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Le ZJ, Ma LX, Zhou YF, Xu KK, Li C, Yang WJ. Functional analysis of nuclear receptor genes in molting and metamorphosis of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132459. [PMID: 38763254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that are important for the normal growth and development of insects. However, systematic function analysis of NRs in the molting process of Lasioderma serricorne has not been reported. In this study, we identified and characterized 16 NR genes from L. serricorne. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that six NRs were mainly expressed in 3-d-old 4th-instar larvae; five NRs were primarily expressed in 5-d-old adults and four NRs were predominately expressed in prepupae. All the NRs were highly expressed in epidermis, fat body and foregut. RNA interference (RNAi) experiments revealed that knockdown of 15 NRs disrupted the larva-pupa-adult transitions and caused 64.44-100 % mortality. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that depletion of 12 NRs prevented the formation of new cuticle and disrupted apolysis of old cuticle. Silencing of LsHR96, LsSVP and LsE78 led to newly formed cuticle that was thinner than the controls. The 20E titer and chitin content significantly decreased by 17.67-95.12 % after 15 NR dsRNA injection and the gene expression levels of 20E synthesis genes and chitin metabolism genes were significantly reduced. These results demonstrated that 15 NR genes are essential for normal molting and metamorphosis of L. serricorne by regulating 20E synthesis and chitin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Le
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yang-Fan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Wen-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China.
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2
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Keppanan R, Karuppannasamy A, Nagaraja BC, Thiruvengadam V, Kesavan S, Dhawane YA, Ramasamy A. Effectiveness of chitosan nanohydrogel mediated encapsulation of EcR dsRNA against the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Asia-I (Gennedius) (Hemiptera: Aleyordidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105712. [PMID: 38225070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is a global invasive pest causing substantial loss on several economically important crops and has developed a very high level of resistance to insecticides making current management practices ineffective. Thus, the novel pest management strategy like RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a potential molecular tool in the management of insect pests particularly B. tabaci. The present study investigated RNAi mediated silencing of the Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) gene in B. tabaci Asia-I using biodegradable Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs) hydrogel containing EcR dsRNA. The formation of nanohydrogel and dsRNA loading were characterized by gel retardation assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR). The stability of CNPs/dsRNA was assessed by exposure to direct sunlight and UV light for different time periods. The CNPs/dsRNA exhibited increased stability over the untreated control and further confirmed by bioassay studies which yielded mortality over 80% and effectively down regulated the expression of the EcR gene as confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. These investigations provide potential avenues for advancing innovative pest management strategies using biopolymer CNPs hydrogel, which can enhance the efficiency of dsRNA as a safe and targeted solution in the management of whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Keppanan
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Ashok Karuppannasamy
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bhargava Chikmagalur Nagaraja
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India; University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Subaharan Kesavan
- ICAR - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogi Arun Dhawane
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Asokan Ramasamy
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru 560089, India.
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3
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Ahmad S, Jamil M, Jaworski CC, Wu Y, Palma-Onetto V, Lyu B, Luo Y. Knockdown of the ecdysone receptor disrupts development and causes mortality in the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:738-747. [PMID: 37646607 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbits are important economic plants that are attacked by numerous pests, among which the melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae is extremely problematic. New sustainable pest control strategies are necessary to replace chemical insecticides that are harmful to the environment, human health and nontarget species. The RNA interference (RNAi) technology is one of the most promising tools due to high efficiency and species specificity. We developed an RNAi strategy targeting the ecdysone receptor (ECR) of Z. cucurbitae, which plays an important role in moulting and reproduction. We identified, described and isolated the ECR gene of Z. cucurbitae and measured its expression pattern across developmental stages and tissues. ZcECR knockdown via dsZcECR ingestion caused a significant larval mortality and abnormal phenotypes in pupae and adults. About 68% of larvae fed with a dsZcECR-treated diet failed to enter the pupal stage and died. In addition, ZcECR knockdown dramatically reduced pupal weight (by 3.24 mg on average) and fecundity (by about 23%). RNAi targeting the ECR gene is therefore a promising method to control Z. cucurbitae, paving the way for the development of novel sustainable and highly specific control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakil Ahmad
- School of Plant Protection, Department of Pesticide Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Momana Jamil
- School of Plant Protection, Department of Pesticide Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | | | - Yuejie Wu
