1
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Focker M, van Wagenberg CPA, van Asseldonk MAPM, Boxman ILA, Hakze-van der Honing RW, van Asselt ED. Simulation model to estimate the burden of disease due to hepatitis E virus in Dutch pig meat and cost-effectiveness of control measures. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2025. [PMID: 39965906 DOI: 10.1111/risa.17719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can lead to liver disease in humans. In the Netherlands, the consumption of pig meat is thought to be the main contributor to the total burden of disease caused by HEV. In this study, the number of cases and lost disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs) due to HEV in pig meat were estimated by simulating HEV through the pig supply chain, including the farm, transport, lairage, slaughtering, processing, and consumption stages. The first four stages were modeled using a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model. For the last two stages, pig meat and liver products were divided into six product categories commonly consumed by Dutch consumers. Depending on the product category, different ways of heating and storing, leading to the reduction of infectious HEV genome copies, were assumed. Furthermore, the model was challenged by four selected control options at the pig farm: the cleaning of driving boards, the use of predatory flies, the use of rubber mats, and the vaccination of finishing pigs. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of these control measures was estimated by estimating the costs per avoided DALY. For the baseline situation, it was estimated that HEV in pig meat would lead to 70 cases and 21 DALYs per year. All control measures led to a decreased number of DALYs, with vaccination leading to the largest decrease: five DALYs per year. However, the costs per avoided DALY ranged from €0.5 to €7.5 million, making none of the control measures cost-effective unless the control measures are also effective against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Focker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C P A van Wagenberg
- Wageningen Economic Research (WEcR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M A P M van Asseldonk
- Wageningen Economic Research (WEcR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - I L A Boxman
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R W Hakze-van der Honing
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - E D van Asselt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Huang D, Lai H, Shi X, Jiang J, Zhu Z, Peng J, Zhang S, Chen Y, Yu H, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Chen J. Global temporal trends and projections of acute hepatitis E incidence among women of childbearing age: Age-period-cohort analysis 2021. J Infect 2024; 89:106250. [PMID: 39181413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute hepatitis E (AHE) poses a significant threat to global public health, particularly among women of childbearing age (WCBA), who are at heightened risk for severe pregnancy-related complications. This study aimed to delineate the temporal trends and project future incidence of AHE in WCBA, providing insights crucial for targeted prevention and control strategies. METHODS Data on AHE incidence from the Global Health data 2021. The age-period-cohort (APC) model was applied to analyze trends across different age groups, periods, and birth cohorts, and the Bayesian APC model was utilized for forecasting future epidemiological trajectories. RESULTS Globally, AHE incidence numbers among WCBA rose from 2,831,075 in 1992 to 3,420,786 in 2021, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) declined from 194.66 to 179.54 per 100,000 with a global net drift of -0.28%. However, high SDI regions showed a contrasting trend with a positive net drift of 0.02%. The age effect was consistent across SDI regions and globally, showing a decrease with advancing age, while unfavorable period and cohort effects were exhibited in high-SDI region. At the national level, locations exhibited varying trends of change. The BAPC model predicted a total of 3,759,384 AHE global cases in WCBA by 2030, with an expected mild increase in the ASIR. The outlook for the management and containment of AHE is grim in certain countries, including India. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a complex epidemiological landscape of AHE in WCBA, with increasing global incidence numbers juxtaposed against a declining ASIR. The AHE burden by 2030 remain severe among WCBA. Young WCBA and high SDI region merit particular attention. The findings underscore the need for region-specific strategies to curb the projected rise in AHE incidence and align with the 2030 WHO goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Huang
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China.
| | - Huiyi Lai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Xia Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; Department of General Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Jinyan Jiang
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Zhibin Zhu
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Jinghan Peng
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China.
