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Sharma A, Tripathi V, Kumar V. Control and adaptability of seasonal changes in behavior and physiology of latitudinal avian migrants: Insights from laboratory studies in Palearctic-Indian migratory buntings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:902-918. [PMID: 35677956 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Twice-a-year migrations, one in autumn and the other in spring, occur within a discrete time window with striking alterations in the behavior and physiology, as regulated by the interaction of endogenous rhythms with prevailing photoperiod. These seasonal voyages are not isolated events; rather, they are part of an overall annual itinerary and remain closely coupled to the other annual subcycles, called seasonal life history states (LHSs). The success of migration depends on appropriate timing of the initiation and termination of each LHS, for example, reproduction, molt, summer nonmigratory, preautumn migratory (fattening and weight gain), autumn migratory, winter nonmigratory (wnM), prevernal (spring) migratory (fattening and weight gain), and spring migratory LHSs. Migration-linked photoperiod-induced changes include the body fattening and weight gain, nocturnal Zugunruhe (migratory restlessness), elevated triglycerides and free fatty acids, triiodothyronine and corticosterone levels. Hypothalamic expression of the thyroid hormone-responsive dio2 and dio3, light-responsive per2, cry1, and adcyap1 and th (tyrosine hydroxylase, involved in dopamine biosynthesis) genes also show significant changes with transition from wnM to the vernal migratory LHS. Concurrent changes in the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and its transport also occur in the liver and flight muscles, respectively. Interestingly, there are clear differences in the behavioral and physiological phenotypes, and associated molecular changes, between the autumn and vernal migrations. In this review, we discuss seasonal changes in the behavior and physiology, and present molecular insights into the development of migratory phenotypes in latitudinal avian migrants, with special reference to Palearctic-Indian migratory buntings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, IndoUS Center in Chronobiology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vatsala Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, IndoUS Center in Chronobiology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Sharma A, Singh D, Gupta P, Bhardwaj SK, Kaur I, Kumar V. Molecular changes associated with migratory departure from wintering areas in obligate songbird migrants. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269085. [PMID: 34105726 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Day length regulates the development of spring migratory and subsequent reproductive phenotypes in avian migrants. This study used molecular approaches, and compared mRNA and proteome-wide expression in captive redheaded buntings that were photostimulated under long-day (LD) conditions for 4 days (early stimulated, LD-eS) or for ∼3 weeks until each bird had shown 4 successive nights of Zugunruhe (stimulated, LD-S); controls were maintained under short days. After ∼3 weeks of LD, photostimulated indices of the migratory preparedness (fattening, weight gain and Zugunruhe) were paralleled with upregulated expression of acc, dgat2 and apoa1 genes in the liver, and of cd36, fabp3 and cpt1 genes in the flight muscle, suggesting enhanced fatty acid (FA) synthesis and transport in the LD-S state. Concurrently, elevated expression of genes involved in the calcium ion signalling and transport (camk1 and atp2a2; camk2a in LD-eS), cellular stress (hspa8 and sod1, not nos2) and metabolic pathways (apoa1 and sirt1), but not of genes associated with migratory behaviour (adcyap1 and vps13a), were found in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Further, MBH-specific quantitative proteomics revealed that out of 503 annotated proteins, 28 were differentially expressed (LD-eS versus LD-S: 21 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) and they enriched five physiological pathways that are associated with FA transport and metabolism. These first comprehensive results on gene and protein expression suggest that changes in molecular correlates of FA transport and metabolism may aid the decision for migratory departure from wintering areas in obligate songbird migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Devraj Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi 110 067, India
| | | | - Inderjeet Kaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi 110 067, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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3
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The genetic regulation of avian migration timing: combining candidate genes and quantitative genetic approaches in a long-distance migrant. Oecologia 2021; 196:373-387. [PMID: 33963450 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant and animal populations can adapt to prolonged environmental changes if they have sufficient genetic variation in important phenological traits. The genetic regulation of annual cycles can be studied either via candidate genes or through the decomposition of phenotypic variance by quantitative genetics. Here, we combined both approaches to study the timing of migration in a long-distance migrant, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). We found that none of the four studied candidate genes (CLOCK, NPAS2, ADCYAP1 and CREB1) had any consistent effect on the timing of six annual cycle stages of geolocator-tracked individuals. This negative result was confirmed by direct observations of males arriving in spring to the breeding site over four consecutive years. Although male spring arrival date was significantly repeatable (R = 0.24 ± 0.08 SE), most was attributable to permanent environmental effects, while the additive genetic variance and heritability were very low (h2 = 0.03 ± 0.17 SE). This low value constrains species evolutionary adaptation, and our study adds to warnings that such populations may be threatened, e.g. by ongoing climate change.
