1
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Tripathi U, Rosh I, Ben Ezer R, Nayak R, Hussein Y, Choudhary A, Djamus J, Manole A, Houlden H, Gage FH, Stern S. Upregulated ECM genes and increased synaptic activity in Parkinson's human DA neurons with PINK1/ PRKN mutations. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:103. [PMID: 38762512 PMCID: PMC11102563 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Primary symptoms of PD arise with the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, but PD also affects the hippocampus and cortex, usually in its later stage. Approximately 15% of PD cases are familial with a genetic mutation. Two of the most associated genes with autosomal recessive (AR) early-onset familial PD are PINK1 and PRKN. In vitro studies of these genetic mutations are needed to understand the neurophysiological changes in patients' neurons that may contribute to neurodegeneration. In this work, we generated and differentiated DA and hippocampal neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from two patients with a double mutation in their PINK1 and PRKN (one homozygous and one heterozygous) genes and assessed their neurophysiology compared to two healthy controls. We showed that the synaptic activity of PD neurons generated from patients with the PINK1 and PRKN mutations is impaired in the hippocampus and dopaminergic neurons. Mutant dopaminergic neurons had enhanced excitatory post-synaptic activity. In addition, DA neurons with the homozygous mutation of PINK1 exhibited more pronounced electrophysiological differences compared to the control neurons. Signaling network analysis of RNA sequencing results revealed that Focal adhesion and ECM receptor pathway were the top two upregulated pathways in the mutant PD neurons. Our findings reveal that the phenotypes linked to PINK1 and PRKN mutations differ from those from other PD mutations, suggesting a unique interplay between these two mutations that drives different PD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Tripathi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Ben Ezer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yara Hussein
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashwani Choudhary
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jose Djamus
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, Gage, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- UCL queen square institute of neurology, University College London, London, England
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Gage, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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2
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Magistrelli L, Contaldi E, Milner AV, Gallo S, Sacchetti M, Fornaro R, Cantello R, Comi C. A very early onset of juvenile parkinsonism. J Neurol 2022; 269:6661-6663. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Lubbe SJ, Bustos BI, Hu J, Krainc D, Joseph T, Hehir J, Tan M, Zhang W, Escott-Price V, Williams NM, Blauwendraat C, Singleton AB, Morris HR. Assessing the relationship between monoallelic PRKN mutations and Parkinson's risk. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:78-86. [PMID: 33448283 PMCID: PMC8033143 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic Parkin (PRKN) mutations cause autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, the role of monoallelic PRKN mutations as a risk factor for PD remains unclear. We investigated the role of single heterozygous PRKN mutations in three large independent case-control cohorts totalling 10 858 PD cases and 8328 controls. Overall, after exclusion of biallelic carriers, single PRKN mutations were more common in PD than controls conferring a >1.5-fold increase in the risk of PD [P-value (P) = 0.035], with meta-analysis (19 574 PD cases and 468 488 controls) confirming increased risk [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, P = 3.69E-07]. Carriers were shown to have significantly younger ages at the onset compared with non-carriers (NeuroX: 56.4 vs. 61.4 years; exome: 38.5 vs. 43.1 years). Stratifying by mutation type, we provide preliminary evidence for a more pathogenic risk profile for single PRKN copy number variant (CNV) carriers compared with single nucleotide variant carriers. Studies that did not assess biallelic PRKN mutations or consist of predominantly early-onset cases may be biasing these estimates, and removal of these resulted in a loss of association (OR = 1.23, P = 0.614; n = 4). Importantly, when we looked for additional CNVs in 30% of PD cases with apparent monoallellic PRKN mutations, we found that 44% had biallelic mutations, suggesting that previous estimates may be influenced by cryptic biallelic mutation status. While this study supports the association of single PRKN mutations with PD, it highlights confounding effects; therefore, caution is needed when interpreting current risk estimates. Together, we demonstrate that comprehensive assessment of biallelic mutation status is essential when elucidating PD risk associated with monoallelic PRKN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lubbe
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Bernabe I Bustos
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Theresita Joseph
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jason Hehir
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nigel M Williams
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, and UCL Movement Disorders Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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4
