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Wang H, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang B, Wang M, Yang X, Han X, Wang R, Ren S, Hu Y, Liu J. Comprehensive Analysis of the Global Protein Changes That Occur During Salivary Gland Degeneration in Female Ixodid Ticks Haemaphysalis longicornis. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1943. [PMID: 30723423 PMCID: PMC6349780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are notorious blood-sucking arthropods that can spread a variety of pathogens and cause great harm to the health of humans, wildlife and domestic animals. The salivary glands of female ticks degenerate rapidly when the ticks reach critical weight or become engorged, which can be caused by hormones and by the synergistic effects of multiple proteins. To explore the complex molecular mechanisms of salivary gland degeneration in ticks, this study applies iTRAQ quantitative proteomic technology for the first time to study changes in protein expression in the salivary glands of female Haemaphysalis longicornis during the process of degeneration and to search for proteins that play an important role in salivary gland degeneration. It was found that the expression of some proteins associated with energy production was continuously down-regulated during salivary gland degeneration, while some proteins associated with DNA or protein degradation were consistently up-regulated. Furthermore, the expression of some proteins related to cell apoptosis or autophagy was also changed. These proteins were knocked down by RNAi to observe the phenotypic and physiological changes in female ticks. The results showed that the time required for engorgement and the mortality rates of the female ticks increased after RNAi of F0F1-type ATP synthase, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, cytochrome C, or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). The corresponding engorged weights, oviposition amounts, and egg hatching rates of the female ticks decreased after RNAi. Interference of the expression of AIF in engorged ticks by RNAi showed that the degeneration of salivary glands of female ticks was slowed down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Minjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuying Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuguang Ren
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuhong Hu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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de Abreu RMM, de Abreu MR, Santos JP, Hebling LMGF, Anholeto LA, de Souza JRL, Camargo-Mathias MI. Morphological evaluation of the liver in Wistar rats inoculated with Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) salivary gland extracts. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1332-1338. [PMID: 30295366 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Rhipicephalus sanguineus is considered a species of medical and veterinary importance. The feeding process of these animals occurs due to the combined action of their mouthparts and the saliva produced by the salivary glands, vital organs for the biological success of the ticks. In addition, these glands act as storage sites for the pathogens transmitted to the host through the inoculation of the saliva. In this sense, the present study had the objective to analyze the behavior of male Wistar rat hepatic cells submitted to in vivo application of the salivary gland extract (SGE) obtained from R. sanguineus female ticks. The study involved five groups (four male adults each): CG (non-inoculated individuals); PBS1 (one phosphate buffer saline injection); PBS2 (two PBS injections); SGE1 (one injection of SGE at 0.04 μg/μL) and SGE2 (two injections of SGE at 0.04 μg/μL). After the exposures, the livers were removed and submitted to the following histological and histochemical stains: HE, toluidine blue, Xylidine Ponceau, alcian blue/PAS, and osmium-imidazole. The results showed that both the PBS and the SGE caused hepatic moderate alterations, such as: (a) emergence of lipid plaques among the hepatic cords; (b) cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatic cells; (c) hepatocytes showing pyknotic nuclei; (d) presence of homogeneous or granular secretion in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Despite the slight morphological alterations observed in the hepatic cells and tissue, the latter did not show signs of disorganization after the exposure to the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rodrigues de Abreu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Parente Santos
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ribamar Lima de Souza
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-Unesp, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Neurotoxic action of permethrin in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) female ticks. Morphological and cytochemical evaluation of the central nervous system. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:482-91. [PMID: 23578999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bozzatto V, Oliveira PRD, Furquim KCS, Camargo-Mathias MI. The occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre-infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide Pfizer Revolution®). Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:1171-6. [PMID: 23983162 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ticks of Rhipicephalus sanguineus species have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. In an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. Although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. For this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was used in order to demonstrate the responses of rabbits' skin tissues pre-infested with R. sanguineus and exposed to different concentrations of selamectin. The obtained results when exposed to 100 and 80% concentrations of selamectin showed a strong mark of acid phosphatase on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and hair follicles, whereas the ones exposed to the 50% concentration had a weak mark on the cells of the connective tissue of the dermis and moderate staining in hair follicles. It became clear that, when used at high concentrations (100 and 80%), selamectin is capable to induce a large scale occurrence of the autophagic cell death process. On the other hand, the concentration of 50% causes minor morphophysiological changes in the skin of rabbit hosts when evaluated the cell death process. Therefore, the data confirms that selamectin is a powerful dose-dependent toxic agent causes increased activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlamir Bozzatto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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de Abreu LA, Calixto C, Waltero CF, Della Noce BP, Githaka NW, Seixas A, Parizi LF, Konnai S, Vaz IDSJ, Ohashi K, Logullo C. The conserved role of the AKT/GSK3 axis in cell survival and glycogen metabolism in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus embryo tick cell line BME26. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2574-82. [PMID: 23274741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick embryogenesis is a metabolically intensive process developed under tightly controlled conditions and whose components are poorly understood. METHODS In order to characterize the role of AKT (protein kinase B) in glycogen metabolism and cell viability, glycogen determination, identification and cloning of an AKT from Rhipicephalus microplus were carried out, in parallel with experiments using RNA interference (RNAi) and chemical inhibition. RESULTS A decrease in glycogen content was observed when AKT was chemically inhibited by 10-DEBC treatment, while GSK3 inhibition by alsterpaullone had an opposing effect. RmAKT ORF is 1584-bp long and encodes a polypeptide chain of 60.1 kDa. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses showed significant differences between vertebrate and tick AKTs. Either AKT or GSK3 knocked down cells showed a 70% reduction in target transcript levels, but decrease in AKT also reduced glycogen content, cell viability and altered cell membrane permeability. However, the GSK3 reduction promoted an increase in glycogen content. Additionally, either GSK3 inhibition or gene silencing had a protective effect on BME26 viability after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. R. microplus AKT and GSK3 were widely expressed during embryo development. Taken together, our data support an antagonistic role for AKT and GSK3, and strongly suggest that such a signaling axis is conserved in tick embryos, with AKT located upstream of GSK3. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The AKT/GSK3 axis is conserved in tick in a way that integrates glycogen metabolism and cell survival, and exhibits phylogenic differences that could be important for the development of novel control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Araujo de Abreu
- LQFPP, CBB and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, RJ, UENF, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Horto, CEP 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Eloisi Denardi S, Henrique Bechara G, Rosa de Oliveira P, Camargo Mathias MI. Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (azadirachta indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:889-99. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nunes ET, Furquim KCS, Bechara GH, Camargo-Mathias MI. Cell death in salivary glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) females at semi-engorged feeding stage. Ultrastruct Pathol 2011; 34:288-300. [PMID: 20568983 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2010.484288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus females is described during feeding. In beginning of feeding, individuals show acini I with many mitochondria and wide basal labyrinth in peripheral cells; glycoprotein granules only in b and c3 cells (acini II); and epithelial interstitial cells with developed basal labyrinth between f cells (acini III). Semi-engorged females show cells in degeneration, with autophagic vacuoles, lysosomes, myelin figures, and irregular, condensed, and/or fragmented nuclei, in addition to apoptotic bodies. R. B. microplus points to apoptosis in these organs before the detachment from the host, in contrast to others tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Takagi Nunes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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Mathias MIC, Arnosti A, Brienza PD, Furquim KCS, Oliveira PRD, Denardi SE, Bechara GH. The dynamics of RNA participation in the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks Latreille 1806 (Acari:Ixodidae). I. Nucleoli or Cajal bodies? Micron 2010; 41:870-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Furquim KCS, Bechara GH, Camargo Mathias MI. Markers of cell death in salivary glands of males of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari, Ixodidae). Parasitol Int 2008; 57:396-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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