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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Kanellopoulos P, Nock BA, Krenning EP, Maina T. Optimizing the Profile of [ 99mTc]Tc-NT(7-13) Tracers in Pancreatic Cancer Models by Means of Protease Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217926. [PMID: 33114537 PMCID: PMC7663772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The overexpression of neurotensin subtype 1 receptors (NTS1Rs) in human tumors may be elegantly exploited for directing neurotensin (NT)-based radionuclide carriers specifically to cancer sites for theranostic purposes. We have recently shown that [99mTc]Tc–DT1 ([99mTc]Tc–[N4–Gly7]NT(7–13)) and [99mTc]Tc–DT5 ([99mTc]Tc–[N4–βAla7,Dab9]NT(7–13)) show notably improved uptake in human colon adenocarcinoma WiDr xenografts in mice treated with neprilysin (NEP) inhibitors and/or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors compared with untreated controls. Aiming toward translation of this promising approach in NTS1R-positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, we now report on the impact of registered NEP/ACE inhibitors on the performance of [99mTc]Tc–DT1 and [99mTc]Tc–DT5 in pancreatic cancer models. Methods: The cellular uptake of [99mTc]Tc–DT1 and [99mTc]Tc–DT5 was tested in a panel of pancreatic cell lines, and their stability was assessed in mice treated or not treated with Entresto, lisinopril, or their combinations. Biodistribution was conducted in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice bearing pancreatic AsPC-1 xenografts. Results: The Entresto + lisinopril combination maximized the metabolic stability of the fast-internalizing [99mTc]Tc–DT1 in mice, resulting in notably enhanced tumor uptake (7.05 ± 0.80% injected activity (IA)/g vs. 1.25 ± 0.80% IA/g in non-treated controls at 4 h post-injection; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study has shown the feasibility of optimizing the uptake of [99mTc]Tc–DT1 in pancreatic cancer models with the aid of clinically established NEP/ACE inhibitors, in favor of clinical translation prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece;
- Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013 Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (T.M.); Tel.: +30-210-650-3891 (P.K.); +30-210-650-3908 (T.M.)
| | - Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (T.M.); Tel.: +30-210-650-3891 (P.K.); +30-210-650-3908 (T.M.)
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Coll RC, Vargas PM, Mariani ML, Penissi AB. Natural α,β-unsaturated lactones inhibit neuropeptide-induced mast cell activation in an in vitro model of neurogenic inflammation. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1039-1051. [PMID: 32666125 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mast cells are involved in not only inducing, but also maintaining neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain. In previous work, we have demonstrated that dehydroleucodine, xanthatin and 3-benzyloxymethyl-5H-furan-2-one inhibit rat peritoneal and human LAD2 mast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80 and calcium ionophore A23187. However, the effect of these molecules on neuropeptide-induced mast cell activation has not been studied so far. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether dehydroleucodine, xanthatin, and 3-benzyloxymethyl-5H-furan-2-one inhibit neuropeptide-induced mast cell activation. METHODS This work is based on in vitro simulation of a neurogenic inflammation scenario involving neuropeptides and mast cells, to subsequently analyze potential therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain. RESULTS Neuromedin-N did not stimulate mast cell serotonin release but substance P and neurotensin did induce serotonin release from peritoneal mast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Mast cell serotonin release induced by substance P and neurotensin was inhibited by dehydroleucodine and xanthatin, but not by 3-benzyloxymethyl-5H-furan-2-one. The inhibitory potency of dehydroleucodine and xanthatin was higher than that obtained with the reference compounds, ketotifen and sodium chromoglycate, when mast cells were preincubated with dehydroleucodine before substance P incubation, and with dehydroleucodine or xanthatin before neurotensin incubation. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that dehydroleucodine and xanthatin inhibit substance P- and neurotensin-induced serotonin release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Our findings suggest, additionally, that these α,β-unsaturated lactones could be of value in future pharmacological research related to inappropriate mast cell activation conditions such as neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Coll
- Instituto de Histología Y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56. (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia María Vargas
- Instituto de Histología Y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56. (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Laura Mariani
- Instituto de Histología Y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56. (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Penissi
- Instituto de Histología Y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos" (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56. (5500), Mendoza, Argentina.
