1
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Zhu JY, van de Leemput J, Han Z. Promoting mitochondrial dynamics by inhibiting the PINK1/ PRKN pathway to relieve diabetic nephropathy. Dis Model Mech 2024:dmm.050471. [PMID: 38602042 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and is a leading cause of kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy has been attributed to dysfunctional mitochondria. However, many questions remain about the exact mechanism. The structure, function, and molecular pathways between mammalian podocytes and Drosophila nephrocytes are highly conserved, therefore we used flies on a high-sucrose diet to model type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The nephrocytes of high-sucrose diet flies showed significant functional decline and decreased cell size, associated with a shortened lifespan. Structurally, the nephrocytes filtration structure known as the slit diaphragm was disorganized. At the cellular level, we found altered mitochondrial dynamics and dysfunction. Regulating mitochondrial dynamics by either genetic modification of the Pink1/Park (mammalian PINK1/PRKN) pathway or treatment with BGP-15, mitigated the mitochondrial defects and nephrocyte functional decline. These findings support a role for Pink1/Park-mediated mitophagy and associated control of mitochondrial dynamics, essential for function, in diabetic nephropathy; and demonstrate that targeting this pathway might provide therapeutic benefits in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Zhu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Markham BN, Ramnarine C, Kim S, Grever WE, Soto-Beasley AI, Heckman M, Ren Y, Osborne AC, Bhagwate AV, Liu Y, Wang C, Kim J, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA, Springer W, Fiesel FC. miRNA family miR-29 inhibits PINK1- PRKN dependent mitophagy via ATG9A. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.17.576122. [PMID: 38293184 PMCID: PMC10827147 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding PINK1 and PRKN result in early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD). Together the encoded enzymes direct a neuroprotective pathway that ensures the elimination of damaged mitochondria via autophagy. We performed a genome-wide high content imaging miRNA screen for inhibitors of the PINK1-PRKN pathway and identified all three members of the miRNA family 29 (miR-29). Using RNAseq we identified target genes and found that siRNA against ATG9A phenocopied the effects of miR-29 and inhibited the initiation of PINK1-PRKN mitophagy. Furthermore, we discovered two rare, potentially deleterious, missense variants (p.R631W and p.S828L) in our EOPD cohort and tested them experimentally in cells. While expression of wild-type ATG9A was able to rescue the effects of miR-29a, the EOPD-associated variants behaved like loss-of-function mutations. Together, our study validates miR-29 and its target gene ATG9A as novel regulators of mitophagy initiation. It further serves as proof-of-concept of finding novel, potentially disease-causing EOPD-linked variants specifically in mitophagy regulating genes. The nomination of genetic variants and biological pathways is important for the stratification and treatment of patients that suffer from devastating diseases, such as EOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N Markham
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chloe Ramnarine
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Songeun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Heckman
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Andrew C Osborne
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aditya V Bhagwate
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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3
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Watzlawik JO, Hou X, Richardson T, Lewicki SL, Siuda J, Wszolek ZK, Cook CN, Petrucelli L, DeTure M, Dickson DW, Antico O, Muqit MMK, Fishman JB, Pirani K, Kumaran R, Polinski NK, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Development and characterization of phospho-ubiquitin antibodies to monitor PINK1- PRKN signaling in cells and tissue. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.15.575715. [PMID: 38293125 PMCID: PMC10827112 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The selective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria, a process termed mitophagy, is critical for cellular health and impairments have been linked to aging, Parkinson disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions. A central mitophagy pathway is orchestrated by the ubiquitin (Ub) kinase PINK1 together with the E3 Ub ligase PRKN/Parkin. The decoration of damaged mitochondrial domains with phosphorylated Ub (p-S65-Ub) mediates their elimination though the autophagy system. As such p-S65-Ub has emerged as a highly specific and quantitative marker of mitochondrial damage with significant disease relevance. Existing p-S65-Ub antibodies have been successfully employed as research tools in a range of applications including western blot, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. However, physiological levels of p-S65-Ub in the absence of exogenous stress are very low, therefore difficult to detect and require reliable and ultrasensitive methods. Here we generated and characterized a collection of novel recombinant, rabbit monoclonal p-S65-Ub antibodies with high specificity and affinity in certain applications that allow the field to better understand the molecular mechanisms and disease relevance of PINK1-PRKN signaling. These antibodies may also serve as novel diagnostic or prognostic tools to monitor mitochondrial damage in various clinical and pathological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens O. Watzlawik
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Szymon L. Lewicki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-055, Poland
| | | | - Casey N. Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Odetta Antico
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Miratul M. K. Muqit
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karima Pirani
- ImmunoPrecise Antibodies Ltd., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | | | - Nicole K. Polinski
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, New York, NY 10163, USA
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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4
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Abstract
The discovery of a pathogenic variant in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene in the Contursi kindred in 1997 indisputably confirmed a genetic cause in a subset of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Currently, pathogenic variants in one of the seven established PD genes or the strongest known risk factor gene, GBA1, are identified in ∼15% of PD patients unselected for age at onset and family history. In this Debate article, we highlight multiple avenues of research that suggest an important - and in some cases even predominant - role for genetics in PD aetiology, including familial clustering, high rates of monogenic PD in selected populations, and complete penetrance with certain forms. At first sight, the steep increase in PD prevalence exceeding that of other neurodegenerative diseases may argue against a predominant genetic etiology. Notably, the principal genetic contribution in PD is conferred by pathogenic variants in LRRK2 and GBA1 and, in both cases, characterized by an overall late age of onset and age-related penetrance. In addition, polygenic risk plays a considerable role in PD. However, it is likely that, in the majority of PD patients, a complex interplay of aging, genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors leads to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yang Lim
- The Mah Pooi Soo and Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's and Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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5
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Watzlawik JO, Fiesel FC, Fiorino G, Bustillos BA, Baninameh Z, Markham BN, Hou X, Hayes CS, Bredenberg JM, Kurchaba NW, Fričová D, Siuda J, Wszolek ZK, Noda S, Sato S, Hattori N, Prasad AA, Kirik D, Fox HS, Stauch KL, Goldberg MS, Springer W. Basal activity of PINK1 and PRKN in cell models and rodent brain. Autophagy 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38041584 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2286414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin kinase-ligase pair PINK1-PRKN recognizes and transiently labels damaged mitochondria with ubiquitin phosphorylated at Ser65 (p-S65-Ub) to mediate their selective degradation (mitophagy). Complete loss of PINK1 or PRKN function unequivocally leads to early-onset Parkinson disease, but it is debated whether impairments in mitophagy contribute to disease later in life. While the pathway has been extensively studied in cell culture upon acute and massive mitochondrial stress, basal levels of activation under endogenous conditions and especially in vivo in the brain remain undetermined. Using rodent samples, patient-derived cells, and isogenic neurons, we here identified age-dependent, brain region-, and cell type-specific effects and determined expression levels and extent of basal and maximal activation of PINK1 and PRKN. Our work highlights the importance of defining critical risk and therapeutically relevant levels of PINK1-PRKN signaling which will further improve diagnosis and prognosis and will lead to better stratification of patients for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella Fiorino
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zahra Baninameh
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Caleb S Hayes
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Sachiko Noda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asheeta A Prasad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kelly L Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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6
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Yokota M, Yoshino Y, Hosoi M, Hashimoto R, Kakuta S, Shiga T, Ishikawa KI, Okano H, Hattori N, Akamatsu W, Koike M. Reduced ER-mitochondrial contact sites and mitochondrial Ca 2+ flux in PRKN-mutant patient tyrosine hydroxylase reporter iPSC lines. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1171440. [PMID: 37745304 PMCID: PMC10514478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1171440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contact sites (ERMCS) play an important role in mitochondrial dynamics, calcium signaling, and autophagy. Disruption of the ERMCS has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the etiological role of ERMCS in these diseases remains unclear. We previously established tyrosine hydroxylase reporter (TH-GFP) iPSC lines from a PD patient with a PRKN mutation to perform correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) analysis and live cell imaging in GFP-expressing dopaminergic neurons. Here, we analyzed ERMCS in GFP-expressing PRKN-mutant dopaminergic neurons from patients using CLEM and a proximity ligation assay (PLA). The PLA showed that the ERMCS were significantly reduced in PRKN-mutant patient dopaminergic neurons compared to the control under normal conditions. The reduction of the ERMCS in PRKN-mutant patient dopaminergic neurons was further enhanced by treatment with a mitochondrial uncoupler. In addition, mitochondrial calcium imaging showed that mitochondrial Ca2+ flux was significantly reduced in PRKN-mutant patient dopaminergic neurons compared to the control. These results suggest a defect in calcium flux from ER to mitochondria is due to the decreased ERMCS in PRKN-mutant patient dopaminergic neurons. Our study of ERMCS using TH-GFP iPSC lines would contribute to further understanding of the mechanisms of dopaminergic neuron degeneration in patients with PRKN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yoshino
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hosoi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiga
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Ishikawa
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhang S, Su P, Wang L, Li Y, Liang Y, Wang X, Zhao W, Chen B, Luo D, Zhang N, Yang Q. Hypoxia-induced GPCPD1 depalmitoylation triggers mitophagy via regulating PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of VDAC1. Autophagy 2023; 19:2443-2463. [PMID: 36803235 PMCID: PMC10392732 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2182482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, which selectively eliminates the dysfunctional and excess mitochondria by autophagy, is crucial for cellular homeostasis under stresses such as hypoxia. Dysregulation of mitophagy has been increasingly linked to many disorders including neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype, is reported to be characterized by hypoxia. However, the role of mitophagy in hypoxic TNBC as well as the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unexplored. Here, we identified GPCPD1 (glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1), a key enzyme in choline metabolism, as an essential mediator in hypoxia-induced mitophagy. Under the hypoxic condition, we found that GPCPD1 was depalmitoylated by LYPLA1, which facilitated the relocating of GPCPD1 to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Mitochondria-localized GPCPD1 could bind to VDAC1, the substrate for PRKN/PARKIN-dependent ubiquitination, thus interfering with the oligomerization of VDAC1. The increased monomer of VDAC1 provided more anchor sites to recruit PRKN-mediated polyubiquitination, which consequently triggered mitophagy. In addition, we found that GPCPD1-mediated mitophagy exerted a promotive effect on tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC both in vitro and in vivo. We further determined that GPCPD1 could serve as an independent prognostic indicator in TNBC. In conclusion, our study provides important insights into a mechanistic understanding of hypoxia-induced mitophagy and elucidates that GPCPD1 could act as a potential target for the future development of novel therapy for TNBC patients.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; 5-aza: 5-azacytidine; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; CsA: cyclosporine; DOX: doxorubicin; FIS1: fission, mitochondrial 1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GPCPD1: glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase 1; HAM: hydroxylamine; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HRE: hypoxia response element; IF: immunofluorescence; LB: lysis buffer; LC3B/MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; LYPLA1: lysophospholipase 1; LYPLA2: lysophospholipase 2; MDA231: MDA-MB-231; MDA468: MDA-MB-468; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MFN2: mitofusin 2; MKI67: marker of proliferation Ki-67; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OS: overall survival; PalmB: palmostatin B; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; VBIT-4: VDAC inhibitor; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Siyue Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Weijing Zhao
