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Schmitt T, Waschke J. Autoantibody-Specific Signalling in Pemphigus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:701809. [PMID: 34434944 PMCID: PMC8381052 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.701809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a severe autoimmune disease impairing barrier functions of epidermis and mucosa. Autoantibodies primarily target the desmosomal adhesion molecules desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg 3 and induce loss of desmosomal adhesion. Strikingly, autoantibody profiles in pemphigus correlate with clinical phenotypes. Mucosal-dominant pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is characterised by autoantibodies (PV-IgG) against Dsg3 whereas epidermal blistering in PV and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is associated with autoantibodies against Dsg1. Therapy in pemphigus is evolving towards specific suppression of autoantibody formation and autoantibody depletion. Nevertheless, during the acute phase and relapses of the disease additional treatment options to stabilise desmosomes and thereby rescue keratinocyte adhesion would be beneficial. Therefore, the mechanisms by which autoantibodies interfere with adhesion of desmosomes need to be characterised in detail. Besides direct inhibition of Dsg adhesion, autoantibodies engage signalling pathways interfering with different steps of desmosome turn-over. With this respect, recent data indicate that autoantibodies induce separate signalling responses in keratinocytes via specific signalling complexes organised by Dsg1 and Dsg3 which transfer the signal of autoantibody binding into the cell. This hypothesis may also explain the different clinical pemphigus phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl Anatomie I - Vegetative Anatomie, Munich, Germany
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2
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Okita K, Okazaki S, Uejima S, Yamada E, Kaminaka H, Kondo M, Ueda S, Tokiwa R, Iwata N, Yamasaki A, Hayashi N, Ogura D, Hirotani K, Yoshioka T, Inoue M, Masuko K, Masuko T. Novel functional anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies with potent anti-cancer effects on various human epithelial cancers. Oncotarget 2020; 11:31-45. [PMID: 32002122 PMCID: PMC6967776 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of progressive cancers against chemotherapy is a serious clinical problem. In this context, human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) can play important roles in drug resistance to HER1- and HER2- targeted therapies. Since clinical testing of anti-HER3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as patritumab could not show remarkable effect compared with existing drugs, we generated novel mAbs against anti-HER3. Novel rat mAbs reacted with HEK293 cells expressing HER3, but not with cells expressing HER1, HER2 or HER4. Specificity of mAbs was substantiated by the loss of mAb binding with knockdown by siRNA and knockout of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing. Analyses of CDR sequence and germline segment have revealed that seven mAbs are classified to four groups, and the binding of patritumab was inhibited by one of seven mAbs. Seven mAbs have shown reactivity with various human epithelial cancer cells, strong internalization activity of cell-surface HER3, and inhibition of NRG1 binding, NRG1-dependent HER3 phosphorylation and cell growth. Anti-HER3 mAbs were also reactive with in vivo tumor tissues and cancer tissue-originated spheroid. Ab4 inhibited in vivo tumor growth of human colon cancer cells in nude mice. Present mAbs may be superior to existing anti-HER3 mAbs and support existing anti-cancer therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Okita
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan.,Production and Manufacturing, Carna Biosciences, Inc., BMA, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shogo Okazaki
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinya Uejima
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erina Yamada
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaminaka
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Kondo
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Ueda
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Tokiwa
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nami Iwata
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Yamasaki
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hayashi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dai Ogura
- Link Genomics, Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirotani
- Oncology Clinical Development Department, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshioka
- Field of Basic Science, Department of Occupational therapy, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-Resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazue Masuko
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuko
- Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Lakin E, Church MK, Maurer M, Schmetzer O. On the Lipophilic Nature of Autoreactive IgE in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:829-836. [PMID: 30809311 PMCID: PMC6376472 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a skin disease related to autoreactive IgE in at least a subgroup of patients. However, the nature of this autoreactive IgE remains poorly characterized. This investigation had three objectives: first, to quantity CSU autoreactive IgE; second, to recognize the patterns of CSU autoreactive IgE compared with healthy control IgE; and third, to investigate the physiochemical nature of CSU autoreactive IgE. Methods: IgE autoreactivity was assessed in sera from 7 CSU and 7 healthy individuals. Autoantigen recognition patterns were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap visualization. Lipophilicity was assessed using NanoOrange reagent. Results: First, although total IgE levels did not differ significantly, the autoreactive proportion of IgE of CSU patients was 62% ± 37%, 1000-fold higher than that of healthy controls 0.03% ± 0.008% (P = 0.0006). Second, CSU autoreactive IgE differed from healthy control IgE by recognizing more and different autoantigens (226 vs. 34; P = 0.01). Third, the median (with 10-90% percentiles) serum level of lipophilic IgE was 39% (38-40%) in 232 CSU patients, 1.4-fold higher than the 28% (26-29%) of 173 healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, lipophilicity correlated with autoreactivity (r = 0.8; P < 0.0001), connecting these two observed features. Conclusion: We believe that these novel observations about CSU autoreactive IgE, particularly the finding that it is more lipophilic than that of IgE from healthy individuals, will lead to the development of new diagnostic tests and therapies for autoreactive IgE-mediated diseases.