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Eiselt E, Gonzalez S, Martin C, Chartier M, Betti C, Longpré JM, Cavelier F, Tourwé D, Gendron L, Ballet S, Sarret P. Neurotensin Analogues Containing Cyclic Surrogates of Tyrosine at Position 11 Improve NTS2 Selectivity Leading to Analgesia without Hypotension and Hypothermia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4535-4544. [PMID: 31589400 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) exerts its analgesic effects through activation of the G protein-coupled receptors NTS1 and NTS2. This opioid-independent antinociception represents a potential alternative for pain management. While activation of NTS1 also induces a drop in blood pressure and body temperature, NTS2 appears to be an analgesic target free of these adverse effects. Here, we report modifications of NT at Tyr11 to increase selectivity toward NTS2, complemented by modifications at the N-terminus to impair proteolytic degradation of the biologically active NT(8-13) sequence. Replacement of Tyr11 by either 6-OH-Tic or 7-OH-Tic resulted in a significant loss of binding affinity to NTS1 and subsequent NTS2 selectivity. Incorporation of the unnatural amino acid β3hLys at position 8 increased the half-life to over 24 h in plasma. Simultaneous integration of both β3hLys8 and 6-OH-Tic11 into NT(8-13) produced a potent and NTS2-selective analogue with strong analgesic action after intrathecal delivery in the rat formalin-induced pain model with an ED50 of 1.4 nmol. Additionally, intravenous administration of this NT analogue did not produce persistent hypotension or hypothermia. These results demonstrate that NT analogues harboring unnatural amino acids at positions 8 and 11 can enhance crucial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features for NT(8-13) analogues, i.e., proteolytic stability, NTS2 selectivity, and improved analgesic/adverse effect ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Eiselt
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5H4, Canada
| | - Simon Gonzalez
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Magali Chartier
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5H4, Canada
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5H4, Canada
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5H4, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Bioengineering Sciences and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5H4, Canada
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Tóth F, Mallareddy JR, Tourwé D, Lipkowski AW, Bujalska-Zadrozny M, Benyhe S, Ballet S, Tóth G, Kleczkowska P. Synthesis and binding characteristics of [(3)H]neuromedin N, a NTS2 receptor ligand. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:15-20. [PMID: 26707235 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) and its analog neuromedin N (NN) are formed by the processing of a common precursor in mammalian brain tissue and intestines. The biological effects mediated by NT and NN (e.g. analgesia, hypothermia) result from the interaction with G protein-coupled receptors. The goal of this study consisted of the synthesis and radiolabeling of NN, as well as the determination of the binding characteristics of [(3)H]NN and G protein activation by the cold ligand. In homologous displacement studies a weak affinity was determined for NN, with IC50 values of 454nM in rat brain and 425nM in rat spinal cord membranes. In saturation binding experiments the Kd value proved to be 264.8±30.18nM, while the Bmax value corresponded to 3.8±0.2pmol/mg protein in rat brain membranes. The specific binding of [(3)H]NN was saturable, interacting with a single set of homogenous binding sites. In sodium sensitivity experiments, a very weak inhibitory effect of Na(+) ions was observed on the binding of [(3)H]NN, resulting in an IC50 of 150.6mM. In [(35)S]GTPγS binding experiments the Emax value was 112.3±1.4% in rat brain and 112.9±2.4% in rat spinal cord membranes and EC50 values of 0.7nM and 0.79nM were determined, respectively. NN showed moderate agonist activities in stimulating G proteins. The stimulatory effect of NN could be maximally inhibited via use of the NTS2 receptor antagonist levocabastine, but not by the opioid receptor specific antagonist naloxone, nor by the NTS1 antagonist SR48692. These observations allow us to conclude that [(3)H]NN labels NTS2 receptors in rat brain membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrzej W Lipkowski
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrozny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Patrycja Kleczkowska