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
- Research Institute of Breast Cancer, Shandong University, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
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8
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Hou X, Chen TH, Koga S, Bredenberg JM, Faroqi AH, Delenclos M, Bu G, Wszolek ZK, Carr JA, Ross OA, McLean PJ, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Alpha-synuclein-associated changes in PINK1- PRKN-mediated mitophagy are disease context dependent. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13175. [PMID: 37259617 PMCID: PMC10467041 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αsyn) aggregates are pathological features of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments of the autophagic-lysosomal system can contribute to the deposition of αsyn, which in turn may interfere with health and function of these organelles in a potentially vicious cycle. Here we investigated a potential convergence of αsyn with the PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitochondrial autophagy pathway in cell models, αsyn transgenic mice, and human autopsy brain. PINK1 and PRKN identify and selectively label damaged mitochondria with phosphorylated ubiquitin (pS65-Ub) to mark them for degradation (mitophagy). We found that disease-causing multiplications of αsyn resulted in accumulation of the ubiquitin ligase PRKN in cells. This effect could be normalized by starvation-induced autophagy activation and by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated αsyn knockout. Upon acute mitochondrial damage, the increased levels of PRKN protein contributed to an enhanced pS65-Ub response. We further confirmed increased pS65-Ub-immunopositive signals in mouse brain with αsyn overexpression and in postmortem human disease brain. Of note, increased pS65-Ub was associated with neuronal Lewy body-type αsyn pathology, but not glial cytoplasmic inclusions of αsyn as seen in MSA. While our results add another layer of complexity to the crosstalk between αsyn and the PINK1-PRKN pathway, distinct mechanisms may underlie in cells and brain tissue despite similar outcomes. Notwithstanding, our finding suggests that pS65-Ub may be useful as a biomarker to discriminate different synucleinopathies and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for Lewy body disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Ayman H. Faroqi
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Pamela J. McLean
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
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9
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Hong CS, Alanya H, DiStasio M, Boulware SD, Rimmer RA, Omay SB, Erson-Omay EZ. Sporadic pituitary adenoma with somatic double-hit loss of MEN1. Pituitary 2023:10.1007/s11102-023-01336-1. [PMID: 37438451 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pituitary adenomas commonly arise in patients with MEN1 syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition predisposing to neuroendocrine tumor formation, and typically diagnosed in patients with a relevant family cancer history. In these patients with existing germline loss of MEN1 on one allele, somatic loss of the second MEN1 allele leads to complete loss of the MEN1 protein, menin, and subsequent tumor formation. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed on the tumor and matching blood under an institutional board approved protocol. DNA extraction and analysis was conducted according to previously described methods. RESULTS We describe a 23 year-old patient with no significant past medical history or relevant family history who underwent surgical resection of a symptomatic and medically resistant prolactinoma. Whole exome sequencing of tumor and blood samples revealed somatic loss of MEN1 at both alleles, suggesting a double hit mechanism, with no underlying germline MEN1 mutation. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first case of pituitary adenoma to arise from somatic loss of MEN1 and in the absence of an underlying germline MEN1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Hasan Alanya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marcello DiStasio
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Susan D Boulware
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Ryan A Rimmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sacit Bulent Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - E Zeynep Erson-Omay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S327, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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10
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Imberechts D, Vandenberghe W. Defects in PINK- PRKN-PARK7/DJ-1-dependent mitophagy and autosomal recessive Parkinson disease. Autophagy 2023; 19:1872-1873. [PMID: 36282786 PMCID: PMC10262757 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Imberechts
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Tu M, Miyamoto S. RHOA, a small G-protein, signals to mitophagy through regulation of PINK1 protein stability and protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia. Autophagy 2023; 19:1865-1866. [PMID: 36201460 PMCID: PMC10262781 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2132707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RHOA (ras homolog family member A) is a small G-protein that regulates a range of cellular processes including cell growth and survival. RHOA is a proximal downstream effector of G protein-coupled receptors coupling to GNA12/Gα12-GNA13/Gα13 proteins, and is activated in response to stretch and oxidative stress, functioning as a stress-response molecule. It has been demonstrated that RHOA signaling provides cardioprotection through inhibition of mitochondrial death pathways. Mitochondrial integrity is preserved not only by inhibition of mitochondrial death pathways but also by mitochondrial quality control mechanisms including mitophagy. One of the most well-established mechanisms of mitophagy is the mitochondrial membrane depolarization-dependent PINK1-PRKN/Parkin pathway. However, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential is a late-stage event that occurs just before cell death, and additional intracellular mechanisms that enhance the PINK1-PRKN pathway have not been fully determined. We recently discovered that RHOA activation engages a unique mechanism to regulate PINK1 protein stability without inducing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, leading to increased mitophagy and protection against ischemia in cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest regulation of RHOA signaling as a potential strategy to enhance protective mitophagy against stress without compromising mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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12
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Cronin SJF, Yu W, Hale A, Licht-Mayer S, Crabtree MJ, Korecka JA, Tretiakov EO, Sealey-Cardona M, Somlyay M, Onji M, An M, Fox JD, Turnes BL, Gomez-Diaz C, da Luz Scheffer D, Cikes D, Nagy V, Weidinger A, Wolf A, Reither H, Chabloz A, Kavirayani A, Rao S, Andrews N, Latremoliere A, Costigan M, Douglas G, Freitas FC, Pifl C, Walz R, Konrat R, Mahad DJ, Koslov AV, Latini A, Isacson O, Harkany T, Hallett PJ, Bagby S, Woolf CJ, Channon KM, Je HS, Penninger JM. Crucial neuroprotective roles of the metabolite BH4 in dopaminergic neurons. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.08.539795. [PMID: 37214873 PMCID: PMC10197517 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are movement disorders caused by the dysfunction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Identifying druggable pathways and biomarkers for guiding therapies is crucial due to the debilitating nature of these disorders. Recent genetic studies have identified variants of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, as causative for these movement disorders. Here, we show that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of BH4 synthesis in mice and human midbrain-like organoids accurately recapitulates motor, behavioral and biochemical characteristics of these human diseases, with severity of the phenotype correlating with extent of BH4 deficiency. We also show that BH4 deficiency increases sensitivities to several PD-related stressors in mice and PD human cells, resulting in worse behavioral and physiological outcomes. Conversely, genetic and pharmacological augmentation of BH4 protects mice from genetically- and chemically induced PD-related stressors. Importantly, increasing BH4 levels also protects primary cells from PD-affected individuals and human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs) from these stressors. Mechanistically, BH4 not only serves as an essential cofactor for dopamine synthesis, but also independently regulates tyrosine hydroxylase levels, protects against ferroptosis, scavenges mitochondrial ROS, maintains neuronal excitability and promotes mitochondrial ATP production, thereby enhancing mitochondrial fitness and cellular respiration in multiple preclinical PD animal models, human dopaminergic midbrain-like organoids and primary cells from PD-affected individuals. Our findings pinpoint the BH4 pathway as a key metabolic program at the intersection of multiple protective mechanisms for the health and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, identifying it as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J F Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Weonjin Yu
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Ashley Hale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Simon Licht-Mayer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark J Crabtree
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joanna A Korecka
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Sealey-Cardona
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mate Somlyay
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Masahiro Onji
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meilin An
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesse D Fox
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bruna Lenfers Turnes
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Gomez-Diaz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88037-100, Brazil
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD); Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna (MUW), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology. The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Wolf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Reither
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antoine Chabloz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anoop Kavirayani
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuan Rao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nick Andrews
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Neurosurgery Department, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roger Walz
- Center for Applied Neurocience, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil; Neurology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Robert Konrat
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus 5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Andrey V Koslov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology. The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingen Str. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Latini
- LABOX, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88037-100, Brazil
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neurodegeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and the Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hyunsoo Shawn Je
- Signature Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Han R, Liu Y, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W. PINK1- PRKN mediated mitophagy: differences between in vitro and in vivo models. Autophagy 2023; 19:1396-1405. [PMID: 36282767 PMCID: PMC10240983 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a key intracellular process that selectively removes damaged mitochondria to prevent their accumulation that can cause neuronal degeneration. During mitophagy, PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1), a serine/threonine kinase, works with PRKN/parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to target damaged mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Mutations in the PINK1 and PRKN genes cause early-onset Parkinson disease that is also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. There are a large number of reports indicating the critical role of PINK1 in mitophagy. However, most of these findings were obtained from in vitro experiments with exogenous PINK1 expression and acute damage of mitochondria by toxins. Recent studies using novel animal models suggest that PINK1-PRKN can also function independent of mitochondria. In this review, we highlight the major differences between in vitro and in vivo models for investigating PINK1 and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these differences with the aim of understanding how PINK1 functions under different circumstances.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated viruses;AD: Alzheimer disease; CCCP: carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenyl hydrazone; HD: Huntington disease; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MTS: mitochondrial targeting sequence; PD: Parkinson diseases; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UIM, ubiquitin interacting motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Tay YW, Tan AH, Lim JL, Lohmann K, Ibrahim KA, Abdul Aziz Z, Chin YT, Mawardi AS, Lim TT, Looi I, Chia YK, Ooi JCE, Cheah WK, Dy Closas AMF, Lit LC, Hor JW, Toh TS, Muthusamy KA, Bauer P, Skrahin V, Rolfs A, Klein C, Ahmad-Annuar A, Lim SY. Genetic study of early-onset Parkinson's disease in the Malaysian population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 111:105399. [PMID: 37209484 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 5-10% of Parkinson's disease (PD) cases are early onset (EOPD), with several genes implicated, including GBA1, PRKN, PINK1, and SNCA. The spectrum and frequency of mutations vary across populations and globally diverse studies are crucial to comprehensively understand the genetic architecture of PD. The ancestral diversity of Southeast Asians offers opportunities to uncover a rich PD genetics landscape, and identify common regional mutations and new pathogenic variants. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the genetic architecture of EOPD in a multi-ethnic Malaysian cohort. METHODS 161 index patients with PD onset ≤50 years were recruited from multiple centers across Malaysia. A two-step approach to genetic testing was used, combining a next-generation sequencing-based PD gene panel and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS Thirty-five patients (21.7%) carried pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants involving (in decreasing order of frequency): GBA1, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, and ATP13A2. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in GBA1 were identified in thirteen patients (8.1%), and were also commonly found in PRKN and PINK1 (11/161 = 6.8% and 6/161 = 3.7%, respectively). The overall detection rate was even higher in those with familial history (48.5%) or age of diagnosis ≤40 years (34.8%). PRKN exon 7 deletion and the PINK1 p.Leu347Pro variant appear to be common among Malay patients. Many novel variants were found across the PD-related genes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel insights into the genetic architecture of EOPD in Southeast Asians, expands the genetic spectrum in PD-related genes, and highlights the importance of diversifying PD genetic research to include under-represented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen Tay