- School of Plant Protection, Department of Pesticide Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Valeria Palma-Onetto
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Baoqian Lyu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, China
| | - Yanping Luo
- School of Plant Protection, Department of Pesticide Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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4
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Chen L, Ma T, Liu J, He L, Luo Y, Shen G. Population dynamics and molecular adaption of Tetranychus cinnabarinus to long-term thermal stress. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4655-4663. [PMID: 37440684 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming is a general trend in the current era. Temperature is one of the most important nonbiological factors that affects the development, life cycle and distribution of arthropods, which are a major component of agriculture pests. This study focused on life-table parameters and the molecular adaption of Tetranychus cinnabarinus under long-term thermal stress. RESULTS The life tables of T. cinnabarinus were constructed at room temperature (26 °C) and high temperature (34 °C). Results showed that although the lifespan of the mites was shortened, the developmental periods of egg, larva and nymph stages were accelerated, and the peak egg-laying period came earlier at high temperature, which resulted in faster expansion of pest mite population. RNA-seq was used to reveal the thermal adaption mechanism according to differentially expressed genes. Combined with transcriptome data and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) verification, MAPK, CAT, HSP20 and HSP70 were found highly expressed at 34 °C, which were associated with thermal adaption of T. cinnabarinus. RNAi analysis proved that expression of HSP20 was closely related to the survival of mites at high temperature. CONCLUSION These results indicated that long-term high temperature treatment was beneficial to the expansion of the T. cinnabarinus population. The genes involved in heat tolerance of T. cinnabarinus such as MAPK-HSP pathway provides ideas for subsequent control measures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - YanJie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - GuangMao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang C, Wan B, Jin MR, Wang X, Wei YJ, Zhong L, Xia B. Inhibition of ecdysone receptor (DcEcR) and ultraspiracle (DcUSP) expression in Diaphorina citri increased susceptibility to pesticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105518. [PMID: 37532332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is of great concern because of its ability to transmit devastating citrus greening illness (Huanglongbing). One strategy for controlling HLB may involve limiting the spread of D. citri. Insecticides using dsRNA target genes may be a useful option to control D. citri. The ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP) are crucial for the growth and reproduction of insects. This study identified the genes for D. citri ecdysone receptor (DcEcR) and ultraspiracle (DcUSP). According to the qPCR data, DcUSP peaked at the 5th-instar nymph stage, while DcEcR peaked at the adult stage. Females expressed DcEcR and DcUSP at much higher levels than males. RNAi was used to examine DcEcR and DcUSP function. The findings demonstrated that inhibition of DcEcR and DcUSP delayed nymph development and decreased survival and eclosion rates. dsEcR caused adults to develop deformed wings, and dsUSP caused nymphs to wither and die. Female adult ovaries developed slowly, and the females laid fewer eggs. Additionally, DcEcR and DcUSP were inhibited, increasing D. citri susceptibility to pesticides. These findings suggest that DcEcR and DcUSP are critical for D. citri development, growth, and reproduction and may serve as potential targets for D. citri management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meng-Ru Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Development & Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Industry of Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Development & Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Industry of Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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6
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Shen GM, Ma T, Chen XR, Chen L, Liu GM, Jie LY, Adang M, He L. Retinoid X receptor 1 is a specific lethal RNAi target disturbing chitin metabolism during hatching of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125458. [PMID: 37348587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can be developed as an alternative method of chemical pesticides for pest control. In this study, we noticed a specifically expressed gene (retinoid X receptor 1, TcRXR1) in the egg stage of T. cinnabarinus. RNAi was applied to investigate the function of TcRXR1. Results showed that with continuous feeding of dsTcRXR1, the larvae of T. cinnabarinus could still successfully develop to adult, which was in accordance with the low expression of TcRXR1 out of egg stage. High mortality of eggs was observed after eggs were treated with dsTcRXR1. To investigate the downstream genes of TcRXR1, the RNA samples after successful RNAi of TcRXR1 were analyzed by transcriptome analysis. According to function annotation of differentially expressed genes, 6 genes were selected for their potential function with the phenotype of dsTcRXR1, and among them, a chitinase gene (TcCHT-E) attained a high expression level in the late stage of egg, peaking just after the expression peak of TcRXR1. Mortality of eggs was observed under the effect of dsTcCHT-E as well as dsTcRXR1. In conclusion, TcRXR1 is a specific RNAi target for control of T. cinnabarinus, and its lethal mechanism might be disturbing chitin metabolism hatching of egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Ru Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luo-Yan Jie
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Michael Adang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lin He
