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Mansano BSDM, da Rocha VP, Teixeira ILA, de Oliveira HA, Vieira SS, Antonio EL, Tucci PJF, Serra AJ. Light-emitting Diode Can Enhance the Metabolism and Paracrine Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1420-1428. [PMID: 36807286 DOI: 10.1111/php.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of red light-emitting diodes (LED, 630 nm) on different irradiation parameters and the number of applications on mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AdMSCs) metabolism and paracrine factors. The AdMSCs were irradiated with a LEDbox device (output power: 2452.5 mW; laser beam: 163.5 cm2 ; irradiance: 15 mW cm-2 ) using radiant exposures of 0.5, 2, and 4 J cm-2 , respectively. AdMSCs were irradiated once or every 48 h up to three irradiations. All molecular analyses were performed 24 h after the last irradiation. LED did not induce changes in cell count, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. A significant repercussion of the LED has been noticed after three irradiations with 4 J cm-2 . AdMSCs had higher levels of IL-6, IGF-1, and NOx index. A higher ATP content and MMT/Resazurin assay were identified in AdMSCs irradiated three times with 4 J cm-2 . Mitochondrial basal respiration, maximal respiration and proton leak under metabolic stress were reduced by 0.5 and 2 J cm-2 irradiations. These data showed that three LED irradiations with 4 J cm-2 may be a suitable parameter for future AdMSCs therapy because of its improved metabolic activity, ATP content, and IL-6, IGF-1, and nitric oxide secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitor Pocani da Rocha
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stella Souza Vieira
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Base Hospital Foundation, Medicine School of São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ednei Luiz Antonio
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Moon SH, Cho YW, Shim HE, Choi JH, Jung CH, Hwang IT, Kang SW. Electrically stimulable indium tin oxide plate for long-term in vitro cardiomyocyte culture. Biomater Res 2020; 24:10. [PMID: 32514370 PMCID: PMC7251917 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-020-00189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated whether electrical stimulation via indium tin oxide (ITO) could enhance the in vitro culture of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), which are important in vitro models for studying the mechanisms underlying many aspects of cardiology. Methods Cardiomyocytes were obtained from 1-day-old neonatal rat heart ventricles. To evaluate function of NRVMs cultured on ITO with electrical stimulation, the cell viability, change of cell morphology, immunochemistry using cardiac-specific antibodies, and gene expression were tested. Results Defined sarcomeric structure, cell enlargement, and increased distribution of NRVMs appeared in the presence of electrical stimulation. These characteristics were absent in NRVMs cultured under standard culture conditions. In addition, the expression levels of cardiomyocyte-specific and ion channel markers were higher in NRVMs seeded on ITO-coated dishes than in the control group at 14 days after seeding. ITO-coated dishes could effectively provide electrical cues to support the in vitro culture of NRVMs. Conclusions These results provide supporting evidence that electrical stimulation via ITO can be effectively used to maintain culture and enhance function of cardiomyocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Woo Cho
- Drug Safety and Toxicity Evaluation Team, New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Shim
- Research Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Jung
- Research Division for Industry and Environment, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - In-Tae Hwang
- Research Division for Industry and Environment, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Research Group for Biomimetic Advanced Technology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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3
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Maxwell JT, Trac D, Shen M, Brown ME, Davis ME, Chao MS, Supapannachart KJ, Zaladonis CA, Baker E, Li ML, Zhao J, Jacobs DI. Electrical Stimulation of pediatric cardiac-derived c-kit + progenitor cells improves retention and cardiac function in right ventricular heart failure. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1528-1541. [PMID: 31574184 PMCID: PMC6916193 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 1 in every 120 children born has a congenital heart defect. Although surgical therapy has improved survival, many of these children go on to develop right ventricular heart failure (RVHF). The emergence of cardiovascular regenerative medicine as a potential therapeutic strategy for pediatric HF has provided new avenues for treatment with a focus on repairing or regenerating the diseased myocardium to restore cardiac function. Although primarily tried using adult cells and adult disease models, stem cell therapy is relatively untested in the pediatric population. Here, we investigate the ability of electrical stimulation (ES) to enhance the retention and therapeutic function of pediatric cardiac-derived c-kit+ progenitor cells (CPCs) in an animal model of RVHF. Human CPCs isolated from pediatric patients were exposed to chronic ES and implanted into the RV myocardium of rats. Cardiac function and cellular retention analysis showed electrically stimulated CPCs (ES-CPCs) were retained in the heart at a significantly higher level and longer time than control CPCs and also significantly improved right ventricular functional parameters. ES also induced upregulation of extracellular matrix and adhesion genes and increased in vitro survival and adhesion of cells. Specifically, upregulation of β1 and β5 integrins contributed to the increased retention of ES-CPCs. Lastly, we show that ES induces CPCs to release higher levels of pro-reparative factors in vitro. These findings suggest that ES can be used to increase the retention, survival, and therapeutic effect of human c-kit+ progenitor cells and can have implications on a variety of cell-based therapies. Stem Cells 2019;37:1528-1541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Maxwell
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) CenterChildren's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - David Trac
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ming Shen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) CenterChildren's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Milton E. Brown
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) CenterChildren's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Myra S. Chao
- Emory University College of Arts and SciencesAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | | | - Emily Baker
- Emory University College of Arts and SciencesAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Martin L. Li
- Emory University College of Arts and SciencesAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jennifer Zhao
- Cornell University College of Arts and SciencesIthacaNew YorkUSA
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4
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Bioinformatic Analysis of Transcriptomic Data Reveals Novel Key Genes Regulating Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1705629. [PMID: 31467558 PMCID: PMC6701308 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1705629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive cell source for treating many human diseases including osteoporosis. However, the molecular mechanisms accounting for ASC osteogenesis are poorly known. In this study, ASCs were first isolated from the fat tissues from the patients with osteoporosis. The global transcriptome profile between osteogenic differentiated ASCs and undifferentiated ASCs was compared using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Then, bioinformatic analysis was performed to reveal the central genes and pathways that regulated the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. One of the interested genes C5AR1 was chosen for further investigation. A total of 1521 upregulated and 3020 downregulated genes were identified between the ASCs with osteogenic induction and controls. Functional gene ontology analysis revealed that these significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with cell cycle, protein binding, and nucleotide binding. Pathway analysis showed that many canonical pathways, such as the MAPK signaling pathway and the PI3K-AKT pathway, might actively be involved in regulating osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. A total of three subnetworks and 20 central nodes were identified by the protein-protein interaction analysis. In addition, the expression level of C5AR1 was significantly increased during osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. The downregulation of C5AR1 dramatically reduced the expression levels of osteogenic differentiation biomarkers and calcium nodule formation capacity. Collectively, we have provided a number of novel genes and pathways that might be indispensable for ASC osteogenic differentiation. Manipulating the levels of this candidate gene might contribute to the osteoporosis therapy.