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02106 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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The combined use of serum neurotensin and IL-8 as screening markers for colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5993-6002. [PMID: 24627130 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to determine the feasibility of serum neurotensin/IL-8 values being used as a screening tool for colorectal cancer. Fifty-six patients and 15 healthy controls were assigned to seven groups according to their disease entity based on theater records and histology report. Blood samples for neurotensin and IL-8 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There were no differences in the clinical and biochemical parameters of patients and controls. Group (p=0.003) and age (p=0.059, marginally significant) were independent predictors of neurotensin plasma values. Neurotensin (p=0.004) and IL-8 (p=0.029) differed between healthy and colorectal cancer patients. Neurotensin values differentiate the control group from all remaining groups. The value of plasma neurotensin ≤ 54.47 pg/ml at enrollment selected by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated a sensitivity of 77 %, specificity of 90 %, and an estimate of area under ROC curve (accuracy) of 85 % in predicting colorectal cancer. At enrollment, the value of plasma IL-8 ≥ 8.83 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 85 %, specificity 80 %, and an estimate of area under ROC curve (accuracy) of 81 % in predicting colorectal cancer. IL-8 should be used complementary to neurotensin due to its lower specificity. None of the colorectal cancer patients displayed a combination of high neurotensin and low IL-8 values (beyond cutoffs). It seems that a blood neurotensin/IL-8 system may be used as a screening tool for colorectal cancer, but much has to be done before it is validated in larger-scale prospective studies.
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Driessen TM, Zhao C, Whittlinger A, Williams H, Gammie SC. Endogenous CNS expression of neurotensin and neurotensin receptors is altered during the postpartum period in outbred mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83098. [PMID: 24416154 PMCID: PMC3885409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide identical in mice and humans that is produced and released in many CNS regions associated with maternal behavior. NT has been linked to aspects of maternal care and previous studies have indirectly suggested that endogenous NT signaling is altered in the postpartum period. In the present study, we directly examine whether NT and its receptors exhibit altered gene expression in maternal relative to virgin outbred mice using real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) across multiple brain regions. We also examine NT protein levels using anti-NT antibodies and immunohistochemistry in specific brain regions. In the medial preoptic area (MPOA), which is critical for maternal behaviors, mRNA of NT and NT receptor 3 (Sort1) were significantly up-regulated in postpartum mice compared to virgins. NT mRNA was also elevated in postpartum females in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis dorsal. However, in the lateral septum, NT mRNA was down-regulated in postpartum females. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), Ntsr1 expression was down-regulated in postpartum females. Neurotensin receptor 2 (Ntsr2) expression was not altered in any brain region tested. In terms of protein expression, NT immunohistochemistry results indicated that NT labeling was elevated in the postpartum brain in the MPOA, lateral hypothalamus, and two subregions of PVN. Together, these findings indicate that endogenous changes occur in NT and its receptors across multiple brain regions, and these likely support the emergence of some maternal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Whittlinger
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Horecia Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Held C, Plomer M, Hübner H, Meltretter J, Pischetsrieder M, Gmeiner P. Development of a Metabolically Stable Neurotensin Receptor 2 (NTS2) Ligand. ChemMedChem 2012; 8:75-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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van Rooy I, Wu SY, Storm G, Hennink WE, Dinter-Heidorn H, Schiffelers RM, Mastrobattista E. Preparation and characterization of liposomal formulations of neurotensin-degrading enzyme inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:448-52. [PMID: 21251959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin-degrading enzyme (NTDE) inhibitors hold great potential for treating psychotic disorders. However, brain uptake of such compounds in vivo is generally low due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, liposomal formulations of two NTDE inhibitors, named compound 1 (C1) and compound 2 (C2) were prepared. Association of these compounds with the liposomal bilayer, subsequent liposomal stability, and compound release in the presence of albumin was studied. Entrapment of the compounds in the liposomal bilayer showed the solubilizing properties of the liposomes. Size and polydispersity index of the compound-entrapped liposomes did not change over 1 month, showing colloidal stability of the liposomal drug formulations. The amount of compounds associated with the liposomes decreased within one day. After this, the association remained stable at 4°C. For C1, association remained stable at 37°C in HEPES buffered saline, and the compound was gradually released in the presence of bovine serum albumin. For C2, the release was rapid in both HBS and BSA at 37°C. In conclusion, the formulation of NTDE inhibitors C1 and C2 in liposomes has been demonstrated and holds promise to deliver NTDE inhibitors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van Rooy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pratsch G, Unfried JF, Einsiedel J, Plomer M, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR. Radical arylation of tyrosine and its application in the synthesis of a highly selective neurotensin receptor 2 ligand. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3746-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rawlings ND. A large and accurate collection of peptidase cleavages in the MEROPS database. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2009; 2009:bap015. [PMID: 20157488 PMCID: PMC2790309 DOI: 10.1093/database/bap015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Peptidases are enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds in proteins and peptides. Peptidases are important in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, tumour and parasite invasion, and for processing viral polyproteins. The MEROPS database is an Internet resource containing information on peptidases, their substrates and inhibitors. The database now includes details of cleavage positions in substrates, both physiological and non-physiological, natural and synthetic. There are 39 118 cleavages in the collection; including 34 606 from a total of 10 513 different proteins and 2677 cleavages in synthetic substrates. The number of cleavages designated as ‘physiological’ is 13 307. The data are derived from 6095 publications. At least one substrate cleavage is known for 45% of the 2415 different peptidases recognized in the MEROPS database. The website now has three new displays: two showing peptidase specificity as a logo and a frequency matrix, the third showing a dynamically generated alignment between each protein substrate and its most closely related homologues. Many of the proteins described in the literature as peptidase substrates have been studied only in vitro. On the assumption that a physiologically relevant cleavage site would be conserved between species, the conservation of every site in terms of peptidase preference has been examined and a number have been identified that are not conserved. There are a number of cogent reasons why a site might not be conserved. Each poorly conserved site has been examined and a reason postulated. Some sites are identified that are very poorly conserved where cleavage is more likely to be fortuitous than of physiological relevance. This data-set is freely available via the Internet and is a useful training set for algorithms to predict substrates for peptidases and cleavage positions within those substrates. The data may also be useful for the design of inhibitors and for engineering novel specificities into peptidases. Database URL:http://merops.sanger.ac.uk
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
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Isaac RE, Bland ND, Shirras AD. Neuropeptidases and the metabolic inactivation of insect neuropeptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 162:8-17. [PMID: 19135055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptidases play a key role in regulating neuropeptide signalling activity in the central nervous system of animals. They are oligopeptidases that are generally found on the surface of neuronal cells facing the synaptic and peri-synaptic space and therefore are ideally placed for the metabolic inactivation of neuropeptide transmitters/modulators. This review discusses the structure of insect neuropeptides in relation to their susceptibility to hydrolysis by peptidases and the need for specialist enzymes to degrade many neuropeptides. It focuses on five neuropeptidase families (neprilysin, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, angiotensin-converting enzyme, aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase III) that have been implicated in the metabolic inactivation of neuropeptides in the central nervous system of insects. Experimental evidence for the involvement of these peptidases in neuropeptide metabolism is reviewed and their properties are compared to similar neuropeptide inactivating peptidases of the mammalian brain. We also discuss how the sequencing of insect genomes has led to the molecular identification of candidate neuropeptidase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Elwyn Isaac
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Neurotensin signaling induces intracellular alkalinization and interleukin-8 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:204-13. [PMID: 19393580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinomas express neurotensin receptors in up to 90% of cases, however, their role in tumor biology and as a drug target is not clear. In the present study, a stable neurotensin (NT) analog induced intracellular calcium release and intracellular alkalinization in BxPC-3 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells that was abolished by inhibitors of NT receptor (NTR) and sodium-proton exchanger 1 (NHE1), amiloride and SR 142948, respectively. Activation of NHE1 involved increased phosphorylation of dimethylfumarate-sensitive mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1/2 (MSK1/2). NTR signaling appears to promote a metastatic phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells by induction of localized extracellular acidification in normoxic cells, preceeding acidosis induced by hypoxia and switch to glycolysis in addition to increased expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8).
