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Negi NP, Prakash G, Narwal P, Panwar R, Kumar D, Chaudhry B, Rustagi A. The calcium connection: exploring the intricacies of calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1248648. [PMID: 37849843 PMCID: PMC10578444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1248648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of plant immune response is orchestrated by intracellular signaling molecules. Since plants are devoid of a humoral system, they develop extensive mechanism of pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intricate cell signaling for their protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The pathogenic attack induces calcium ion accumulation in the plant cells, resulting in calcium signatures that regulate the synthesis of proteins of defense system. These calcium signatures induct different calcium dependent proteins such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and other signaling molecules to orchestrate the complex defense signaling. Using advanced biotechnological tools, the role of Ca2+ signaling during plant-microbe interactions and the role of CaM/CMLs and CDPKs in plant defense mechanism has been revealed to some extent. The Emerging perspectives on calcium signaling in plant-microbe interactions suggest that this complex interplay could be harnessed to improve plant resistance against pathogenic microbes. We present here an overview of current understanding in calcium signatures during plant-microbe interaction so as to imbibe a future direction of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Prabha Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Geeta Prakash
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Parul Narwal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bhar A, Chakraborty A, Roy A. The captivating role of calcium in plant-microbe interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138252. [PMID: 36938033 PMCID: PMC10020633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune response is fascinating due to the complete absence of a humoral system. The adaptive immune response in plants relies on the intracellular orchestration of signalling molecules or intermediates associated with transcriptional reprogramming. Plant disease response phenomena largely depend on pathogen recognition, signal perception, and intracellular signal transduction. The pathogens possess specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) or microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMP), which are first identified by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of host plants for successful infection. After successful pathogen recognition, the defence response is initiated within plants. The first line of non-specific defence response is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), followed by the specific robust signalling is called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Calcium plays a crucial role in both PTI and ETI. The biphasic induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is inevitable in any plant-microbe interaction. Calcium ions play crucial roles in the initial oxidative burst and ROS induction. Different pathogens can induce calcium accumulation in the cytosol ([Ca2+]Cyt), called calcium signatures. These calcium signatures further control the diverse defence-responsive proteins in the intracellular milieu. These calcium signatures then activate calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcium calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), etc., to impart intricate defence signalling within the cell. Decoding this calcium ionic map is imperative to unveil any plant microbe interplay and modulate defence-responsive pathways. Hence, the present review is unique in developing concepts of calcium signature in plants and their subsequent decoding mechanism. This review also intends to articulate early sensing of calcium oscillation, signalling events, and comprehensive mechanistic roles of calcium within plants during pathogenic ingression. This will accumulate and summarize the exciting roles of calcium ions in plant immunity and provide the foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Bhar
- Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen KH, Liao HL, Arnold AE, Korotkin HB, Wu SH, Matheny PB, Lutzoni F. Comparative transcriptomics of fungal endophytes in co-culture with their moss host Dicranum scoparium reveals fungal trophic lability and moss unchanged to slightly increased growth rates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1832-1847. [PMID: 35263447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mosses harbor fungi whose interactions within their hosts remain largely unexplored. Trophic ranges of fungal endophytes from the moss Dicranum scoparium were hypothesized to encompass saprotrophism. This moss is an ideal host to study fungal trophic lability because of its natural senescence gradient, and because it can be grown axenically. Dicranum scoparium was co-cultured with each of eight endophytic fungi isolated from naturally occurring D. scoparium. Moss growth rates, and gene expression levels (RNA sequencing) of fungi and D. scoparium, were compared between axenic and co-culture treatments. Functional lability of two fungal endophytes was tested by comparing their RNA expression levels when colonizing living vs dead gametophytes. Growth rates of D. scoparium were unchanged, or increased, when in co-culture. One fungal isolate (Hyaloscyphaceae sp.) that promoted moss growth was associated with differential expression of auxin-related genes. When grown with living vs dead gametophytes, Coniochaeta sp. switched from having upregulated carbohydrate transporter activity to upregulated oxidation-based degradation, suggesting an endophytism to saprotrophism transition. However, no such transition was detected for Hyaloscyphaceae sp. Individually, fungal endophytes did not negatively impact growth rates of D. scoparium. Our results support the long-standing hypothesis that some fungal endophytes can switch to saprotrophism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 1692 McCarty Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hailee B Korotkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Steven H Wu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Amelioration in traditional farming system by exploring the different plant growth-promoting attributes of endophytes for sustainable agriculture. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sun Y, Wang M, Mur LAJ, Shen Q, Guo S. The cross-kingdom roles of mineral nutrient transporters in plant-microbe relations. