describe twin prime editing (twinPE), a DSB-independent method that uses a prime editor protein and two prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) for the programmable replacement or excision of DNA sequences at endogenous human genomic sites. The two pegRNAs template the synthesis of complementary DNA flaps on opposing strands of genomic DNA, which replace the endogenous DNA sequence between the prime-editor-induced nick sites. When combined with a site-specific serine recombinase, twinPE enabled targeted integration of gene-sized DNA plasmids (>5,000 bp) and targeted sequence inversions of 40 kb in human cells. TwinPE expands the capabilities of precision gene editing and might synergize with other tools for the correction or complementation of large or complex human pathogenic alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Anzalone
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin D Gao
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Podracky
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke W Koblan
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aditya Raguram
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaron A M Mercer
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Aryal P, Syed I, Lee J, Patel R, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. Distinct biological activities of isomers from several families of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100108. [PMID: 34418413 PMCID: PMC8479484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Each FAHFA family consists of esters with different acyl chains and multiple isomers with branch points at different carbons. Some FAHFAs, including palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production and reducing adipose tissue inflammation. However, little is known about the biological effects of other FAHFAs. Here, we investigated whether PAHSAs, oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid, and stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid potentiate GSIS in β-cells and human islets, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes, and anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells. We also investigated whether they activate G protein-coupled receptor 40, which mediates the effects of PAHSAs on insulin secretion and sensitivity in vivo. We show that many FAHFAs potentiate GSIS, activate G protein-coupled receptor 40, and attenuate LPS-induced chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion and phagocytosis in immune cells. However, fewer FAHFAs augment insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. S-9-PAHSA, but not R-9-PAHSA, potentiated GSIS and glucose uptake, while both stereoisomers had anti-inflammatory effects. FAHFAs containing unsaturated acyl chains with higher branching from the carboxylate head group are more likely to potentiate GSIS, whereas FAHFAs with lower branching are more likely to be anti-inflammatory. This study provides insight into the specificity of the biological actions of different FAHFAs and could lead to the development of FAHFAs to treat metabolic and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rucha Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Tompkins KJ, Houtti M, Litzau LA, Aird EJ, Everett BA, Nelson AT, Pornschloegl L, Limón-Swanson LK, Evans RL, Evans K, Shi K, Aihara H, Gordon WR. Molecular underpinnings of ssDNA specificity by Rep HUH-endonucleases and implications for HUH-tag multiplexing and engineering. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1046-1064. [PMID: 33410911 PMCID: PMC7826260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication initiator proteins (Reps) from the HUH-endonuclease superfamily process specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequences to initiate rolling circle/hairpin replication in viruses, such as crop ravaging geminiviruses and human disease causing parvoviruses. In biotechnology contexts, Reps are the basis for HUH-tag bioconjugation and a critical adeno-associated virus genome integration tool. We solved the first co-crystal structures of Reps complexed to ssDNA, revealing a key motif for conferring sequence specificity and for anchoring a bent DNA architecture. In combination, we developed a deep sequencing cleavage assay, termed HUH-seq, to interrogate subtleties in Rep specificity and demonstrate how differences can be exploited for multiplexed HUH-tagging. Together, our insights allowed engineering of only four amino acids in a Rep chimera to predictably alter sequence specificity. These results have important implications for modulating viral infections, developing Rep-based genomic integration tools, and enabling massively parallel HUH-tag barcoding and bioconjugation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy J Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mo Houtti
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren A Litzau
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric J Aird
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Blake A Everett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Leland Pornschloegl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lidia K Limón-Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert L Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wendy R Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Raftery AM, Seibert RL, Brown DR, Trammell MP, Nelson AT, Terrani KA. Fabrication of UN-Mo CERMET Nuclear Fuel Using Advanced Manufacturing Techniques. NUCL TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2020.1823187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Christy MP, Johnson T, McNerlin CD, Woodard J, Nelson AT, Lim B, Hamilton TL, Freiberg KM, Siegel D. Total Synthesis of Micrococcin P1 through Scalable Thiazole Forming Reactions of Cysteine Derivatives and Nitriles. Org Lett 2020; 22:2365-2370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell P. Christy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Clare D. McNerlin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - John Woodard
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bryant Lim
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Hamilton