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Yu E, Rudakou U, Krohn L, Mufti K, Ruskey JA, Asayesh F, Estiar MA, Spiegelman D, Surface M, Fahn S, Waters CH, Greenbaum L, Espay AJ, Dauvilliers Y, Dupré N, Rouleau GA, Hassin-Baer S, Fon EA, Alcalay RN, Gan-Or Z. Analysis of Heterozygous PRKN Variants and Copy-Number Variations in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:178-187. [PMID: 32970363 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic PRKN mutation carriers with Parkinson's disease (PD) typically have an earlier disease onset, slow disease progression, and, often, different neuropathology compared to sporadic PD patients. However, the role of heterozygous PRKN variants in the risk of PD is controversial. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to examine the association between heterozygous PRKN variants, including single-nucleotide variants and copy-number variations (CNVs), and PD. METHODS We fully sequenced PRKN in 2809 PD patients and 3629 healthy controls, including 1965 late-onset (63.97 ± 7.79 years, 63% men) and 553 early-onset PD patients (43.33 ± 6.59 years, 68% men). PRKN was sequenced using targeted next-generation sequencing with molecular inversion probes. CNVs were identified using a combination of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and ExomeDepth. To examine whether rare heterozygous single-nucleotide variants and CNVs in PRKN are associated with PD risk and onset, we used optimized sequence kernel association tests and regression models. RESULTS We did not find any associations between all types of PRKN variants and risk of PD. Pathogenic and likely-pathogenic heterozygous single-nucleotide variants and CNVs were less common among PD patients (1.52%) than among controls (1.8%, false discovery rate-corrected P = 0.55). No associations with age at onset and in stratified analyses were found. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous single-nucleotide variants and CNVs in PRKN are not associated with PD. Molecular inversion probes allow for rapid and cost-effective detection of all types of PRKN variants, which may be useful for pretrial screening and for clinical and basic science studies targeting specifically PRKN patients. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lynne Krohn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kheireddin Mufti
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Ruskey
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Farnaz Asayesh
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehrdad A Estiar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dan Spiegelman
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Surface
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl H Waters
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alberto J Espay
- UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute and Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for Narcolepsy, Sleep Unit, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Neurosciences, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Edward A Fon
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Novel Compound Heterozygous PRKN Variants in a Han-Chinese Family with Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 2019:9024894. [PMID: 31929871 PMCID: PMC6942881 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9024894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly early-onset PD. The PRKN gene is the primary disease-causing gene for early-onset PD. The details of its functions remain unclear. This study identified novel compound heterozygous variants (p.T240K and p.L272R) of the PRKN gene in a Han-Chinese family with early-onset PD. This finding is helpful in the genetic diagnosis of PD and also the functional research of the PRKN gene.
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6
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Casagrande FV, Amadeo A, Cartelli D, Calogero AM, Modena D, Costa I, Cantele F, Onelli E, Moscatelli A, Ascagni M, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. The imbalance between dynamic and stable microtubules underlies neurodegeneration induced by 2,5-hexanedione. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Pleiotropic effects for Parkin and LRRK2 in leprosy type-1 reactions and Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15616-15624. [PMID: 31308240 PMCID: PMC6681704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901805116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1 reactions (T1R) are pathological immune responses in leprosy and a frequent cause of peripheral nerve damage. Employing a candidate gene approach combined with deep resequencing, we identified amino acid mutations in the E3 ligase Parkin and the polyfunctional kinase LRRK2 that were associated with T1R. This finding directly linked both proteins with the extent of the immune response in an infectious disease. Moreover, amino acids associated with T1R mutations were significantly enriched for mutations found in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD). These findings confirm Parkin and LRRK2 as 2 key inflammatory regulators and suggest that T1R and PD share overlapping pathways of pathogenesis. Type-1 reactions (T1R) are pathological inflammatory episodes and main contributors to nerve damage in leprosy. Here, we evaluate the genewise enrichment of rare protein-altering variants in 7 genes where common variants were previously associated with T1R. We selected 474 Vietnamese leprosy patients of which 237 were T1R-affected and 237 were T1R-free matched controls. Genewise enrichment of nonsynonymous variants was tested with both kernel-based (sequence kernel association test [SKAT]) and burden methods. Of the 7 genes tested 2 showed statistical evidence of association with T1R. For the LRRK2 gene an enrichment of nonsynonymous variants was observed in T1R-free controls (PSKAT-O = 1.6 × 10−4). This genewise association was driven almost entirely by the gain-of-function variant R1628P (P = 0.004; odds ratio = 0.29). The second genewise association was found for the Parkin coding gene PRKN (formerly PARK2) where 7 rare variants were enriched in T1R-affected cases (PSKAT-O = 7.4 × 10−5). Mutations in both PRKN and LRRK2 are known causes of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Hence, we evaluated to what extent such rare amino acid changes observed in T1R are shared with PD. We observed that amino acids in Parkin targeted by nonsynonymous T1R-risk mutations were also enriched for mutations implicated in PD (P = 1.5 × 10−4). Hence, neuroinflammation in PD and peripheral nerve damage due to inflammation in T1R share overlapping genetic control of pathogenicity.