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:771-784. [PMID: 33341944 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant physiology by plant mineral nutrient transporter (MNT) is well understood. Recently, the extensive characterization of beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions has defined the roles for MNTs in such relationships. In this review, we summarize the roles of diverse nutrient transporters in the symbiotic or pathogenic relationships between plants and microorganisms. In doing so, we highlight how MNTs of plants and microbes can act in a coordinated manner. In symbiotic relationships, MNTs play key roles in the establishment of the interaction between the host plant and rhizobium or mycorrhizae as well in the subsequent coordinated transport of nutrients. Additionally, MNTs may also regulate the colonization or degeneration of symbiotic microorganisms by reflecting the nutrient status of the plant and soil. This allows the host plant obtain nutrients from the soil in the most optimal manner. With pathogenic-interactions, MNTs influence pathogen proliferation, the efficacy of the host's biochemical defense and related signal transduction mechanisms. We classify the MNT effects in plant-pathogen interactions as either indirect by influencing the nutrient status and fitness of the pathogen, or direct by initiating host defense mechanisms. While such observations indicate the fundamental importance of MNTs in governing the interactions with a range of microorganisms, further work is needed to develop an integrative understanding of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Understanding Phytomicrobiome: A Potential Reservoir for Better Crop Management. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent crop production studies have aimed at an increase in the biotic and abiotic tolerance of plant communities, along with increased nutrient availability and crop yields. This can be achieved in various ways, but one of the emerging approaches is to understand the phytomicrobiome structure and associated chemical communications. The phytomicrobiome was characterized with the advent of high-throughput techniques. Its composition and chemical signaling phenomena have been revealed, leading the way for “rhizosphere engineering”. In addition to the above, phytomicrobiome studies have paved the way to best tackling soil contamination with various anthropogenic activities. Agricultural lands have been found to be unbalanced for crop production. Due to the intense application of agricultural chemicals such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, fertilizers, etc., which can only be rejuvenated efficiently through detailed studies on the phytomicrobiome component, the phytomicrobiome has recently emerged as a primary plant trait that affects crop production. The phytomicrobiome also acts as an essential modifying factor in plant root exudation and vice versa, resulting in better plant health and crop yield both in terms of quantity and quality. Not only supporting better plant growth, phytomicrobiome members are involved in the degradation of toxic materials, alleviating the stress conditions that adversely affect plant development. Thus, the present review compiles the progress in understanding phytomicrobiome relationships and their application in achieving the goal of sustainable agriculture.
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Wang F, Nong X, Hao K, Cai N, Wang G, Liu S, Ullah H, Zhang Z. Identification of the key genes involved in the regulation of symbiotic pathways induced by Metarhizium anisopliae in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) roots. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:124. [PMID: 32140376 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected and compared the mRNA and protein expression levels of immunity-associated and symbiosis-associated genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) roots inoculated with entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae or the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum, by RT-qPCR and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The selected genes were mainly associated with plant-fungus interactions, signal transduction, regulation of cell death, nitrogen or iron metabolism, nutrient acquisition or transport, and compound synthesis based on previous transcriptome analysis. The results showed that the host basal defense responses were significantly inhibited by both M. anisopliae and F. oxysporum, which suggests that both fungi actively suppress the host immunity for successful colonization and infection. However, only F. oxysporum induced a strong host hypersensitivity, which indicates that the host is strongly resisting F. oxysporum but potentially allowing M. anisopliae. Additionally, the genes (SYMRK, CaM, CCaMK, FRI2, ABCC2, F6H1, SCT, NRT24 and LTP1) related to symbiosis and growth were distinctively observed with an up-regulated expression following M. anisopliae treatment, which implies that the host was actively initiating the establishment of symbiosis with the fungus. This study revealed a synergistic relationship between host immunosuppression and the promotion of symbiosis during interactions with M. anisopliae. It suggested that M. anisopliae benefited plant for symbiotic relationship, in addition to controlling herbivorous insects as an entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Kun Hao
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ni Cai
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shaofang Liu
- 2Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- 3Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi, 23561 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zehua Zhang
- 1The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Nouh FAA, Abo Nahas HH, Abdel-Azeem AM. Agriculturally Important Fungi: Plant–Microbe Association for Mutual Benefits. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45971-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Fan X, Matsumoto H, Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu Y, Fang H, Nitkiewicz B, Lau SYL, Wang Q, Fang H, Wang M. Microenvironmental Interplay Predominated by Beneficial Aspergillus Abates Fungal Pathogen Incidence in Paddy Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13042-13052. [PMID: 31631659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice fungal pathogens, responsible for severe rice yield loss and biotoxin contamination, cause increasing concerns on environmental safety and public health. In the paddy environment, we observed that the asymptomatic rice phyllosphere microenvironment was dominated by an indigenous fungus, Aspergillus cvjetkovicii, which positively correlated with alleviated incidence of Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most aggressive plant pathogens. Through the comparative metabolic profiling for the rice phyllosphere microenvironment, two metabolites were assigned as exclusively enriched metabolic markers in the asymptomatic phyllosphere and increased remarkably in a