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Freiberg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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17
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Quinn RA, Melnik AV, Vrbanac A, Fu T, Patras KA, Christy MP, Bodai Z, Belda-Ferre P, Tripathi A, Chung LK, Downes M, Welch RD, Quinn M, Humphrey G, Panitchpakdi M, Weldon KC, Aksenov A, da Silva R, Avila-Pacheco J, Clish C, Bae S, Mallick H, Franzosa EA, Lloyd-Price J, Bussell R, Thron T, Nelson AT, Wang M, Leszczynski E, Vargas F, Gauglitz JM, Meehan MJ, Gentry E, Arthur TD, Komor AC, Poulsen O, Boland BS, Chang JT, Sandborn WJ, Lim M, Garg N, Lumeng JC, Xavier RJ, Kazmierczak BI, Jain R, Egan M, Rhee KE, Ferguson D, Raffatellu M, Vlamakis H, Haddad GG, Siegel D, Huttenhower C, Mazmanian SK, Evans RM, Nizet V, Knight R, Dorrestein PC. Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations. Nature 2020; 579:123-129. [PMID: 32103176 PMCID: PMC7252668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A mosaic of cross-phylum chemical interactions occurs between all metazoans and their microbiomes. A number of molecular families that are known to be produced by the microbiome have a marked effect on the balance between health and disease1-9. Considering the diversity of the human microbiome (which numbers over 40,000 operational taxonomic units10), the effect of the microbiome on the chemistry of an entire animal remains underexplored. Here we use mass spectrometry informatics and data visualization approaches11-13 to provide an assessment of the effects of the microbiome on the chemistry of an entire mammal by comparing metabolomics data from germ-free and specific-pathogen-free mice. We found that the microbiota affects the chemistry of all organs. This included the amino acid conjugations of host bile acids that were used to produce phenylalanocholic acid, tyrosocholic acid and leucocholic acid, which have not previously been characterized despite extensive research on bile-acid chemistry14. These bile-acid conjugates were also found in humans, and were enriched in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or cystic fibrosis. These compounds agonized the farnesoid X receptor in vitro, and mice gavaged with the compounds showed reduced expression of bile-acid synthesis genes in vivo. Further studies are required to confirm whether these compounds have a physiological role in the host, and whether they contribute to gut diseases that are associated with microbiome dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Quinn
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alexey V Melnik
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alison Vrbanac
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Patras
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell P Christy
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zsolt Bodai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Belda-Ferre
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lawton K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Welch
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Quinn
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Greg Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Panitchpakdi
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly C Weldon
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,UCSD Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Aksenov
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sena Bae
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himel Mallick
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Lloyd-Price
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Bussell
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Taren Thron
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric Leszczynski
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julia M Gauglitz
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Meehan
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emily Gentry
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy D Arthur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexis C Komor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Orit Poulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brigid S Boland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William J Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Meerana Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory-Children's Cystic Fibrosis Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Ruchi Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marie Egan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyung E Rhee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,UCSD Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,UCSD Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,UCSD Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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18
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Wilkerson MP, Hernandez SC, Mullen WT, Nelson AT, Pugmire AL, Scott BL, Sooby ES, Tamasi AL, Wagner GL, Walensky JR. Hydration of α-UO3 following storage under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10452-10462. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental measurements and theoretical evaluation of changes in chemical speciation of α-UO3 using XRD, EXAFS, TGA, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alison L. Tamasi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
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19