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8
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Jankovic MZ, Dobricic V, Kresojevic N, Markovic V, Petrovic I, Svetel M, Pekmezovic T, Novakovic I, Kostic V. Identification of mutations in the PARK2 gene in Serbian patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2018; 393:27-30. [PMID: 30099245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PARK2 (PRKN) gene are the most common cause of autosomal-recessive (AR) juvenile parkinsonism and young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD). >100 different variants have been reported, including point mutations, small indels and single or multiple exon copy number variations. Mutation screening of PARK2 was performed in 225 Serbian PD patients (143 males and 82 females) with disease onset before 50 years and/or positive family history with apparent AR inheritance. All coding regions and their flanking intronic sequences were amplified and directly sequenced. Whole exon multiplications or deletions were detected using Multiple Ligation Probe Amplification (MLPA) method. We identified 12 PD patients with PARK2 mutations (5.3%). Five patients (2.2%) had biallelic mutations and seven (3.1%) were single mutation carriers. Patients with compound heterozygous mutations had earlier onset of the disease compared to non-carriers (p = 0.005) or heterozygotes (p = 0.001). Other clinical features in mutation carriers were not different compared to non-carriers. In our cohort, sequence and dosage variants were equally represented in patients, inducing their first symptoms mainly before the age of 30. For efficient genetic testing strategy, patients with early, especially juvenile onset of PD were strong candidates for both dosage and sequence variants screening of PARK2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jankovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - V Dobricic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Kresojevic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Markovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Petrovic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Svetel
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Pekmezovic
- Institute for Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Novakovic
- Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Kostic
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia
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9
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Do YJ, Yun SY, Park MY, Kim E. The M458L missense mutation disrupts the catalytic properties of Parkin. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:78-88. [PMID: 29223129 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parkin encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and mutations affecting its catalytic potential are implicated in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). The M458L mutation of parkin and its enzymatic effects require characterization. Therefore, we examined the enzymatic activity of Parkin with M458L mutation. We show that the M458L mutant retains its autoubiquitination potential in vitro but not in cells. Fas-associated factor 1 and p38 (substrates of Parkin) are able to bind to the M458L mutant in cells; however, these Parkin substrates are not ubiquitinated and degraded in M458L mutant-transfected cells. Moreover, M458L mutant fails to protect the mitochondria against hydrogen peroxide, leading to cell death. Considering the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathogenesis, our results imply a causative role for the M458L mutation in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seo Young Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min-Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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10
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Kasten M, Marras C, Klein C. Nonmotor Signs in Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:129-178. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Barber IS, Braae A, Clement N, Patel T, Guetta-Baranes T, Brookes K, Medway C, Chappell S, Guerreiro R, Bras J, Hernandez D, Singleton A, Hardy J, Mann DM, Morgan K. Mutation analysis of sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease using the NeuroX array. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 49:215.e1-215.e8. [PMID: 27776828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have screened sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease (sEOAD, n = 408) samples using the NeuroX array for known causative and predicted pathogenic variants in 16 genes linked to familial forms of neurodegeneration. We found 2 sEOAD individuals harboring a known causative variant in PARK2 known to cause early-onset Parkinson's disease; p.T240M (n = 1) and p.Q34fs delAG (n = 1). In addition, we identified 3 sEOAD individuals harboring a predicted pathogenic variant in MAPT (p.A469T), which has previously been associated with AD. It is currently unknown if these variants affect susceptibility to sEOAD, further studies would be needed to establish this. This work highlights the need to screen sEOAD individuals for variants that are more classically attributed to other forms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda S Barber
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anne Braae
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naomi Clement
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tulsi Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tamar Guetta-Baranes
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Keeley Brookes
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Medway
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally Chappell
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Mann
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Erer S, Egeli U, Zarifoglu M, Tezcan G, Cecener G, Tunca B, Ak S, Demirdogen E, Kenangil G, Kaleagası H, Dogu O, Saka E, Elibol B. Mutation analysis of the PARKIN, PINK1, DJ1, and SNCA genes in Turkish early-onset Parkinson's patients and genotype-phenotype correlations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 148:147-53. [PMID: 27455133 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variations in PARK genes (PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, and SNCA) cause early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) in different populations. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the frequencies of variations in PARK genes and the effects of these variations on the phenotypes of Turkish EOPD patients. METHODS All coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, and SNCA genes were screened by heteroduplex analysis followed by direct sequencing of the detected variants in 50 Turkish EOPD patients. These variants were evaluated using SIFT, PolyPhen, HSF, and LOVD web-based programs. RESULTS The frequency of EOPD-associated variations in the PRKN gene was 34%. Among these variations, p.A82E in exon 3 and p.Q409X in exon 11 was determined to be pathogenic. We also defined previously unknown cryptic variations, including c.872-35 G>A and c.872-28T>G in exon 8 of PRKN and c.252+30 T>G and c.322+4 A>G in exons 4 and 5 of DJ1, respectively, that were associated with EOPD. Although no significant association was observed between the PARK gene mutations and clinical features (P>0.05), the alterations were related to the clinical symptoms in each patient. CONCLUSION An increasing number of studies report that PRKN, PINK1, DJ1 and SNCA mutations are associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease; however, a limited number of studies have been conducted in Turkey. Additionally, our study is the first to evaluate the frequency of SNCA mutations in a Turkish population. The aim of this study was determine the frequency distributions of the PRKN, PINK1, DJ1, and SNCA gene mutations and to analyze the relationships between these genetic variations and the clinical phenotype of EOPD in Turkish patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Erer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zarifoglu