population-dependent manner with A. cvjetkovicii. These two metabolites evidenced to be produced by A. cvjetkovicii in either a phyllosphere microenvironment or artificial media were purified and identified as 2(3H)-benzofuranone and azulene, respectively, by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Combining with bioassay analysis in vivo and in vitro, we found that 2(3H)-benzofuranone and azulene exerted dissimilar actions at the stage of infection-related development of M. oryzae. A. cvjetkovicii produced 2(3H)-benzofuranone at the early stage to suppress MoPer1 gene expression, leading to inhibited mycelial growth, while azulene produced lately was involved in blocking of appressorium formation by downregulation of MgRac1. More profoundly, the microenvironmental interplay dominated by A. cvjetkovicii significantly blocked M. oryzae epidemics in the paddy environment from 54.7 to 68.5% (p < 0.05). Our study first demonstrated implication of the microenvironmental interplay dominated by indigenous and beneficial fungus to ecological balance and safety of the paddy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Forest Resources , Zhejiang Academy of Forestry , Hangzhou 310058 , Zhejiang , China
| | | | - Hongda Fang
- College of Plant Protection , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Bartosz Nitkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Warmia and Mazury , Oczapowskiego 1A , 10-719 Olsztyn , Poland
| | - Sharon Yu Ling Lau
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute , 94300 Kota Samarahan , Sarawak , Malaysia
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Avila-Mendez K, Rodrigo Á, Araque L, Romero HM. Simultaneous transcriptome analysis of oil palm clones and Phytophthora palmivora reveals oil palm defense strategies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222774. [PMID: 31553759 PMCID: PMC6760804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes oil palm bud rot disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease, palm clones with contrasting responses (Ortet 34, resistant and Ortet 57, susceptible) were inoculated with P. palmivora, and RNAseq gene expression analysis was performed. The transcriptome was obtained by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq2500 technology during the asymptomatic phase (24, 72 and 120 hours postinfection, hpi). A simultaneous analysis of differentially expressed gene (DEG) profiles in palm and P. palmivora was carried out. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and gene network analysis revealed differences in the transcriptional profile of the two ortets, where a high specificity of the pathogen to colonize the susceptible ortet was found. The transcriptional analysis provided an overview of the genes involved in the recognition and signaling of this pathosystem, where different transcription factors, phytohormones, proteins associated with cell wall hardening and nitrogen metabolism contribute to the resistance of oil palm to P. palmivora. This research provides a description of the molecular response of oil palm to P. palmivora, thus becoming an important source of molecular markers for the study of genotypes resistant to bud rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Avila-Mendez
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ávila Rodrigo
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Araque
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Biology and Breeding Program, OiI Palm Research Center, Cenipalma, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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A set of Arabidopsis genes involved in the accommodation of the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007747. [PMID: 31299058 PMCID: PMC6625732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular accommodation structures formed by plant cells to host arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and biotrophic hyphal pathogens are cytologically similar. Therefore we investigated whether these interactions build on an overlapping genetic framework. In legumes, the malectin-like domain leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase SYMRK, the cation channel POLLUX and members of the nuclear pore NUP107-160 subcomplex are essential for symbiotic signal transduction and arbuscular mycorrhiza development. We identified members of these three groups in Arabidopsis thaliana and explored their impact on the interaction with the oomycete downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). We report that mutations in the corresponding genes reduced the reproductive success of Hpa as determined by sporangiophore and spore counts. We discovered that a developmental transition of haustorial shape occurred significantly earlier and at higher frequency in the mutants. Analysis of the multiplication of extracellular bacterial pathogens, Hpa-induced cell death or callose accumulation, as well as Hpa- or flg22-induced defence marker gene expression, did not reveal any traces of constitutive or exacerbated defence responses. These findings point towards an overlap between the plant genetic toolboxes involved in the interaction with biotrophic intracellular hyphal symbionts and pathogens in terms of the gene families involved. Our work reveals genetic commonalities between biotrophic intracellular interactions with symbiotic and pathogenic hyphal microbes. The majority of land plants engages in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with phosphate-acquiring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to avoid phosphate starvation. Nutrient exchange in this interaction occurs via arbuscules, tree-shaped fungal structures, hosted within plant root cells. A series of plant genes including the Symbiosis Receptor-like kinase (SYMRK), members of the NUP107-160 subcomplex and nuclear envelope localised cation channels are required for a signalling process leading to the development of AM. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana lost the ability to form AM. Although the ortholog of SYMRK was deleted during evolution, members of the malectin-like domain leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (MLD-LRR-RK) gene family, components of the NUP107-160 subcomplex, and an ortholog of the nuclear envelope-localized cation channel POLLUX, are still present in the Arabidopsis genome, and Arabidopsis leaf cells retained the ability to accommodate haustoria, presumed feeding structures of the obligate biotrophic downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. We discovered that both of these plant-microbe interactions utilize a corresponding set of genes including the ortholog of POLLUX, members of the NUP107-160 subcomplex and members of the MLD-LRR-RK gene family, thus revealing similarities in the plant program for the intracellular accommodation of biotrophic organisms in symbiosis and disease.