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ai Huey Tan
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Lun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Khairul Azmi Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zariah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yen Theng Chin
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Irene Looi
- Department of Neurology, Seberang Jaya Hospital, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yuen Kang Chia
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joshua Chin Ern Ooi
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kooi Cheah
- Department of Geriatrics, Taiping Hospital, Taiping, Malaysia
| | - Alfand Marl F Dy Closas
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lei Cheng Lit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Wei Hor
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tzi Shin Toh
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kalai Arasu Muthusamy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peter Bauer
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volha Skrahin
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18057, Rostock, Germany; Arcensus, Goethestrasse 20, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Centogene GmbH, Am Strande 7, 18057, Rostock, Germany; Arcensus, Goethestrasse 20, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Azlina Ahmad-Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shen-Yang Lim
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Covolo A, Imbalzano G, Artusi CA, Montanaro E, Ledda C, Bozzali M, Rizzone MG, Zibetti M, Martone T, Lopiano L, Romagnolo A. 15-Year Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation outcome in a Parkinson's disease patient with Parkin gene mutation: a case report. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06789-7. [PMID: 37032388 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients with Parkin gene (PRKN) mutations show good response to subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS). Currently, the longest follow-up available of these patients is 6 years. We report a very long-term outcome (more than 15 years) of a STN-DBS-treated patient with a compound heterozygous deletion of exons 3 and 11 of the PRKN gene. CASE REPORT In 1993, a 39-year-old male was diagnosed with PD after the onset of resting tremor. Levodopa was started, and during the following 10 years, he reported good motor symptoms control, with only mild modification of levodopa intake and pramipexole introduction. In 2005, he developed disabling motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. In 2007, he underwent bilateral STN-DBS, with a marked improvement of motor symptoms and fluctuations during the following years. After 6 years, he reported mild motor fluctuations, improved after stimulation and treatment modifications. After 10 years he showed diphasic dyskinesias, feet dystonia, postural instability, and gambling (resolved after pramipexole discontinuation). In 2018, he developed a non-amnestic single-domain mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In 2023, after more than 15 years of STN-DBS, motor symptoms and fluctuations are still well controlled. He reports mild dysphagia, mild depression, and multiple-domain MCI. His quality of life is better than before surgery, and he still reports a subjective significant improvement from STN-DBS. CONCLUSION Confirming the very long-term efficacy of STN-DBS in PRKN-mutated patients, our case report underlines their peculiar suitability for surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Covolo
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Imbalzano
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Artusi
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Montanaro
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Ledda
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, UK
| | - Mario Giorgio Rizzone
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zibetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Tiziana Martone
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lopiano
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Romagnolo
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy.
- Neurology 2 Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Corso Bramante 88, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Caritativo ECA, Yu JRT, Bautista JMP, Nishioka K, Jamora RDG, Yalung PM, Ng AR, Hattori N. Genetic screening of Filipinos suspected with familial Parkinson's disease: A pilot study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 108:105319. [PMID: 36774704 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although genetic factors are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), true prevalence of familial PD is unknown. We conducted this pilot study to identify genes implicated in familial Parkinson's disease among Filipinos. METHODS Eighteen Filipino patients belonging to 11 families with personal and family history of PD underwent thorough evaluation by movement disorders specialists. Samples were analyzed in Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. Sanger sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products was performed. Each sample was screened for 23 genes (SNCA, PARK 2, UCHL1, PINK 1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, GIGYF2, HTRA2, PLA266, FBX07, VPS35, EIF461, DNAJC13, CHCHD2, GCH1, MAPT, NR4A2, VPS13c, PSEN1, and GRN). RESULTS Out of 18 patients, six harbored Parkinson-related gene mutations. Five individuals from three families were positive for PINK1 c.10140T > C(p.L347P) mutation while one had heterozygous variant PRKN c.136G>T(p.A465) gene mutation. Three families displayed autosomal recessive pattern while one family with PINK1 mutation showed autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Bradykinesia and tremor were predominant symptoms. Mean age at onset of symptoms was 40.4 years among those with PINK1 mutations. CONCLUSION In this study, we presented the clinical profiles and identified two genetic mutations among a small group of Filipino patients with familial PD. They were congruent with most studies showing these mutations as the most common causes of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Preliminary data from this pilot study will guide planning for larger scale studies, such as collaborative projects including The Global Parkinson's Genetics Program (GP2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeryl Ritzi T Yu
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines; Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, OH, USA
| | - Juan Miguel P Bautista
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines.
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roland Dominic G Jamora
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines; Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine - Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Patrick M Yalung
- Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines
| | - Arlene R Ng
- Movement Disorders Service and Section of Neurology, Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Global City, Philippines
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Tokyo, Japan
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Cavallieri F, Cury RG, Guimarães T, Fioravanti V, Grisanti S, Rossi J, Monfrini E, Zedde M, Di Fonzo A, Valzania F, Moro E. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Genetic Forms of Parkinson's Disease: Hype or Hope? Cells 2023; 12. [PMID: 36899899 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifarious neurodegenerative disease. Its pathology is characterized by a prominent early death of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies with aggregated α-synuclein. Although the α-synuclein pathological aggregation and propagation, induced by several factors, is considered one of the most relevant hypotheses, PD pathogenesis is still a matter of debate. Indeed, environmental factors and genetic predisposition play an important role in PD. Mutations associated with a high risk for PD, usually called monogenic PD, underlie 5% to 10% of all PD cases. However, this percentage tends to increase over time because of the continuous identification of new genes associated with PD. The identification of genetic variants that can cause or increase the risk of PD has also given researchers the possibility to explore new personalized therapies. In this narrative review, we discuss the recent advances in the treatment of genetic forms of PD, focusing on different pathophysiologic aspects and ongoing clinical trials.
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18
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Prendes Fernández P, Blázquez Estrada M, Sol Álvarez J, Álvarez Martínez V, Suárez San Martín E, García Fernández C, Álvarez Carriles JC, Lozano Aragoneses B, Saiz Ayala A, Santamarta Liébana E, González Álvarez L. Analysis of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) in patients with monogenic PRKN and LRRK2 forms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 107:105282. [PMID: 36657280 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is the most common surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Patient selection and genetic background can modify the response to this treatment. The objective of this study was to compare both clinical and pharmacologic response of STN-DBS between patients with monogenic forms of PD and non-mutation carriers with idiopathic PD. METHODS A retrospective analysis among 23 carriers of genetic mutations (8 PRKN and 15 LRRK2) and 74 patients with idiopathic PD was performed. The study included comparisons of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II and III scores, Schwab and England (S&E) scale values, Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage scores, and equivalent doses of levodopa before and after the surgery (at 6 and 12 months) between both groups. RESULTS The mean age at the time in which STN-DBS was performed was 59.5 ± 8.6. Linear mixed models showed the absence of statistically significant differences between mutation and non-mutation carriers regarding levodopa doses (p = 0.576), UPDRS II (p = 0.956) and III (p = 0.512) scores, and S&E scale scores (0.758). The only difference between the two groups was observed with respect to H&Y stage in OFF medication/ON stimulation status being lower in genetic PD at 6 months after surgery (p = 0.030). CONCLUSION Clinical and pharmacological benefit of bilateral STN-DBS is similar in PRKN and LRRK2 mutation carriers and patients with idiopathic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prendes Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Blázquez Estrada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Sol Álvarez
- Servicio de Neurocirugía. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - V Álvarez Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Laboratorio de Genética. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Suárez San Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J C Álvarez Carriles
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Neuropsicología. Área de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - B Lozano Aragoneses
- Servicio de Neurofisiología. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - A Saiz Ayala
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Neurorradiología. Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Santamarta Liébana
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain; Neurorradiología. Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - L González Álvarez
- Servicio de Neurología. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 3011, Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Guilbaud E, Spada S, Bloy N, Galassi C, Sato A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Aretz A, Buqué A, Yamazaki T, Demaria S, Galluzzi L. Quantitative assessment of mitophagy in irradiated cancer cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 174:93-111. [PMID: 36710054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a finely regulated mechanism through which eukaryotic cells selectively dispose of supernumerary, permeabilized or otherwise damaged mitochondria through lysosomal degradation. Dysfunctional mitochondria are prone to release potentially cytotoxic factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activators, such as cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS). Thus, proficient mitophagic responses mediate prominent cytoprotective functions. Moreover, the rapid degradation of permeabilized mitochondria limits the release of mitochondrial components that may drive inflammatory reactions, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM), implying that mitophagy also mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we detail a simple, flow cytometry-assisted protocol for the specific measurement of mitophagic responses as driven by radiation therapy (RT) in mouse hormone receptor (HR)+ mammary carcinoma TS/A cells. With some variations, this method - which relies on the mitochondria-restricted expression of a fluorescent reporter that is sensitive to pH and hence changes excitation wavelength within lysosomes (mt-mKeima) - can be adapted to a variety of human and mouse cancer cell lines and/or straightforwardly implemented on fluorescence microscopy platforms.