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Secil Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Elif Demirdogen
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulay Kenangil
- Erenkoy Traning and Research hospital for neurologic and psychiatric disease, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Kaleagası
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Okan Dogu
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Esen Saka
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Elibol
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Morais S, Bastos-Ferreira R, Sequeiros J, Alonso I. Genomic mechanisms underlying PARK2 large deletions identified in a cohort of patients with PD. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e73. [PMID: 27182553 PMCID: PMC4856358 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the genomic mechanisms that result in PARK2 large gene deletions. METHODS We conducted mutation screening using PCR amplification of PARK2-coding regions and exon-intron boundaries, followed by sequencing to evaluate a large series of 244 unrelated Portuguese patients with symptoms of Parkinson disease. For the detection of large gene rearrangements, we performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, followed by long-range PCR and sequencing to map deletion breakpoints. RESULTS We identified biallelic pathogenic parkin mutations in 40 of the 244 patients. There were 18 different mutations, some of them novel. This study included mapping of 17 deletion breakpoints showing that nonhomologous end joining is the most common mechanism responsible for these gene rearrangements. None of these deletion breakpoints were previously described, and only one was present in 2 unrelated families, indicating that most of the deletions result from independent events. CONCLUSIONS The c.155delA mutation is highly prevalent in the Portuguese population (62.5% of the cases). Large deletions were present in 42.5% of the patients. We present the largest study on the molecular mechanisms that mediate PARK2 deletions in a homogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morais
- UnIGENe (S.M., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; i3S (S.M., R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; CGPP (R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (J.S., I.A.), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Bastos-Ferreira
- UnIGENe (S.M., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; i3S (S.M., R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; CGPP (R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (J.S., I.A.), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- UnIGENe (S.M., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; i3S (S.M., R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; CGPP (R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (J.S., I.A.), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alonso
- UnIGENe (S.M., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; i3S (S.M., R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; CGPP (R.B.-F., J.S., I.A.), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology; and Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (J.S., I.A.), University of Porto, Portugal
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Park MY, Park IW, Ihm CH, Kim E. PARK2 gene variants in Korean patients with Parkinson’s disease. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Huttenlocher J, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Helgadottir HT, Sveinbjörnsdóttir S, Riess O, Bauer P, Stefansson K. Heterozygote carriers for CNVs in PARK2 are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5637-43. [PMID: 26188007 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with point mutations, homozygous deletions or duplications in PARK2 are responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism. It is debated, however, whether heterozygous carriers of these mutations are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our goal was to determine whether heterozygous carriers of copy number variants (CNVs) affecting exons of the PARK2 gene are at risk of PD that is greater than that of non-carriers. We searched for CNVs affecting exons of PARK2 in a sample of 105 749 genotyped Icelanders. In total, 989 carriers, including 24 diagnosed with PD, were identified. The heterozygous carriers were tested for association in a sample of 1415 PD patients and 40 474 controls ≥65 years of age. PD patients were more often heterozygous carriers of PARK2 CNVs than controls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, P = 0.03] and compound heterozygous PD patients for a CNV and a missense mutation were not found. Furthermore, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting on case-control samples screened for heterozygous PARK2 CNVs. Ten studies were included in the final analysis, with 4538 cases and 4213 controls. The pooled OR and P-value for the published and Icelandic results showed significant association between PARK2 CNVs and risk of PD (OR = 2.11, P = 2.54 × 10(-6)). Our analysis shows that heterozygous carriers of CNVs affecting exons of PARK2 have greater risk of PD than non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huttenlocher
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sigurlaug Sveinbjörnsdóttir
- Department of Neurology, National University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Department of Neurology, MEHT, Broomfield Hospital, Court Road, Essex CM1 7ET, UK, Neuroscience Department, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK and
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Reykjavik 101, Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik IS-101, Iceland
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A Peruvian family with a novel PARK2 mutation: Clinical and pathological characteristics. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:444-8. [PMID: 25817512 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PARK2 result in autosomal recessive young onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD). Although there have been a number of reports on the clinical characteristics of PARK2-related PD, there is limited information available on the associated neuropathologic changes. DESIGN We describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of a Peruvian family with YOPD. The proband and one unaffected sibling were screened for PARK2 dosage and point mutations. One affected sibling had detailed neuropathologic examination. SETTING Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas (INCN) in Lima, Peru. RESULTS The proband and two of her four siblings developed YOPD and both parents were unaffected. The clinical course has been characterized by akinetic-rigid parkinsonism predominantly affecting the lower limbs and dyskinesias. Analysis of PARK2 showed that the proband is compound heterozygous for a novel acceptor splice site mutation in intron 5 (IVS5-1G>A) and an exon 7 deletion. Neuropathologic assessment of an affected sibling revealed severe neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibers in the striatum. No Lewy body pathology was observed using standard histology or immunohistochemistry for α-synuclein. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with most neuropathologic reports of patients with PARK2 mutations, we did not observe Lewy body inclusions, despite marked SN degeneration and severe dopaminergic denervation of the striatum. These data describe a novel splice site mutation and further extend the clinicopathological characterization of PARK2-associated PD.