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3
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Xu G, Qiao Z, Schraauwen R, Avan A, Peppelenbosch MP, Bijvelds MJC, Jiang S, Li P. Evidence for cross-species transmission of human coronavirus OC43 through bioinformatics and modeling infections in porcine intestinal organoids. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110101. [PMID: 38718529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses has been continuously posing a major challenge to public health. Pigs, as the major animal reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses, frequently mediate viral transmission to humans. This study comprehensively mapped the relationship between human and porcine coronaviruses through in-depth bioinformatics analysis. We found that human coronavirus OC43 and porcine coronavirus PHEV share a close phylogenetic relationship, evidenced by high genomic homology, similar codon usage patterns and comparable tertiary structure in spike proteins. Inoculation of infectious OC43 viruses in organoids derived from porcine small and large intestine demonstrated that porcine intestinal organoids (pIOs) are highly susceptible to human coronavirus OC43 infection and support infectious virus production. Using transmission electron microscopy, we visualized OC43 viral particles in both intracellular and extracellular compartments, and observed abnormalities of multiple organelles in infected organoid cells. Robust OC43 infections in pIOs result in a significant reduction of organoids viability and widespread cell death. This study bears essential implications for better understanding the evolutionary origin of human coronavirus OC43, and provides a proof-of-concept for using pIOs as a model to investigate cross-species transmission of human coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiwen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Rick Schraauwen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amine Avan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Schemmerer M, Bock HH, Schattenberg JM, Huber S, Polywka S, Mader M, Lohse AW, Todt D, Steinmann E, Wenzel JJ, Horvatits T, Pischke S. Proof of infectivity of hepatitis E virus particles from the ejaculate of chronically infected patients. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29735. [PMID: 38864313 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, hepatitis E virus (HEV, Paslahepevirus balayani) particles were detected for the first time in the ejaculate of two chronically infected patients. Since then, we have been able to detect HEV in ejaculate in five further patients, and thus in a total of seven out of nine (78%) chronically infected men (age 36-67 years, median 56 years). In five patients, the HEV RNA concentration was more than 100-fold higher compared to the serum, while in two patients, the viral load was more than 10-fold lower. However, it has remained unclear whether viral particles shed in the ejaculate were infectious, as a previous cell culture model had failed to demonstrate the infectivity. In the current study, we employed an optimized HEV cell culture system based on overconfluent PLC/PRF/5 cells to investigate the infectivity of HEV particles from ejaculate and other body fluids. With this approach, we were able to show for the first time that HEV particles in the ejaculate from several patients were infectious. HEV replicated to high viral loads of 1e9 HEV RNA copies per ml. This indicates that HEV-positive ejaculate could bear a risk of infection for sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schemmerer
- National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Bock
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Polywka
- Microbiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Mader
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Horvatits
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Pischke
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Bennett C, Coughlan S, Hunt K, Butler F, Fanning S, Ryan E, De Gascun C, O'Gorman J. Detection of hepatitis E RNA in pork products at point of retail in Ireland - Are consumers at risk? Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110492. [PMID: 37988969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E (HEV), a zoonotic virus, is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in Europe. The presence of HEV in domestic pigs can result in infections in humans through consumption of pork products which are undercooked or where processing methods are insufficient to inactivate the virus. In Ireland, pork accounts for 34 % of all meat consumption (CSO, 2022) and the prevalence of HEV in products at point of retail has not previously been characterised. A sampling strategy was designed in which high pork content sausages, fresh pork liver and raw fermented sausages were systematically purchased from three types of retailers between May 2018 and March 2019. In total, 200 pork products were tested using a lysing agent to release the HEV from the product for detection. RT-PCR for HEV was performed on samples with an extraction efficiency >1 % (n = 188/200) (94 %). Low level HEV RNA was detected in 9/188 (4.8 %) pork products tested. The highest incidence of HEV RNA was in pork liver where 6/25 (24 %) samples were positive. The concentration of HEV ranged from 0.02 - to 9.4 genome copies/g of pork. Based on these data an exposure assessment was performed which found that if consumers followed advice from the Food Safety Authority of Ireland to achieve core temperatures of 70 °C or higher when cooking, the risk was likely to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Bennett
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Suzie Coughlan
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin Hunt
- UCD-School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- UCD-School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department Agriculture Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Cillian De Gascun
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Joanne O'Gorman
- UCD-National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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6
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Iqbal H, Mehmood BF, Sohal A, Roytman M. Hepatitis E infection: A review. World J Virol 2023; 12:262-271. [PMID: 38187497 PMCID: PMC10768387 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v12.i5.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small non-enveloped virus that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. It is a highly common cause of acute hepatitis, particularly in low to middle income regions of Asia, Africa, and Central America. Most cases are self-limited, and symptomatic patients usually present with acute icteric hepatitis. A subset of patients including pregnant women, older men, those with pre-existing liver disease and immunocompromised patients however, may develop severe disease and hepatic failure. Immunocompromised patients are also at risk for chronic infection, and their immunosuppression should be decreased in order to facilitate viral clearance. HEV can also present with a variety of extra-intestinal manifestations including neurological, renal, hematological, and pancreatic derangements. The gold standard of diagnosis is HEV ribonucleic acid detection via nucleic acid amplification testing. Currently, there are no approved treatments for Hepatitis E, though ribavirin is the most commonly used agent to reduce viral load. Studies assessing the safety and efficacy of other antiviral agents for HEV are currently underway. HEV vaccination has been approved in China, and is currently being investigated in other regions as well. This review article aims to discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, complications, and treatment of Hepatitis E infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humzah Iqbal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA 93701, United States