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Ralston J, Lorenc L, Montes M, DeLuca WV, Kirchman JJ, Woodworth BK, Mackenzie SA, Newman A, Cooke HA, Freeman NE, Sutton AO, Tauzer L, Norris DR. Length polymorphisms at two candidate genes explain variation of migratory behaviors in blackpoll warblers ( Setophaga striata). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8840-8855. [PMID: 31410284 PMCID: PMC6686290 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory behaviors such as the timing and duration of migration are genetically inherited and can be under strong natural selection, yet we still know very little about the specific genes or molecular pathways that control these behaviors. Studies in candidate genes Clock and Adcyap1 have revealed that both of these loci can be significantly correlated with migratory behaviors in birds, though observed relationships appear to vary across species. We investigated geographic genetic structure of Clock and Adcyap1 in four populations of blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata), a Neotropical-Nearctic migrant that exhibits geographic variation in migratory timing and duration across its boreal breeding distribution. Further, we used data on migratory timing and duration, obtained from light-level geolocator trackers to investigate candidate genotype-phenotype relationships at the individual level. While we found no geographic structure in either candidate gene, we did find evidence that candidate gene lengths are correlated with five of the six migratory traits. Maximum Clock allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring arrival date. Minimum Adcyap1 allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring departure date and positively associated with fall arrival date at the wintering grounds. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths on both spring and fall migratory duration. Adcyap1 heterozygotes also had significantly shorter migration duration in both spring and fall compared to homozygotes. Our results support the growing body of evidence that Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths are correlated with migratory behaviors in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Ralston
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - Lydia Lorenc
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - Melissa Montes
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's CollegeNotre DameINUSA
| | - William V. DeLuca
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | | | - Bradley K. Woodworth
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Amy Newman
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | | | | | - Alex O. Sutton
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Lila Tauzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society CanadaWhitehorseYTCanada
| | - D. Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
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Sharma A, Singh D, Malik S, Gupta NJ, Rani S, Kumar V. Difference in control between spring and autumn migration in birds: insight from seasonal changes in hypothalamic gene expression in captive buntings. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1531. [PMID: 30158302 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized differences in molecular strategies for similar journeys that migrants undertake to reproduce in spring and to overwinter in autumn. We tested this in redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps) photoinduced into spring and autumn migratory states, with winter and summer non-migratory states as controls. Compared with controls, buntings fattened, gained weight and showed Zugunruhe (nocturnal migratory restlessness) in the migratory state. Spring migration was associated with greater fat and body mass, and higher intensity of Zugunruhe, compared with autumn migration. Circulating corticosterone levels were higher in spring, while T3 levels were higher in autumn. Hypothalamic expression of thyroid hormone-responsive (dio2, dio3), light-responsive (per2, cry1, adcyap1) and th (tyrosine hydroxylase, involved in dopamine biosynthesis) genes showed significant changes with transition from non-migratory to the migratory state. There were significantly higher mRNA expressions in autumn, except for higher th levels in the spring. Furthermore, the expression patterns of dnmt3a (not dnmt3b) and tet2 genes suggested an epigenetic difference between the non-migrant and migrant periods, and the spring and autumn migrant periods. These results demonstrate for the first time seasonal transition in hypothalamic gene expressions, and suggest differences in regulatory strategies at the transcriptional level for spring and autumn migrations in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Devraj Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Shalie Malik
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | | | - Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Romano A, Possenti CD, Caprioli M, Gatti E, Gianfranceschi L, Rubolini D, Saino N, Parolini M. Circadian genes polymorphism and breeding phenology in a resident bird, the yellow‐legged gull. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Romano
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - C. D. Possenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - M. Caprioli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - E. Gatti
- Department of Biosciences University of Milan Milan Italy
| | | | - D. Rubolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - N. Saino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - M. Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan Italy
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7