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Shen GM, Ou SY, Li CZ, Feng KY, Niu JZ, Adang MJ, He L. Transcription factors CncC and Maf connect the molecular network between pesticide resistance and resurgence of pest mites. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:801-816. [PMID: 34586709 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance and resurgence are serious problems often occurring simultaneously in the field. In our long-term study of a fenpropathrin-resistant strain of Tetranychus cinnabaribus, enhancement of detoxification and modified fecundity mechanisms were both observed. Here we investigate the network across these two mechanisms and find a key node between resistance and resurgence. We show that the ecdysone pathway is involved in regulating the fecundity of T. cinnabaribus. The concentration change of ecdysone is consistent with the fecundity curve; the concentration of ecdysone is higher in the fenpropathrin-resistant strain which has stronger fecundity. The enhancement of ecdysone is due to overexpression of two P450 genes (CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) in the ecdysone synthesis pathway. Silencing expression of these CYP genes resulted in lower concentration of ecdysone, reduced expression of vitellogenin, and reduced fecundity of T. cinnabaribus. The expression of CYP315A1 is regulated by transcription factors Cap-n-collar isoform C (CncC) and Musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma protein (Maf), which are involved in regulating other P450 genes functioning in detoxification of fenpropathrin in T. cinnabaribus. A similar regulation is established in citrus pest mite Panonychus citri showing that the CncC pathway regulates expression of PcCYP315A1, which affects mite fecundity. Transcription factors are activated to upregulate detoxification genes facilitating pesticide resistance, while the "one to multiple" regulation mode of transcription factors simultaneously increases expression of metabolic enzyme genes in hormone pathways and alters the physiology of pests. This is an important response of arthropods to pesticides which leads to resistance and population resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Mao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Ou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael J Adang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Li X, Liu R, Li G, Jin D, Guo J, Ochoa R, Yi T. Identification of the fibroin of Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis by a nanocarrier-based transdermal dsRNA delivery system. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:31-47. [PMID: 35543822 PMCID: PMC9287230 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis (Ma and Yuan) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an important pest of bamboo-feeding behavior and silk production by the female adult mites is seriously harmful to bamboo leaves. Due to its small size, silking and cocooning, its management is difficult. This study discusses a fast and easy method for management of the pest by disturbing the spinning behavior. Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis is host specific and feeds only on bamboo leaves. Leaf margins of bamboo are highly hydrophobic, which makes dsRNA difficult to immerse. Hence, it is a challenge to apply the commonly used feeding method to inhibit gene expression in mites. In this study, we deliver dsRNA to interfere with the expression of fibroin by body wall permeation with a nanocarrier-based delivery system. The dsRNA/nanocarrier formulation droplets could enter the body cavity within 2 min after falling on the mite. The fibroin silencing efficiency was 75.4%, and the results of electron microscopy showed that dsRNA/nanocarrier damage the morphological structure of the silk thread. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a nanocarrier-based percutaneous dsRNA delivery system in S. nanjingensis and its effect on the fibroin gene that influences the spinning behavior of S. nanjingensis. These findings may provide a new delivery system for RNAi-based control of spider mites that utilize protective webbing in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Daochao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre (BARC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Tianci Yi
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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9
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Wei P, Wang C, Li C, Chen M, Sun J, Van Leeuwen T, He L. Comparing the efficiency of RNAi after feeding and injection of dsRNA in spider mites. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104966. [PMID: 34802516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in spider mites drives the development of acaricides with novel mode of action, which could benefit from RNAi as a screening tool in search of new molecular targets. RNAi via oral delivery of dsRNA has been frequently reported in spider mites, but injection of dsRNA is rarely reported. We compare here the efficiency of oral delivery versus injection of dsRNA in female adult mites. When comparing silencing efficiency, oral delivery of dsRNAs silenced 40.6 ± 8.9% of CPR, 63.8 ± 6.9% of CHMP2A, and 37.7 ± 5.7% of CHMP3 genes. Similar silencing efficiencies were found for injection (48.6 ± 3.7% of CPR, 70.2 ± 4.1% of CHMP2A, 59.8 ± 2.2% of CHMP3), but with much lower quantities of dsRNAs. Oral delivery of dsRNA failed to silence the expression of the CHMP4B gene, but this could be accomplished by injection of dsRNA (23.1 ± 1.0%). When scoring the phenotypic effects of silencing, both oral delivery and injection of CHMP2A- and CHMP3-dsRNA influenced the locomotion speed of mites significantly. For CPR, silencing could only be accomplished by dsRNA injection, not by feeding. CPR silencing significantly impacted the toxicity of a typical acaricide, pyridaben, as the susceptibility of mites raised 2.75-fold. Last, injection of Eya-dsRNA in adults produced transgenerational phenotypic effects on 3.59% of offspring, as quantified by an observed deviation in eye development, while oral delivery of Eya-dsRNA did not. In conclusion, injection of dsRNA is superior to oral delivery in silencing the expression of the selected genes in this study and could be considered the method of choice to study gene function in reverse genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Song L, Chen Y, An X, Ding C, Bu C. Chitin deacetylase 2 is essential for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104962. [PMID: 34802539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin metabolism has long been considered promising targets for development of biorational pesticides. Considering the increasing challenges of controlling the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the roles of chitin deacetylases (CDAs) during molting process and mite development are explored. TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression patterns during the development process. Feeding of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against TuCDA1 or TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. Especially TuCDA2 displays a much stronger phenotype than TuCDA1 (p = 0.0003). The treated mites fail to shed the old cuticle and are trapped within exuviate until they die. The aberrant cuticle structure observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be responsible for the lethal phenotype of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 knocked down mites. However, treatment with both dsRNA-CDA1 and dsRNA-CDA2 cannot significantly enhance the lethal effects of dsRNA-CDA2, which indicates partially redundant function of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2. TuCDA2 may play a key role during the molting and development process. Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference through feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangshun An
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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Li G, Liu X, Smagghe G, Niu J, Wang J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs during the Molting Process of a Spider Mite, Panonychus citri. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6909. [PMID: 34199120 PMCID: PMC8269015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Molting is essential for arthropods to grow. As one of the important arthropod pests in agriculture, key spider mite species (Tetranychus and Panonychus) can normally molt three times from the larva to adult stage within a week. This physiological strategy results in the short lifecycle of spider mites and difficulties in their control in the field. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate transcriptional editing, cellular function, and biological processes. Thus, analysis of the lncRNAs in the spider mite molting process may provide new insights into their roles in the molting mechanism. For this purpose, we used high-throughput RNA-seq to examine the expression dynamics of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the molting process of different development stages in Panonychus citri. We identified 9199 lncRNAs from 18 transcriptomes. Analysis of the lncRNAs suggested that they were shorter and had fewer exons and transcripts than mRNAs. Among these, 356 lncRNAs were differentially expressed during three molting processes: late larva to early protonymph, late protonymph to early deutonymph, and late deutonymph to early adult. A time series profile analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs showed that 77 lncRNAs were clustered into two dynamic expression profiles (Pattern a and Pattern c), implying that lncRNAs were involved in the molting process of spider mites. Furthermore, the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks showed that several differentially expressed hub lncRNAs were predicted to be functionally associated with typical molting-related proteins, such as cuticle protein and chitin biosynthesis. These data reveal the potential regulatory function of lncRNAs in the molting process and provide datasets for further analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs in spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Xunyan Liu
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinzhi Niu
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Jinjun Wang
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.L.); (G.S.); (J.N.)
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12
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Wu JJ, Mu LL, Kang WN, Ze LJ, Shen CH, Jin L, Anjum AA, Li GQ. RNA interference targeting ecdysone receptor blocks the larval-pupal transition in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:419-429. [PMID: 32162469 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious insect pest which attacks a large number of nightshades and cucurbits in Asian countries, Brazil and Australia. Prolonged application of traditional pesticides has caused environmental pollution and exerted deleterious effects on human health. Finding new approaches with high target specificity and low environmental contamination has become an urgent task. RNA interference (RNAi) induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is expected to be applicable to managing this pest. Here we evaluated the effects of Escherichia coli-expressed dsRNAs targeting ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene via dietary delivery in laboratory and foliar spraying in a greenhouse. The target transcript was successfully knocked down when the 4th-instar larvae had fed on potato foliage dipped with dsEcR in a laboratory bioassay. Around 85% of the HvEcR RNAi larvae remained as prepupae or became abnormal pupae, and failed to emerge into adults. Ingestion of dsEcR-immersed foliage by the 3rd-instar larvae effectuated a comparable RNAi response and brought about more severe defects: all the resultant larvae arrested development, remained as prepupae and finally died. For assay in the greenhouse, a dsEcR-contained E. coli suspension was directly sprayed to the foliage of greenhouse-growing potato plants and the 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae were transferred to the leaves. High RNAi efficacy was obtained and identical RNAi phenotypes were observed in treated larvae. In addition, spraying dsEcR reduced leaf damage. Our results indicate a possibility of practical application of dsEcR as an environmentally friendly RNA pesticide to control H. vigintioctopunctata larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Mu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Nan Kang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long-Ji Ze