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5
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Chu X, Xu B, Gao H, Li BY, Liu Y, Reiter JL, Wang Y. Lipopolysaccharides Improve Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Cardioprotection by MyD88 and stat3 Signaling in a Mouse Model of Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:620-631. [PMID: 30808255 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improve cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury, in part, due to the release of cytoprotective paracrine factors. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in MSCs and regulates the expression of cytoprotective factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of TLR4 activates two distinct signaling pathways that are either MyD88 dependent or MyD88 independent/TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) dependent. While it was reported previously that LPS treatment improved MSC-mediated cardioprotection, the mechanism underlying such improved effect remains unknown. To study the role of MyD88 signaling in MSC cardioprotective activity, wild type (WT) and MyD88-/- MSCs were treated with LPS (200 ng/mL) for 24 h. WT and MyD88-/- MSCs with or without LPS pretreatment were infused into the coronary circulation of isolated mouse hearts (Langendorff model) and then subjected to ischemia (25 min) and reperfusion (50 min). Saline served as a negative control. Both untreated and LPS-pretreated WT MSCs significantly improved postischemic recovery of myocardial function of isolated mouse hearts, as evidenced by improved left ventricular developed pressure and ventricular contractility assessment (ie, the rate of left ventricle pressure change over time, ± dp/dt). LPS-pretreated WT MSCs conferred better cardiac function recovery than untreated MSCs; however, such effect of LPS was abolished when using MyD88-/- MSCs. In addition, LPS stimulated stat3 activity in WT MSCs, but not MyD88-/- MSCs. stat3 small interfering RNA abolished the effect of LPS in improving the cardioprotection of WT MSCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that LPS improves MSC-mediated cardioprotection by MyD88-dependent activation of stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Chu
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bing Xu
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Centers for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jill L Reiter
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Centers for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yue Wang
- 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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6
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Sommese L, Zullo A, Schiano C, Mancini FP, Napoli C. Possible Muscle Repair in the Human Cardiovascular System. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:170-191. [PMID: 28058671 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative potential of tissues and organs could promote survival, extended lifespan and healthy life in multicellular organisms. Niches of adult stemness are widely distributed and lead to the anatomical and functional regeneration of the damaged organ. Conversely, muscular regeneration in mammals, and humans in particular, is very limited and not a single piece of muscle can fully regrow after a severe injury. Therefore, muscle repair after myocardial infarction is still a chimera. Recently, it has been recognized that epigenetics could play a role in tissue regrowth since it guarantees the maintenance of cellular identity in differentiated cells and, therefore, the stability of organs and tissues. The removal of these locks can shift a specific cell identity back to the stem-like one. Given the gradual loss of tissue renewal potential in the course of evolution, in the last few years many different attempts to retrieve such potential by means of cell therapy approaches have been performed in experimental models. Here we review pathways and mechanisms involved in the in vivo repair of cardiovascular muscle tissues in humans. Moreover, we address the ongoing research on mammalian cardiac muscle repair based on adult stem cell transplantation and pro-regenerative factor delivery. This latter issue, involving genetic manipulations of adult cells, paves the way for developing possible therapeutic strategies in the field of cardiovascular muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, s.c.ar.l, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco P Mancini
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, U.O.C. Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology, Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation SDN, Naples, Italy
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7
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Electrically Induced Calcium Handling in Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8917380. [PMID: 27818693 PMCID: PMC5080514 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8917380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly a century, the heart was viewed as a terminally differentiated organ until the discovery of a resident population of cardiac stem cells known as cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). It has been shown that the regenerative capacity of CPCs can be enhanced by ex vivo modification. Preconditioning CPCs could provide drastic improvements in cardiac structure and function; however, a systematic approach to determining a mechanistic basis for these modifications founded on the physiology of CPCs is lacking. We have identified a novel property of CPCs to respond to electrical stimulation by initiating intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. We used confocal microscopy and intracellular calcium imaging to determine the spatiotemporal properties of the Ca2+ signal and the key proteins involved in this process using pharmacological inhibition and confocal Ca2+ imaging. Our results provide valuable insights into mechanisms to enhance the therapeutic potential in stem cells and further our understanding of human CPC physiology.
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8
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Osteogenic Potential of Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells for Calvaria Bone Regeneration. Adv Med 2016; 2016:2803081. [PMID: 27239552 PMCID: PMC4864565 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2803081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic cells derived from rat multipotent adult progenitor cells (rMAPCs) were investigated for their potential use in bone regeneration. rMAPCs are adult stem cells derived from bone marrow that have a high proliferation capacity and the differentiation potential to multiple lineages. They may also offer immunomodulatory properties favorable for applications for regenerative medicine. rMAPCs were cultivated as single cells or as 3D aggregates in osteogenic media for up to 38 days, and their differentiation to bone lineage was then assessed by immunostaining of osteocalcin and collagen type I and by mineralization assays. The capability of rMAPCs in facilitating bone regeneration was evaluated in vivo by the direct implantation of multipotent adult progenitor cell (MAPC) aggregates in rat calvarial defects. Bone regeneration was examined radiographically, histologically, and histomorphometrically. Results showed that rMAPCs successfully differentiated into osteogenic lineage by demonstrating mineralized extracellular matrix formation in vitro and induced new bone formation by the effect of rMAPC aggregates in vivo. These outcomes confirm that rMAPCs have a good osteogenic potential and provide insights into rMAPCs as a novel adult stem cell source for bone regeneration.