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Bazzi G, Cecere JG, Caprioli M, Gatti E, Gianfranceschi L, Podofillini S, Possenti CD, Ambrosini R, Saino N, Spina F, Rubolini D. Clock gene polymorphism, migratory behaviour and geographic distribution: a comparative study of trans-Saharan migratory birds. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:6077-6091. [PMID: 27862517 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Migratory behaviour is controlled by endogenous circannual rhythms that are synchronized by external cues, such as photoperiod. Investigations on the genetic basis of circannual rhythmicity in vertebrates have highlighted that variation at candidate 'circadian clock' genes may play a major role in regulating photoperiodic responses and timing of life cycle events, such as reproduction and migration. In this comparative study of 23 trans-Saharan migratory bird species, we investigated the relationships between species-level genetic variation at two candidate genes, Clock and Adcyap1, and species' traits related to migration and geographic distribution, including timing of spring migration across the Mediterranean Sea, migration distance and breeding latitude. Consistently with previous evidence showing latitudinal clines in 'circadian clock' genotype frequencies, Clock allele size increased with breeding latitude across species. However, early- and late-migrating species had similar Clock allele size. Species migrating over longer distances, showing delayed spring migration and smaller phenotypic variance in spring migration timing, had significantly reduced Clock (but not Adcyap1) gene diversity. Phylogenetic confirmatory path analysis suggested that migration date and distance were the most important variables directly affecting Clock gene diversity. Hence, our study supports the hypothesis that Clock allele size increases poleward as a consequence of adaptation to the photoperiodic regime of the breeding areas. Moreover, we show that long-distance migration is associated with lower Clock diversity, coherently with strong stabilizing selection acting on timing of life cycle events in long-distance migratory species, likely resulting from the time constraints imposed by late spring migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bazzi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo G Cecere
- ISPRA - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Manuela Caprioli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gatti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Podofillini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina D Possenti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Terra (DISAT), Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernando Spina
- ISPRA - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, via Cà Fornacetta 9, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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8
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Bazzi G, Podofillini S, Gatti E, Gianfranceschi L, Cecere JG, Spina F, Saino N, Rubolini D. Candidate genes have sex-specific effects on timing of spring migration and moult speed in a long-distance migratory bird. Curr Zool 2016; 63:479-486. [PMID: 29492007 PMCID: PMC5804205 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of major life-history events, such as migration and moult, is set by endogenous circadian and circannual clocks, that have been well characterized at the molecular level. Conversely, the genetic sources of variation in phenology and in other behavioral traits have been sparsely addressed. It has been proposed that inter-individual variability in the timing of seasonal events may arise from allelic polymorphism at phenological candidate genes involved in the signaling cascade of the endogenous clocks. In this study of a long-distance migratory passerine bird, the willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, we investigated whether allelic variation at 5 polymorphic loci of 4 candidate genes (Adcyap1, Clock, Creb1, and Npas2), predicted 2 major components of the annual schedule, namely timing of spring migration across the central Mediterranean sea and moult speed, the latter gauged from ptilochronological analyses of tail feathers moulted in the African winter quarters. We identified a novel Clock gene locus (Clock region 3) showing polyQ polymorphism, which was however not significantly associated with any phenotypic trait. Npas2 allele size predicted male (but not female) spring migration date, with males bearing longer alleles migrating significantly earlier than those bearing shorter alleles. Creb1 allele size significantly predicted male (but not female) moult speed, longer alleles being associated with faster moult. All other genotype-phenotype associations were statistically non-significant. These findings provide new evidence for a role of candidate genes in modulating the phenology of different circannual activities in long-distance migratory birds, and for the occurrence of sex-specific candidate gene effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bazzi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Podofillini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gatti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Jacopo G Cecere
- ISPRA-Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, via Cà Fornacetta 9, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO I-40064, Italy
| | - Fernando Spina
- ISPRA-Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, via Cà Fornacetta 9, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO I-40064, Italy
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milan I-20133, Italy