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20
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Borsche M, Märtens A, Hörmann P, Brückmann T, Lohmann K, Tunc S, Klein C, Hiller K, Balck A. In Vivo Investigation of Glucose Metabolism in Idiopathic and PRKN-Related Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:697-702. [PMID: 36717366 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondrial energy production is linked to glucose metabolism, and diabetes is associated with PD. However, studies investigating glucose metabolism in vivo in genetically stratified PD patients and controls have yet to be performed. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to explore glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose production in idiopathic and PRKN PD compared with healthy controls with state-of-the-art biochemical methods. METHODS We applied a dried-blood sampling/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry approach to monitor fluxes in the Cori cycle in vivo. RESULTS The contribution of gluconeogenesis to total glucose production is increased in idiopathic PD patients (n = 33), but not in biallelic PRKN mutation carriers (n = 5) compared with healthy controls (n = 13). CONCLUSIONS We provide first-time in vivo evidence for alterations in glucose metabolism in idiopathic PD, in keeping with the epidemiological evidence for an association between PD and diabetes. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andre Märtens
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Hörmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Systems Motor Science, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexander Balck
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Fiesel FC, Fričová D, Hayes CS, Coban MA, Hudec R, Bredenberg JM, Broadway BJ, Markham BN, Yan T, Boneski PK, Fiorino G, Watzlawik JO, Hou X, McCarty AM, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Zhong J, Madden BJ, Ordureau A, An H, Puschmann A, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA, Harper JW, Caulfield TR, Springer W. Substitution of PINK1 Gly411 modulates substrate receptivity and turnover. Autophagy 2022:1-22. [PMID: 36469690 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2151294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) kinase-ligase pair PINK1-PRKN mediates the degradation of damaged mitochondria by macroautophagy/autophagy (mitophagy). PINK1 surveils mitochondria and upon stress accumulates on the mitochondrial surface where it phosphorylates serine 65 of Ub to activate PRKN and to drive mitochondrial turnover. While loss of either PINK1 or PRKN is genetically linked to Parkinson disease (PD) and activating the pathway seems to have great therapeutic potential, there is no formal proof that stimulation of mitophagy is always beneficial. Here we used biochemical and cell biological methods to study single nucleotide variants in the activation loop of PINK1 to modulate the enzymatic function of this kinase. Structural modeling and in vitro kinase assays were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of the PINK1 variants. In contrast to the PD-linked PINK1G411S mutation that diminishes Ub kinase activity, we found that the PINK1G411A variant significantly boosted Ub phosphorylation beyond levels of PINK1 wild type. This resulted in augmented PRKN activation, mitophagy rates and increased viability after mitochondrial stress in midbrain-derived, gene-edited neurons. Mechanistically, the G411A variant stabilizes the kinase fold of PINK1 and transforms Ub to adopt the preferred, C-terminally retracted conformation for improved substrate turnover. In summary, we identify a critical role of residue 411 for substrate receptivity that may now be exploited for drug discovery to increase the enzymatic function of PINK1. The genetic substitution of Gly411 to Ala increases mitophagy and may be useful to confirm neuroprotection in vivo and might serve as a critical positive control during therapeutic development.Abbreviations: ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; Ub-CR: ubiquitin with C-terminally retracted tail; CTD: C-terminal domain (of PINK1); ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HCI: high-content imaging; IB: immunoblot; IF: immunofluorescence; NPC: neuronal precursor cells; MDS: molecular dynamics simulation; PD: Parkinson disease; p-S65-Ub: ubiquitin phosphorylated at Ser65; RMSF: root mean scare fluctuation; TOMM: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane; TVLN: ubiquitin with T66V and L67N mutation, mimics Ub-CR; Ub: ubiquitin; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Caleb S Hayes
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mathew A Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roman Hudec
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tingxiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paige K Boneski
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella Fiorino
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Laura J Lewis-Tuffin
- Cytometry and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Madden
- Proteomics Core, Medical Genome Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heeseon An
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Department of Neurology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Sweden
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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22
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Ravindran R, Velikkakath AKG, Narendradev ND, Chandrasekharan A, Santhoshkumar TR, Srinivasula SM. Endosomal-associated RFFL facilitates mitochondrial clearance by enhancing PRKN/parkin recruitment to mitochondria. Autophagy 2022; 18:2851-2864. [PMID: 35373701 PMCID: PMC9673925 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2052460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ubiquitin ligase PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) are associated with Parkinson disease and defective mitophagy. Conceptually, PRKN-dependent mitophagy is classified into two phases: 1. PRKN recruits to and ubiquitinates mitochondrial proteins; 2. formation of phagophore membrane, sequestering mitochondria for degradation. Recently, endosomal machineries are reported to contribute to the later stage for membrane assembly. We reported a role for endosomes in the events upstream of phase 1. We demonstrate that the endosomal ubiquitin ligase RFFL (ring finger and FYVE like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) associated with damaged mitochondria, and this association preceded that of PRKN. RFFL interacted with PRKN, and stable recruitment of PRKN to damaged mitochondria was substantially reduced in RFFL KO cells. Our study unraveled a novel role of endosomes in modulating upstream pathways of PRKN-dependent mitophagy initiation.Abbreviations CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescence protein; KO: knockout; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RFFL: ring finger and FYVE like domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; UQCRC1: ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishith Ravindran
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anoop Kumar G. Velikkakath
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India,Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil Dev Narendradev
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - T. R. Santhoshkumar
- Cancer Research Program-1, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivasa M. Srinivasula
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India,CONTACT Srinivasa M. Srinivasula School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala695551, India
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23
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Lu G, Tan HWS, Schmauck-Medina T, Wang L, Chen J, Cho YL, Chen K, Zhang JZ, He W, Wu Y, Xia D, Zhou J, Fang EF, Fang L, Liu W, Shen HM. WIPI2 positively regulates mitophagy by promoting mitochondrial recruitment of VCP. Autophagy 2022; 18:2865-2879. [PMID: 35389758 PMCID: PMC9673930 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2052461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Atg18 ortholog WIPI2 is a key regulator of LC3 lipidation to promote autophagosome biogenesis during nonselective macroautophagy, while its functions in selective autophagy such as mitophagy remain largely unexplored. In this study, we explored the role of WIPI2 in PINK1-PRKN/parkin-mediated mitophagy. First, we found that WIPI2 is recruited to damaged mitochondria upon mitophagy induction. Second, loss of WIPI2 impedes mitochondrial damaging agents-induced mitophagy. Third, at molecular level, WIPI2 binds to and promotes AAA-ATPase VCP/p97 (valosin containing protein) to damaged mitochondria; and WIPI2 depletion blunts the recruitment of VCP to damaged mitochondria, leading to reduction in degradation of outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) proteins and mitophagy. Finally, WIPI2 is implicated in cell fate decision as cells deficient in WIPI2 are largely resistant to cell death induced by mitochondrial damage. In summary, our study reveals a critical regulatory role of WIPI2 in mitochondrial recruitment of VCP to promote OMM protein degradation and eventual mitophagy.Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy related; CALCOCO2/NDP52, calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP, carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone; CYCS, cytochrome c, somatic; HSPD1/HSP60, heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NPLOC4, NPL4 homolog, ubiquitin recognition factor; OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN, optineurin; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PINK1, PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; UBXN6/UBXD1, UBX domain protein 6; UFD1, ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1; VCP/p97, valosin containing protein; WIPI2, WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hayden Weng Siong Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Schmauck-Medina
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Lam Cho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kelie Chen
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Zi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School & Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School & Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China,CONTACT Han-Ming Shen Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China
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24
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Broadway BJ, Boneski PK, Bredenberg JM, Kolicheski A, Hou X, Soto-Beasley AI, Ross OA, Springer W, Fiesel FC. Systematic Functional Analysis of PINK1 and PRKN Coding Variants. Cells 2022; 11:2426. [PMID: 35954270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of either PINK1 or PRKN causes an early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) phenotype. Functionally, PINK1 and PRKN work together to mediate stress-activated mitochondrial quality control. Upon mitochondrial damage, PINK1, a ubiquitin kinase and PRKN, a ubiquitin ligase, decorate damaged organelles with phosphorylated ubiquitin for sequestration and degradation in lysosomes, a process known as mitophagy. While several genetic mutations are established to result in loss of mitophagy function, many others have not been extensively characterized and are of unknown significance. Here, we analyzed a set of twenty variants, ten in each gene, focusing on understudied variants mostly from the Parkinson’s progressive marker initiative, with sensitive assays to define potential functional deficits. Our results nominate specific rare genetic PINK1 and PRKN variants that cause loss of enzymatic function in line with a potential causative role for PD. Additionally, we identify several variants with intermediate phenotypes and follow up on two of them by gene editing midbrain-derived neuronal precursor cells. Thereof derived isogenic neurons show a stability defect of the rare PINK1 D525N mutation, while the common PINK1 Q115L substitution results in reduced kinase activity. Our strategy to analyze variants with sensitive functional readouts will help aid diagnostics and disease treatment in line with current genomic and therapeutic advances.