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9
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Bagno LL, Carvalho D, Mesquita F, Louzada RA, Andrade B, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Lago VM, Suhet G, Cipitelli D, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Campos-de-Carvalho AC. Sustained IGF-1 Secretion by Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improves Infarcted Heart Function. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1609-1622. [PMID: 26624235 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x690215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which stem cell-based therapy improves heart function is still unknown, but paracrine mechanisms seem to be involved. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) secrete several factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which may contribute to myocardial regeneration. Our aim was to investigate whether the overexpression of IGF-1 in ADSCs (IGF-1-ADSCs) improves treatment of chronically infarcted rat hearts. ADSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector to induce IGF-1 overexpression. IGF-1-ADSCs transcribe100- to 200-fold more IGF-1 mRNA levels compared to nontransduced ADSCs. IGF-1 transduction did not alter ADSC immunophenotypic characteristics even under hypoxic conditions. However, IGF-1-ADSCs proliferate at higher rates and release greater amounts of growth factors such as IGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Importantly, IGF-1 secreted by IGF-1-ADSCs is functional given that Akt-1 phosphorylation was remarkably induced in neonatal cardiomyocytes cocultured with IGF-1-ADSCs, and this increase was prevented with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor treatment. Next, we tested IGF-1-ADSCs in a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model. MI was performed by coronary ligation, and 4 weeks after MI, animals received intramyocardial injections of either ADSCs (n = 7), IGF-1-ADSCs (n = 7), or vehicle (n = 7) into the infarcted border zone. Left ventricular function was evaluated by echocardiography before and after 6 weeks of treatment, and left ventricular hemodynamics were assessed 7 weeks after cell injection. Notably, IGF-1-ADSCs improved left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac contractility index, but did not reduce scar size when compared to the ADSC-treated group. In summary, transplantation of ADSCs transduced with IGF-1 is a superior therapeutic approach to treat MI compared to nontransduced ADSCs, suggesting that gene and cell therapy may bring additional benefits to the treatment of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza L Bagno
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Huang L, Ma W, Ma Y, Feng D, Chen H, Cai B. Exosomes in mesenchymal stem cells, a new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases? Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:238-45. [PMID: 25632267 PMCID: PMC4308409 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still a major cause of people deaths worldwide, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation holds great promise due to its capacity to differentiate into cardiovascular cells and secrete protective cytokines, which presents an important mechanism of MSCs therapy for CVDs. Although the capability of MSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMCs), endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has been well recognized in massive previous experiments both in vitro and in vivo, low survival rate of transplanted MSCs in recipient hearts suggests that therapeutic effects of MSCs transplantation might be also correlated with other underlying mechanisms. Notably, recent studies uncovered that MSCs were able to secret cholesterol-rich, phospholipid exosomes which were enriched with microRNAs (miRNAs). The released exosomes from MSCs acted on hearts and vessels, and then exerted anti-apoptosis, cardiac regeneration, anti-cardiac remodeling, anti-inflammatory effects, neovascularization and anti-vascular remodeling, which are considered as novel molecular mechanisms of therapeutic potential of MSCs transplantation. Here we summarized recent advances about the role of exosomes in MSCs therapy for CVDs, and discussed exosomes as a novel approach in the treatment of CVDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenya Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yidi Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin 150081, China
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11
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Treuer AV, Gonzalez DR. Nitric oxide synthases, S-nitrosylation and cardiovascular health: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (review). Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1555-65. [PMID: 25405382 PMCID: PMC4270315 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of nitric oxide (NO) signaling has grown substantially since the identification of endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF). NO has emerged as a ubiquitous signaling molecule involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Perhaps the most significant function, independent of EDRF, is that of NO signaling mediated locally in signaling modules rather than relying upon diffusion. In this context, NO modulates protein function via direct post-translational modification of cysteine residues. This review explores NO signaling and related reactive nitrogen species involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. A critical concept in the understanding of NO signaling is that of the nitroso-redox balance. Reactive nitrogen species bioactivity is fundamentally linked to the production of reactive oxygen species. This interaction occurs at the chemical, enzymatic and signaling effector levels. Furthermore, the nitroso-redox equilibrium is in a delicate balance, involving the cross-talk between NO and oxygen-derived species signaling systems, including NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana V Treuer
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry of Natural Resources, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Daniel R Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Basic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
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12
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Da Silva JS, Hare JM. Cell-based therapies for myocardial repair: emerging role for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of the chronically injured heart. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1037:145-63. [PMID: 24029934 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data support the use of bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs in animal models (e.g., swine) to restore cardiac function and tissue perfusion in chronic cardiac injury. Based on results obtained in swine, we are currently conducting phase I/II clinical trials to address the safety, cell type, cell dose, delivery technique, and efficacy of MSCs in patients with chronic heart failure. MSCs for these trials are isolated from harvested BM and then processed and expanded for intracardiac injection. The BM-MSCs in use for the clinical trials are of clinical grade having been processed successfully in an FDA-approved cGMP facility.
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13
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Pavo N, Charwat S, Nyolczas N, Jakab A, Murlasits Z, Bergler-Klein J, Nikfardjam M, Benedek I, Benedek T, Pavo IJ, Gersh BJ, Huber K, Maurer G, Gyöngyösi M. Cell therapy for human ischemic heart diseases: critical review and summary of the clinical experiences. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:12-24. [PMID: 24998410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago, stem or progenitor cells held the promise of tissue regeneration in human myocardium, with the expectation that these therapies could rescue ischemic myocyte damage, enhance vascular density and rebuild injured myocardium. The accumulated evidence in 2014 indicates, however, that the therapeutic success of these cells is modest and the tissue regeneration involves much more complex processes than cell-related biologics. As the quest for the ideal cell or combination of cells continues, alternative cell types, such as resident cardiac cells, adipose-derived or phenotypic modified stem or progenitor cells have also been applied, with the objective of increasing both the number and the retention of the reparative cells in the myocardium. Two main delivery routes (intracoronary and percutaneous intramyocardial) of stem cells are currently used preferably for patients with recent acute myocardial infarction or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Other delivery modes, such as surgical or intravenous via peripheral veins or coronary sinus have also been utilized with less success. Due to the difficult recruitment of patients within conceivable timeframe into cardiac regenerative trials, meta-analyses of human cardiac cell-based studies have tried to gather sufficient number of subjects to present a statistical compelling statement, reporting modest success with a mean increase of 0.9-6.1% in left ventricular global ejection fraction. Additionally, nearly half of the long-term studies reported the disappearance of the initial benefit of this treatment. Beside further extensive efforts to increase the efficacy of currently available methods, pre-clinical experiments using new techniques such as tissue engineering or exploiting paracrine effect hold promise to regenerate injured human cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Pavo
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Charwat
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Noemi Nyolczas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - András Jakab
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory and Imaging Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Murlasits
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, The University of Memphis, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Imre Benedek
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Teodora Benedek
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Imre J Pavo
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kurt Huber
- 3(rd) Dept. Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminen hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Maurer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Yin N, Lu R, Lin J, Zhi S, Tian J, Zhu J. Islet-1 promotes the cardiac-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through the regulation of histone acetylation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1075-82. [PMID: 24604334 PMCID: PMC4020474 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Islet-1 on the process of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into cardiomyocyte-like cells and to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. Lentiviral vectors expressing Islet-1 (Lenti-Islet-1) were constructed and used for C3H10T1/2 cell transfection. Cell morphology was observed. Cardiac-related genes and proteins were detected by qPCR and western blot analysis. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was used as an inhibitor of acetylated histone H3 (AcH3). AcH3 was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Cells overexpressing Islet-1 tended to change into fibroblast-like cells and were arranged in the same direction. The enhanced expression of GATA binding protein 4 (Gata4), NK2 homeobox 5 (Nkx2.5), myocyte enhancer factor 2C (Mef2c) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was observed in the cells overexpressing Islet-1 following transfection with Lenti-Islet-1. However, the expression of hepatocyte-, bone- and neuronal-specific markers was not affected by Islet-1. The AcH3 relative amount increased following transfection with Lenti-Islet-1, which was associated with the enhanced expression of Gata4, Nkx2.5 and Mef2c in these cells. The expression of Gata4, Nkx2.5 and Mef2c in the C3H10T1/2 cells transfected with Lenti-Islet-1 and treated with EGCG was reduced following treatment with EGCG. The data presented in this study indicate that Islet-1 specifically induces the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells, and one of the mechanisms involved is the regulation of histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijing Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Rong Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Shenshen Zhi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tian
- Cardiovascular Department (Internal Medicine), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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15
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In vitro mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells in the presence and absence of 3D microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Translation of Pro-Angiogenic and Anti-Angiogenic Therapies into Clinical Use. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL SIGNALING IN ANGIOGENESIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30856-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Phase II trial: undifferentiated versus differentiated autologous mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in Egyptian patients with HCV induced liver cirrhosis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:972-81. [PMID: 21989829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study was aimed to evaluate the effect of autologous transplantation of BM-derived undifferentiated and differentiated MSCs in cirrhotic patients following chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Twenty-five patients with Child C liver cirrhosis, MELD score >12 were included. They were divided into 2 groups. Group I, the MSCs group (n=15), this group was subdivided into two subgroups: Ia & Ib (undifferentiated and differentiated respectively). Group II (control group; n=10) involved patients with cirrhotic liver under conventional supportive treatment. Ninety ml BM was aspirated from the iliac bone for separation of MSCs. Surface expression of CD271, CD29 and CD34 were analyzed using flowcytometry. Hepatogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemical expression of OV6, AFP and albumin. Finally approximately 1 million MSCs/Kg were suspended in saline and were placed in blood bag and injected slowly intravenously over 15 min at a rate of 5 drops/min in one session. Follow up of patients at 3 and 6 months postinfusion revealed partial improvement of liver function tests with elevation of prothrombin concentration and serum albumin levels, decline of elevated bilirubin and MELD score in MSCs group. Statistical comparisons between the two subgroups (group Ia & Ib) did not merit any significant difference regarding clinical and laboratory findings. IN CONCLUSION Bone marrow MSCs transplantation either undifferentiated or differentiated can be used as a potential treatment for liver cirrhosis.