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Glucocerebrosidase mutations in primary parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:1215-20. [PMID: 25249066 PMCID: PMC4228056 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene increase the risk of Parkinson's Disease (PD). We determined the frequency and relative risk of major GBA mutations in a large series of Italian patients with primary parkinsonism. Methods We studied 2766 unrelated consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of primary degenerative parkinsonism (including 2350 PD), and 1111 controls. The entire cohort was screened for mutations in GBA exons 9 and 10, covering approximately 70% of mutations, including the two most frequent defects, p.N370S and p.L444P. Results Four known mutations were identified in heterozygous state: 3 missense mutations (p.N370S, p.L444P, and p.D443N), and the splicing mutation IVS10+1G>T, which results in the in-frame exon-10 skipping. Molecular characterization of 2 additional rare variants, potentially interfering with splicing, suggested a neutral effect. GBA mutations were more frequent in PD (4.5%, RR = 7.2, CI = 3.3–15.3) and in Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) (13.8%, RR = 21.9, CI = 6.8–70.7) than in controls (0.63%). but not in the other forms of parkinsonism such as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP, 2%), and Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD, 0%). Considering only the PD group, GBA-carriers were younger at onset (52 ± 10 vs. 57 ± 10 years, P < 0.0001) and were more likely to have a positive family history of PD (34% vs. 20%, P < 0.001). Conclusion GBA dysfunction is relevant for synucleinopathies, such as PD and DLB, except for MSA, in which pathology involves oligodendrocytes, and the tauopathies PSP and CBD. The risk of developing DLB is three-fold higher than PD, suggesting a more aggressive phenotype. We screened a large case–control cohort with parkinsonism for common GBA mutations. GBA mutations in the Italian population are a risk factor for Lewy Bodies Diseases (PD and DLB). GBA mutations were not increased in the other forms of parkinsonism: PSP, CBD and MSA. GBA dysfunction does not seem to be involved in MSA and tauopathies.
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Sheerin UM, Houlden H, Wood NW. Advances in the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease: A Guide for the Clinician. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1:3-13. [PMID: 30363913 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 16 years, insights in clinical and genetic characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) have increased substantially. We summarize the clinical, genetic, and pathological findings of autosomal dominant PD linked to mutations in SNCA, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, vacuolar protein sorting-35, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 and autosomal recessive PD linked to parkin,PINK1, and DJ-1, as well as autosomal recessive complicated parkinsonian syndromes caused by mutations in ATP13A2,FBXO7,PLA2G6,SYNJ1, and DNAJC6. We also review the advances in high- and low-risk genetic susceptibility factors and present multisystem disorders that may present with parkinsonism as the major clinical feature and provide recommendations for prioritization of genetic testing. Finally, we consider the challenges of future genetic research in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una-Marie Sheerin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- UCL Department of Molecular Neuroscience and UCL Genetics Institute University College London London United Kingdom
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Oczkowska A, Kozubski W, Lianeri M, Dorszewska J. Mutations in PRKN and SNCA Genes Important for the Progress of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:502-17. [PMID: 24532983 PMCID: PMC3924246 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210205839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson’s disease (PD) was first described almost 200 years ago, it remains an incurable disease
with a cause that is not fully understood. Nowadays it is known that disturbances in the structure of pathological proteins
in PD can be caused by more than environmental and genetic factors. Despite numerous debates and controversies in the
literature about the role of mutations in the SNCA and PRKN genes in the pathogenesis of PD, it is evident that these
genes play a key role in maintaining dopamine (DA) neuronal homeostasis and that the dysfunction of this homeostasis is
relevant to both familial (FPD) and sporadic (SPD) PD with different onset. In recent years, the importance of alphasynuclein
(ASN) in the process of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective function of the Parkin is becoming better understood.