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Gorton JP, Collins BS, Nelson AT, Brown NR. Reactor performance and safety characteristics of ThN-UN fuel concepts in a PWR. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Zhou P, Santoro A, Peroni OD, Nelson AT, Saghatelian A, Siegel D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs enhance hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity through direct and indirect mechanisms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4138-4150. [PMID: 31449056 PMCID: PMC6763232 DOI: 10.1172/jci127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are bioactive lipids with antiinflammatory and antidiabetic effects. PAHSAs reduce ambient glycemia and improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant aged chow- and high-fat diet-fed (HFD-fed) mice. Here, we aimed to determine the mechanisms by which PAHSAs improve insulin sensitivity. Both acute and chronic PAHSA treatment enhanced the action of insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production (EGP) in chow- and HFD-fed mice. Moreover, chronic PAHSA treatment augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in glycolytic muscle and heart in HFD-fed mice. The mechanisms by which PAHSAs enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity included direct and indirect actions involving intertissue communication between adipose tissue and liver. PAHSAs inhibited lipolysis directly in WAT explants and enhanced the action of insulin to suppress lipolysis during the clamp in vivo. Preventing the reduction of free fatty acids during the clamp with Intralipid infusion reduced PAHSAs' effects on EGP in HFD-fed mice but not in chow-fed mice. Direct hepatic actions of PAHSAs may also be important, as PAHSAs inhibited basal and glucagon-stimulated EGP directly in isolated hepatocytes through a cAMP-dependent pathway involving Gαi protein-coupled receptors. Thus, this study advances our understanding of PAHSA biology and the physiologic mechanisms by which PAHSAs exert beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Odile D. Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Syed I, Rubin de Celis MF, Mohan JF, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vijayakumar A, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Saghatelian A, Mathis D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs attenuate immune responses and promote β cell survival in autoimmune diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3717-3731. [PMID: 31380811 PMCID: PMC6715391 DOI: 10.1172/jci122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous antidiabetic and antiinflammatory lipids. Here, we show that PAHSAs protect against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and promote β cell survival and function. Daily oral PAHSA administration to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice delayed the onset of T1D and markedly reduced the incidence of T1D, whether PAHSAs were started before or after insulitis was established. PAHSAs reduced T and B cell infiltration and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, while increasing Treg activation in pancreata of NOD mice. PAHSAs promoted β cell proliferation in both NOD mice and MIN6 cells and increased the number of β cells in NOD mice. PAHSAs attenuated cytokine-induced apoptotic and necrotic β cell death and increased β cell viability. The mechanism appears to involve a reduction of ER stress and MAPK signaling, since PAHSAs lowered ER stress in NOD mice, suppressed thapsigargin-induced PARP cleavage in human islets, and attenuated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 activation in MIN6 cells. This appeared to be mediated in part by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and not the G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. PAHSAs also prevented impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in NOD mice. Thus, PAHSAs delayed the onset of T1D and reduced its incidence by attenuating immune responses and exerting direct protective effects on β cell survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F. Mohan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Burke JR, La Clair JJ, Philippe RN, Pabis A, Corbella M, Jez JM, Cortina GA, Kaltenbach M, Bowman ME, Louie GV, Woods KB, Nelson AT, Tawfik DS, Kamerlin SC, Noel JP. Bifunctional Substrate Activation via an Arginine Residue Drives Catalysis in Chalcone Isomerases. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Burke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James J. La Clair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan N. Philippe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Corbella
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - George A. Cortina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Miriam Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marianne E. Bowman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon V. Louie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Katherine B. Woods
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shina C.L. Kamerlin
- Department of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Morrison TD, Wood ES, Weck PF, Kim E, Woo SO, Nelson AT, Naugle DG. A comprehensive assessment of the low-temperature thermal properties and thermodynamic functions of CeO 2. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:044202. [PMID: 31370517 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported is an experimental and computational investigation of the low temperature heat capacity, thermodynamic functions, and thermal conductivity of stoichiometric, polycrystalline CeO2. The experimentally measured heat capacity at T < 15 K provides an important correction to the historically accepted experimental values, and the low temperature thermal conductivity serves as the most comprehensive data set at T < 400 K available. Below 10 K, the heat capacity is observed to obey the Debye T3 law, with a Debye temperature of ΘD = 455 K. The entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy functions are obtained from the experimental heat capacity and compared with predictions from Hubbard-corrected density functional perturbation theory calculations using the Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof parameterization revised for solids. The thermal conductivity is determined using the Maldonado continuous measurement technique, along with laser flash analysis, and analyzed according to the Klemens-Callaway model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Morrison
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sooby Wood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249-1644, USA
| | - Phillippe F Weck
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - Eunja Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - Sung Oh Woo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Donald G Naugle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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24