| | - Bilal Fazal Mehmood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA 93701, United States
| | - Aalam Sohal
- Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - Marina Roytman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA 93701, United States
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7
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Han S, Hyun SW, Son JW, Song MS, Lim DJ, Choi C, Park SH, Ha SD. Innovative nonthermal technologies for inactivation of emerging foodborne viruses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3395-3421. [PMID: 37288815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various foodborne viruses have been associated with human health during the last decade, causing gastroenteritis and a huge economic burden worldwide. Furthermore, the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses is growing continuously. Inactivation of foodborne viruses in the food industry is a formidable task because although viruses cannot grow in foods, they can survive in the food matrix during food processing and storage environments. Conventional inactivation methods pose various drawbacks, necessitating more effective and environmentally friendly techniques for controlling foodborne viruses during food production and processing. Various inactivation approaches for controlling foodborne viruses have been attempted in the food industry. However, some traditionally used techniques, such as disinfectant-based or heat treatment, are not always efficient. Nonthermal techniques are considered a new platform for effective and safe treatment to inactivate foodborne viruses. This review focuses on foodborne viruses commonly associated with human gastroenteritis, including newly emerged viruses, such as sapovirus and Aichi virus. It also investigates the use of chemical and nonthermal physical treatments as effective technologies to inactivate foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jae Lim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ma Z, de Man RA, Kamar N, Pan Q. Chronic hepatitis E: Advancing research and patient care. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1109-1123. [PMID: 35605741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) was initially thought to exclusively cause acute hepatitis. However, the first diagnosis of chronic hepatitis E in transplant recipients in 2008 profoundly changed our understanding of this pathogen. We have now begun to understand that specific HEV genotypes can cause chronic infection in certain immunocompromised populations. Over the past decade, dedicated clinical and experimental research has substantiated knowledge on the epidemiology, transmission routes, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical features and treatment of chronic HEV infection. Nevertheless, many gaps and major challenges remain, particularly regarding the translation of knowledge into disease prevention and improvement of clinical outcomes. This article aims to highlight the latest developments in the understanding and management of chronic hepatitis E. More importantly, we attempt to identify major knowledge gaps and discuss strategies for further advancing both research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongren Ma
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Robert A de Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, INSERM UMR 1291, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Disease (Infinity), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Pellerin M, Trabucco B, Capai L, Laval M, Maestrini O, Jori F, Falchi A, Doceul V, Charrier F, Casabianca F, Pavio N. Low prevalence of hepatitis E virus in the liver of Corsican pigs slaughtered after 12 months despite high antibody seroprevalence. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2706-e2718. [PMID: 35689821 PMCID: PMC9796636 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can be acute and benign or evolve to chronic hepatitis with rapid progression toward cirrhosis or liver failure in humans. Hence, hepatitis E (HE) disease is a major public health concern. In countries where pig populations are highly contaminated with HEV, human cases of HE are mainly foodborne, occurring frequently after consumption of raw or undercooked pork products or liver. Among factors associated to the presence of HEV in pork livers from intensive rearing systems, early slaughter (≤6 months) seems to be major. In Corsica, local pigs are raised in extensive farming systems and slaughtered after 12 months. To evaluate if slaughter of pigs over 12 months reduces the risk of HEV presence in livers, 1197 liver samples were randomly collected in 2 Corsican slaughterhouses. Presence of HEV RNA was detected in liver and HEV seroprevalence was determined in paired serum. The sampling included 1083 livers from animals between 12 and 48 months and 114 livers from animals <12 months. The samples were predominantly from semi-extensive and extensive farms (n = 1154). Estimated HEV seroprevalence was high, that is, >88%, and HEV RNA prevalence in adult pig livers (>12 months old) was low, that is, 0.18%. However, in livers from younger animals (<12 months), including piglets below 6 months old, 5.3% (6/114) of the samples were positive for HEV RNA. Sequences recovered from positive livers belonged to HEV genotype 3c and 3f. The presence of infectious HEV was confirmed in two livers by the detection of HEV replication in HepaRG cell cultures. Thus, this study demonstrates the low prevalence of HEV in livers of pigs over 12 months, even in farms with high HEV circulation. This observation may open new perspectives on the preferential use of livers from animals older than 12 months in raw pork liver products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pellerin
- UMR VirologieANSES, INRAE, ENVALaboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Lisandru Capai
- Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse Pasquale PaoliUR BIOSCOPE 7310CorteFrance,Institute of Virology, University of Charité BerlinAG Junglen10117BerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Ferran Jori
- UMR ASTRE (Animaux, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes), CIRADINRAEUniversité de MontpellierCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellierFrance
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- Laboratoire de VirologieUniversité de Corse Pasquale PaoliUR BIOSCOPE 7310CorteFrance
| | - Virginie Doceul
- UMR VirologieANSES, INRAE, ENVALaboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - François Charrier
- UR SELMET‐LRDEINRAECorteFrance,UMR LISIS, Université Gustave EiffelINRAECNRSMarne‐la‐ValléeFrance
| | | | - Nicole Pavio
- UMR VirologieANSES, INRAE, ENVALaboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
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