Moreover, there have been an increasing number of recent reports indicating the importance of the interaction between
these proteins and their encoding genes. Among others interactions, it is suggested that even heterozygous substitution
in the PRKN gene in the presence of the variants +2/+2 or +2/+3 of NACP-Rep1 in the SNCA promoter, may increase
the risk of PD manifestation, which is probably due to ineffective elimination of over-expressed ASN by the mutated
Parkin protein. Finally, it seems that genetic testing may be an important part of diagnostics in patients with PD and may
improve the prognostic process in the course of PD. However, only full knowledge of the mechanism of the interaction
between the genes associated with the pathogenesis of PD is likely to help explain the currently unknown pathways of selective
damage to dopaminergic neurons in the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oczkowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Incidence of mutations in the PARK2, PINK1, PARK7 genes in Polish early-onset Parkinson disease patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2013; 47:319-24. [PMID: 23986421 DOI: 10.5114/ninp.2013.36756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Parkinson disease (PD) is a complex disease, comprising genetic and environmental factors. Despite the vast majority of sporadic cases, three genes, i.e. PARK2, PINK1 and PARK7 (DJ-1), have been identified as responsible for the autosomal recessive form of early-onset Parkinson disease (EO-PD). Identified changes of these genes are homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. The frequency of PARK2, PINK1 and PARK7 mutations is still under debate, as is the significance and pathogenicity of the single heterozygous mutations/variants, which are also detected among PD patients. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of autosomal recessive genes PARK2, PINK1, PARK7 mutations in Polish EO-PD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis of the PARK2, PINK1 and PARK7 genes was performed in a group of 150 Polish EO-PD patients (age of onset < 45 years). Mutation analysis was based on sequencing and gene dosage abnormality identification. RESULTS Mutations were identified only in the PARK2 and PINK1 genes with the frequency of 4.7% and 2.7% of subjects, respectively. In PARK2, point mutations and exons' rearrangements, and in PINK1 only missense mutations were detected. In both genes mutations were found as compound heterozygous/homozygous and single heterozygous. EO-PD patients' genotype-phenotype correlation revealed similarities of clinical features in mutation carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of the PARK2, PINK1, PARK7 mutations among Polish EO-PD patients seems to be low. The role of single heterozygous mutations remains a matter of debate and needs further investigations.
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Sironi F, Primignani P, Ricca S, Tunesi S, Zini M, Tesei S, Cilia R, Pezzoli G, Seia M, Goldwurm S. DJ1 analysis in a large cohort of Italian early onset Parkinson Disease patients. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt B:165-70. [PMID: 24176883 PMCID: PMC3878804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DJ1 is a recessive gene involved in early onset PD. We tested 163 Italian EOPD. We did not find any mutation in our population. DJ1 PD causing mutations are very rare in Italian population.
We analyzed the DJ1 gene in a large consecutive series (N = 163) of Italian unrelated Early Onset Parkinson Disease (EOPD: onset ≤40 years of age) patients and 100 healthy controls (mean age 64 ± 7 years). No homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations with an obvious pathogenic effect were found. Several variants were identified, some of which were novels. All variants had similar frequency in patients and in controls. Our data suggest that DJ1 mutations are very rare in Italian EOPD. Other genes and risk factors for PD are still to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sironi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS "Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena", Milan, Italy
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Puschmann A. Monogenic Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: clinical phenotypes and frequencies of known mutations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:407-15. [PMID: 23462481 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in seven genes are robustly associated with autosomal dominant (SNCA, LRRK2, EIF4G1, VPS35) or recessive (parkin/PARK2, PINK1, DJ1/PARK7) Parkinson's disease (PD) or parkinsonism. Changes in a long list of additional genes have been suggested as causes for parkinsonism or PD, including genes for hereditary ataxias (ATXN2, ATXN3, FMR1), frontotemporal dementia (C9ORF72, GRN, MAPT, TARDBP), DYT5 (GCH1, TH, SPR), and others (ATP13A2, CSF1R, DNAJC6, FBXO, GIGYF2, HTRA2, PLA2G6, POLG, SPG11, UCHL1). This review summarizes the clinical features of diseases caused by mutations in these genes, and their frequencies. Point mutations and multiplications in SNCA cause cognitive or psychiatric symptoms, parkinsonism, dysautonomia and myoclonus with widespread alpha-synuclein pathology in the central and peripheral nervous system. LRRK2 mutations may lead to a clinical phenotype closely resembling idiopathic PD with a puzzling variety in neuropathology. Mutations in parkin/PARK2, PINK1 or DJ1/PARK7 may cause early-onset parkinsonism with a low risk for cognitive decline and a pathological process usually restricted to the brainstem. Carriers of mutations in the other genes may develop parkinsonism with or without additional symptoms, but rarely a disease resembling PD. The pathogenicity of several mutations remains unconfirmed. Although some mutations occur with high frequency in specific populations, worldwide all are very rare. The genetic cause of the majority of patients with sporadic or hereditary PD remains unknown in most populations. Clinical genetic testing is useful for selected patients. Testing strategies need to be adapted individually based on clinical phenotype and estimated frequency of the mutation in the patient's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Puschmann
- Dept. for Neurology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Getingevägen 4, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