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Lyons PJ, Callaway MB, Fricker LD. Characterization of carboxypeptidase A6, an extracellular matrix peptidase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7054-63. [PMID: 18178555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is a member of the M14 metallocarboxypeptidase family that is highly expressed in the adult mouse olfactory bulb and broadly expressed in embryonic brain and other tissues. A disruption in the human CPA6 gene is linked to Duane syndrome, a defect in the abducens nerve/lateral rectus muscle connection. In this study the cellular distribution, processing, and substrate specificity of human CPA6 were investigated. The 50-kDa pro-CPA6 is routed through the constitutive secretory pathway, processed by furin or a furin-like enzyme into the 37-kDa active form, and secreted into the extracellular matrix. CPA6 cleaves the C-terminal residue from a range of substrates, including small synthetic substrates, larger peptides, and proteins. CPA6 has a preference for large hydrophobic C-terminal amino acids as well as histidine. Peptides with a penultimate glycine or proline are very poorly cleaved. Several neuropeptides were found to be processed by CPA6, including Met- and Leu-enkephalin, angiotensin I, and neurotensin. Whereas CPA6 converts enkephalin and neurotensin into forms known to be inactive toward their receptors, CPA6 converts inactive angiotensin I into the biologically active angiotensin II. Taken together, these data suggest a role for CPA6 in the regulation of neuropeptides in the extracellular environment within the olfactory bulb and other parts of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lyons
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Farsa O, Dockal M, Kováciková J, Benesová M. Synthesis of 2-{[2-(2-oxo-1-azacycloalkyl)acetamido]phenoxy}acetic acids and their activity as aminopeptidase M inhibitors. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0809771f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 9 phenoxyacetic acids substituted in the o-, m-, and p-position of benzene ring with 2-(2-oxo-1-azacycloalkyl)acetamidic moiety containing 5-7-membered ?-lactam ring was prepared by a 4-step synthetic procedure. Five selected substances of this series were tested in vitro for inhibition of porcine kidney aminopeptidase M. 2-{4-[2-(2-Oxoperhydroazepin-1-yl)acetamido]phenoxy}acetic acid exhibited the highest activity with Ki = 243.6 ?M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Farsa
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dockal
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kováciková
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Benesová
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Fuxe K, Agnati LF, Mazza R, Tanganelli S, Antonelli T. Mesolimbic dopamine and cortico-accumbens glutamate afferents as major targets for the regulation of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA pathways by neurotensin peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:144-54. [PMID: 17448541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tridecapeptide neurotensin (NT) acts in the mammalian brain as a primary neurotransmitter or neuromodulator of classical neurotransmitters. Morphological and functional in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the existence of close interactions between NT and dopamine both in limbic and in striatal brain regions. Additionally, biochemical and neurochemical evidence indicates that in these brain regions NT plays also a crucial role in the regulation of the aminoacidergic signalling. It is suggested that in the nucleus accumbens the regulation of prejunctional dopaminergic transmission induced by NT may be primarily due to indirect mechanism(s) involving mediation via the aminoacidergic neuronal systems with increased glutamate release followed by increased GABA release in the nucleus accumbens rather than a direct action of the peptide on accumbens dopaminergic terminals. The neurochemical profile of action of NT in the control of the pattern of dopamine, glutamate and GABA release in the nucleus accumbens differs to a substantial degree from that shown by the peptide in the dorsal striatum. The neuromodulatory NT mechanisms in the regulation of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA pathways are discussed and their relevance for schizophrenia is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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