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18
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Choi SH, Jung SY, Yoo SM, Asahara T, Suh W, Kwon SM, Baek SH. Amine-enriched surface modification facilitates expansion, attachment, and maintenance of human cardiac-derived c-kit positive progenitor cells. Int J Cardiol 2012; 168:100-7. [PMID: 23046590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells have a low expansion rate and are difficult to maintain in vitro. To overcome the problems of cardiovascular regeneration, we developed a novel method of stem cell cultivation in culture vessels with amine and carboxyl coatings. METHODS AND RESULTS We isolated cardiac stem/progenitor cells from infant-derived heart tissue by using c-kit antibody (human cardiac-derived c-kit positive progenitor cells; hCPC(c-kit+)); the cells differentiated into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes. To characterize the effect of surface modification on hCPC(c-kit+) expansion, cellular attachment, c-kit expression maintenance, and cardiomyocyte differentiation, we tested hCPC(c-kit+) cultured on non-coated (control), amine-coated (amine), and carboxyl-coated (carboxyl) vessels. Ex vivo proliferation, c-kit maintenance, and cellular attachment were significantly enhanced in the amine group. The amine coating also increased procollagen type I (pro-COL1) expression and increased phosphorylation signals, such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and cytosolic Src, as well as enhanced ERK/CDK2 signaling. In addition, there was significant downregulation of the stress signal transducer, JNK, in the amine group. However, cardiomyogenesis remained unchanged in the control, amine, and carboxyl groups. CONCLUSIONS Although surface modifications had no effect on early induction cardiomyogenesis, amine-enriched surface modification may increase hCPC(c-kit+) expansion. The amine-enriched surface improved cellular proliferation and attachment during ex vivo hCPC(c-kit+) expansion, possibly by modulating intracellular signal transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Choi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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19
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Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy to promote engraftment of de novo beating cardiac muscle cells in cardiomyopathies could potentially improve clinical outcomes for many patients with congestive heart failure. Clinical trials carried out over the last decade for cardiac regeneration have revealed inadequacy of current approaches in cell therapy. Chief among them is the choice of stem cells to achieve the desired outcomes. Initial enthusiasm of adult bone marrow stems cells for myocyte regeneration has largely been relegated to paracrine-driven, donor cell-independent, endogenous cardiac repair. However, true functional restoration in heart failure is likely to require considerable myocyte replacement. In order to match stem cell application to various clinical scenarios, we review the necessity to preprime stem cells towards cardiac fate before myocardial transplantation and if these differentiated stem cells could confer added advantage over current choice of undifferentiated stem cells. We explore differentiation ability of various stem cells to cardiac progenitors/cardiomyocytes and compare their applicability in providing targeted recovery in light of current clinical challenges of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mehta
- Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Chimenti I, Forte E, Angelini F, Messina E, Giacomello A. Biochemistry and biology: heart-to-heart to investigate cardiac progenitor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2459-69. [PMID: 22921810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving field, with promising future developments for effective personalized treatments. Several stem/progenitor cells are candidates for cardiac cell therapy, and emerging evidence suggests how multiple metabolic and biochemical pathways strictly regulate their fate and renewal. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we will explore a selection of areas of common interest for biology and biochemistry concerning stem/progenitor cells, and in particular cardiac progenitor cells. Numerous regulatory mechanisms have been identified that link stem cell signaling and functions to the modulation of metabolic pathways, and vice versa. Pharmacological treatments and culture requirements may be exploited to modulate stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal, possibly boosting their regenerative potential for cell therapy. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mitochondria and their many related metabolites and messengers, such as oxygen, ROS, calcium and glucose, have a crucial role in regulating stem cell fate and the balance of their functions, together with many metabolic enzymes. Furthermore, protein biochemistry and proteomics can provide precious clues on the definition of different progenitor cell populations, their physiology and their autocrine/paracrine regulatory/signaling networks. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Interdisciplinary approaches between biology and biochemistry can provide productive insights on stem/progenitor cells, allowing the development of novel strategies and protocols for effective cardiac cell therapy clinical translation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Italy
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21
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Das UN. Essential fatty acids and their metabolites as modulators of stem cell biology with reference to inflammation, cancer, and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 30:311-24. [PMID: 22005953 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are pluripotent and expected to be of benefit in the management of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease in which pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased. Identifying endogenous bioactive molecules that have a regulatory role in stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation may aid in the use of stem cells in various diseases including cancer. Essential fatty acids form precursors to both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules have been shown to regulate gene expression, enzyme activity, modulate inflammation and immune response, gluconeogenesis via direct and indirect pathways, function directly as agonists of a number of G protein-coupled receptors, activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and stimulate cell proliferation via Ca(2+), phospholipase C/protein kinase, events that are also necessary for stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Hence, it is likely that bioactive lipids play a significant role in various diseases by modulating the proliferation and differentiation of embryonic stem cells in addition to their capacity to suppress inflammation. Ephrin Bs and reelin, adhesion molecules, and microRNAs regulate neuronal migration and cancer cell metastasis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their products seem to modulate the expression of ephrin Bs and reelin and several adhesion molecules and microRNAs suggesting that bioactive lipids participate in neuronal regeneration and stem cell proliferation, migration, and cancer cell metastasis. Thus, there appears to be a close interaction among essential fatty acids, their bioactive products, and inflammation and cancer growth and its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada 533 003, India.