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Association of nicotine dependence susceptibility gene, CHRNA5, with Parkinson's disease age at onset: Gene and smoking status interaction. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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de Mena L, Samaranch LL, Coto E, Cardo LF, Ribacoba R, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Pastor P, Wang L, Irigoyen J, Mata IF, Díaz M, Moris G, Menéndez M, Corao AI, Lorenzo E, Alvarez V. Mutational Screening of PARKIN Identified a 3′ UTR Variant (rs62637702) Associated with Parkinson’s Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:264-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lewy body pathology and typical Parkinson disease in a patient with a heterozygous (R275W) mutation in the Parkin gene (PARK2). Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:901-3. [PMID: 22555654 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cartelli D, Goldwurm S, Casagrande F, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. Microtubule destabilization is shared by genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease patient fibroblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37467. [PMID: 22666358 PMCID: PMC3359730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from both toxin-based and gene-based models suggest that dysfunction of the microtubule system contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, even if, at present, no evidence of alterations of microtubules in vivo or in patients is available. Here we analyze cytoskeleton organization in primary fibroblasts deriving from patients with idiopathic or genetic Parkinson's disease, focusing on mutations in parkin and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2. Our analyses reveal that genetic and likely idiopathic pathology affects cytoskeletal organization and stability, without any activation of autophagy or apoptosis. All parkinsonian fibroblasts have a reduced microtubule mass, represented by a higher fraction of unpolymerized tubulin in respect to control cells, and display significant changes in microtubule stability-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, we show that the reduction of microtubule mass is so closely related to the alteration of cell morphology and behavior that both pharmacological treatment with microtubule-targeted drugs, and genetic approaches, by transfecting the wild type parkin or leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, restore the proper microtubule stability and are able to rescue cell architecture. Taken together, our results suggest that microtubule destabilization is a point of convergence of genetic and idiopathic forms of parkinsonism and highlight, for the first time, that microtubule dysfunction occurs in patients and not only in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Therefore, these data contribute to the knowledge on molecular and cellular events underlying Parkinson's disease and, revealing that correction of microtubule defects restores control phenotype, may offer a new therapeutic target for the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
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Trotta L, Guella I, Soldà G, Sironi F, Tesei S, Canesi M, Pezzoli G, Goldwurm S, Duga S, Asselta R. SNCA and MAPT genes: Independent and joint effects in Parkinson disease in the Italian population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 18:257-62. [PMID: 22104010 PMCID: PMC3314966 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Significant efforts have been focused on investigating the contribution of common variants to Parkinson disease (PD) risk. Several independent GWAS and metanalysis studies have shown a genome-wide significant association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the α-synuclein (SNCA) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) regions. Here we investigated the role of SNCA and MAPT as PD susceptibility genes in a large Italian population of 904 patients and 891 controls. An evaluation of gene–gene and gene-environment interactions in association with PD was also attempted. Methods The SNCA Rep1 microsatellite was genotyped by a fluorescent PCR assay, whereas the SNPlex genotyping system was used to genotype 12 additional markers across the SNCA gene, and 2 SNPs tagging the risk MAPT H1 haplotype. Results Single-marker analysis demonstrated nominal evidence of association for: i) the 261-bp-long allele of Rep1; ii) 7 SNPs in the SNCA region (top SNP: rs356186, P = 3.08 × 10−04, intron 4); iii) both SNPs identifying the MAPT H1 haplotype (P = 4.63 × 10−04 and P = 4.23 × 10−04 for rs1800547 and rs9468, respectively). Moreover, we found a highly significant protective haplotype spanning ∼83 kb from intron 4 to the 3′ end of SNCA (P = 1.29 × 10−05). Conclusions Our findings strongly confirm SNCA and MAPT as major PD susceptibility genes for idiopathic PD in the Italian population. Interaction analyses did not evidence either epistatic effects between the two loci or gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Trotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Tesei
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Canesi
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Goldwurm
- Parkinson Institute, Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology and Genetics for Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Viotti, 3/5 - 20133 Milano, Italy. Tel.: +39 02 50315853; fax: +39 02 50315864.
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Crosiers D, Theuns J, Cras P, Van Broeckhoven C. Parkinson disease: Insights in clinical, genetic and pathological features of monogenic disease subtypes. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Semenova EV, Shadrina MI, Slominsky PA, Ivanova-Smolenskaya IA, Bagyeva G, Illarioshkin SN, Limborska SA. Analysis of PARK2 gene exon rearrangements in Russian patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 27:139-42. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Direct generation of functional dopaminergic neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts. Nature 2011; 476:224-7. [PMID: 21725324 DOI: 10.1038/nature10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of dopaminergic neurons can potentially improve the clinical outcome of Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder resulting from degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. In particular, transplantation of embryonic-stem-cell-derived dopaminergic neurons has been shown to be efficient in restoring motor symptoms in conditions of dopamine deficiency. However, the use of pluripotent-derived cells might lead to the development of tumours if not properly controlled. Here we identified a minimal set of three transcription factors--Mash1 (also known as Ascl1), Nurr1 (also known as Nr4a2) and Lmx1a--that are able to generate directly functional dopaminergic neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts without reverting to a progenitor cell stage. Induced dopaminergic (iDA) cells release dopamine and show spontaneous electrical activity organized in regular spikes consistent with the pacemaker activity featured by brain dopaminergic neurons. The three factors were able to elicit dopaminergic neuronal conversion in prenatal and adult fibroblasts from healthy donors and Parkinson's disease patients. Direct generation of iDA cells from somatic cells might have significant implications for understanding critical processes for neuronal development, in vitro disease modelling and cell replacement therapies.