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Bazzi G, Galimberti A, Hays QR, Bruni I, Cecere JG, Gianfranceschi L, Hobson KA, Morbey YE, Saino N, Guglielmo CG, Rubolini D. Adcyap1 polymorphism covaries with breeding latitude in a Nearctic migratory songbird, the Wilson's warbler (Cardellina pusilla). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3226-39. [PMID: 27252831 PMCID: PMC4870208 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic background of complex behavioral traits, showing multigenic control and extensive environmental effects, is a challenging task. Among such traits, migration is known to show a large additive genetic component. Yet, the identification of specific genes or gene regions explaining phenotypic variance in migratory behavior has received less attention. Migration ultimately depends on seasonal cycles, and polymorphism at phenological candidate genes may underlie variation in timing of migration or other aspects of migratory behavior. In this study of a Nearctic–Neotropical migratory songbird, the Wilson's warbler (Cardellina pusilla), we investigated the association between polymorphism at two phenological candidate genes, Clock and Adcyap1, and two aspects of the migratory phenotype, timing of spring migration through a stopover site and inferred latitude of the breeding destination. The breeding destination of migrating individuals was identified using feather deuterium ratio (δ2H), which reliably reflects breeding latitude throughout the species' western breeding range. Ninety‐eight percent of the individuals were homozygous at Clock, and the rare heterozygotes did not deviate from homozygous migration phenology. Adcyap1 was highly polymorphic, and allele size was not significantly associated with migration date. However, Adcyap1 allele size significantly positively predicted the inferred breeding latitude of males but not of females. Moreover, we found a strong positive association between inferred breeding latitude and Adcyap1 allele size in long‐distance migrating birds from the northern sector of the breeding range (western Canada), while this was not the case in short‐distance migrating birds from the southern sector of the breeding range (coastal California). Our findings support previous evidence for a role of Adcyap1 in shaping the avian migratory phenotype, while highlighting that patterns of phenological candidate gene–phenotype associations may be complex, significantly varying between geographically distinct populations and even between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bazzi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano via Celoria 26 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- ZooPlantLab Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 I-20126 Milan Italy
| | - Quentin R Hays
- Department of Biology Advanced Facility for Avian Research University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada; Natural Resources Department Eastern New Mexico University - Ruidoso Ruidoso New Mexico 88345
| | - Ilaria Bruni
- ZooPlantLab Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 2 I-20126 Milan Italy
| | - Jacopo G Cecere
- ISPRA - Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale Via Cà Fornacetta 9 I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO) Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano via Celoria 26 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Keith A Hobson
- Department of Biology Advanced Facility for Avian Research University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada; Environment Canada 11 Innovation Boulevard Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 3H5 Canada
| | - Yolanda E Morbey
- Department of Biology Advanced Facility for Avian Research University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano via Celoria 26 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Christopher G Guglielmo
- Department of Biology Advanced Facility for Avian Research University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università degli Studi di Milano via Celoria 26 I-20133 Milan Italy
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Genetic Correlates of Individual Differences in Sleep Behavior of Free-Living Great Tits (Parus major). G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:599-607. [PMID: 26739645 PMCID: PMC4777123 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within populations, free-living birds display considerable variation in observable sleep behaviors, reflecting dynamic interactions between individuals and their environment. Genes are expected to contribute to repeatable between-individual differences in sleep behaviors, which may be associated with individual fitness. We identified and genotyped polymorphisms in nine candidate genes for sleep, and measured five repeatable sleep behaviors in free-living great tits (Parus major), partly replicating a previous study in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Microsatellites in the CLOCK and NPAS2 clock genes exhibited an association with sleep duration relative to night length, and morning latency to exit the nest box, respectively. Furthermore, microsatellites in the NPSR1 and PCSK2 genes associated with relative sleep duration and proportion of time spent awake at night, respectively. Given the detection rate of associations in the same models run with random markers instead of candidate genes, we expected two associations to arise by chance. The detection of four associations between candidate genes and sleep, however, suggests that clock genes, a clock-related gene, or a gene involved in the melanocortin system, could play key roles in maintaining phenotypic variation in sleep behavior in avian populations. Knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying sleep behavior in the wild is important because it will enable ecologists to assess the evolution of sleep in response to selection.