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Kolar MJ, Nelson AT, Chang T, Ertunc ME, Christy MP, Ohlsson L, Härröd M, Kahn BB, Siegel D, Saghatelian A. Faster Protocol for Endogenous Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Measurements. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5358-5365. [PMID: 29578702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of endogenous lipids with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Interest in these lipids is due to their unique biological activites and the observation that insulin-resistant people have lower palmitic acid esters of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) levels, suggesting that a FAHFA deficiency may contribute to metabolic disease. Rigorous testing of this hypothesis will require the measurement of many clinical samples; however, current analytical workflows are too slow to enable samples to be analyzed quickly. Here we describe the development of a significantly faster workflow to measure FAHFAs that optimizes the fractionation and chromatography of these lipids. We can measure FAHFAs in 30 min with this new protocol versus 90 min using the older protocol with comparable performance in regioisomer detection and quantitation. We also discovered through this optimization that oleic acid esters of hydroxystearic acids (OAHSAs), another family of FAHFAs, have a much lower background signal than PAHSAs, which makes them easier to measure. Our faster workflow was able to quantify changes in PAHSAs and OAHSAs in mouse tissues and human plasma, highlighting the potential of this protocol for basic and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Tina Chang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mitchell P Christy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research , Lund University , 221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - Magnus Härröd
- Härröd Research , Frans Persons väg 6 , 40229 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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25
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Kagan BD, Lichtscheidl AG, Erickson KA, Monreal MJ, Scott BL, Nelson AT, Kiplinger JL. Synthesis of Actinide Fluoride Complexes Using Trimethyltin Fluoride as a Mild and Selective Fluorinating Reagent. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Kagan
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Vermont Discovery Hall 05405 Burlington Vermont USA
| | | | - Karla A. Erickson
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Marisa J. Monreal
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop E‐549 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Jaqueline L. Kiplinger
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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26
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Kagan BD, Lichtscheidl AG, Erickson KA, Monreal MJ, Scott BL, Nelson AT, Kiplinger JL. Front Cover: Synthesis of Actinide Fluoride Complexes Using Trimethyltin Fluoride as a Mild and Selective Fluorinating Reagent (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 11/2018). Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Kagan
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Vermont Discovery Hall 05405 Burlington Vermont USA
| | | | - Karla A. Erickson
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Marisa J. Monreal
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Materials Physics and Applications Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop E‐549 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Jaqueline L. Kiplinger
- Chemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Mailstop J‐514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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27
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Debnath A, Nelson AT, Silva-Olivares A, Shibayama M, Siegel D, McKerrow JH. In Vitro Efficacy of Ebselen and BAY 11-7082 Against Naegleria fowleri. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 29559968 PMCID: PMC5845744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal infection caused by the free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri, popularly known as the "brain-eating ameba." The drugs of choice in treating PAM are the antifungal amphotericin B and an antileishmanial miltefosine, but these are not FDA-approved for this indication and use of amphotericin B is associated with severe adverse effects. Moreover, very few patients treated with the combination therapy have survived PAM. Therefore, development of efficient drugs is a critical unmet need to avert future deaths of children. Since N. fowleri causes extensive inflammation in the brain it is important to select compounds that can enter brain to kill ameba. In this study, we identified two central nervous system (CNS) active compounds, ebselen and BAY 11-7082 as amebicidal with EC50 of 6.2 and 1.6 μM, respectively. The closely related BAY 11-7085 was also found active against N. fowleri with EC50 similar to BAY 11-7082. We synthesized a soluble ebselen analog, which had amebicidal activity similar to ebselen. Transmission electron microscopy of N. fowleri trophozoites incubated for 48 h with EC50 concentration of ebselen showed alteration in the cytoplasmic membrane, loss of the nuclear membrane, and appearance of electron-dense granules. Incubation of N. fowleri trophozoites with EC50 concentrations of BAY 11-7082 and BAY 11-7085 for 48 h showed the presence of large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, disruption of cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes and appearance of several vesicles and chromatin residues. Blood-brain barrier permeable amebicidal compounds have potential as new drug leads for Naegleria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Angélica Silva-Olivares