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Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Yun JY, Kim SY, Park SS, Jeon BS. Phenotype analysis in patients with early onset Parkinson's disease with and without parkin mutations. J Neurol 2011; 258:2260-7. [PMID: 21625934 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The data regarding whether parkin genotype attributes phenotypic variation are conflicting. Since the incidence of parkin mutations is very low in patients with an age at onset (AAO) of >40 years, previous studies have unfairly compared phenotypes of two early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) groups with different AAOs. Thus, we compared the clinical features between patients with and without parkin mutations in EOPD with an AAO of ≤40 years. Of the 124 patients with EOPD with an AAO of ≤40 years who were recruited and screened for parkin mutations, 84 completed assessments for comparison of the phenotype according to parkin genotype. Fourteen of the 84 subjects carried two parkin mutations; 6, a single mutation; and 64, no mutations. Patients with two mutations had significantly younger AAOs, longer duration of PD, and more common family history than patients without parkin mutations. Otherwise, motor and nonmotor symptoms did not differ between them. Subgroup analysis of EOPD with an AAO of ≤35 years revealed similar results. Phenotype of EOPD may depend on early AAOs rather than presence of parkin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Nuytemans K, Theuns J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: a mutation update. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:763-80. [PMID: 20506312 PMCID: PMC3056147 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To date, molecular genetic analyses have identified over 500 distinct DNA variants in five disease genes associated with familial Parkinson disease; alpha-synuclein (SNCA), parkin (PARK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 (PARK7), and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). These genetic variants include approximately 82% simple mutations and approximately 18% copy number variations. Some mutation subtypes are likely underestimated because only few studies reported extensive mutation analyses of all five genes, by both exonic sequencing and dosage analyses. Here we present an update of all mutations published to date in the literature, systematically organized in a novel mutation database (http://www.molgen.ua.ac.be/PDmutDB). In addition, we address the biological relevance of putative pathogenic mutations. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive genetic screening of Parkinson patients followed by an insightful study of the functional relevance of observed genetic variants. Moreover, while capturing existing data from the literature it became apparent that several of the five Parkinson genes were also contributing to the genetic etiology of other Lewy Body Diseases and Parkinson-plus syndromes, indicating that mutation screening is recommendable in these patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular GeneticsVIB, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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Low frequency of the PARK2 gene mutations in Polish patients with the early-onset form of Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:136-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Guella I, Pistocchi A, Asselta R, Rimoldi V, Ghilardi A, Sironi F, Trotta L, Primignani P, Zini M, Zecchinelli A, Coviello D, Pezzoli G, Del Giacco L, Duga S, Goldwurm S. Mutational screening and zebrafish functional analysis of GIGYF2 as a Parkinson-disease gene. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:1994-2005. [PMID: 20060621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Grb10-Interacting GYF Protein-2 (GIGYF2) gene has been proposed as the Parkinson-disease (PD) gene underlying the PARK11 locus. However, association of GIGYF2 with PD has been challenged and a functional validation of GIGYF2 mutations is lacking. In this frame, we performed a mutational screening of GIGYF2 in an Italian PD cohort. Exons containing known mutations were analyzed in 552 cases and 552 controls. Thereafter, a subset of 184 familial PD cases and controls were subjected to a full coding-exon screening. These analyses identified 8 missense variations in 9 individuals (4 cases, 5 controls). Furthermore, we developed a zebrafish model of gigyf2 deficiency. Abrogation of gigyf2 function in zebrafish embryos did not lead to a drastic cell loss in diencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neuron clusters, suggesting that gigyf2 is not required for DA neuron differentiation. Notably, gigyf2 functional abrogation did not increase diencephalic DA neurons susceptibility to the PD-inducing drug MPP+. These data, together with those recently reported by other groups, suggest that GIGYF2 is unlikely to be the PARK11 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Guella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Shadrina MI, Slominsky PA, Limborska SA. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 281:229-66. [PMID: 20460187 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)81006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a complex disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The development of this condition is defined by the interaction between the genetic constitution of an organism and environmental factors. Analysis of the genes associated with development of monogenic forms of disease has allowed pointing out several mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis such as the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and others. In this review, a variety of data which throw light on molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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