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Santos Teixeira JA, Ten Tusscher KH. The Systems Biology of Lateral Root Formation: Connecting the Dots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:784-803. [PMID: 30953788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The root system is a major determinant of a plant's access to water and nutrients. The architecture of the root system to a large extent depends on the repeated formation of new lateral roots. In this review, we discuss lateral root development from a systems biology perspective. We focus on studies combining experiments with computational modeling that have advanced our understanding of how the auxin-centered regulatory modules involved in different stages of lateral root development exert their specific functions. Moreover, we discuss how these regulatory networks may enable robust transitions from one developmental stage to the next, a subject that thus far has received limited attention. In addition, we analyze how environmental factors impinge on these modules, and the different manners in which these environmental signals are being integrated to enable coordinated developmental decision making. Finally, we provide some suggestions for extending current models of lateral root development to incorporate multiple processes and stages. Only through more comprehensive models we can fully elucidate the cooperative effects of multiple processes on later root formation, and how one stage drives the transition to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Santos Teixeira
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K H Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Zhang K, Wang X, Zhu W, Qin X, Xu J, Cheng C, Lou Q, Li J, Chen J. Complete resistance to powdery mildew and partial resistance to downy mildew in a Cucumis hystrix introgression line of cucumber were controlled by a co-localized locus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2229-2243. [PMID: 30078164 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Key message A single recessive gene for complete resistance to powdery mildew and a major-effect QTL for partial resistance to downy mildew were co-localized in a Cucumis hystrix introgression line of cucumber. Downy mildew (DM) and powdery mildew (PM) are two major foliar diseases in cucumber. DM resistance (DMR) and PM resistance (PMR) may share common components; however, the genetic relationship between them remains unclear. IL52, a Cucumis hystrix introgression line of cucumber which has been reported to possess DMR, was recently identified to exhibit PMR as well. In this study, a single recessive gene pm for PMR was mapped to an approximately 468-kb region on chromosome 5 with 155 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and 193 F2 plants derived from the cross between a susceptible line 'changchunmici' and IL52. Interestingly, pm was co-localized with the major-effect DMR QTL dm5.2 confirmed by combining linkage analysis and BSA-seq, which was consistent with the observed linkage of DMR and PMR in IL52. Further, phenotype-genotype correlation analysis of DMR and PMR in the RILs indicated that the co-localized locus pm/dm5.2 confers complete resistance to PM and partial resistance to DM. Seven candidate genes for DMR were identified within dm5.2 by BSA-seq analysis, of which Csa5M622800.1, Csa5M622830.1 and Csa5M623490.1 were also the same candidate genes for PMR. A single nucleotide polymorphism that is present in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of Csa5M622830.1 co-segregated perfectly with PMR. The GATA transcriptional factor gene Csa5M622830.1 may be a likely candidate gene for DMR and PMR. This study has provided a clear evidence for the relationship between DMR and PMR in IL52 and sheds new light on the potential value of IL52 for cucumber DMR and PMR breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No. 1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Rey T, Bonhomme M, Chatterjee A, Gavrin A, Toulotte J, Yang W, André O, Jacquet C, Schornack S. The Medicago truncatula GRAS protein RAD1 supports arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and Phytophthora palmivora susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5871-5881. [PMID: 29186498 PMCID: PMC5854134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The roots of most land plants are colonized by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. To facilitate this symbiosis, plant genomes encode a set of genes required for microbial perception and accommodation. However, the extent to which infection by filamentous root pathogens also relies on some of these genes remains an open question. Here, we used genome-wide association mapping to identify genes contributing to colonization of Medicago truncatula roots by the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora palmivora. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers most significantly associated with plant colonization response were identified upstream of RAD1, which encodes a GRAS transcription regulator first negatively implicated in root nodule symbiosis and recently identified as a positive regulator of AM symbiosis. RAD1 transcript levels are up-regulated both in response to AM fungus and, to a lower extent, in infected tissues by P. palmivora where its expression is restricted to root cortex cells proximal to pathogen hyphae. Reverse genetics showed that reduction of RAD1 transcript levels as well as a rad1 mutant are impaired in their full colonization by AM fungi as well as by P. palmivora. Thus, the importance of RAD1 extends beyond symbiotic interactions, suggesting a general involvement in M. truncatula microbe-induced root development and interactions with unrelated beneficial and detrimental filamentous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | | | | | | | - Weibing Yang
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Olivier André
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
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15
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Tonelli ML, Magallanes-Noguera C, Fabra A. Symbiotic performance and induction of systemic resistance against Cercospora sojina in soybean plants co-inoculated with Bacillus sp. CHEP5 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:1283-1291. [PMID: 28643122 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is an economically very important crop throughout the word and particularly in Argentina. Soybean yield may be affected by many factors such as the lack of some essential nutrients or pathogens attack. In this work we demonstrated that the co-inoculation of the native biocontrol bacterium Bacillus sp. CHEP5 which induces resistance against Cercospora sojina in soybean and the nitrogen fixing strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, was more effective in reducing frog leaf spot severity than the inoculation of the biocontrol agent alone. Probably, this is related with the increase in the ability to form biofilm when both bacteria are growing together. Furthermore, Bacillus sp. CHEP5 inoculation did not affect Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 symbiotic behavior and flavonoids composition of root exudates in pathogen challenged plants. These results suggest that co-inoculation of plants with rhizobia and biocontrol agents could be a strategy to improve soybean production in a sustainable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal 3, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - C Magallanes-Noguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal 3, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal 3, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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16