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Kerzel S, Rogosch T, Struecker B, Maier RF, Kabesch M, Zemlin M. Unlike in Children with Allergic Asthma, IgE Transcripts from Preschool Children with Atopic Dermatitis Display Signs of Superantigen-Driven Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4885-92. [PMID: 27183570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The IgE repertoire in children with asthma reflects an adaptive B cell response, indicative of Ag-driven selection. However, the same might not apply to atopic dermatitis, which is often the first manifestation of atopy. The objective of our present study was to characterize the IgE repertoire of preschool children with atopic dermatitis with regard to signs of superantigen-like activation, clonal relationship, and indications of Ag selection. Total RNA was isolated from PBMCs of five children with atopic dermatitis. IgE transcripts were amplified, cloned, and sequenced using RT-PCR. We obtained 200 functional IgE sequences, which were compared with 1140 sequences from 11 children with asthma. Whereas variable gene segment of the H Ig chain (VH) gene usage in asthma reflected germline distribution, IgE transcripts from children with atopic dermatitis displayed a dominance of the otherwise scarcely expressed VH2 and VH4 family. Whereas IgE transcripts from children with asthma were highly mutated (7.2%), somatic mutation rate in atopic dermatitis was less than half as high (3.4%). Moreover, the proportion of transcripts that were indicative of Ag selection was reduced to 11% in atopic dermatitis (24% in asthma). In summary, IgE repertoires vary significantly between children with different atopic diseases. Compared with children with asthma, IgE transcripts from preschool children with atopic dermatitis are significantly less mutated, clonally less focused, and less indicative of Ag selection. We consider our data reconcilable with the hypothesis that a superantigen-like activation contributes to the maturation and selection of the IgE repertoire in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kerzel
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg, St. Hedwig Campus, D-93049 Regensburg, Germany; and Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Struecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf F Maier
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg, St. Hedwig Campus, D-93049 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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Di Zenzo G, Amber KT, Sayar BS, Müller EJ, Borradori L. Immune response in pemphigus and beyond: progresses and emerging concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:57-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Warris S, Yalcin F, Jackson KJL, Nap JP. Flexible, fast and accurate sequence alignment profiling on GPGPU with PaSWAS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122524. [PMID: 25830241 PMCID: PMC4382095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION To obtain large-scale sequence alignments in a fast and flexible way is an important step in the analyses of next generation sequencing data. Applications based on the Smith-Waterman (SW) algorithm are often either not fast enough, limited to dedicated tasks or not sufficiently accurate due to statistical issues. Current SW implementations that run on graphics hardware do not report the alignment details necessary for further analysis. RESULTS With the Parallel SW Alignment Software (PaSWAS) it is possible (a) to have easy access to the computational power of NVIDIA-based general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) to perform high-speed sequence alignments, and (b) retrieve relevant information such as score, number of gaps and mismatches. The software reports multiple hits per alignment. The added value of the new SW implementation is demonstrated with two test cases: (1) tag recovery in next generation sequence data and (2) isotype assignment within an immunoglobulin 454 sequence data set. Both cases show the usability and versatility of the new parallel Smith-Waterman implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Warris
- Institute for Life Science & Technology & Hanze Research Center Energy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, 9747 AS, Zernikeplein 11, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feyruz Yalcin
- KeyGene N. V., 6708 PW, Agro Business Park 90, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine J. L. Jackson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jan Peter Nap
- Institute for Life Science & Technology & Hanze Research Center Energy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, 9747 AS, Zernikeplein 11, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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7