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25
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Jeong YY, Jia N, Ganesan D, Cai Q. Broad activation of the PRKN pathway triggers synaptic failure by disrupting synaptic mitochondrial supply in early tauopathy. Autophagy 2022; 18:1472-1474. [PMID: 35188059 PMCID: PMC9225291 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2039987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects are a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD), with pathologically phosphorylated MAPT/tau (phospho-MAPT/tau) reported to induce mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy constitutes a key pathway of mitochondrial quality control by which damaged mitochondria are sequestered within autophagosomes for lysosomal degradation. However, the mechanistic understanding of mitophagy and its association with pathologies under tauopathy conditions remains very limited. Here, we reveal that mitochondrial stress under phospho-MAPT/tau-mediated challenges broadly activates PRKN-mediated mitophagy which induces an unexpected effect - depletion of mitochondria from synaptic terminals, a characteristic feature in early tauopathy. PRKN activation accelerates RHOT1 turnover and consequently halts RHOT1-mediated mitochondrial anterograde movement, which disrupts mitochondrial supply to tauopathy synapses and thereby impairs synaptic function. Strikingly, increasing RHOT1 levels prevents synapse loss and reverses cognitive impairment in tauopathy mice by restoring synaptic mitochondrial populations. Thus, our study uncovers an important early mechanism underlying tauopathy-linked synaptic failure and opens a new avenue for specifically targeting early synaptic dysfunction in tauopathies, including AD.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated virus; AD: Alzheimer disease; FTD: Frontotemporal dementia; LTP: long-term potentiation; Δψm: mitochondrial membrane potential; Phospho-MAPT/tau: hyperphosphorylated Microtubule Associated Protein Tau/tau; RHOT1: ras homolog family member T1; RNAi: RNA interference; Tg: transgenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Young Jeong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nuo Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dhasarathan Ganesan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA,CONTACT Qian Cai Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Biology Laboratories, Room B231, Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ08854, USA
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26
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Abstract
The removal of mitochondria in a programmed or stress-induced manner is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. To date, much research has focused upon stress-induced mitophagy that is largely regulated by the E3 ligase PRKN, with limited insight into the mechanisms regulating basal “housekeeping” mitophagy levels in different model organisms. Using iron chelation as an inducer of PRKN-independent mitophagy, we recently screened an siRNA library of lipid-binding proteins and determined that two kinases, GAK and PRKCD, act as positive regulators of PRKN-independent mitophagy. We demonstrate that PRKCD is localized to mitochondria and regulates recruitment of ULK1-ATG13 upon induction of mitophagy. GAK activity, by contrast, modifies the mitochondrial network and lysosomal morphology that compromise efficient transport of mitochondria for degradation. Impairment of either kinase in vivo blocks basal mitophagy, demonstrating the biological relevance of our findings. Abbreviations: CCCP: carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DFP: deferiprone; GAK: cyclin G associated kinase; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; PRKC/PKC: protein kinase C; PRKCD: protein kinase C delta; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Munson
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benan J Mathai
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Yoke Wui Ng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Trachsel-Moncho
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura R de la Ballina
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Abstract
Mitophagy, a type of selective autophagy targeting damaged or superfluous mitochondria, is critical to maintain cell homeostasis. Besides the well-characterized PRKN-dependent mitophagy, PRKN-independent mitophagy also plays significant physiological roles. In a recent study, researchers from Anne Simonsen's lab discovered two lipid binding kinases, GAK and PRKCD, as positive regulators of PRKN-independent mitophagy. The researchers further investigated how these two proteins regulate mitophagy and demonstrated their roles in vivo. Focusing on the less known PRKN-independent mitophagy regulators, these findings shed light on understanding the mechanism of mitophagy and its relation to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Lei
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Senkevich K, Rudakou U, Gan-Or Z. New therapeutic approaches to Parkinson's disease targeting GBA, LRRK2 and Parkin. Neuropharmacology 2021; 202:108822. [PMID: 34626666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined as a complex disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis, yet a more accurate definition could be that PD is not a single entity, but rather a mixture of different diseases with similar phenotypes. Attempts to classify subtypes of PD have been made based on clinical phenotypes or biomarkers. However, the most practical approach, at least for a portion of the patients, could be to classify patients based on genes involved in PD. GBA and LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic causes or risk factors of PD, and PRKN is the most common cause of autosomal recessive form of PD. Patients carrying variants in GBA, LRRK2 or PRKN differ in some of their clinical characteristics, pathology and biochemical parameters. Thus, these three PD-associated genes are of special interest for drug development. Existing therapeutic approaches in PD are strictly symptomatic, as numerous clinical trials aimed at modifying PD progression or providing neuroprotection have failed over the last few decades. The lack of precision medicine approach in most of these trials could be one of the reasons why they were not successful. In the current review we discuss novel therapeutic approaches targeting GBA, LRRK2 and PRKN and discuss different aspects related to these genes and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Senkevich
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Uladzislau Rudakou
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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29
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Abstract
Mitochondria, which resemble their α-proteobacteria ancestors, are a major cellular asset, producing energy 'on the cheap' through oxidative phosphorylation. They are also a liability. Increased oxidative phosphorylation means increased oxidative stress, and damaged mitochondria incite inflammation through release of their bacteria-like macromolecules. Mitophagy (the selective macroautophagy of mitochondria) controls mitochondria quality and number to manage these risky assets. Parkin, BNIP3 and NIX were identified as being part of the first mitophagy pathways identified in mammals over a decade ago, with additional pathways, including that mediated by FUNDC1 reported more recently. Loss of Parkin or PINK1 function causes Parkinson's disease, highlighting the importance of mitophagy as a quality control mechanism in the brain. Additionally, mitophagy is induced in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, protects the heart and other organs against energy stress and lipotoxicity, regulates metabolism by controlling mitochondrial number in brown and beige fat, and clears mitochondria during terminal differentiation of glycolytic cells, such as red blood cells and neurons. Despite its importance in disease, mitophagy is likely dispensable under physiological conditions. This Review explores the in vivo roles of mitophagy in mammalian systems, focusing on the best studied examples - mitophagy in neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, metabolism, and red blood cell development - to draw out common themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Narendra
- Inherited Movement Disorders Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Mor-Shaked H, Paz-Ebstein E, Basal A, Ben-Haim S, Grobe H, Heymann S, Israel Z, Namnah M, Nitzan A, Rosenbluh C, Saada A, Tzur T, Yanovsky-Dagan S, Zaidel-Bar R, Harel T, Arkadir D. Levodopa-responsive dystonia caused by biallelic PRKN exon inversion invisible to exome sequencing. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab197. [PMID: 34514401 PMCID: PMC8421701 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic pathogenic variants in PRKN (PARK2), encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, lead to early-onset Parkinson's disease. Structural variants, including duplications or deletions, are common in PRKN due to their location within the fragile site FRA6E. These variants are readily detectable by copy number variation analysis. We studied four siblings with levodopa-responsive dystonia by exome sequencing followed by genome sequencing. Affected individuals developed juvenile levodopa-responsive dystonia with subsequent appearance of parkinsonism and motor fluctuations that improved by subthalamic stimulation. Exome sequencing and copy number variation analysis were not diagnostic, yet revealed a shared homozygous block including PRKN. Genome sequencing revealed an inversion within PRKN, with intronic breakpoints flanking exon 5. Breakpoint junction analysis implicated non-homologous end joining and possibly replicative mechanisms as the repair pathways involved. Analysis of cDNA indicated skipping of exon 5 (84 bp) that was replaced by 93 bp of retained intronic sequence, preserving the reading frame yet altering a significant number of residues. Balanced copy number inversions in PRKN are associated with a severe phenotype. Such structural variants, undetected by exome analysis and by copy number variation analysis, should be considered in the relevant clinical setting. These findings raise the possibility that PRKN structural variants are more common than currently estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Emuna Paz-Ebstein
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adily Basal
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Simona Ben-Haim
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London and UCL Hospitals, NHS Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Hanna Grobe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Sami Heymann
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Zvi Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Montaser Namnah
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Anat Nitzan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Chaggai Rosenbluh
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ann Saada
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tomer Tzur
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 69978, Israel
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Arkadir
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Department of Neurology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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31
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Munk SHN, Voutsinos V, Oestergaard VH. Large Intronic Deletion of the Fragile Site Gene PRKN Dramatically Lowers Its Fragility Without Impacting Gene Expression. Front Genet 2021; 12:695172. [PMID: 34354738 PMCID: PMC8329550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.695172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common chromosomal fragile sites (CFSs) are genomic regions prone to form breaks and gaps on metaphase chromosomes during conditions of replication stress. Moreover, CFSs are hotspots for deletions and amplifications in cancer genomes. Fragility at CFSs is caused by transcription of extremely large genes, which contributes to replication problems. These extremely large genes do not encode large proteins, but the extreme sizes of the genes originate from vast introns. Intriguingly, the intron sizes of extremely large genes are conserved between mammals and birds. Here, we have used reverse genetics to address the function and significance of the largest intron in the extremely large gene PRKN, which is highly fragile in our model system. Specifically, we have introduced an 80-kilobase deletion in intron 7 of PRKN. We find that gene expression of PRKN is largely unaffected by this intronic deletion. Strikingly, the intronic deletion, which leads to a 12% reduction of the overall size of the PRKN gene body, results in an almost twofold reduction of the PRKN fragility. Our results stress that while the large intron clearly contributes to the fragility of PRKN, it does not play an important role for PRKN expression. Taken together, our findings further add to the mystery concerning conservation of the seemingly non-functional but troublesome large introns in PRKN.