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Kroll S, Agler MT, Kemen E. Genomic dissection of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions for advanced plant breeding. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 36:71-78. [PMID: 28235716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture faces many emerging challenges to sustainability, including limited nutrient resources, losses from diseases caused by current and emerging pathogens and environmental degradation. Microorganisms have great importance for plant growth and performance, including the potential to increase yields, nutrient uptake and pathogen resistance. An urgent need is therefore to understand and engineer plants and their associated microbial communities. Recent massive genomic sequencing of host plants and associated microbes offers resources to identify novel mechanisms of communal assembly mediated by the host. For example, host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions are involved in niche formation, thereby contributing to colonization. By leveraging genomic resources, genetic traits underlying those mechanisms will become important resources to design plants selecting and hosting beneficial microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kroll
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew T Agler
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Heck C, Kuhn H, Heidt S, Walter S, Rieger N, Requena N. Symbiotic Fungi Control Plant Root Cortex Development through the Novel GRAS Transcription Factor MIG1. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2770-2778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Li N, Alfiky A, Vaughan MM, Kang S. Stop and smell the fungi: Fungal volatile metabolites are overlooked signals involved in fungal interaction with plants. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Foo E, Blake SN, Fisher BJ, Smith JA, Reid JB. The role of strigolactones during plant interactions with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTA 2016; 243:1387-96. [PMID: 26725046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Strigolactones (SLs) do not influence spore germination or hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Mutant studies revealed no role for SLs but a role for ethylene signalling in defence against this pathogen in pea. Strigolactones (SLs) play important roles both inside the plant as a hormone and outside the plant as a rhizosphere signal in interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic weeds. What is less well understood is any potential role SLs may play in interactions with disease causing microbes such as pathogenic fungi. In this paper we investigate the influence of SLs on the hemibiotrophic pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi both directly via their effects on fungal growth and inside the plant through the use of a mutant deficient in SL. Given that various stereoisomers of synthetic and naturally occuring SLs can display different biological activities, we used (+)-GR24, (-)-GR24 and the naturally occurring SL, (+)-strigol, as well as a racemic mixture of 5-deoxystrigol. As a positive control, we examined the influence of a plant mutant with altered ethylene signalling, ein2, on disease development. We found no evidence that SLs influence spore germination or hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum and that, while ethylene signalling influences pea susceptibility to this pathogen, SLs do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Foo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Sara N Blake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Brendan J Fisher
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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20
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Scheler B, Schnepf V, Galgenmüller C, Ranf S, Hückelhoven R. Barley disease susceptibility factor RACB acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3263-75. [PMID: 27056842 PMCID: PMC4892720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RHO GTPases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. In plants, RHO-like RAC/ROP GTPases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) RAC/ROP protein RACB is required for full susceptibility to penetration by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. Disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. Here we show that RACB does not interfere with early microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses such as the oxidative burst or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. RACB also supports rather than restricts expression of defence-related genes in barley. Instead, silencing of RACB expression by RNAi leads to defects in cell polarity. In particular, initiation and maintenance of root hair growth and development of stomatal subsidiary cells by asymmetric cell division is affected by silencing expression of RACB. Nucleus migration is a common factor of developmental cell polarity and cell-autonomous interaction with Bgh RACB is required for positioning of the nucleus near the site of attack from Bgh We therefore suggest that Bgh profits from RACB's function in cell polarity rather than from immunity-regulating functions of RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Scheler
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vera Schnepf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Carolina Galgenmüller
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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21
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Minamisawa K, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Bao Z, Shinoda R, Okubo T, Ikeda S. Are Symbiotic Methanotrophs Key Microbes for N Acquisition in Paddy Rice Root? Microbes Environ 2016; 31:4-10. [PMID: 26960961 PMCID: PMC4791114 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationships between biogeochemical processes and microbial functions in rice (Oryza sativa) paddies have been the focus of a large number of studies. A mechanistic understanding of methane–nitrogen (CH4–N) cycle interactions is a key unresolved issue in research on rice paddies. This minireview is an opinion paper for highlighting the mechanisms underlying the interactions between biogeochemical processes and plant-associated microbes based on recent metagenomic, metaproteomic, and isotope analyses. A rice symbiotic gene, relevant to rhizobial nodulation and mycorrhization in plants, likely accommodates diazotrophic methanotrophs or the associated bacterial community in root tissues under low-N fertilizer management, which may permit rice plants to acquire N via N2 fixation. The amount of N fixed in rice roots was previously estimated to be approximately 12% of plant N based on measurements of 15N natural abundance in a paddy field experiment. Community analyses also indicate that methanotroph populations in rice roots are susceptible to environmental conditions such as the microclimate of rice paddies. Therefore, CH4 oxidation by methanotrophs is a driving force in shaping bacterial communities in rice roots grown in CH4-rich environments. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothesis with unanswered questions to describe the interplay between rice plants, root microbiomes, and their biogeochemical functions (CH4 oxidation and N2 fixation).