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11
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Mettler R, Segelbacher G, Schaefer HM. Interactions between a Candidate Gene for Migration (ADCYAP1), Morphology and Sex Predict Spring Arrival in Blackcap Populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144587. [PMID: 26684459 PMCID: PMC4684316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian research has begun to reveal associations between candidate genes and migratory behaviors of captive birds, yet few studies utilize genotypic, morphometric, and phenological data from wild individuals. Previous studies have identified an association between ADCYAP1 polymorphism and autumn migratory behavior (restlessness, or zugunruhe), but little is known about the relationship between ADCYAP1 and spring migratory behavior. The timing of spring migration and arrival to the breeding ground are phenological traits which could be particularly favorable for establishing territories and acquiring mates, thus important to fitness and reproductive success. Here, we investigated how individual genotypic ADCYAP1 variation and phenotypic variation (wing length and shape) of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) affect spring arrival date across nine natural populations in Europe. We hypothesized that longer alleles should be associated with earlier spring arrival dates and expected the effect on arrival date to be stronger for males as they arrive earlier. However, we found that longer wings were associated with earlier spring arrival to the breeding grounds for females, but not for males. Another female-specific effect indicated an interaction between ADCYAP1 allele size and wing pointedness on the response of spring arrival: greater allele size had a positive effect on spring arrival date for females with rounder wings, while a negative effect was apparent for females with more pointed wings. Also, female heterozygotes with pointed wing tips arrived significantly earlier than both homozygotes with pointed wings and heterozygotes with round wings. Stable isotope ratios (δ2H) of a subset of blackcaps captured in Freiburg in 2011 allowed us also to assign individuals to their main overwintering areas in northwest (NW) and southwest (SW) Europe. NW males arrived significantly earlier to the Freiburg breeding site than both SW males and females in 2011. NW females had more pointed wing tips compared to SW females, but no difference in ADCYAP1 allele size was found between the different migration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeann Mettler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H. Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Saino N, Bazzi G, Gatti E, Caprioli M, Cecere JG, Possenti CD, Galimberti A, Orioli V, Bani L, Rubolini D, Gianfranceschi L, Spina F. Polymorphism at theClockgene predicts phenology of long-distance migration in birds. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1758-73. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Saino
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Gaia Bazzi
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Emanuele Gatti
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Manuela Caprioli
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Jacopo G. Cecere
- ISPRA-Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research; Via Cà Fornacetta 9 Ozzano dell'Emilia I-40064 Italy
| | - Cristina D. Possenti
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 2 Milan I-20126 Italy
| | - Valerio Orioli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 1 Milan I-20126 Italy
| | - Luciano Bani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Piazza della Scienza 1 Milan I-20126 Italy
| | - Diego Rubolini
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Luca Gianfranceschi
- Department of Biosciences; University of Milan; via Celoria 26 Milan I-20133 Italy
| | - Fernando Spina
- ISPRA-Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research; Via Cà Fornacetta 9 Ozzano dell'Emilia I-40064 Italy
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13
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Banki E, Pakai E, Gaszner B, Zsiboras C, Czett A, Bhuddi PRP, Hashimoto H, Toth G, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Garami A. Characterization of the thermoregulatory response to pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in rodents. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:543-54. [PMID: 24994541 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of the long form (38 amino acids) of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) into the central nervous system causes hyperthermia, suggesting that PACAP38 plays a role in the regulation of deep body temperature (T b). In this study, we investigated the thermoregulatory role of PACAP38 in details. First, we infused PACAP38 intracerebroventricularly to rats and measured their T b and autonomic thermoeffector responses. We found that central PACAP38 infusion caused dose-dependent hyperthermia, which was brought about by increased thermogenesis and tail skin vasoconstriction. Compared to intracerebroventricular administration, systemic (intravenous) infusion of the same dose of PACAP38 caused significantly smaller hyperthermia, indicating a central site of action. We then investigated the thermoregulatory phenotype of mice lacking the Pacap gene (Pacap (-/-)). Freely moving Pacap (-/-) mice had higher locomotor activity throughout the day and elevated deep T b during the light phase. When the Pacap (-/-) mice were loosely restrained, their metabolic rate and T b were lower compared to their wild-type littermates. We conclude that PACAP38 causes hyperthermia via activation of the autonomic cold-defense thermoeffectors through central targets. Pacap (-/-) mice express hyperkinesis, which is presumably a compensatory mechanism, because under restrained conditions, these mice are hypometabolic and hypothermic compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Banki
- Department of Anatomy PTE-MTA "Lendulet" PACAP Research Team, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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14
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McStay E, Migaud H, Vera LM, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Davie A. Comparative study of pineal clock gene and AANAT2 expression in relation to melatonin synthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 169:77-89. [PMID: 24361868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptive teleost pineal is considered to be essential to the generation, synchronisation and maintenance of biological rhythms, primarily via melatonin release. The role of internal (circadian clock) and external (light) signals controlling melatonin production in the fish pineal differs between species, yet the reasons underpinning this remain largely unknown. Whilst in salmonids, pineal melatonin is apparently regulated directly by light, in all other studied teleosts, rhythmic melatonin production persists endogenously under the regulation of clock gene expression. To better understand the role of clocks in teleost pineals, this study aimed to characterise the expression of selected clock genes in vitro under different photoperiodic conditions in comparison to in vivo in both Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (in vitro 12L:12D), a species known to display endogenous rhythmic melatonin synthesis. Results revealed no rhythmic clock gene (Clock, Period 1 &2) expression in Atlantic salmon or European seabass (Clock and Period 1) pineal in vitro. However rhythmic expression of Cryptochrome 2 and Period 1 in the Atlantic salmon pineal was observed in vivo, which infers extra-pineal regulation of clocks in this species. No rhythmic arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (Aanat2) expression was observed in the Atlantic salmon yet in the European seabass, circadian Aanat2 expression was observed. Subsequent in silico analysis of available Aanat2 genomic sequences reveals that Atlantic salmon Aanat2 promoter sequences do not contain similar regulatory architecture as present in European seabass, and previously described in other teleosts which alludes to a loss in functional connection in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth McStay
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Luisa Maria Vera
- University of Murcia, Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- University of Murcia, Department of Physiology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Andrew Davie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK.