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22
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Ye KY, Black LD. Strategies for tissue engineering cardiac constructs to affect functional repair following myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:575-91. [PMID: 21818697 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered cardiac constructs are a high potential therapy for treating myocardial infarction. These therapies have the ability to regenerate or recreate functional myocardium following the infarction, restoring some of the lost function of the heart and thereby preventing congestive heart failure. Three key factors to consider when developing engineered myocardial tissue include the cell source, the choice of scaffold, and the use of biomimetic culture conditions. This review details the various biomaterials and scaffold types that have been used to generate engineered myocardial tissues as well as a number of different methods used for the fabrication and culture of these constructs. Specific bioreactor design considerations for creating myocardial tissue equivalents in vitro, such as oxygen and nutrient delivery as well as physical stimulation, are also discussed. Lastly, a brief overview of some of the in vivo studies that have been conducted to date and their assessment of the functional benefit in repairing the injured heart with engineered myocardial tissue is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Yuan Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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23
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Huang G, Pashmforoush M, Chung B, Saxon LA. The role of cardiac electrophysiology in myocardial regenerative stem cell therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2010; 4:61-5. [PMID: 21128127 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-010-9239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have put forth new therapeutic paradigms for treatment of myocardial disease. The aim of stem cell therapy for myocardial regeneration has been directed to induce angiogenesis for ischemic heart disease and/or introduction of new cardiomyocytes to improve the mechanical function of the failing heart. Encouraged by positive preliminary results in mouse models of myocardial infarction, clinical trials have utilized autologous skeletal myoblasts and bone-marrow-derived stem cells to treat patients in various clinical settings including acute myocardial injury, chronic angina, and heart failure. These studies have collectively shown, at best, modest improvement in cardiac function. This may be due to the fact that there is little evidence to support actual formation and/or integration of transplanted cells into the recipient myocardium. More recent and emerging data supports the finding that electrical stimulation may be an effective catalyst for sustained functional organization, integration, and maturation of transplanted cell populations into the host myocardium. A therapeutic model that utilizes electrical stimulation and/or achieves cardiac resynchronization in conjunction with stem cell transplantation may be an effective means to achieve successful myocardial regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, LAC + USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Overexpression of phosphoinositide-3-kinase class II alpha enhances mesenchymal stem cell survival in infarcted myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Sato M, Carr CA, Stuckey DJ, Ishii H, Kanda GK, Terracciano CMN, Siedlecka U, Tatton L, Watt SM, Martin-Rendon E, Clarke K, Harding SE. Functional and morphological maturation of implanted neonatal cardiomyocytes as a comparator for cell therapy. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1025-34. [PMID: 20053126 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the rate of development of immature cardiomyocytes after implantation into a host heart is important for studies using cell therapy. To assess this functionally, we have implanted rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCMs) in normal and infarcted rat heart and re-isolated them for functional assessment. Maturation of implanted bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was compared under similar conditions. NCMs from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats were implanted into adult normal or infarcted rat hearts and re-isolated after 1, 2, or 4 weeks by standard enzymatic digestion. BMSCs labeled with DiI and iron oxide were implanted into rats with myocardial infarction and cells re-isolated 1, 2, 5, 6, and 16 weeks later. GFP-labeled myocytes approaching the adult morphology were detected 2 weeks after implantation of NCMs, but were significantly shorter than adult host myocytes and had reduced contractility. By 4 weeks after implantation, re-isolated GFP-labeled myocytes were close to the adult phenotype in contractile characteristics, although still significantly shorter. Infarction of the host did not alter the rate of maturation of implanted cells. After implantation of BMSCs, small numbers of functional DiI-labeled myocytes were re-isolated from 4/11 animals but were more mature than expected from the NCM studies. This adds evidence that BMSC-derived cardiomyocytes were not a result of transdifferentiation. The maturation rate of implanted NCMs represents a benchmark against which to evaluate the likely rate of formation of fully functional cardiomyocytes from implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Sato
- Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute , Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Liao SY, Liu Y, Siu CW, Zhang Y, Lai WH, Au KW, Lee YK, Chan YC, Yip PMC, Wu EX, Wu Y, Lau CP, Li RA, Tse HF. Proarrhythmic risk of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte transplantation in infarcted myocardium. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7:1852-9. [PMID: 20833268 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular replacement strategies using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their cardiac derivatives are emerging as novel experimental therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of post-myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricular (LV) dysfunction; however, their potential proarrhythmic risk remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional effect and proarrhythmic risk of ESC transplantation in a mouse model of MI. METHODS We compared the functional effects and proarrhythmic risk of direct intramyocardial transplantation of 3 × 10(5) undifferentiated mouse ESCs (MI+ESC group, n = 33) and mouse ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (MI+ESC-CM group, n = 40) versus culture medium (MI group, n = 33) at the infarct border zone in a mouse model of acute MI. LV performance was assessed with serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1 and 3 week(s) post-MI, and invasive LV pressure measurement was assessed (dP/dt) at 4 weeks before sacrifice for histological examination. Furthermore, electrophysiological study was also performed in another set of animals in each group (n = 24) to assess for proarrhythmias after transplantation. RESULTS In vitro cellular electrophysiological study demonstrated that ESC-CMs exhibit arrhythmogenesis including automaticity, lengthened action potential duration, and depolarized resting membrane potential. At 4 weeks, the MI+ESC-CM group (21/40, 53%) had a higher mortality rate compared with those in the MI group (10/33, 30%, P = .08) and in the MI+ESC group (7/33, 21%, P = .012). Electrophysiological study showed a significantly higher incidence of inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the MI+ESC-CM group (13/24, 54%) compared with in the MI group (6/24, 21%, P = .039) and in the MI+ESC group (5/24, 21%, P = .017). Cardiac MRI showed similar improvement in LV ejection fraction in the MI+ESC and MI+ESC-CM groups compared with in the MI group at 1 week (27.5% ± 3.8%; 30.3% ± 5.2% vs. 12.4% ± 1.4%; P < .05) and 3 weeks (29.8% ± 3.9%; 27.0% ± 4.8% vs. 10.6% ± 2.8%; P < .05) post-MI, respectively. Furthermore, invasive hemodynamic assessment at 4 weeks showed significant similar improvement in LV +dP/dt in the MI+ESC (2,644 ± 391 mmHg/s, P < .05) and MI+ESC-CM groups (2,539 ± 389 mmHg/s; P < .05) compared with in the MI group (2,042 ± 406 mmHg/s). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that transplantation of undifferentiated ESCs and ESC-CMs provides similar improvement in cardiac function post-MI. However, transplantation of ESC-CMs is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias and early mortality than transplantations with ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yan Liao
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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27
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Wood MFG, Ghosh N, Wallenburg MA, Li SH, Weisel RD, Wilson BC, Li RK, Vitkin IA. Polarization birefringence measurements for characterizing the myocardium, including healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell-regenerated tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:047009. [PMID: 20799840 DOI: 10.1117/1.3469844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to structural remodeling of the myocardium, in particular to the loss of cardiomyocytes due to necrosis and an increase in collagen with scar formation. Stem cell regenerative treatments have been shown to alter this remodeling process, resulting in improved cardiac function. As healthy myocardial tissue is highly fibrous and anisotropic, it exhibits optical linear birefringence due to the different refractive indices parallel and perpendicular to the fibers. Accordingly, changes in myocardial structure associated with infarction and treatment-induced remodeling will alter the anisotropy exhibited by the tissue. Polarization-based linear birefringence is measured on the myocardium of adult rat hearts after myocardial infarction and compared with hearts that had received mesenchymal stem cell treatment. Both point measurement and imaging data show a decrease in birefringence in the region of infarction, with a partial rebound back toward the healthy values following regenerative treatment with stem cells. These results demonstrate the ability of optical polarimetry to characterize the micro-organizational state of the myocardium via its measured anisotropy, and the potential of this approach for monitoring regenerative treatments of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F G Wood