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen-Hui Shen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmad Ali Anjum
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang M, Zhang D, Ren J, Pu S, Wu H, Ma Z. Target verification of allyl isothiocyanate on the core subunits of cytochrome c oxidase in Sitophilus zeamais by RNAi. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1292-1302. [PMID: 33063911 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a volatile organic compound with a potent insecticidal activity to the stored-grain pest Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, which severely damages grain storage and container transport worldwide. Our previous study showed that mitochondrial complex IV was the primary target of AITC in adult Sitophilus zeamais. To further verify the targets of AITC, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) by using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to knockdown three core subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-I, -II and -III in 18-day-old larvae prior to their exposure to AITC to detect susceptibility changes. RESULTS The susceptibility of dsRNACOX-I and -II injection treatments to AITC significantly increased at 72 h while the mortality reached up to 85.56% and 67.78%, respectively, and dsRNACOX-I and dsRNACOX-II injection showed the same subcellular structural characteristics showing vacuolization and vague mitochondrial cristae and decrease of COX activity during AITC fumigation treatment, suggesting the potential of COX-I and COX-II as the targets of AITC. High mortality reached up to 75.55%, 71.88% and 82.22%, respectively, and the phenotype of larvae turning from milky white to dark brown in the thorax and death eventually was confirmed after dsRNACOX-I, -II and -III injection. CONCLUSION COX-I and -II were elucidated as the potential targets of AITC and dsRNACOX-I, -II and -III have the potential to be developed into nucleic acid pesticides for their robust lethal effects and are worth pursuing for improving AITC fumigation activity in Sitophilus zeamais control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shi Pu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Research Center of Biopesticide Engineering and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Liu J, Jiang Z, Feng K, Lu W, Wen X, Sun J, Li J, Liu J, He L. Transcriptome analysis revealed that multiple genes were related to the cyflumetofen resistance of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104799. [PMID: 33771268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance is one of the main causes of acaricide resistance. Many previous studies focused on the function of specific genes in insecticides/acaricides resistance. However, during the development of resistance, the overall dynamic of expression levels of detoxification enzyme genes in mites is still unclear. Tetranychus cinnabarinus, a major agricultural pest, which is notorious for developing resistance to acaricides rapidly. In this study, a field susceptible strain (YS) was continuously selected for 16, 25 and 32 generations, and developed to low resistance (7.83-fold, L), medium resistance (17.23-fold, M) and high resistance (86.05-fold, H), respectively. Transcriptome sequencing was performed in YS, L, M and H strains. Overall, compared with YS strain, the number of differential expression genes increased slightly with the development of cyflumetofen-resistance. As for detoxification genes, the median of fold change of up-regulated P450、CCE and GST genes was higher than those of all up-regulated genes in three resistance level, but only the number and the median of fold change of up-regulated P450 genes was increased slightly with the development of resistance. In addition, synergism experiments also proved that P450 and GST genes were the major contributors to the metabolic resistance of cyflumetofen of T. cinnabarinus. These results showed that the resistance of T. cinnabarinus to cyflumetofen was related to many resistant genes, among which P450 genes could play crucial roles in cyflumefen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaiyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wencai Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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Li G, Liu XY, Han X, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. RNAi of the nuclear receptor HR3 suggests a role in the molting process of the spider mite Panonychus citri. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:75-83. [PMID: 32277324 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids regulate molting in arthropods by binding to heterodimers of the ecdysone receptor and retinoid-X-receptor, homologous to the ultraspiracle protein, to induce the expression of downstream signal response genes including the nuclear receptor HR3. However, the detailed expression dynamics of HR3 during molting in spider mites are not yet clear. In this study, the full length of PcHR3 was retrieved based on the genome of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. The open reading frame is 1707 bp encoding 568 amino acids, which contains a DNA binding domain and a ligand binding domain. Then, the expression pattern of PcHR3 was analyzed throughout the development of the deutonymph by RT-qPCR. The result showed that PcHR3 was mainly transcribed in the late deutonymph stage, when the deutonymph was at least 24 h old and motionless, the critical point at which the mites started molting. Transcription reached the highest level in 32-h-old deutonymphs and decreased by 36 h, where the mites remained in a quiescent state. Further silencing of PcHR3 by leaf-disc-based delivery of dsRNA to 8-h-old deutonymph mites, resulted in retarded development and death of 58% of deutonymphs. In summary, we suggest that PcHR3 regulates the latter stages of molting in P. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Han
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Science, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress for Southern Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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