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15
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Peterson MP, Abolins-Abols M, Atwell JW, Rice RJ, Milá B, Ketterson ED. Variation in candidate genes CLOCK and ADCYAP1 does not consistently predict differences in migratory behavior in the songbird genus Junco. F1000Res 2013; 2:115. [PMID: 24627781 PMCID: PMC3907158 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-115.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies exploring the molecular genetic basis for migratory variation in animals have identified polymorphisms in two genes (
CLOCK and ADCYAP1) that are linked to circadian rhythms and correlate with migratory propensity and phenology among individuals and populations. Results from these initial studies are mixed, however, and additional data are needed to assess the generality and diversity of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biology of migration. We sequenced CLOCK and ADCYAP1 in 15 populations across the two species of the avian genus
Junco, a North American lineage in which multiple recently diverged subspecies and populations range from sedentary to long-distance migrants. We found no consistent associations between allele length and migratory status across the genus for either CLOCK or ADCYAP1. However, within two subspecies groups, populations that migrate longer distances have longer CLOCK alleles on average. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between ADCYAP1 allele length and migratory restlessness (zugunruhe) among individuals within one of two captive populations studied—a result similar to those reported previously within captive blackcaps (
Sylvia atricapilla). We conclude that, while both ADCYAP1 and CLOCK may correlate with migratory propensity within or among certain populations or species, previously identified relationships between migratory behavior and sequence variants cannot be easily generalized across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Peterson
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Mikus Abolins-Abols
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Jonathan W Atwell
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rice
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
| | - Borja Milá
- National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, 47408, USA
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16
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Schwartz C, Andrews MT. Circannual transitions in gene expression: lessons from seasonal adaptations. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 105:247-73. [PMID: 23962845 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396968-2.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Circannual timing is important for the coordination of seasonal activities, particularly promoting the survival of individuals in adverse conditions through adaptive physiological and behavioral changes. This includes optimizing the survival of offspring by coordinating reproductive efforts at appropriate times. Thus, timing is very important for overall fitness. In this chapter, we provide several examples of circannually timed events, including mammalian hibernation, discussing the physiological changes that accompany these events, and some of the known genes and pathways underlying these changes. We then describe five candidate systems that are potentially involved in circannual timing. Finally, we discuss several recent advances in molecular biology and animal husbandry that have made the use of nonmodel organisms for research more feasible, which will hopefully promote and encourage further advancement in the knowledge of circannual timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schwartz
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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17
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Testing for associations between candidate genes for circadian rhythms and individual variation in sleep behaviour in blue tits. Genetica 2012; 140:219-28. [PMID: 22922941 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of sleep in animals is controlled by environmental factors, homeostatic mechanisms and endogenous circadian oscillators. The molecular mechanisms underlying such circadian oscillators have been described in detail and a variety of genes that are components of these molecular clocks have been reported. In addition to inter-specific variation in the temporal organization of sleep, there is significant intra-specific variation in different organisms. From numerous studies in humans it is known that polymorphisms in the regulatory clock genes are causing such variation but knowledge about associations between naturally occurring polymorphisms and sleep patterns in wild animals is scarce. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic sleep correlates of eleven previously described polymorphisms in seven candidate genes within a free-living blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus population. We detected associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms and three of the nine tested sleep parameters representing temporal organization. Awakening time was associated with polymorphisms in AANAT and PERIOD2, morning latency with a polymorphism in CKIε and the duration of the longest sleep bout with a second polymorphism in AANAT. However, by a permutation procedure we showed that the number of significant results and the most significant association has a study-wide likelihood of 46.7 and 5.9 % respectively. Further replication studies are needed to evaluate the potential associations.