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - James H McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Ghaffari LT, Starr A, Nelson AT, Sattler R. Representing Diversity in the Dish: Using Patient-Derived in Vitro Models to Recreate the Heterogeneity of Neurological Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:56. [PMID: 29479303 PMCID: PMC5812426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) and degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are responsible for an increasing fraction of worldwide fatalities. Researching these heterogeneous diseases requires models that endogenously express the full array of genetic and epigenetic factors which may influence disease development in both familial and sporadic patients. Here, we discuss the two primary methods of developing patient-derived neurons and glia to model neurodegenerative disease: reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are differentiated into neurons or glial cells, or directly converting (DC) somatic cells into neurons (iNeurons) or glial cells. Distinct differentiation techniques for both models result in a variety of neuronal and glial cell types, which have been successful in displaying unique hallmarks of a variety of neurological diseases. Yield, length of differentiation, ease of genetic manipulation, expression of cell-specific markers, and recapitulation of disease pathogenesis are presented as determining factors in how these methods may be used separately or together to ascertain mechanisms of disease and identify therapeutics for distinct patient populations or for specific individuals in personalized medicine projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla T Ghaffari
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Alexander Starr
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Syed I, Lee J, Moraes-Vieira PM, Donaldson CJ, Sontheimer A, Aryal P, Wellenstein K, Kolar MJ, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Mokrosinski J, Farooqi IS, Zhao JJ, Yore MM, Peroni OD, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. Palmitic Acid Hydroxystearic Acids Activate GPR40, Which Is Involved in Their Beneficial Effects on Glucose Homeostasis. Cell Metab 2018; 27:419-427.e4. [PMID: 29414687 PMCID: PMC5807007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Palmitic acid hydroxystearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. PAHSA levels are reduced in serum and adipose tissue of insulin-resistant people and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Here, we investigated whether chronic PAHSA treatment enhances insulin sensitivity and which receptors mediate PAHSA effects. Chronic PAHSA administration in chow- and HFD-fed mice raises serum and tissue PAHSA levels ∼1.4- to 3-fold. This improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance without altering body weight. PAHSA administration in chow-fed, but not HFD-fed, mice augments insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion. PAHSAs are selective agonists for GPR40, increasing Ca+2 flux, but not intracellular cyclic AMP. Blocking GPR40 reverses improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in PAHSA-treated chow- and HFD-fed mice and directly inhibits PAHSA augmentation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets. In contrast, GLP-1 receptor blockade in PAHSA-treated chow-fed mice reduces PAHSA effects on glucose tolerance, but not on insulin sensitivity. Thus, PAHSAs activate GPR40, which is involved in their beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandra Sontheimer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kerry Wellenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juan Juan Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark M Yore
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Sciences, Room 747, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Kagan BD, Lichtscheidl AG, Erickson KA, Monreal MJ, Scott BL, Nelson AT, Kiplinger JL. Synthesis of Actinide Fluoride Complexes Using Trimethyltin Fluoride as a Mild and Selective Fluorinating Reagent. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201701232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Kagan
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop J-514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of Vermont; Discovery Hall 05405 Burlington Vermont USA
| | | | - Karla A. Erickson
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop J-514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Marisa J. Monreal
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop J-514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- Materials Physics and Applications Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop J-514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Materials Science and Technology Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop E-549 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - Jaqueline L. Kiplinger
- Chemistry Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Mailstop J-514 87545 Los Alamos New Mexico USA
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Donnelly JP, Lopata C, Jordan AK, Thomeer ML, Rodgers JD, McDonald CA, Nelson AT. Informant Discrepancies in the Assessment of ASD Symptoms of High-Functioning Children With ASD Using the SRS–2. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07481756.2017.1395706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allyson K. Jordan
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew T. Nelson
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Abstract
This study examined the factor structure and internal consistency of special education teaching staff ratings on the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2; Constantino and Gruber 2012), as well as the percentage of ratings falling above pre-established cut scores, for a sample of lower-functioning youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 264). Results of the exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor correlated solution. The individual factors and total score demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability for screening purposes. When applying the lowest pre-established cut score (T ≥ 60; minimum indication of clinically significant symptoms/impairments), 85 % of the sample had ratings in that range or higher (more severe). Implications for assessment and future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- The Summit Center, 150 Stahl Road, Getzville, NY, 14068, USA.