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Clause KC, Tinney JP, Liu LJ, Gharaibeh B, Huard J, Kirk JA, Shroff SG, Fujimoto KL, Wagner WR, Ralphe JC, Keller BB, Tobita K. A three-dimensional gel bioreactor for assessment of cardiomyocyte induction in skeletal muscle-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:375-85. [PMID: 19601695 PMCID: PMC2945363 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) are able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, it remains to be investigated whether differentiated CMs contract similar to native CMs. Here, we developed a three-dimensional collagen gel bioreactor (3DGB) that induces a working CM phenotype from MDSCs, and the contractile properties are directly measured as an engineered cardiac tissue. Neonate rat MDSCs were isolated from hind-leg muscles via the preplate technique. Isolated MDSCs were approximately 60% positive to Sca-1 and negative to CD34, CD45, or c-kit antigens. We sorted Sca-1(-) MDSCs and constructed MDSC-3DGBs by mixing MDSCs with acid soluble rat tail collagen type-I and matrix factors. MDSC-3DGB exhibited spontaneous cyclic contraction by culture day 7. MDSC-3DGB expressed cardiac-specific genes and proteins. Histological assessment revealed that cardiac-specific troponin-T and -I expressed in a typical striation pattern and connexin-43 was expressed similar to the native fetal ventricular papillary muscle. beta-Adrenergic stimulation increased MDSC-3DGB spontaneous beat frequency. MDSC-3DGB generated contractile force and intracellular calcium ion transients similar to engineered cardiac tissue from native cardiac cells. Results suggest that MDSC-3DGB induces a working CM phenotype in MDSCs and is a useful 3D culture system to directly assess the contractile properties of differentiated CMs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Clause
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph P. Tinney
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li J. Liu
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Burhan Gharaibeh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan A. Kirk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjeev G. Shroff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kazuro L. Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William R. Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John C. Ralphe
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley B. Keller
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Cardiovascular Development Research Program, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Fischer KM, Cottage CT, Wu W, Din S, Gude NA, Avitabile D, Quijada P, Collins BL, Fransioli J, Sussman MA. Enhancement of myocardial regeneration through genetic engineering of cardiac progenitor cells expressing Pim-1 kinase. Circulation 2009; 120:2077-87. [PMID: 19901187 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.884403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous studies demonstrating the efficacy of cellular adoptive transfer for therapeutic myocardial regeneration, problems remain for donated cells with regard to survival, persistence, engraftment, and long-term benefits. This study redresses these concerns by enhancing the regenerative potential of adoptively transferred cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) via genetic engineering to overexpress Pim-1, a cardioprotective kinase that enhances cell survival and proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Intramyocardial injections of CPCs overexpressing Pim-1 were given to infarcted female mice. Animals were monitored over 4, 12, and 32 weeks to assess cardiac function and engraftment of Pim-1 CPCs with echocardiography, in vivo hemodynamics, and confocal imagery. CPCs overexpressing Pim-1 showed increased proliferation and expression of markers consistent with cardiogenic lineage commitment after dexamethasone exposure in vitro. Animals that received CPCs overexpressing Pim-1 also produced greater levels of cellular engraftment, persistence, and functional improvement relative to control CPCs up to 32 weeks after delivery. Salutary effects include reduction of infarct size, greater number of c-kit(+) cells, and increased vasculature in the damaged region. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial repair is significantly enhanced by genetic engineering of CPCs with Pim-1 kinase. Ex vivo gene delivery to enhance cellular survival, proliferation, and regeneration may overcome current limitations of stem cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlee M Fischer
- San Diego State Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Wilson BC, Vitkin IA, Matthews DL. The potential of biophotonic techniques in stem cell tracking and monitoring of tissue regeneration applied to cardiac stem cell therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2009; 2:669-681. [PMID: 19787683 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200910079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of injected stem cells, leading to regeneration of ischemic heart tissue, for example, following coronary artery occlusion, has emerged as a major new option for managing 'heart attack' patients. While some clinical trials have been encouraging, there have also been failures and there is little understanding of the multiplicity of factors that lead to the outcome. In this overview paper, the opportunities and challenges in applying biophotonic techniques to regenerative medicine, exemplified by the challenge of stem cell therapy of ischemic heart disease, are considered. The focus is on optical imaging to track stem cell distribution and fate, and optical spectroscopies and/or imaging to monitor the structural remodeling of the tissue and the resulting functional changes. The scientific, technological, and logistics issues involved in moving some of these techniques from pre-clinical research mode ultimately into the clinic are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wilson
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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Yamada S, Nelson TJ, Behfar A, Crespo-Diaz RJ, Fraidenraich D, Terzic A. Stem cell transplant into preimplantation embryo yields myocardial infarction-resistant adult phenotype. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1697-705. [PMID: 19544428 DOI: 10.1002/stem.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are an emerging strategy for treatment of myocardial infarction, limited however to postinjury intervention. Preventive stem cell-based therapy to augment stress tolerance has yet to be considered for lifelong protection. Here, pluripotent stem cells were microsurgically introduced at the blastocyst stage of murine embryo development to ensure stochastic integration and sustained organ contribution. Engineered chimera displayed excess in body weight due to increased fat deposits, but were otherwise devoid of obesity-related morbidity. Remarkably, and in sharp contrast to susceptible nonchimeric offspring, chimera was resistant to myocardial infarction induced by permanent coronary occlusion. Infarcted nonchimeric adult hearts demonstrated progressive deterioration in ejection fraction, while age-matched 12-14-months-old chimera recovered from equivalent ischemic insult to regain within one-month preocclusion contractile performance. Electrical remodeling and ventricular enlargement with fibrosis, prominent in failing nonchimera, were averted in the chimeric cohort characterized by an increased stem cell load in adipose tissue and upregulated markers of biogenesis Ki67, c-Kit, and stem cell antigen-1 in the myocardium. Favorable outcome in infarcted chimera translated into an overall benefit in workload capacity and survival. Thus, prenatal stem cell transplant yields a cardioprotective phenotype in adulthood, expanding cell-based indications beyond traditional postinjury applications to include pre-emptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Yamada
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abarbanell AM, Coffey AC, Fehrenbacher JW, Beckman DJ, Herrmann JL, Weil B, Meldrum DR. Proinflammatory Cytokine Effects on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for the Ischemic Heart. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1036-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kao RL, Browder W, Li C. Cellular cardiomyoplasty: what have we learned? Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2009; 17:89-101. [PMID: 19515892 DOI: 10.1177/0218492309104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Restoring blood flow, improving perfusion, reducing clinical symptoms, and augmenting ventricular function are the goals after acute myocardial infarction. Other than cardiac transplantation, no standard clinical procedure is available to restore damaged myocardium. Since we first reported cellular cardiomyoplasty in 1989, successful outcomes have been confirmed by experimental and clinical studies, but definitive long-term efficacy requires large-scale placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trials. On meta-analysis, stem cell-treated groups had significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction, reduced infarct scar size, and decreased left ventricular end-systolic volume. Fewer myocardial infarctions, deaths, readmissions for heart failure, and repeat revascularizations were additional benefits. Encouraging clinical findings have been reported using satellite or bone marrow stem cells, but understanding of the benefit mechanisms demands additional studies. Adult mammalian ventricular myocardium lacks adequate regeneration capability, and cellular cardiomyoplasty offers a new way to overcome this; the poor retention and engraftment rate and high apoptotic rate of the implanted stem cells limit outcomes. The ideal type and number of cells, optimal timing of cell therapy, and ideal cell delivery method depend on determining the beneficial mechanisms. Cellular cardiomyoplasty has progressed rapidly in the last decade. A critical review may help us to better plan the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Race L Kao
- Department of Surgery, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City.