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22
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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23
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Rey T, Laporte P, Bonhomme M, Jardinaud MF, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Dumas B, Niebel A, Jacquet C. MtNF-YA1, A Central Transcriptional Regulator of Symbiotic Nodule Development, Is Also a Determinant of Medicago truncatula Susceptibility toward a Root Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1837. [PMID: 27994614 PMCID: PMC5137509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant NF-Y transcription factors control a wide array of biological functions enabling appropriate reproductive and developmental processes as well as adaptation to various abiotic and biotic environments. In Medicago truncatula, MtNF-YA1 was previously identified as a key determinant for nodule development and establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. Here, we highlight a new role for this protein in compatibility to Aphanomyces euteiches, a root pathogenic oomycete. The Mtnf-ya1-1 mutant plants showed better survival rate, reduced symptoms, and increased development of their root apparatus as compared to their wild-type (WT) background A17. MtNF-YA-1 was specifically up-regulated by A. euteiches in F83005.5, a highly susceptible natural accession of M. truncatula while transcript level remained stable in A17, which is partially resistant. The role of MtNF-YA1 in F83005.5 susceptibility was further documented by reducing MtNF-YA1 expression either by overexpression of the miR169q, a microRNA targeting MtNF-YA1, or by RNAi approaches leading to a strong enhancement in the resistance of this susceptible line. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome of WT and Mtnf-ya1-1 led to the identification of 1509 differentially expressed genes. Among those, almost 36 defense-related genes were constitutively expressed in Mtnf-ya1-1, while 20 genes linked to hormonal pathways were repressed. In summary, we revealed an unexpected dual role for this symbiotic transcription factor as a key player in the compatibility mechanisms to a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Thomas Rey,
| | - Philippe Laporte
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform – Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Évry Val-d’Essonne, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform – Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Évry Val-d’Essonne, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Andreas Niebel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
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Bitas V, McCartney N, Li N, Demers J, Kim JE, Kim HS, Brown KM, Kang S. Fusarium Oxysporum Volatiles Enhance Plant Growth Via Affecting Auxin Transport and Signaling. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1248. [PMID: 26617587 PMCID: PMC4639627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have well-documented roles in plant-plant communication and directing animal behavior. In this study, we examine the less understood roles of VOCs in plant-fungal relationships. Phylogenetically and ecologically diverse strains of Fusarium oxysporum, a fungal species complex that often resides in the rhizosphere of assorted plants, produce volatile compounds that augment shoot and root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco. Growth responses of A. thaliana hormone signaling mutants and expression patterns of a GUS reporter gene under the auxin-responsive DR5 promoter supported the involvement of auxin signaling in F. oxysporum volatile-mediated growth enhancement. In addition, 1-naphthylthalamic acid, an inhibitor of auxin efflux, negated F. oxysporum volatile-mediated growth enhancement in both plants. Comparison of the profiles of volatile compounds produced by F. oxysporum strains that differentially affected plant growth suggests that the relative compositions of both growth inhibitory and stimulatory compounds may determine the degree of plant growth enhancement. Volatile-mediated signaling between fungi and plants may represent a potentially conserved, yet mostly overlooked, mechanism underpinning plant-fungus interactions and fungal niche adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bitas
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Nathaniel McCartney
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Ningxiao Li
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Jill Demers
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Brown
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
- Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
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25
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Camps C, Jardinaud MF, Rengel D, Carrère S, Hervé C, Debellé F, Gamas P, Bensmihen S, Gough C. Combined genetic and transcriptomic analysis reveals three major signalling pathways activated by Myc-LCOs in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:224-240. [PMID: 25919491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myc-LCOs are newly identified symbiotic signals produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Like rhizobial Nod factors, they are lipo-chitooligosaccharides that activate the common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP) in plants. To increase our limited understanding of the roles of Myc-LCOs we aimed to analyse Myc-LCO-induced transcriptional changes and their genetic control. Whole genome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on roots of Medicago truncatula wild-type plants, and dmi3 and nsp1 symbiotic mutants affected in nodulation and mycorrhizal signalling. Plants were treated separately with the two major types of Myc-LCOs, sulphated and nonsulphated. Generalized linear model analysis identified 2201 differentially expressed genes and classified them according to genotype and/or treatment effects. Three genetic pathways for Myc-LCO-regulation of transcriptomic reprogramming were highlighted: DMI3- and NSP1-dependent; DMI3-dependent and NSP1-independent; and DMI3- and NSP1-independent. Comprehensive analysis revealed overlaps with previous AM studies, and highlighted certain functions, especially signalling components and transcription factors. These data provide new insights into mycorrhizal signalling mechanisms, supporting a role for NSP1, and specialisation for NSP1-dependent and -independent pathways downstream of DMI3. Our data also indicate significant Myc-LCO-activated signalling upstream of DMI3 and/or parallel to the CSSP and some constitutive activity of the CSSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Camps