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18
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Zeman M, Herichová I. Circadian melatonin production develops faster in birds than in mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:23-30. [PMID: 21199656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of circadian rhythmicity of melatonin biosynthesis in the pineal gland starts during embryonic period in birds while it is delayed to the postnatal life in mammals. Daily rhythms of melatonin in isolated pinealocytes and in intact pineal glands under in vivo conditions were demonstrated during the last third of embryonic development in chick embryos, with higher levels during the dark (D) than during the light (L) phase. In addition to the LD cycle, rhythmic temperature changes with the amplitude of 4.5°C can entrain rhythmic melatonin biosynthesis in chick embryos, with higher concentrations found during the low-temperature phase (33.0 vs 37.5°C). Molecular clockwork starts to operate during the embryonic life in birds in line with the early development of melatonin rhythmicity. Expression of per2 and cry genes is rhythmic at least at day 16 and 18, respectively, and the circadian system operates in a mature-like manner soon after hatching. Rhythmic oscillations are detected earlier in the central oscillator (the pineal gland) than in the peripheral structures, reflecting the synchronization of individual cells which is necessary for detection of the rhythm. The early development of the circadian system in birds reflects an absence of rhythmic maternal melatonin which in mammals synchronizes physiological processes of offspring. Developmental consequences of modified development of circadian system for its stability later in development are not known and should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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19
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Kommedal S, Bódis G, Matkovits A, Csernus V, Nagy AD. Expression pattern of clock under acute phase-delay of the light/dark cycle in the chicken pineal model. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:170-2. [PMID: 21291888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Shift workers have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, a condition that also develops in mice carrying mutation in their circadian clock gene clock. To collect more data on the transcriptional changes of clock under phase-shifted light/dark LD conditions, we examined the 24h patterns of clock mRNA expression in vivo and in vitro in chickens exposed acutely to a reversed LD (DL) cycle. Under controlled LD conditions (lights on at 6:00, lights off at 20:00), clock mRNA expression peaked in vivo at 2:00 (Zeitgeber Time 20, ZT20) and in vitro at 22:00 (ZT16). Even higher mRNA contents were measured in the first cycle of in vivo DL conditions between 22:00 and 6:00 (lights at night), but in the second cycle by 2:00, lower mRNA contents were detected than the control peak values seen at this time point. Furthermore, no alterations were found in vitro in clock mRNA content during the first 12h of DL conditions (lights at night). The differences seen between the first and the second DL cycles in vivo and between the in vivo and in vitro data for the first DL cycle support the idea that neurohumoral signals perturbed by a phase-delayed light-dark cycle may also play a role in the in vivo rapid transcriptional resetting of the circadian clock in the chicken pineal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Kommedal
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
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20
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Mueller JC, Pulido F, Kempenaers B. Identification of a gene associated with avian migratory behaviour. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2848-56. [PMID: 21325325 PMCID: PMC3145181 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bird migration is one of the most spectacular and best-studied phenomena in behavioural biology. Yet, while the patterns of variation in migratory behaviour and its ecological causes have been intensively studied, its genetic, physiological and neurological control remains poorly understood. The lack of knowledge of the molecular basis of migration is currently not only limiting our insight into the proximate control of migration, but also into its evolution. We investigated polymorphisms in the exons of six candidate genes for key behavioural traits potentially linked to migration, which had previously been identified in several bird species, and eight control loci in 14 populations of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla), representing the whole range of geographical variation in migration patterns found in this species, with the aim of identifying genes controlling variation in migration. We found a consistent association between a microsatellite polymorphism and migratory behaviour only at one candidate locus: the ADCYAP1 gene. This polymorphism explained about 2.6 per cent of the variation in migratory tendency among populations, and 2.7–3.5% of variation in migratory restlessness among individuals within two independent populations. In all tests, longer alleles were associated with higher migratory activity. The consistency of results among different populations and levels of analysis suggests that ADCYAP1 is one of the genes controlling the expression of migratory behaviour. Moreover, the multiple described functions of the gene product indicate that this gene might act at multiple levels modifying the shift between migratory and non-migratory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob C Mueller
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Starnberg, Germany.