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Sliwa A, Balwierz A, Kiec-Wilk B, Polus A, Knapp A, Dembinska-Kiec A. Differentiation of human adipose tissue SVF cells into cardiomyocytes. GENES & NUTRITION 2009; 4:195-8. [PMID: 19533197 PMCID: PMC2745743 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells have been extensively studied and therapeutically applied in tissue reconstructive therapy. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells, which are derived from adipose tissue, may represent a potential source of the cells which undergo phenotypical differentiation into many lineages both in vitro as well as in vivo. The goal of this study was to check whether human SVF cells may differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like entities. Human SVF cells were induced to differentiate by their incubation in Methocult medium in the presence of SCF, IL-3 and IL-6. Morphological transformation of the cells was monitored using optical light microscope, whereas changes in expression of the genes typical for cardiac phenotype were measured by qRT-PCR. Incubation of the human SVF cells in the medium that promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation in vitro resulted in formation of myotubule-like structures accompanied by up-regulation of the myocardium-characteristic genes, such as GATA, MEF2C, MYOD1, but not ANP. Human SVF cells differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells in the presence of the certain set of myogenesis promoting cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sliwa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - A. Balwierz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 61 Żwirki i Wigury Str., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - B. Kiec-Wilk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - A. Polus
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - A. Knapp
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - A. Dembinska-Kiec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 15a Kopernika Str., 31-501 Krakow, Poland
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Chacko SM, Khan M, Kuppusamy ML, Pandian RP, Varadharaj S, Selvendiran K, Bratasz A, Rivera BK, Kuppusamy P. Myocardial oxygenation and functional recovery in infarct rat hearts transplanted with mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1263-73. [PMID: 19286938 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01311.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for myocardial tissue repair is limited by the poor survival of transplanted cells, possibly because of inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. The purpose of this study was to assess the oxygenation level and functional recovery after allogenic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI). Myocardial oxygen tension (Po(2)) was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry using an implantable oxygen-sensing spin probe (OxySpin). MSCs incubated with OxySpins showed substantial uptake of the probe without affecting its oxygen sensitivity or calibration. The cells internalized with OxySpins were able to differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, cardiomyocyte, and endothelial cell lineages. The labeled cells tested positive for CD44 and CD29 markers and negative for the hematopoietic markers CD14 and CD45. For the in vivo studies, MI was induced in rats by permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. MSCs with OxySpins were transplanted in the infarct region of hearts. A significant increase in Po(2) was observed in the MSC group compared with the untreated MI group (18.1 +/- 2.6 vs. 13.0 +/- 1.8 mmHg, n = 4, P < 0.05) at 4 wk after transplantation. Echocardiography showed a significant improvement in ejection fraction and fraction shortening, which inversely correlated with the magnitude of fibrosis in the treated hearts. The cell-transplanted hearts also showed an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor level and capillary density in the infarct region. The study established our ability to measure and correlate changes in myocardial tissue oxygenation with cardiac function in infarcted rat hearts treated with MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simi M Chacko
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State Univ., 420 W. 12th Ave, Rm. 114, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Recent progress on tissue-resident adult stem cell biology and their therapeutic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:27-49. [PMID: 18288619 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of the stem cell research has given new hopes to treat and even cure diverse degenerative disorders and incurable diseases in human. Particularly, the identification of a rare population of adult stem cells in the most tissues/organs in human has emerged as an attractive source of multipotent stem/progenitor cells for cell replacement-based therapies and tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells offer the possibility to stimulate their in vivo differentiation or to use their ex vivo expanded progenies for cell replacement-based therapies with multiple applications in human. Among the human diseases that could be treated by the stem cell-based therapies, there are hematopoietic and immune disorders, multiple degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus as well as eye, liver, lung, skin and cardiovascular disorders and aggressive and metastatic cancers. In addition, the genetically-modified adult stem/progenitor cells could also be used as delivery system for expressing the therapeutic molecules in specific damaged areas of different tissues. Recent advances in cancer stem/progenitor cell research also offer the possibility to targeting these undifferentiated and malignant cells that provide critical functions in cancer initiation and progression and disease relapse for treating the patients diagnosed with the advanced and metastatic cancers which remain incurable in the clinics with the current therapies.