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32
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Jin X, Wang K, Wang L, Liu W, Zhang C, Qiu Y, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhang D, Yang Z, Wu T, Li J. RAB7 activity is required for the regulation of mitophagy in oocyte meiosis and oocyte quality control during ovarian aging. Autophagy 2021; 18:643-660. [PMID: 34229552 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1946739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy to degrade and clear long-lived or damaged mitochondria, is impaired in aging and age-related disease. Previous study has demonstrated the obesity-exposed oocytes accumulate and transmit damaged mitochondria due to an inability to activate mitophagy. However, it remains unknown whether mitophagy functions in oocyte and what's the regulatory mechanism in oocyte aging. In the study, when fully grown oocytes were treated with CCCP, an uncoupling agent to induce mitophagy, we found the activation of the PRKN-mediated mitophagy pathway accompanied the blockage of meiosis at metaphase I stage. Our result then demonstrated its association with the decreased activity of RAB7 and all the observed defects in CCCP treated oocytes could be effectively rescued by microinjection of mRNA encoding active RAB7Q67L or treatment with the RAB7 activator ML098. Further study indicated PRKN protein level as a rate-limiting factor to facilitate degradation of RAB7 and its GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) complex CCZ1-MON1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In GV oocytes collected during ovarian aging, we found the age-related increase of PINK1 and PRKN proteins and a significant decrease of RAB7 which resulted in defects of mitophagosome formation and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. The age-related retardation of female fertility was improved after in vivo treatment of ML098. Thus, RAB7 activity is required to maintain the balance between mitophagy and chromosome stability and RAB7 activator is a good candidate to ameliorate age-related deterioration of oocyte quality.Abbreviations: ATG9: autophagy related 9A; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CCZ1: CCZ1 vacuolar protein trafficking and biogenesis associated; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPs: GTPase-activating proteins; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GV: germinal vesicle; GVBD: germinal vesicle breakdown; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MI: metaphase I stage of meiosis; MII: metaphase II stage of meiosis; Mito: MitoTracker; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MON1: MON1 homolog, secretory trafficking associated; OPTN: optineurin; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RAB7: RAB7, member RAS oncogene family; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TOMM20/TOM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin, beta; UB: ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuexin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tinghe Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institutes of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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33
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Mengus C, Neutzner M, Bento ACPF, Bippes CC, Kohler C, Decembrini S, Häusel J, Hemion C, Sironi L, Frank S, Scholl HPN, Neutzner A. VCP/p97 cofactor UBXN1/SAKS1 regulates mitophagy by modulating MFN2 removal from mitochondria. Autophagy 2021; 18:171-190. [PMID: 33966597 PMCID: PMC8865314 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1922982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of PINK1- and PRKN-dependent mitophagy is a highly regulated process involving the activity of the AAA-ATPase VCP/p97, a cofactor-guided multifunctional protein central to handling ubiquitinated client proteins. Removal of ubiquitinated substrates such as the mitofusin MFN2 from the outer mitochondrial membrane by VCP is critical for PRKN accumulation on mitochondria, which drives mitophagy. Here we characterize the role of the UBA and UBX-domain containing VCP cofactor UBXN1/SAKS1 during mitophagy. Following mitochondrial depolarization and depending on PRKN, UBXN1 translocated alongside VCP to mitochondria. Prior to mitophagy, loss of UBXN1 led to mitochondrial fragmentation, diminished ATP production, and impaired ER-mitochondrial apposition. When mitophagy was induced in cells lacking UBXN1, mitochondrial translocation of VCP and PRKN was impaired, diminishing mitophagic flux. In addition, UBXN1 physically interacted with PRKN in a UBX-domain depending manner. Interestingly, ectopic expression of the pro-mitophagic VCP cofactor UBXN6/UBXD1 fully reversed impaired PRKN recruitment in UBXN1-/- cells. Mechanistically, UBXN1 acted downstream of PINK1 by facilitating MFN2 removal from mitochondria. In UBXN1-/- cells exposed to mitochondrial stress, MFN2 formed para-mitochondrial blobs likely representing blocked intermediates of the MFN2 removal process partly reversible by expression of UBXN6. Presence of these MFN2 blobs strongly correlated with impaired PRKN translocation to depolarized mitochondria. Our observations connect the VCP cofactor UBXN1 to the initiation and maintenance phase of PRKN-dependent mitophagy, and indicate that, upon mitochondrial stress induction, MFN2 removal from mitochondria occurs through a specialized process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mengus
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia C Bippes
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corina Kohler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Decembrini
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Häusel
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Hemion
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lara Sironi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Clinical Research Center, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Simpson S, Shi Y, Chen Y, Benjamin J, Serra-Moreno R. HIV Nef-mediated Ubiquitination of BCL2: Implications in Autophagy and Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682624. [PMID: 34025682 PMCID: PMC8134690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a process that acts upon every step of the HIV replication cycle. The activity, subcellular localization, and stability of HIV dependency factors as well as negative modulators can be affected by ubiquitination. These modifications consequently have an impact on the progression and outcome of infection. Additionally, recent findings suggest new roles for ubiquitination in the interplay between HIV and the cellular environment, specifically in the interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis. On one hand, autophagy is a defense mechanism against HIV that promotes the degradation of the viral protein Gag, likely through ubiquitination. Gag is an essential structural protein that drives virion assembly and release. Interestingly, the ubiquitination of Gag is vital for HIV replication. Hence, this post-translational modification in Gag represents a double-edged sword: necessary for virion biogenesis, but potentially detrimental under conditions of autophagy activation. On the other hand, HIV uses Nef to circumvent autophagy-mediated restriction by promoting the ubiquitination of the autophagy inhibitor BCL2 through Parkin/PRKN. Although the Nef-promoted ubiquitination of BCL2 occurs in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, only ER-associated ubiquitinated BCL2 arrests the progression of autophagy. Importantly, both mitochondrial BCL2 and PRKN are tightly connected to mitochondrial function and apoptosis. Hence, by enhancing the PRKN-mediated ubiquitination of BCL2 at the mitochondria, HIV might promote apoptosis. Moreover, this effect of Nef might account for HIV-associated disorders. In this article, we outline our current knowledge and provide perspectives of how ubiquitination impacts the molecular interactions between HIV, autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sydney Simpson
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuexuan Chen
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jared Benjamin
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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35
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Milanowski ŁM, Lindemann JA, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Soto-Beasley AI, Barcikowska M, Boczarska-Jedynak M, Deutschlander A, Kłodowska G, Dulski J, Fedoryshyn L, Friedman A, Jamrozik Z, Janik P, Karpinsky K, Koziorowski D, Krygowska-Wajs A, Jasińska-Myga B, Opala G, Potulska-Chromik A, Pulyk A, Rektorova I, Sanotsky Y, Siuda J, Sławek J, Śmiłowska K, Szczechowski L, Rudzińska-Bar M, Walton RL, Ross OA, Wszolek ZK. Frequency of mutations in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 in Patients With Early-Onset Parkinson Disease from neighboring countries in Central Europe. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 86:48-51. [PMID: 33845304 PMCID: PMC8192481 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 10% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) present with early-onset disease (EOPD), defined as diagnosis before 50 years of age. Genetic factors are known to contribute to EOPD, with most commonly observed mutations in PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 genes. The aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 mutations in an EOPD series from 4 neighboring European countries: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, and Ukraine. METHODS Diagnosis of PD was made based on UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria in departments experienced in movement disorders (1 from Czech Republic, 1 from Germany, 9 from Poland, and 3 from Ukraine). EOPD was defined as onset at or before 50 years of age. Of the 541 patients recruited to the study, 11 were Czech, 38 German, 476 Polish, and 16 Ukrainian. All cohorts were fully screened with Sanger sequencing for PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for exon dosage. RESULTS PRKN homozygous or double heterozygous mutations were identified in 17 patients: 1 Czech (9.1%), 1 German (2.6%), 14 Polish (2.9%), and 1 Ukrainian (6.3%). PINK1 homozygous mutations were only identified in 3 Polish patients (0.6%). There were no homozygous or compound heterozygous DJ1 mutations in analyzed subpopulations. One novel variant in PRKN was identified in the Ukrainian series. CONCLUSION In the analyzed cohorts, mutations in the genes PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1 are not frequently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz M Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Maria Barcikowska
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Jarosław Dulski
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Jamrozik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Janik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katherine Karpinsky
- Uzhhorod Regional Clinical Centre of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Krygowska-Wajs
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Opala
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławek
- Department of Neurology, St. Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Monika Rudzińska-Bar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Yokota M, Kakuta S, Shiga T, Ishikawa KI, Okano H, Hattori N, Akamatsu W, Koike M. Establishment of an in vitro model for analyzing mitochondrial ultrastructure in PRKN-mutated patient iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Mol Brain 2021; 14:58. [PMID: 33757554 PMCID: PMC7986497 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial structural changes are associated with the regulation of mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. PRKN is known to be involved with various mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control including mitochondrial structural changes. Parkinson's disease (PD) with PRKN mutations is characterized by the preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which has been suggested to result from the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. However, ultrastructural changes of mitochondria specifically in dopaminergic neurons derived from iPSC have rarely been analyzed. The main reason for this would be that the dopaminergic neurons cannot be distinguished directly among a mixture of iPSC-derived differentiated cells under electron microscopy. To selectively label dopaminergic neurons and analyze mitochondrial morphology at the ultrastructural level, we generated control and PRKN-mutated patient tyrosine hydroxylase reporter (TH-GFP) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Correlative light-electron microscopy analysis and live cell imaging of GFP-expressing dopaminergic neurons indicated that iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons had smaller and less functional mitochondria than those in non-dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, the formation of spheroid-shaped mitochondria, which was induced in control dopaminergic neurons by a mitochondrial uncoupler, was inhibited in the PRKN-mutated dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate that our established TH-GFP iPSC lines are useful for characterizing mitochondrial morphology, such as spheroid-shaped mitochondria, in dopaminergic neurons among a mixture of various cell types. Our in vitro model would provide insights into the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons and the processes leading to the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in patients with PRKN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Yokota
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiga
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Ishikawa
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Halder T, Verma SP, Raj J, Pandey S, Singh RK, Sharma V, Joshi D, Das P. Identification & characterization of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 & parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase variants in patients with Parkinson's disease. Indian J Med Res 2021; 152:498-507. [PMID: 33707392 PMCID: PMC8157902 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_730_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder that affects movement. More than 24 loci and 28 associated genes have been identified to be associated with this disease. The present study accounts for the contribution of two candidates, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PRKN) in the PD patients, and their characterization in silico and in vitro. Methods: A total of 145 sporadic PD cases and 120 ethnically matched healthy controls were enrolled with their informed consent. Mutation screening was performed by direct DNA sequencing of the targeted exons of LRRK2 and all exons flanking introns of PRKN. The effect of the pathogenic PRKN variants on a drug (MG-132) induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (△ΨM) was measured by a fluorescent dye tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). Results: Twelve and 20 genetic variants were identified in LRRK2 and PRKN, respectively. Interestingly, five out of seven exonic LRRK2 variants were synonymous. Further assessment in controls confirmed the rarity of two such p.Y1527 and p.V1615. Among the pathogenic missense variations (as predicted in silico) in PRKN, two were selected (p.R42H and p.A82E) for their functional study in vitro, which revealed the reduced fluorescence intensity of TMRM as compared to wild type, in case of p.R42H but not the other. Interpretation & conclusions: About 6.2 per cent of the cases (9/145) in the studied patient cohort were found to carry pathogenic (as predicted in silico) missense variations in PRKN in heterozygous condition but not in case of LRRK2 which was rare. The presence of two rare synonymous variants of LRRK2 (p.Y1527 and p.V1615) may support the phenomenon of codon bias. Functional characterization of selected PRKN variations revealed p.R42H to cause disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (△ΨM) rendering cells more susceptible to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamali Halder
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Prakash Verma
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Janak Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Singh
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Das
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Brewer K, Nip I, Bellizzi J, Costa-Guda J, Arnold A. Molecular analysis of cyclin D1 modulators PRKN and FBX4 as candidate tumor suppressors in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:302-308. [PMID: 33617468 PMCID: PMC8052572 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism is most often caused by a sporadic single-gland parathyroid adenoma (PTA), a tumor type for which cyclin D1 is the only known and experimentally validated oncoprotein. However, the molecular origins of its frequent overexpression have remained mostly elusive. In this study, we explored a potential tumorigenic mechanism that could increase cyclin D1 stability through a defect in molecules responsible for its degradation. METHODS We examined two tumor suppressor genes known to modulate cyclin D1 ubiquitination, PRKN and FBXO4 (FBX4), for evidence of classic two-hit tumor suppressor inactivation within a cohort of 82 PTA cases. We examined the cohort for intragenic inactivating and splice site mutations by Sanger sequencing and for locus-associated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by microsatellite analysis. RESULTS We identified no evidence of bi-allelic tumor suppressor inactivation of PRKN or FBXO4 via inactivating mutation or splice site perturbation, neither in combination with nor independent of LOH. Among the 82 cases, we encountered previously documented benign single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 35 tumors at frequencies similar to those reported in the germlines of the general population. Eight cases exhibited intragenic LOH at the PRKN locus, in some cases extending to cover at least an additional 1.7 Mb of chromosome 6q25-26. FBXO4 was not affected by LOH. CONCLUSION The absence of evidence for specific bi-allelic inactivation in PRKN and FBXO4 in this sizeable cohort suggests that these genes only rarely, if ever, serve as classic driver tumor suppressors responsible for the growth of PTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brewer