| | - Christopher Lopata
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Martin A Volker
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology and Special Education, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marcus L Thomeer
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
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Nelson AT, Kolar MJ, Chu Q, Syed I, Kahn BB, Saghatelian A, Siegel D. Stereochemistry of Endogenous Palmitic Acid Ester of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid and Relevance of Absolute Configuration to Regulation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4943-4947. [PMID: 28350171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have fundamental roles in the structure, energetics, and signaling of cells and organisms. The recent discovery of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), lipids with potent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, indicates that our understanding of the composition of lipidome and the function of lipids is incomplete. The ability to synthesize and test FAHFAs was critical in elucidating the roles of these lipids, but these studies were performed with racemic mixtures, and the role of stereochemistry remains unexplored. Here, we synthesized the R- and S- palmitic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (R-9-PAHSA, S-9-PAHSA). Access to highly enantioenriched PAHSAs enabled the development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to separate and quantify R- and S-9-PAHSA, and this approach identified R-9-PAHSA as the predominant stereoisomer that accumulates in adipose tissues from transgenic mice where FAHFAs were first discovered. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of 9-PAHSA biosynthesis and degradation indicate that the enzymes and pathways for PAHSA production are stereospecific, with cell lines favoring the production of R-9-PAHSA and carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), a PAHSA degradative enzyme, selectively hydrolyzing S-9-PAHSA. These studies highlight the role of stereochemistry in the production and degradation of PAHSAs and define the endogenous stereochemistry of 9-PAHSA in adipose tissue. This information will be useful in the identification and characterization of the pathway responsible for PAHSA biosynthesis, and access to enantiopure PAHSAs will elucidate the role of stereochemistry in PAHSA activity and metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Qian Chu
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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Nelson AT, Camelio AM, Claussen KR, Cho J, Tremmel L, DiGiovanni J, Siegel D. Synthesis of oxygenated oleanolic and ursolic acid derivatives with anti-inflammatory properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4342-6. [PMID: 26259803 PMCID: PMC4835183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The scalable syntheses of four oxygenated triterpenes have been implemented to access substantial quantities of maslinic acid, 3-epi-maslinic acid, corosolic acid, and 3-epi-corosolic acid. Semi-syntheses proceed starting from the natural products oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. Proceeding over five steps, each of the four compounds can be synthesized on the gram scale. Divergent diastereoselective reductions of α-hydroxy ketones provided access to the four targeted diol containing compounds from two precursors of the oleanane or ursane lineage. These compounds were subsequently evaluated for their ability to inhibit inflammatory gene expression in a mouse model of chemically induced skin inflammation. All compounds possessed the ability to inhibit the expression of one or more inflammatory genes induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate in mouse skin, however, three of the compounds, corosolic acid, 3-epi-corosolic acid and maslinic acid were more effective than the others. The availability of gram quantities will allow further testing of these compounds for potential anti-inflammatory activities as well as cancer chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Andrew M Camelio
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Karin R Claussen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Jiyoon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Lisa Tremmel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, United States
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Lichtscheidl AG, Janicke MT, Scott BL, Nelson AT, Kiplinger JL. Syntheses, structures, and1H,13C{1H} and119Sn{1H} NMR chemical shifts of a family of trimethyltin alkoxide, amide, halide and cyclopentadienyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:16156-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H,13C{1H} and119Sn{1H}) of eleven Me3SnX complexes in six common organic solvents is presented.