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Abstract
Heart disease, congenital and acquired, is a major factor contributing to human morbidity and mortality and arises from a range of abnormal cardiac and vascular defects. Cell therapy is widely viewed as being a viable strategy that can be used to regenerate and repair the cardiovascular system but it is still not clear which source of cells will be best suited to this task. Many of the uncertainties relating to the use of cell therapy in cardiovascular repair arise from our relatively poor understanding of stem cell populations in the heart and the potential of noncardiac cells to participate in heart regeneration. This situation is swiftly changing, however, with recent discoveries showing that multipotent stem cells in the heart can regenerate cardiac tissue and that similar cell types can be generated from embryonic stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dalton
- University of Georgia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Houlihan DD, Newsome PN. Critical review of clinical trials of bone marrow stem cells in liver disease. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:438-50. [PMID: 18585384 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis is increasing rapidly in the Western world. Currently the only effective treatment is liver transplantation, an increasingly limited and expensive resource. Consequently, there has been great hope that stem cells may offer new therapeutic approaches in the management of liver disease. In this review we critically appraise the 11 published clinical studies of bone marrow stem cells in liver disease, and focus on the unresolved issues regarding their role. We outline the different mechanisms by which stem cells may impact on liver disease, as well as highlight the importance of the type of stem cell chosen. There are multiple different stem cell populations that have, in rodent studies, been shown to have differing effects on liver regeneration and fibrogenesis/degradation. Thus, choice of cell should reflect the desired or expected mechanism of action. The importance, and methods, of studying the fate of stem cells infused in clinical studies is emphasized as we seek to translate observations in rodents into the clinical setting. Finally, we discuss which cohorts of patients with liver disease would benefit from stem cell therapy, as well as establish minimum criteria for future clinical trials of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid Dominic Houlihan
- Liver Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research, The Medical School, Edgbaston, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Pawelczyk E, Arbab AS, Chaudhry A, Balakumaran A, Robey PG, Frank JA. In vitro model of bromodeoxyuridine or iron oxide nanoparticle uptake by activated macrophages from labeled stem cells: implications for cellular therapy. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1366-75. [PMID: 18276802 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using exogenous labels such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) to label cells to identify transplanted cells and monitor their migration by fluorescent microscopy or in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. Direct implantation of cells into target tissue can result in >80% cell death due to trauma or apoptosis. Bystander uptake of labeled cells by activated macrophages (AM) can confound the interpretation of results. This study investigated the frequency of BrdU or SPION uptake by AM using the Boyden chamber model of inflammation. SPION/BrdU-labeled bone marrow stromal cells or HeLa cells, AM, and mouse fibroblasts (MF) or human fibroblasts (HF) were mixed in various ratios in Matrigel in the upper chamber and incubated for up to 96 hours. The AM were chemotactically induced to migrate to the lower chamber. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of AM from lower and upper chambers, in the presence of either MF or HF using anti-CD68, anti-BrdU, anti-dextran antibodies, revealed 10%-20% dextran-positive or 10% BrdU-positive AM after 96 hours of incubation. Transfer of iron to AM accounted for <10% of the total iron in labeled cells. The uptake of BrdU and SPION was dependent on the ratio of labeled cells to inflammatory cells and microenvironmental conditions. Direct implantation of BrdU/SPION-labeled cells into target tissue can result in uptake of label by AM; therefore, care should be taken to validate by histology transplanted cells for bystander cell markers and correlation with MRI results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pawelczyk
- Experimental Neuroimaging Section, Laboratory of Diagnostic Radiology Research, Clinical Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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40
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Sussman M. "AKT"ing lessons for stem cells: regulation of cardiac myocyte and progenitor cell proliferation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 17:235-40. [PMID: 17936205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac development and postnatal growth depend on activation of AKT, but initial strategies to improve myocardial repair using AKT were stymied by undesirable corollary alterations in myocardial structure and function. These unfortunate precedents were based on high-level expression of constitutively activated AKT, predominantly in the cytoplasm of the cell. Based on subsequent studies establishing that activated AKT accumulates in the nucleus, we reasoned that the location of AKT, not simply the activity level, would be a critical determinant of the phenotypic outcome resulting from AKT activation. Using myocardial-specific expression of nuclear-targeted AKT (AKT/nuc), the proliferation of myocardial stem and progenitor cell populations is enhanced, casting new light on the implementation of AKT activity as a molecular interventional approach for treatment of cardiomyopathic damage resulting from acute injury, chronic stress, or the debilitating changes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sussman
- Department of Biology, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Kurdi M, Booz GW. G-CSF-based stem cell therapy for the heart--unresolved issues part B: Stem cells, engraftment, transdifferentiation, and bioengineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:347-51. [PMID: 18046094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-5299.2007.07112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The authors extend their coverage of recent developments in stem cell-based therapy for repairing the heart to cover the basic questions of what stem cells should be used and how best to favor their survivability within the injured heart. The authors focus their attention on those adult stem/progenitor cells that have been best investigated in animal studies for repairing the infarcted heart and are the focus of completed or ongoing clinical trials. In addition, they discuss the promise that resident cardiac stem cells offer and the recent identification of specialized architecturally defined niches within the heart to nurse their development. Bioengineering approaches employing off-the-shelf mesenchymal stem cell patches may soon provide a way to recreate these niches in the scarred heart. Conceivably, these patches might also be seeded with prescribed mixtures of culturally expanded autologous stem/progenitor cells that would lead to new blood vessel and cardiac myocyte formation. The convergence of bioengineering and molecular biology on stem cell therapy would seem to make what was once unimaginable, cardiac regeneration, a clinical reality in less than one generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Sciences, College of Sciences and Computer Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
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Specific monitoring of cardiomyogenic and endothelial differentiation by dual promoter-driven reporter systems in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:835-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Albumin-associated lipids regulate human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1384. [PMID: 18167543 PMCID: PMC2148252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise as a source of differentiated cells to treat several human diseases, many obstacles still need to be surmounted before this can become a reality. First among these, a robust chemically-defined system to expand hESCs in culture is still unavailable despite recent advances in the understanding of factors controlling hESC self-renewal. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we attempted to find new molecules that stimulate long term hESC self-renewal. In order to do this, we started from the observation that a commercially available serum replacement product has a strong positive effect on the expansion of undifferentiated hESCs when added to a previously reported chemically-defined medium. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the active ingredient within the serum replacement is lipid-rich albumin. Furthermore, we show that this activity is trypsin-resistant, strongly suggesting that lipids and not albumin are responsible for the effect. Consistent with this, lipid-poor albumin shows no detectable activity. Finally, we identified the major lipids bound to the lipid-rich albumin and tested several lipid candidates for the effect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our discovery of the role played by albumin-associated lipids in stimulating hESC self-renewal constitutes a significant advance in the knowledge of how hESC pluripotency is maintained by extracellular factors and has important applications in the development of increasingly chemically defined hESC culture systems.
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Abstract
Congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States despite substantial therapeutic advances in the last half century. Only very recently have studies arisen that support possibility of regenerating tissue of damaged human organs including the heart. In this regard, there is growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence demonstrating the safety and efficacy of cell-based myocardial regeneration using a variety of cell lines. Although the data on the exact mechanism of action and the fate of the administered cells is controversial, there is consistent evidence for improved cardiac function and myocardial regeneration using different cell types. This extraordinarily exciting scientific advance has forced cardiovascular scientists to re-evaluate the long-held paradigm of cardiac myocyte terminal differentiation and life-long longevity of the cardiac myocytes that comprise the heart. Whereas, these new ideas originated with attempts to perform cellular transplantation using exogenous stem or precursor cells, mechanistic insights have rapidly evolved to the realization that adult organs harbor stem cells with significant plasticity, capable of repopulating their respective organ. Indeed these cells may be harnessed as a therapeutic agent or may represent the target of regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Mazhari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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