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Isabel Nip
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin Bellizzi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica Costa-Guda
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Arnold:
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Seike N, Yokoseki A, Takeuchi R, Saito K, Miyahara H, Miyashita A, Ikeda T, Aida I, Nakajima T, Kanazawa M, Wakabayashi M, Toyoshima Y, Takahashi H, Matsumoto R, Toda T, Onodera O, Ishikawa A, Ikeuchi T, Kakita A. Genetic Variations and Neuropathologic Features of Patients with PRKN Mutations. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1634-1643. [PMID: 33570211 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PRKN are the most common cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between genotype and pathology in patients with PRKN mutations. METHODS We performed a sequence and copy number variation analysis of PRKN, mRNA transcripts, Parkin protein expression, and neuropathology in 8 autopsied patients. RESULTS All the patients harbored biallelic PRKN mutations. Two patients were homozygous and heterozygous, respectively, for the missense mutation p.C431F. Seven patients had exon rearrangements, including 2 patients from a single family who harbored a homozygous deletion of exon 4, and 3 patients who carried a homozygous duplication of exons 6-7, a homozygous duplication of exons 10-11, and a heterozygous duplication of exons 2-4. In the other 2 patients, we found a compound heterozygous duplication of exon 2, deletion of exon 3, and a heterozygous duplication of exon 2. However, sequencing of cDNA prepared from mRNA revealed 2 different transcripts derived from triplication of exon 2 and deletion of exons 2-3 and from duplication of exons 2-4 and deletion of exons 3-4. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed faint or no expression of Parkin in their brains. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, a subfield-specific pattern of neuronal loss and mild gliosis were evident. Lewy bodies were found in 3 patients. Peripheral sensory neuronopathy was a feature. CONCLUSIONS Genomic and mRNA analysis is needed to identify the PRKN mutations. Variable mutations may result in no or little production of mature Parkin and the histopathologic features may be similar. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Seike
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akio Yokoseki
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryoko Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kento Saito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, NHO Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Aida
- Department of Neurology, NHO Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, NHO Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Japan
| | - Masato Kanazawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yasuko Toyoshima
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Disease Center Agano Hospital, Agano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Castro-Gonzalez S, Shi Y, Colomer-Lluch M, Song Y, Mowery K, Almodovar S, Bansal A, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer K, Liang C, Serra-Moreno R. HIV-1 Nef counteracts autophagy restriction by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2 in a PRKN-dependent manner. Autophagy 2021; 17:553-577. [PMID: 32097085 PMCID: PMC8007141 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an auto-digestive pro-survival pathway activated in response to stress to target cargo for lysosomal degradation. In recent years, autophagy has become prominent as an innate antiviral defense mechanism through multiple processes, such as targeting virions and viral components for elimination. These exciting findings have encouraged studies on the ability of autophagy to restrict HIV. However, the role of autophagy in HIV infection remains unclear. Whereas some reports indicate that autophagy is detrimental for HIV, others have claimed that HIV deliberately activates this pathway to increase its infectivity. Moreover, these contrasting findings seem to depend on the cell type investigated. Here, we show that autophagy poses a hurdle for HIV replication, significantly reducing virion production. However, HIV-1 uses its accessory protein Nef to counteract this restriction. Previous studies have indicated that Nef affects autophagy maturation by preventing the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. Here, we uncover that Nef additionally blocks autophagy initiation by enhancing the association between BECN1 and its inhibitor BCL2, and this activity depends on the cellular E3 ligase PRKN. Remarkably, the ability of Nef to counteract the autophagy block is more frequently observed in pandemic HIV-1 and its simian precursor SIVcpz infecting chimpanzees than in HIV-2 and its precursor SIVsmm infecting sooty mangabeys. In summary, our findings demonstrate that HIV-1 is susceptible to autophagy restriction and define Nef as the primary autophagy antagonist of this antiviral process.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin, beta; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; BCL2: bcl2 apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; cDNA: complementary DNA; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescence protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Gag/p55: group-specific antigen; GFP: green fluorescence protein; GST: glutathione S transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IP: immunoprecipitation; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; Nef: negative factor; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin ligase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate; PTM: post-translational modification; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; SEM: standard error of the mean; SERINC3: serine incorporator 3; SERINC5: serine incorporator 5; SIV: simian immunodeficiency virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated gene; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Castro-Gonzalez
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yuhang Shi
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ying Song
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Mowery
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sharilyn Almodovar
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Chengyu Liang
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Serra-Moreno
- Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Milanowski LM, Oshinaike O, Broadway BJ, Lindemann JA, Soto-Beasley AI, Walton RL, Hanna Al-Shaikh R, Strongosky AJ, Fiesel FC, Ross OA, Springer W, Ogun SA, Wszolek ZK. Early-Onset Parkinson Disease Screening in Patients From Nigeria. Front Neurol 2021; 11:594927. [PMID: 33519679 PMCID: PMC7841006 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.594927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nigeria is one of the most populated countries in the world; however, there is a scarcity of studies in patients with age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of this study was to screen patients with PD including a small cohort of early-onset PD (EOPD) cases from Nigeria for PRKN, PINK1, DJ1, SNCA multiplication, and LRRK2 p.G2019S. Methods: We assembled a cohort of 109 Nigerian patients with PD from the four main Nigerian tribes: Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, and Hausa. Fifteen cases [14 from the Yoruba tribe (93.3%)] had EOPD (defined as age-at-onset <50 years). All patients with EOPD were sequenced for the coding regions of PRKN, PINK1, and DJ1. Exon dosage analysis was performed with a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay, which also included a SNCA probe and LRRK2 p.G2019S. We screened for LRRK2 p.G2019S in the entire PD cohort using a genotyping assay. The PINK1 p.R501Q functional analysis was conducted. Results: In 15 patients with EOPD, 22 variants were observed [PRKN, 9 (40.9%); PINK1, 10 (45.5%); and DJ1, 3 (13.6%)]. Three (13.6%) rare, nonsynonymous variants were identified, but no homozygous or compound heterozygous carriers were found. No exonic rearrangements were present in the three genes, and no carriers of SNCA genomic multiplications or LRRK2 p.G2019S were identified. The PINK1 p.R501Q functional analysis revealed pathogenic loss of function. Conclusion: More studies on age-related neurodegenerative diseases are needed in sub-Saharan African countries, including Nigeria. Population-specific variation may provide insight into the genes involved in PD in the local population but may also contribute to larger studiesperformed in White and Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz M Milanowski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Olajumoke Oshinaike
- Department of Neurology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin J Broadway
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer A Lindemann
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Ronald L Walton
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Audrey J Strongosky
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | | | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Watzlawik JO, Hou X, Fricova D, Ramnarine C, Barodia SK, Gendron TF, Heckman MG, DeTure M, Siuda J, Wszolek ZK, Scherzer CR, Ross OA, Bu G, Dickson DW, Goldberg MS, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Sensitive ELISA-based detection method for the mitophagy marker p-S65-Ub in human cells, autopsy brain, and blood samples. Autophagy 2020; 17:2613-2628. [PMID: 33112198 PMCID: PMC8496550 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1834712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early, imminent event in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). The enzymatic pair PINK1 and PRKN/Parkin recognize and transiently label damaged mitochondria with ubiquitin (Ub) phosphorylated at Ser65 (p-S65-Ub) as a signal for degradation via the autophagy-lysosome system (mitophagy). Despite its discovery in cell culture several years ago, robust and quantitative detection of altered mitophagy in vivo has remained challenging. Here we developed a sandwich ELISA targeting p-S65-Ub with the goal to assess mitophagy levels in mouse brain and in human clinical and pathological samples. We characterized five total Ub and four p-S65-Ub antibodies by several techniques and found significant differences in their ability to recognize phosphorylated Ub. The most sensitive antibody pair detected recombinant p-S65-Ub chains in the femtomolar to low picomolar range depending on the poly-Ub chain linkage. Importantly, this ELISA was able to assess very low baseline mitophagy levels in unstressed human cells and in brains from wild-type and prkn knockout mice as well as elevated p-S65-Ub levels in autopsied frontal cortex from AD patients vs. control cases. Moreover, the assay allowed detection of p-S65-Ub in blood plasma and was able to discriminate between PINK1 mutation carriers and controls. In summary, we developed a robust and sensitive tool to measure mitophagy levels in cells, tissue, and body fluids. Our data strongly support the idea that the stress-activated PINK1-PRKN mitophagy pathway is constitutively active in mice and humans under unstimulated, physiological and elevated in diseased, pathological conditions.Abbreviations: Ab: antibody; AD: Alzheimer disease; AP: alkaline phosphatase; CV: coefficient of variation; ECL: electrochemiluminescence; KO: knockout; LoB: Limit of Blank; LoD: Limit of Detection; LoQ: Limit of Quantification; MSD: meso scale discovery; PD: Parkinson disease; p-S65-PRKN: phosphorylated PRKN at serine 65; p-S65-Ub: phosphorylated ubiquitin at serine 65; Std.Dev.: standard deviation; Ub: ubiquitin; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Chloe Ramnarine
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sandeep K Barodia
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joanna Siuda
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fabienne C Fiesel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Hou X, Watzlawik JO, Cook C, Liu C, Kang SS, Lin W, DeTure M, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Al‐Shaikh FSH, Walton RL, Ross OA, Melrose HL, Ertekin‐Taner N, Bu G, Petrucelli L, Fryer JD, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Mitophagy alterations in Alzheimer's disease are associated with granulovacuolar degeneration and early tau pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:417-430. [PMID: 33090691 PMCID: PMC8048674 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cytoprotective PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PRKN) pathway selectively labels damaged mitochondria with phosphorylated ubiquitin (pS65-Ub) for their autophagic removal (mitophagy). Because dysfunctions of mitochondria and degradation pathways are early features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mitophagy impairments may contribute to the pathogenesis. METHODS Morphology, levels, and distribution of the mitophagy tag pS65-Ub were evaluated by biochemical analyses combined with tissue and single cell imaging in AD autopsy brain and in transgenic mouse models. RESULTS Analyses revealed significant increases of pS65-Ub levels in AD brain, which strongly correlated with granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) and early phospho-tau deposits, but were independent of amyloid beta pathology. Single cell analyses revealed predominant co-localization of pS65-Ub with mitochondria, GVD bodies, and/or lysosomes depending on the brain region analyzed. DISCUSSION Our study highlights mitophagy alterations in AD that are associated with early tau pathology, and suggests that distinct mitochondrial, autophagic, and/or lysosomal failure may contribute to the selective vulnerability in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Casey Cook
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Chia‐Chen Liu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Silvia S. Kang
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Wen‐Lang Lin
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Michael DeTure
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Nancy N. Diehl
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | | | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Nilüfer Ertekin‐Taner
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - John D. Fryer
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
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Abstract
Mitochondria sustain various essential functions at synaptic terminals. Synaptic mitochondria deficits have been implicated in early Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology. Mitophagy, a selective autophagy for removal of damaged mitochondria, plays a key role in mitochondrial quality control in neurons. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered as to whether mitophagy regulates synaptic mitochondrial integrity and whether AD-associated early deficits in synaptic mitochondria are attributed to mitophagy failure. We have recently revealed that the integrity of synaptic mitochondria is maintained by a coordination of RHEB-mediated mitophagy with dynein- and SNAPIN-driven retrograde transport. We demonstrate that increased mitophagy initiation, coupled with defective retrograde transport, triggers mitophagy stress at AD synapses. Excitingly, SNAPIN-enhanced retrograde transport reduces synaptic mitophagy stress and ameliorates mitochondrial deficits, thereby counteracting synaptic damage in AD mouse brains. Therefore, our study provides new mechanistic insights into how mitophagy facilitates synaptic mitochondrial maintenance and how mitophagy failure exacerbates AD-linked mitochondrial defects and synaptic degeneration. Abbreviation: AD: Alzheimer disease; Aβ: amyloid-β; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; LE: late endosome; Δψm, mitochondrial membrane potential; RHEB: Ras homolog enriched in brain; RNAi: RNA interference; shRNA: small hairpin RNA; Tg: transgenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinsuk Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yu Young Jeong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ, USA
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45
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Zhao W, Han J, Hu X, Zhou Q, Qi R, Sun W, Liu L. PINK1/ PRKN-dependent mitophagy in the burn injury model. Burns 2021; 47:628-33. [PMID: 32900550 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Burn injury leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy, also known as mitophagy. The alleviation of mitochondrial damage may be a potential method for the treatment of burn injury and complications. In this animal study, we analyzed the expression of mitochondrial damage- and mitophagy-related factors, specifically PINK1 and PRKN. The results showed mitochondria damage in the skin; compared with the normal control group, genes involved in the mitochondrial damage, such as Nrf-1, UQCRC2, CYC1, and NDUFA9, as well as in the mitophagy, including PINK1, PRKN, MFN1, and USP30, were differentially expressed. Furthermore, PINK1 interacted with PRKN and participated in mitophagy in the skin. In conclusion, our data reveal more about the mechanism underlying mitophagy in burns, providing a potential clinical treatment.