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21
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Horvath G, Reglodi D, Opper B, Brubel R, Tamas A, Kiss P, Toth G, Csernus V, Matkovits A, Racz B. Effects of PACAP on the oxidative stress-induced cell death in chicken pinealocytes is influenced by the phase of the circadian clock. Neurosci Lett 2010; 484:148-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Kiss P, Racz B, Gallyas F, Tamas A, Gaal V, Marton Z, Gabriel R, Reglodi D. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the retina: focus on the retinoprotective effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1200:128-39. [PMID: 20633141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects against different neuronal injuries, such as traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, models of neurodegenerative diseases, and cerebral ischemia. PACAP and its receptors are present in the retina. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge on retinal PACAP with focus on the retinoprotective effects. Results of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological analysis are reviewed. In vitro, PACAP shows protection against glutamate, thapsigargin, anisomycin, and anoxia. In vivo, the protective effects of intravitreal PACAP treatment have been shown in the following models of retinal degeneration in rats: excitotoxic injury induced by glutamate and kainate, ischemic injury, degeneration caused by UV-A light, optic nerve transection, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. Studying the molecular mechanism has revealed that PACAP acts by activating antiapoptotic and inhibiting proapoptotic signaling pathways in the retina in vivo. These studies strongly suggest that PACAP is an excellent candidate retinoprotective agent that could be a potential therapeutic substance in various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atlasz
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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23
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Mester L, Kovacs K, Racz B, Solti I, Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Tamas A, Reglodi D. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is Protective Against Oxidative Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:35-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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25
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Nagy AD, Kommedal S, Seomangal K, Csernus VJ. Circadian expression of clock genes clock and Cry1 in the embryonic chicken pineal gland. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:484-7. [PMID: 19456394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clock and Cry1 expression were examined in the pineal gland of chicken embryos incubated under constant darkness from embryonic day (ED) 0. From ED13, Clock and Cry1 mRNA levels showed episodic alterations. After ED17, circadian pattern of clock gene expression was seen both in vivo and in vitro. Our results support the idea that rhythmic environmental factors are not necessary for the generation of circadian patterns of clock gene expression during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras D Nagy
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Anatomy, Pécs, Hungary.
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26
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Nagy AD, Seomangal K, Kommedal S, Csernus VJ. Expression of Cry2 in the chicken pineal gland: effects of changes in light-dark conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:488-90. [PMID: 19456395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pineal expression of Cry2 mRNA has been examined in chickens under normal (LD) and reversed (DL) light-dark conditions. In vivo the peak of Cry2 mRNA content at late subjective day under LD diminished after switching to a DL schedule. In vitro, Cry2 mRNA levels showed a steady decrease during light exposure at subjective night. Our data show that light-sensitive clock components in the pinealocytes may be involved in the repression of Cry2 transcription at night, which may contribute to resetting the phase of the clock within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras D Nagy
- University of Pécs, Medical School, Department of Anatomy, Pécs, Hungary.
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27
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Effects of PACAP on the Circadian Changes of Signaling Pathways in Chicken Pinealocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:220-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Pirger Z, Nemeth J, Hiripi L, Toth G, Kiss P, Lubics A, Tamas A, Hernadi L, Kiss T, Reglodi D. PACAP has anti-apoptotic effect in the salivary gland of an invertebrate species, Helix pomatia. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:105-14. [PMID: 18473188 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) shows a remarkable sequence similarity among species and several studies provide evidence that the functions of PACAP have also been conserved among vertebrate species. Relatively little is known about its presence and functions in invertebrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the well-known anti-apoptotic effect of PACAP can also be demonstrated in invertebrates. This effect was studied in the salivary gland of a molluscan species, Helix pomatia. In this work, we first showed the presence of PACAP-like immunoreactivity in the Helix salivary gland by means of immunohistochemistry. Radioimmunoassay measurements showed that PACAP38-like immunoreactivity dominated in the salivary gland of both active and inactive snails and its concentration was higher in active than in inactive animals in contrast to PACAP27-like immunoreactivity, which did not show activity-dependent changes. PACAP induced a significant elevation of cAMP level in salivary gland extracts. Application of apoptosis-inducing agents, dopamine and colchicine, led to a marked increase in the number of terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells in the salivary gland, which was significantly attenuated by PACAP treatment. In a similar manner, the number of caspase-positive cells was reduced after co-application of dopamine and PACAP. Taken together, the data indicate that PACAP activates cAMP in a molluscan species and we show, for the first time, that PACAP is anti-apoptotic in the invertebrate Helix pomatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Pirger
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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