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36
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McDonald CA, Volker MA, Lopata C, Toomey JA, Thomeer ML, Lee GK, Lipinski AM, Dua EH, Schiavo AM, Bain F, Nelson AT. VMI-VI and BG-II KOPPITZ-2 for Youth With HFASDs and Typical Youth. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0734282913514351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The visual-motor skills of 90 youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs) and 51 typically developing (TD) youth were assessed using the Beery–Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (VMI-VI) and Koppitz Developmental Scoring System for the Bender–Gestalt Test–Second Edition (KOPPITZ-2). Within-group comparisons (for both samples) yielded substantive mean differences between the KOPPITZ-2 composite and VMI-VI composite, Visual Perception and Motor Coordination sections of the VMI-VI, and VMI-VI composite and either VMI-VI supplemental tests. Between-group differences were assessed in a matched subsample of 33 participants from each group. The HFASD group scored significantly lower than the TD group on test sections requiring greater motor ability (i.e., VMI-VI composite, VMI-VI Motor Coordination, KOPPITZ-2 composite, and Bender–Gestalt Visual-Motor Test–Second Edition [BG-II]). Correlations between the KOPPITZ-2 composite and VMI-VI composite were .56 for the HFASD and .36 for the TD samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gloria K. Lee
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Elissa H. Dua
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Fabienne Bain
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
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Liu Y, Gallo AA, Bajpai RK, Chistoserdov A, Nelson AT, Segura LN, Xu W. The diversity and molecular modelling analysis of B 12-dependent and B12-independent glycerol dehydratases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010;6:484-507. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2010.037988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cromwell RL, Aadland-Monahan TK, Nelson AT, Stern-Sylvestre SM, Seder B. Sagittal plane analysis of head, neck, and trunk kinematics and electromyographic activity during locomotion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001; 31:255-62. [PMID: 11352192 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2001.31.5.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Descriptive study examining kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) patterns of the upper body during walking. OBJECTIVE To examine trunk, neck, and head movements to determine a mechanism for upper body stabilization during walking. BACKGROUND Dynamic balance of the upper body during walking provides a stable base for function of sensory systems. Prior investigations of upper body motion during walking were limited to examination of isolated segments, or examination of the upper body as a single unit. In our study, the upper body is examined as 3 segments: the trunk, neck, and head. METHODS AND MEASURES Sagittal plane walking patterns were examined in 8 unimpaired young adults. Markers placed on the trunk, neck, and head segments were recorded on videotape. Angles were calculated with respect to an external horizontal reference to determine segment position relative to space. EMG measures were obtained from erector spinae, rectus abdominus, semispinalis capitis, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. RESULTS Results showed dynamic stability was accomplished through maintenance of a posture where the trunk was flexed, the neck was extended and the head was flexed. The trunk segment demonstrated greatest stability with the neck being the least stable of the 3 segments. Movements of upper body segments showed a tendency for the head and neck to move opposite to the trunk. EMG data demonstrated erector spinae muscle activity occurring near heel contact of each limb followed by trunk extension. The remaining muscles exhibited variable patterns of activity. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that movements of the upper body help to maintain a posture that promotes stability of these segments during walking. The trunk was the most stable of the three segments thereby, providing a stable platform for head and neck movement. Erector spinae muscle activity contributed to upper body movements by extending the trunk to maintain balance at heel contact. These results provide a basis for studying changes in dynamic stability that occur with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Cromwell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1028, USA
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Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Yeager J, Baxter D, Nelson AT, Angritt P, Chu W, Wagner KF. Lymphoid markers, activation markers, and adhesion molecules in cutaneous biopsy specimens from HIV+ patients with disease progression. The Military Medical Consortium for the Advancement of Retroviral Research. J Cutan Med Surg 1998; 2:212-9. [PMID: 9558305 DOI: 10.1177/120347549800200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One important factor in understanding the pathogenesis of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) disease is documenting the patterns of immune dysregulation present in HIV-positive patients. The cells which home to skin are mainly certain subsets of T cells and, as opposed to the peripheral blood, where circulating factors may inhibit terminal phenotypic differentiation, the cutaneous environment potentiates differentiation during cutaneous eruptions. OBJECTIVE The authors' aim was to characterize the inflammatory dermatoses in biopsy specimens from HIV-positive patients with immunohistochemical stains for lymphoid markers, activation markers, and adhesion molecules and to determine if there was any correlation with the type of dermatosis and the HIV-disease stage. METHODS