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Komegae EN, Grund LZ, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. The longevity of Th2 humoral response induced by proteases natterins requires the participation of long-lasting innate-like B cells and plasma cells in spleen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67135. [PMID: 23840604 PMCID: PMC3696013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and memory B cells are critical events for an effective vaccine and the choice of adjuvant can influence these processes. Various cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the protease action that determine Th2 responses have been identified. However, direct or indirect actions in the regulation of the induction, survival and longevity of ASC in differential compartments remain largely unknown. We investigated whether the proteolytic activity of proteins are determinant for the modulation of the memory immune response in mice, promoting the differentiation of memory B cells to terminally differentiated end stage cells. Here, we show that the proteolytic activity of Natterins, from the venom of Thalassophryne nattereri Brazilian fish, besides inducing a Th2 response with plasmatic titers of high-affinity antigen-specific IgE over extended periods is sufficient for the generation of signals that contribute to the formation of a survival niche in the spleen, essential for the longevity of the main subtype of ASC with B220neg phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evilin Naname Komegae
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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8
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Willis JR, Briney BS, DeLuca SL, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Human germline antibody gene segments encode polyspecific antibodies. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003045. [PMID: 23637590 PMCID: PMC3636087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural flexibility in germline gene-encoded antibodies allows promiscuous binding to diverse antigens. The binding affinity and specificity for a particular epitope typically increase as antibody genes acquire somatic mutations in antigen-stimulated B cells. In this work, we investigated whether germline gene-encoded antibodies are optimal for polyspecificity by determining the basis for recognition of diverse antigens by antibodies encoded by three VH gene segments. Panels of somatically mutated antibodies encoded by a common VH gene, but each binding to a different antigen, were computationally redesigned to predict antibodies that could engage multiple antigens at once. The Rosetta multi-state design process predicted antibody sequences for the entire heavy chain variable region, including framework, CDR1, and CDR2 mutations. The predicted sequences matched the germline gene sequences to a remarkable degree, revealing by computational design the residues that are predicted to enable polyspecificity, i.e., binding of many unrelated antigens with a common sequence. The process thereby reverses antibody maturation in silico. In contrast, when designing antibodies to bind a single antigen, a sequence similar to that of the mature antibody sequence was returned, mimicking natural antibody maturation in silico. We demonstrated that the Rosetta computational design algorithm captures important aspects of antibody/antigen recognition. While the hypervariable region CDR3 often mediates much of the specificity of mature antibodies, we identified key positions in the VH gene encoding CDR1, CDR2, and the immunoglobulin framework that are critical contributors for polyspecificity in germline antibodies. Computational design of antibodies capable of binding multiple antigens may allow the rational design of antibodies that retain polyspecificity for diverse epitope binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Willis
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bryan S. Briney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Samuel L. DeLuca
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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9
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Gadermaier E, Flicker S, Lupinek C, Steinberger P, Valenta R. Determination of allergen specificity by heavy chains in grass pollen allergen-specific IgE antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23206656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Affinity and clonality of allergen-specific IgE antibodies are important determinants for the magnitude of IgE-mediated allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the contribution of heavy and light chains of human allergen-specific IgE antibodies for allergen specificity and to test whether promiscuous pairing of heavy and light chains with different allergen specificity allows binding and might affect affinity. METHODS Ten IgE Fabs specific for 3 non-cross-reactive major timothy grass pollen allergens (Phl p 1, Phl p 2, and Phl p 5) obtained by means of combinatorial cloning from patients with grass pollen allergy were used to construct stable recombinant single chain variable fragments (ScFvs) representing the original Fabs and shuffled ScFvs in which heavy chains were recombined with light chains from IgE Fabs with specificity for other allergens by using the pCANTAB 5 E expression system. Possible ancestor genes for the heavy chain and light chain variable region-encoding genes were determined by using sequence comparison with the ImMunoGeneTics database, and their chromosomal locations were determined. Recombinant ScFvs were tested for allergen specificity and epitope recognition by means of direct and sandwich ELISA, and affinity by using surface plasmon resonance experiments. RESULTS The shuffling experiments demonstrate that promiscuous pairing of heavy and light chains is possible and maintains allergen specificity, which is mainly determined by the heavy chains. ScFvs consisting of different heavy and light chains exhibited different affinities and even epitope specificity for the corresponding allergen. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that allergen specificity of allergen-specific IgE is mainly determined by the heavy chains. Different heavy and light chain pairings in allergen-specific IgE antibodies affect affinity and epitope specificity and thus might influence clinical reactivity to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Sebastián E, Alcoceba M, Balanzategui A, Marín L, Montes-Moreno S, Flores T, González D, Sarasquete ME, Chillón MC, Puig N, Corral R, Pardal E, Martín A, González-Barca E, Caballero MD, San Miguel JF, García-Sanz R, González M. Molecular characterization of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: antigen-driven origin and IGHV4-34 as a particular subgroup of the non-GCB subtype. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1879-88. [PMID: 22982190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains partially unknown. The analysis of the B-cell receptor of the malignant cells could contribute to a better understanding of the DLBCL biology. We studied the molecular features of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) rearrangements in 165 patients diagnosed with DLBCL not otherwise specified. Clonal IGH rearrangements were amplified according to the BIOMED-2 protocol and PCR products were sequenced directly. We also analyzed the criteria for stereotyped patterns in all complete IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ (V-D-J) sequences. Complete V-D-J rearrangements were identified in 130 of 165 patients. Most cases (89%) were highly mutated, but 12 sequences were truly unmutated or minimally mutated. Three genes, IGHV4-34, IGHV3-23, and IGHV4-39, accounted for one third of the whole cohort, including an overrepresentation of IGHV4-34 (15.5% overall). Interestingly, all IGHV4-34 rearrangements and all unmutated sequences belonged to the nongerminal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) subtype. Overall, we found three cases following the current criteria for stereotyped heavy chain VH CDR3 sequences, two of them belonging to subsets previously described in CLL. IGHV gene repertoire is remarkably biased, implying an antigen-driven origin in DLBCL. The particular features in the sequence of the immunoglobulins suggest the existence of particular subgroups within the non-GCB subtype.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- V(D)J Recombination/genetics
- V(D)J Recombination/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sebastián
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain
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11
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Lewis DH, Chan DL, Pinheiro D, Armitage-Chan E, Garden OA. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient‐based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Campus, Hertfordshire, UK
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12
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Mahmoud TI, Schroeder HW, Kearney JF. Limiting CDR-H3 diversity abrogates the antibody response to the bacterial polysaccharide α 1→3 dextran. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:879-86. [PMID: 21677133 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-polysaccharide Ab responses in mice are often oligoclonal, and the mechanisms involved in Ag-specific clone production and selection remain poorly understood. We evaluated the relative contribution of D(H) germline content versus N nucleotide addition in a classic oligoclonal, T-independent Ab response (α 1→3 dextran [DEX]) by challenging adult TdT-sufficient (TdT(+/+)) and TdT-deficient (TdT(-/-)) gene-targeted mice, limited to the use of a single D(H) gene segment (D-limited mice), with Enterobacter cloacae. D-limited mice achieved anti-DEX-specific levels of Abs that were broadly comparable to those of wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice. Sequence analysis of the third CDR of the H chain intervals obtained by PCR amplification of V(H) domain DNA from DEX-specific plasmablasts revealed the near universal presence of an aspartic acid residue (D99) at the V-D junction, irrespective of the composition of the D(H) locus. Although WT mice were able to use germline D(H) (DQ52, DSP, or DST) gene segment sequence, TdT activity, or both to produce D99, all three D-limited mouse strains relied exclusively on N addition. Additionally, in the absence of TdT, D-limited mice failed to produce a DEX response. Coupled with previous studies demonstrating a reduced response to DEX in TdT(-/-) mice with a WT D(H) locus, we concluded that in the case of the anti-DEX repertoire, which uses a short third CDR of the H chain, the anti-DEX response relies more intensely on sequences created by postnatal N nucleotide addition than on the germline sequence of the D(H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Hoddeson EK, Pratt E, Harvey RJ, Wise SK. Local and systemic IgE in the evaluation and treatment of allergy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010; 43:503-20, viii. [PMID: 20525506 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional descriptions of type I hypersensitivity and its manifestations center on systemic immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to inciting antigens. Hence, many current diagnostic and therapeutic measures are based on systemic skin testing