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, Auzeville-Tolosane, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Rengel
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christine Hervé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pascal Gamas
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Bensmihen
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clare Gough
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Smith DL, Subramanian S, Lamont JR, Bywater-Ekegärd M. Signaling in the phytomicrobiome: breadth and potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:709. [PMID: 26442023 PMCID: PMC4563166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have evolved intimate, complex, subtle, and relatively constant relationships with a suite of microbes, the phytomicrobiome. Over the last few decades we have learned that plants and microbes can use molecular signals to communicate. This is well-established for the legume-rhizobia nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and reasonably elucidated for mycorrhizal associations. Bacteria within the phytomircobiome communicate among themselves through quorum sensing and other mechanisms. Plants also detect materials produced by potential pathogens and activate pathogen-response systems. This intercommunication dictates aspects of plant development, architecture, and productivity. Understanding this signaling via biochemical, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic studies has added valuable knowledge regarding development of effective, low-cost, eco-friendly crop inputs that reduce fossil fuel intense inputs. This knowledge underpins phytomicrobiome engineering: manipulating the beneficial consortia that manufacture signals/products that improve the ability of the plant-phytomicrobiome community to deal with various soil and climatic conditions, leading to enhanced overall crop plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Smith
- Plant Science Department, McGill University/Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QCCanada
| | | | - John R. Lamont
- Plant Science Department, McGill University/Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QCCanada
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De Coninck B, Timmermans P, Vos C, Cammue BPA, Kazan K. What lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:91-101. [PMID: 25307784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens result worldwide in significant yield losses in economically important crops. In contrast to foliar diseases, relatively little is known about the nature of root defenses against these pathogens. This review summarizes the current knowledge on root infection strategies, root-specific preformed barriers, pathogen recognition, and defense signaling. Studies reviewed here suggest that many commonalities as well as differences exist in defense strategies employed by roots and foliar tissues during pathogen attack. Importantly, in addition to pathogens, plant roots interact with a plethora of non-pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Therefore, a good understanding of how plant roots interact with the microbiome would be particularly important to engineer resistance to root pathogens without negatively altering root-beneficial microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Timmermans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christine Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture Flagship, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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Laffont C, Rey T, André O, Novero M, Kazmierczak T, Debellé F, Bonfante P, Jacquet C, Frugier F. The CRE1 cytokinin pathway is differentially recruited depending on Medicago truncatula root environments and negatively regulates resistance to a pathogen. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116819. [PMID: 25562779 PMCID: PMC4285552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are phytohormones that regulate many developmental and environmental responses. The Medicago truncatula cytokinin receptor MtCRE1 (Cytokinin Response 1) is required for the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. As several cytokinin signaling genes are modulated in roots depending on different biotic and abiotic conditions, we assessed potential involvement of this pathway in various root environmental responses. Phenotyping of cre1 mutant roots infected by the Gigaspora margarita arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiotic fungus, the Aphanomyces euteiches root oomycete, or subjected to an abiotic stress (salt), were carried out. Detailed histological analysis and quantification of cre1 mycorrhized roots did not reveal any detrimental phenotype, suggesting that MtCRE1 does not belong to the ancestral common symbiotic pathway shared by rhizobial and AM symbioses. cre1 mutants formed an increased number of emerged lateral roots compared to wild-type plants, a phenotype which was also observed under non-stressed conditions. In response to A. euteiches, cre1 mutants showed reduced disease symptoms and an increased plant survival rate, correlated to an enhanced formation of lateral roots, a feature previously linked to Aphanomyces resistance. Overall, we showed that the cytokinin CRE1 pathway is not only required for symbiotic nodule organogenesis but also affects both root development and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thomas Rey
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Olivier André
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mara Novero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Théophile Kazmierczak
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Debellé