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46
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Li T, Kou D, Cui Y, Le W. Whole exome sequencing identified a new compound heterozygous PRKN mutation in a Chinese family with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20200534. [PMID: 32391545 PMCID: PMC7240198 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) is usually caused by genetic variants and patients with EOPD develop symptoms before the age of 50, accounting for 5% Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we present a Chinese Han pedigree with clinical features of EOPD. To determine the diagnosis and pathogenic mutations of this pedigree, whole exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to detect all the four family members. Our results showed that a new form of compound heterozygous mutation in the PRKN gene, consisting of heterozygous point mutation c.850G > C (p.G284R) along with exon 4 deletion, is the causative genetic factor for EOPD in this pedigree. These discoveries may have implications for genetic counseling, clinical management and developing PRKN target gene therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbai Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Daqing Kou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- International Education College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
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47
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Puri R, Cheng XT, Lin MY, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Defending stressed mitochondria: uncovering the role of MUL1 in suppressing neuronal mitophagy. Autophagy 2020; 16:176-178. [PMID: 31679452 PMCID: PMC6984613 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1687216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mitochondrial stress is associated with major neurodegenerative diseases; and thus, the recovery of those mitochondria constitutes a critical step of energy maintenance in early stages of neurodegeneration. Our recent study provides the first lines of evidence showing that the MUL1-MFN2 pathway acts as an early checkpoint to maintain mitochondrial integrity by regulating mitochondrial morphology and interplay with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This mechanism ensures that degradation through mitophagy is restrained in neurons under early stress conditions. MUL1 deficiency increases MFN2 activity, triggering the first phase of mitochondrial hyperfusion and acting as an antagonist of ER-mitochondria (ER-Mito) tethering. Reduced ER-Mito interplay enhances the cytoplasmic Ca2+ load that induces the DNM1L/Drp1-dependent second phase of mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into neuronal mitochondrial maintenance under stress conditions. Identifying this pathway is particularly relevant because chronic mitochondrial dysfunction and altered ER-Mito contacts have been reported in major neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Puri
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei-Yao Lin
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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48
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Soutar MPM, Kempthorne L, Annuario E, Luft C, Wray S, Ketteler R, Ludtmann MHR, Plun-Favreau H. FBS/BSA media concentration determines CCCP's ability to depolarize mitochondria and activate PINK1- PRKN mitophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:2002-2011. [PMID: 31060423 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1603549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is essential for maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria. Two proteins associated with Parkinson disease, the kinase PINK1 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase PRKN, play a central role in the selective degradation of heavily damaged mitochondria (mitophagy), thus avoiding their toxic accumulation. Most of the knowledge on PINK1-PRKN mitophagy comes from in vitro experiments involving the treatment of mammalian cells with high concentrations of mitochondrial uncouplers, such as CCCP. These chemicals have been shown to mediate off target effects, other than mitochondrial depolarization. A matter of controversy between mitochondrial physiologists and cell biologists is the discrepancy between concentrations of CCCP needed to activate mitophagy (usually >10 μM), when compared to the much lower concentrations used to depolarize mitochondria (<1 μM). Thus, there is an urgent need for optimizing the current methods to assess PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vitro. In this study, we address the utilization of high CCCP concentrations commonly used to activate mitophagy. Combining live fluorescence microscopy and biochemistry, we show that the FBS/BSA in the cell culture medium reduces the ability of CCCP to induce PINK1 accumulation at depolarized mitochondria, subsequent PRKN recruitment and ubiquitin phosphorylation, and ultimately mitochondrial clearance. As a result, high concentrations of CCCP are required to induce mitophagy in FBS/BSA containing media. These data unite mitochondrial physiology and mitophagy studies and are a first step toward a consensus on optimal experimental conditions for PINK1-PRKN mitophagy and mitochondrial physiology investigations to be carried out in parallel. Abbreviations: BSA: bovine serum albumin; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; DMEM: dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium; DNP: 2,4-dinitrophenol; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone; GSH: glutathione; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; mtKeima: mitochondria-targeted monomeric keima-red; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; POE SHSY5Ys: FLAG-PRKN over-expressing SHSY5Y cells; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type; ΔΨm: mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P M Soutar
- Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Liam Kempthorne
- Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Emily Annuario
- Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Christin Luft
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London , UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology , London , UK
| | - Robin Ketteler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL , London , UK
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49
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Wauters F, Cornelissen T, Imberechts D, Martin S, Koentjoro B, Sue C, Vangheluwe P, Vandenberghe W. LRRK2 mutations impair depolarization-induced mitophagy through inhibition of mitochondrial accumulation of RAB10. Autophagy 2019; 16:203-222. [PMID: 30945962 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1603548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a disabling, incurable disorder with increasing prevalence in the western world. In rare cases PD is caused by mutations in the genes for PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1) or PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), which impair the selective autophagic elimination of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy). Mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common monogenic cause of PD. Here, we report that the LRRK2 kinase substrate RAB10 accumulates on depolarized mitochondria in a PINK1- and PRKN-dependent manner. RAB10 binds the autophagy receptor OPTN (optineurin), promotes OPTN accumulation on depolarized mitochondria and facilitates mitophagy. In PD patients with the two most common LRRK2 mutations (G2019S and R1441C), RAB10 phosphorylation at threonine 73 is enhanced, while RAB10 interaction with OPTN, accumulation of RAB10 and OPTN on depolarized mitochondria, depolarization-induced mitophagy and mitochondrial function are all impaired. These defects in LRRK2 mutant patient cells are rescued by LRRK2 knockdown and LRRK2 kinase inhibition. A phosphomimetic RAB10 mutant showed less OPTN interaction and less translocation to depolarized mitochondria than wild-type RAB10, and failed to rescue mitophagy in LRRK2 mutant cells. These data connect LRRK2 with PINK1- and PRKN-mediated mitophagy via its substrate RAB10, and indicate that the pathogenic effects of mutations in LRRK2, PINK1 and PRKN may converge on a common pathway.Abbreviations : ACTB: actin beta; ATP5F1B: ATP synthase F1 subunit beta; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HSPD1: heat shock protein family D (Hsp60) member 1; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; IF: immunofluorescence; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN2: mitofusin 2; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RHOT1: ras homolog family member T1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; WB: western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Wauters
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Cornelissen
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Imberechts
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brianada Koentjoro
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - Carolyn Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St. Leonards, Australia
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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50
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El-Hattab AW, Suleiman J, Almannai M, Scaglia F. Mitochondrial dynamics: Biological roles, molecular machinery, and related diseases. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:315-321. [PMID: 30361041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy. These processes are essential to maintain the normal mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and function. Mitochondrial fusion allows the exchange of intramitochondrial material, whereas the fission process is required to replicate the mitochondria during cell division, facilitate the transport and distribution of mitochondria, and allow the isolation of damaged organelles. Mitochondrial mobility is essential for mitochondrial distribution depending on the cellular metabolic demands. Mitophagy is needed for the elimination of dysfunctional and damaged mitochondria to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population. The mitochondrial dynamic processes are mediated by a number of nuclear-encoded proteins that function in mitochondrial transport, fusion, fission, and mitophagy. Disorders of mitochondrial dynamics are caused by pathogenic variants in the genes encoding these proteins. These diseases have a high clinical variability, and range in severity from isolated optic atrophy to lethal encephalopathy. These disorders include defects in mitochondrial fusion (caused by pathogenic variants in MFN2, OPA1, YME1L1, MSTO1, and FBXL4), mitochondrial fission (caused by pathogenic variants in DNM1L and MFF), and mitochondrial autophagy (caused by pathogenic variants in PINK1 and PRKN). In this review, the molecular machinery and biological roles of mitochondrial dynamic processes are discussed. Subsequently, the currently known diseases related to mitochondrial dynamic defects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jehan Suleiman
- Division of Neurology, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Almannai
- Medical Genetics Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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