for allergy, systemic pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. Recent developments in rhinology and pulmonology, particularly in defining the phenomenon of local IgE production in various airway inflammatory conditions, have an impact on both medical and surgical diagnosis and management of these conditions. This review includes a discussion of allergy as a systemic disease, current systemic diagnostic and management strategies for allergy, and local IgE presence and synthesis in the upper and lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Hoddeson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University, 1365A Clifton Road NE, Suite A2300, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kerzel S, Rogosch T, Struecker B, Maier RF, Zemlin M. IgE transcripts in the circulation of allergic children reflect a classical antigen-driven B cell response and not a superantigen-like activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2253-60. [PMID: 20660349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most frequent chronic disorder in childhood. Although IgE is a central effector molecule in allergic diseases, the nature of the IgE response is still under debate. The objective of our study was to clarify whether the IgE repertoire in the circulation of allergic children represents a classical Ag-driven and oligoclonal B cell response, a superantigen-like activation of a subset of B cells, or a polyclonal B-1 cell expansion. Using a highly sensitive RT-PCR method, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced IgE H chain transcripts from 13 children with allergic asthma. We gained 1366 functional IgE sequences, which currently represent the most extensive collection of human IgE transcripts. Compared to IgM transcripts from the same children, the somatic mutation rate was significantly enhanced in IgE transcripts (21 per thousand versus 72 per thousand; p < 0.001), which renders a polyclonal B-1 response unlikely. Moreover, IgE sequences displayed significantly enhanced Ag selection and hence were indicative of a classical Ag-driven immune response with affinity maturation (p < 0.001). In contrast to several recent studies, the usage pattern of variable gene segment of the H Ig chain in IgE transcripts followed the germline complexity, arguing against a superantigen-like interaction. We conclude that IgE transcripts in the circulation of children with allergic asthma reflect a classical adaptive B-2 cell response. This study provides reference data for a better characterization of the IgE response under immunomodulating therapies, such as anti-IgE therapy or allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kerzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Sikula L, Gentil K, Liebetruth M, Schlingmann KP, Maier RF, Zemlin M. Plasma Cells and Nonplasma B Cells Express Differing IgE Repertoires in Allergic Sensitization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4947-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yamagami J, Takahashi H, Ota T, Amagai M. Genetic characterization of human Dsg3-specific B cells isolated by flow cytometry from the peripheral blood of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 52:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Davies JM, O'Hehir RE. Immunogenetic characteristics of immunoglobulin E in allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:566-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gronski P, Schridde C, Kanzy EJ. Off-rate and concentration diversity in multidonor-derived dimers of immunoglobulin G. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2528-40. [PMID: 17275088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG-dimers in multidonor-derived preparations of IgG antibodies represent not only agents of therapeutic potential, but also molecules of basic immunological interest since their composition mirrors the currently unknown range of clonal concentrations and affinities. To analyze this fundamental type of diversity, a computational model is developed in agreement with a density functional theory and used to simulate the dissociation kinetics of dimers separated from a 5000 donor-derived IgG preparation (protein concentration: 0.74 mg/mL) via superimposition of 8100 arbitrary combinations of off-rates and initial concentrations. The Greedy algorithm-like procedure described requires iterative and consecutive changes of 8 from a total of 11 fitting parameters and allows to approximate the probability density distributions of either quantities within defined limits (apparent off-rates: approximately 4 x 10(-4) to 9 x 10(-17)s(-1); concentrations: approximately 3 x 10(-20) to 1 x 10(-11)M) by lognormal distributions of log-log(10)-type, each of them adapted with four particular parameters, as well as the number of different dimer populations ( approximately 2 x 10(13)). Moreover, reasonably dimensioned equilibrium constants involved in monovalent and bivalent random IgG dimerization are estimated by using a mean on-rate of 2.5 x 10(5)M(-1)s(-1) and interrelationships of molecular parameters derived from known models for antibody-antigen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gronski
- Preclinical Research & Development, CSL Behring GmbH, Emil von Behring Strasse 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