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP42617, Auzeville, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal (ISV), avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Banhara A, Ding Y, Kühner R, Zuccaro A, Parniske M. Colonization of root cells and plant growth promotion by Piriformospora indica occurs independently of plant common symbiosis genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:667. [PMID: 26441999 PMCID: PMC4585188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) form symbiosis with and deliver nutrients via the roots of most angiosperms. AM fungal hyphae are taken up by living root epidermal cells, a program which relies on a set of plant common symbiosis genes (CSGs). Plant root epidermal cells are also infected by the plant growth-promoting fungus Piriformospora indica (Basidiomycota), raising the question whether this interaction relies on the AM-related CSGs. Here we show that intracellular colonization of root cells and intracellular sporulation by P. indica occurred in CSG mutants of the legume Lotus japonicus and in Arabidopsis thaliana, which belongs to the Brassicaceae, a family that has lost the ability to form AM as well as a core set of CSGs. A. thaliana mutants of homologs of CSGs (HCSGs) interacted with P. indica similar to the wild-type. Moreover, increased biomass of A. thaliana evoked by P. indica was unaltered in HCSG mutants. We conclude that colonization and growth promotion by P. indica are independent of the CSGs and that AM fungi and P. indica exploit different host pathways for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Banhara
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of MunichMartinsried, Germany
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburg, Germany
| | - Regina Kühner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of MunichMartinsried, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Botanical Institute, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of MunichMartinsried, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martin Parniske, Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Strasse 4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Giovannetti M, Mari A, Novero M, Bonfante P. Early Lotus japonicus root transcriptomic responses to symbiotic and pathogenic fungal exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:480. [PMID: 26175746 PMCID: PMC4483521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate Lotus japonicus transcriptomic responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) germinated spore exudates (GSEs), responsible for activating nuclear Ca(2+) spiking in plant root epidermis. A microarray experiment was performed comparing gene expression in Lotus rootlets treated with GSE or water after 24 and 48 h. The transcriptional pattern of selected genes that resulted to be regulated in the array was further evaluated upon different treatments and timings. In particular, Lotus rootlets were treated with: GSE from the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum trifolii; short chitin oligomers (COs; acknowledged AM fungal signals) and long COs (as activators of pathogenic responses). This experimental set up has revealed that AM GSE generates a strong transcriptomic response in Lotus roots with an extensive defense-related response after 24 h and a subsequent down-regulation after 48 h. A similar subset of defense-related genes resulted to be up-regulated also upon treatment with C. trifolii GSE, although with an opposite trend. Surprisingly, long COs activated both defense-like and symbiosis-related genes. Among the genes regulated in the microarray, promoter-GUS assay showed that LjMATE1 activates in epidermal cells and root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Alfredo Mari
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna di Studi Universitari e PerfezionamentoPisa, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di TorinoTorino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Bonfante, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy,
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Farrar K, Bryant D, Cope-Selby N. Understanding and engineering beneficial plant-microbe interactions: plant growth promotion in energy crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1193-206. [PMID: 25431199 PMCID: PMC4265282 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant production systems globally must be optimized to produce stable high yields from limited land under changing and variable climates. Demands for food, animal feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biorefining applications, are increasing with population growth, urbanization and affluence. Low-input, sustainable, alternatives to petrochemical-derived fertilizers and pesticides are required to reduce input costs and maintain or increase yields, with potential biological solutions having an important role to play. In contrast to crops that have been bred for food, many bioenergy crops are largely undomesticated, and so there is an opportunity to harness beneficial plant-microbe relationships which may have been inadvertently lost through intensive crop breeding. Plant-microbe interactions span a wide range of relationships in which one or both of the organisms may have a beneficial, neutral or negative effect on the other partner. A relatively small number of beneficial plant-microbe interactions are well understood and already exploited; however, others remain understudied and represent an untapped reservoir for optimizing plant production. There may be near-term applications for bacterial strains as microbial biopesticides and biofertilizers to increase biomass yield from energy crops grown on land unsuitable for food production. Longer term aims involve the design of synthetic genetic circuits within and between the host and microbes to optimize plant production. A highly exciting prospect is that endosymbionts comprise a unique resource of reduced complexity microbial genomes with adaptive traits of great interest for a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Farrar
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
- *Correspondence (Tel +0044 (0)1970 823097; fax 0044 (0)1970 828357; email )
| | - David Bryant
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Naomi Cope-Selby
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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