Lymphoid and activation markers as well as adhesion molecules were studied on cutaneous biopsy specimens from 96 inflammatory dermatoses in HIV-positive patients. The dermatoses included psoriasiform dermatoses with and without a lichenoid component, perivascular lymphoid dermatoses, perivascular and periadnexal inflammatory dermatoses, spongiotic dermatoses, granulomatous dermatoses, and neutrophilic dermatoses with and without vasculitis. RESULTS Although there was a decrease in CD4/CD8 ratios in the cutaneous inflammatory dermatoses with progression of the disease, the ratios of CD4/CD8 cells were far higher than those in the peripheral blood. There were also increasing numbers of CD23+ cells and increased E-Selectin expression on endothelial cells from the early stages of disease, with no consistent pattern of ICAM-1 expression on epithelial cells with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The expression of lymphoid markers, activation markers, and adhesion molecules in the skin with progression of HIV disease, is consistent with a T helper (Th)1 to Th0/Th2 cytokine pattern of immune dysregulation. This cytokine pattern may be modified by the cytopathic effects of HIV on lymphoid and dendritic populations and by effects of other concurrent infections. Significant numbers of CD4+ T cells in skin infiltrates, with low peripheral CD4 T-cell counts, suggest that the cutaneous T-cell populations may be distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Smith
- National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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40
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Asakura T, Hirota T, Nelson AT, Reilly MP, Ohene-Frempong K. Percentage of reversibly and irreversibly sickled cells are altered by the method of blood drawing and storage conditions. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1996; 22:297-306. [PMID: 9075581 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.1996.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the percentage of reversibly and irreversibly sickled cells (RSC and ISC, respectively) in the blood of patients with sickle cell disease is strongly influenced by the method of blood drawing (PNAS 91:12589, 1994). We now document the effect of blood storage conditions on the percentage of RSC and ISC. The percentage of RSC was lowest when blood was stored at 0 degree C, while the percentage of RSC was highest in specimens kept at 37 degrees C. At room temperature, the percentage of RSC increased slightly over 8 hours. The percentage of ISC was also temperature dependent and was reduced significantly upon cooling. Our results showed that many ISC reverted to a discoidal shape after 3 hrs of cooling after treatment of blood with oxygen or carbon monoxide. Since no Hb S polymers were detected in ISC treated with oxygen or carbon monoxide, the time required for shape restoration may be attributed to the membrane. We measured ISC levels of 10 patients with consideration of storage temperature and compared the values with those determined by the conventional method and also with those published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asakura
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, PA 19104, USA
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Merchant RE, Fontana A, Nelson AT, Young HF. Mitogen-activated lymphocytes of normals and glioma patients produce factors with anti-glioblastoma activity in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 1986; 11:1-14. [PMID: 2418057 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(86)90070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human glioblastoma cell lines showed profound suppression of both DNA and RNA synthesis when exposed to supernatants (SNs) of mitogen-activated blood mononuclear cells. Cloning efficiency of these glioma cells also decreased 10- to 500-fold. In monolayer cultures, growth inhibition was evident within 12 h of adding SN and peaked at 24 h. A decrease in absolute cell number was evident by 72 h. The inhibitory effect of SNs, however, was not permanent as more cells entered S-phase when SN-treated cultures were refed with fresh medium (without SN). The factor(s) responsible for this inhibitory activity was a product of lymphocytes and was produced in comparable amounts by cells of normal blood donors and patients with glioma. The compromised immunological status of glioblastoma patients did not influence their capacity to produce cytostatic lymphokines.
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Abstract
A series of 84 patients with pituitary adenomas greater than 1 cm in diameter is presented. Full preoperative and postoperative endocrine evaluations were carried out, and the effects of transsphenoidal surgery on remaining anterior pituitary function were analyzed. Of the patients who had normal anterior pituitary function before surgery, 78% retained normal function after surgery. Thirty-three percent of those patients with pituitary deficits who did not have panhypopituitarism before surgery had improved function after surgery; 33% had worsened function after surgery. None of the patients with panhypopituitarism before surgery regained function after surgery. Transsphenoidal surgery carries an acceptable risk for sacrificing anterior pituitary function, but the risk is greater in patients with larger tumors and preoperatively compromised pituitary function.
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Kelm JM, Nelson AT, Schramm WR. A labor productivity monitoring system in the medical record department. Top Health Rec Manage 1983; 4:32-46. [PMID: 10263568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Nelson AT, Kishore PR, Lee SH. Development of delayed epidural hematoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1982; 3:583-5. [PMID: 6814222 PMCID: PMC8333124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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