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Heng BC, Cao T. Making cell-permeable antibodies (Transbody) through fusion of protein transduction domains (PTD) with single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies: potential advantages over antibodies expressed within the intracellular environment (Intrabody). Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1105-8. [PMID: 15823695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in the use of antibodies against intracellular targets. This is currently achieved through recombinant expression of the single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody format within the cell, which is commonly referred to as an intrabody. This possesses a number of inherent advantages over RNA interference (iRNA). Firstly, the high specificity and affinity of intrabodies to target antigens is well-established, whereas iRNA has been frequently shown to exert multiple non-specific effects. Secondly, intrabodies being proteins possess a much longer active half-life compared to iRNA. Thirdly, when the active half-life of the intracellular target molecule is long, gene silencing through iRNA would be slow to yield any effect, whereas the effects of intrabody expression would be almost instantaneous. Lastly, it is possible to design intrabodies to block certain binding interactions of a particular target molecule, while sparing others. There is, however, various technical challenges faced with intrabody expression through the application of recombinant DNA technology. In particular, protein conformational folding and structural stability of the newly-synthesized intrabody within the cell is affected by reducing conditions of the intracellular environment. Also, there are overwhelming safety concerns surrounding the application of transfected recombinant DNA in human clinical therapy, which is required to achieve intrabody expression within the cell. Of particular concern are the various viral-based vectors that are commonly-used in genetic manipulation. A novel approach around these problems would be to look at the possibility of fusing protein transduction domains (PTD) to scFv antibodies, to create a 'cell-permeable' antibody or 'Transbody'. PTD are short peptide sequences that enable proteins to translocate across the cell membrane and be internalized within the cytosol, through atypical secretory and internalization pathways. There are a number of distinct advantages that a 'Transbody' would possess over conventional intrabodies expressed within the cell. For a start, 'correct' conformational folding and disulfide bond formation can take place prior to introduction into the target cell. More importantly, the use of cell-permeable antibodies or 'Transbodies' would avoid the overwhelming safety and ethical concerns surrounding the direct application of recombinant DNA technology in human clinical therapy, which is required for intrabody expression within the cell. 'Transbodies' introduced into the cell would possess only a limited active half-life, without resulting in any permanent genetic alteration. This would allay any safety concerns with regards to their application in human clinical therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- DNA, Recombinant/administration & dosage
- DNA, Recombinant/adverse effects
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/therapeutic use
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Design
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genes, Synthetic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Singapore, Singapore
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Payne AS, Ishii K, Kacir S, Lin C, Li H, Hanakawa Y, Tsunoda K, Amagai M, Stanley JR, Siegel DL. Genetic and functional characterization of human pemphigus vulgaris monoclonal autoantibodies isolated by phage display. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:888-99. [PMID: 15841178 PMCID: PMC1070425 DOI: 10.1172/jci24185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is a life-threatening blistering disorder of the skin and mucous membranes caused by pathogenic autoantibodies to desmosomal adhesion proteins desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and Dsg1. Mechanisms of antibody pathogenicity are difficult to characterize using polyclonal patient sera. Using antibody phage display, we have isolated repertoires of human anti-Dsg mAbs as single-chain variable-region fragments (scFvs) from a patient with active mucocutaneous pemphigus vulgaris. ScFv mAbs demonstrated binding to Dsg3 or Dsg1 alone, or both Dsg3 and Dsg1. Inhibition ELISA showed that the epitopes defined by these scFvs are blocked by autoantibodies from multiple pemphigus patients. Injection of scFvs into neonatal mice identified 2 pathogenic scFvs that caused blisters histologically similar to those observed in pemphigus patients. Similarly, these 2 scFvs, but not others, induced cell sheet dissociation of cultured human keratinocytes, indicating that both pathogenic and nonpathogenic antibodies were isolated. Genetic analysis of these mAbs showed restricted patterns of heavy and light chain gene usage, which were distinct for scFvs with different desmoglein-binding specificities. Detailed characterization of these pemphigus mAbs should lead to a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of disease and to more specifically targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee S Payne
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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