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Somsakeesit LO, Senawong T, Senawong G, Kumboonma P, Samankul A, Namwan N, Yenjai C, Phaosiri C. Evaluation and molecular docking study of two flavonoids from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and their semi-synthetic derivatives as histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Nat Med 2024; 78:236-245. [PMID: 37991632 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6) and galangin 3-methyl ether (5,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy flavone, 7) were obtained from the leaves of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz in 4% and 6% yields, respectively. Both compounds could act as pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Structural modification of these lead compounds provided thirty-eight derivatives which were further tested as HDAC inhibitors. Compounds 6b, 6c, and 6q were the most potent derivatives with the IC50 values of 97.29 ± 0.63 μM, 91.71 ± 0.27 μM, and 96.87 ± 0.45 µM, respectively. Molecular docking study indicated the selectivity of these three compounds toward HDAC8 and the test against HDAC8 showed IC50 values in the same micromolar range. All three compounds were further evaluated for the anti-proliferative activity against HeLa and A549 cell lines. Compound 6q exhibited the best activity against HeLa cell line with the IC50 value of 13.91 ± 0.34 μM. Moreover, 6q was able to increase the acetylation level of histone H3. These promising HDAC inhibitors deserve investigation as chemotherapeutic agents for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- La-Or Somsakeesit
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (Implementation Unit-IU, Khon Kaen University), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanaset Senawong
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Gulsiri Senawong
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pakit Kumboonma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Arunta Samankul
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Narissara Namwan
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chavi Yenjai
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (Implementation Unit-IU, Khon Kaen University), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanokbhorn Phaosiri
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (Implementation Unit-IU, Khon Kaen University), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Lin CP, Huang PH, Chen CY, Tzeng IS, Wu MY, Chen JS, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Tributyrin Intake Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in LDLR-/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098008. [PMID: 37175712 PMCID: PMC10178859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial cardiovascular disease with a high risk of death, and it occurs in the infrarenal aorta with vascular dilatation. High blood pressure acts on the aortic wall, resulting in rupture and causing life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysregulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, especially elastin breaks, contribute to structural changes in the aortic wall. The pathogenesis of AAA includes the occurrence of oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, elastic fiber fragmentation, VSMC apoptosis, and phenotypic transformation. Tributyrin (TB) is decomposed by intestinal lipase and has a function similar to that of butyrate. Whether TB has a protective effect against AAA remains uncertain. In the present study, we established an AAA murine model by angiotensin II (AngII) induction in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) mice and investigated the effects of orally administered TB on the AAA size, ratio of macrophage infiltration, levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and epigenetic regulation. TB attenuates AngII-induced AAA size and decreases elastin fragmentation, macrophage infiltration, and MMP expression in the medial layer of the aorta and reduces the levels of SBP (systolic blood pressure, p < 0.001) and MMP-2 (p < 0.02) in the serum. TB reduces the AngII-stimulated expression levels of MMP2 (p < 0.05), MMP9 (p < 0.05), MMP12, and MMP14 in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, TB and valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suppress AngII receptor type 1 (AT1R, p < 0.05) activation and increase the expression of acetyl histone H3 by HDAC activity inhibition (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that TB exerts its protective effect by suppressing the activation of HDAC to attenuate the AngII-induced AT1R signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Critical Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - I-Shiang Tzeng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiong Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology & Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
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Omidkhah N, Ghodsi R. NO-HDAC dual inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113934. [PMID: 34700268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors and NO donors have both demonstrated independently broad therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases. Borretto et al. presented the topic of NO-HDAC dual inhibitors for the first time in 2013 as an attractive new topic. Here we collected the general structure of all synthesized NO-HDAC dual inhibitors, lead compounds, synthesis methods and biological features of the most potent dual NO-HDAC inhibitor in each category with the intention of assisting in the synthesis and optimization of new drug-like compounds for diverse diseases. Based on studies done so far, NO-HDAC dual inhibitors have displayed satisfactory results against wound healing (3), heart hypertrophy (3), inflammatory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular illnesses (11a-11e) and cancer (6a-6o, 9a-9d, 10a-10d, 16 and 17). NO-HDAC dual inhibitors can have high therapeutic potential for various diseases due to their new properties, NO properties, HDAC inhibitor properties and also due to the effects of NO on HDAC enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Omidkhah
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang Z, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases in modulating cardiac disease and their clinical translational and therapeutic implications. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:213-225. [PMID: 32727215 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220944128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role in the epigenetic regulation of genetic transcription in response to stress or pathological conditions. HDACs interact with a complex co-regulatory network of transcriptional regulators, deacetylate histones or non-histone proteins, and modulate gene expression in the heart. The selective HDAC inhibitors have been considered to be a critical target for the treatment of cardiac disease, especially for ameliorating cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of HDACs in mediating cardiac development and hypertrophy and related pharmacologic interventions in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Wang
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Departments of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Structural and biological characterization of new hybrid drugs joining an HDAC inhibitor to different NO-donors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:612-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Early transcriptional alteration of histone deacetylases in a murine model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180571. [PMID: 28662206 PMCID: PMC5491252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent that is widely-used to treat a variety of cancers but causes acute and chronic cardiac injury, severely limiting its use. Clinically, the acute side effects of doxorubicin are mostly manageable, whereas the delayed consequences can lead to life-threatening heart failure, even decades after cancer treatment. The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is subject to a critical cumulative dose and so dosage limitation is considered to be the best way to reduce these effects. Hence, a number of studies have defined a "safe dose" of the drug, both in animal models and clinical settings, with the aim of avoiding long-term cardiac effects. Here we show that a dose generally considered as safe in a mouse model can induce harmful changes in the myocardium, as early as 2 weeks after infusion. The adverse changes include the development of fibrotic lesions, disarray of cardiomyocytes and a major transcription dysregulation. Importantly, low-dose doxorubicin caused specific changes in the transcriptional profile of several histone deacetylases (HDACs) which are epigenetic regulators of cardiac remodelling. This suggests that cardioprotective therapies, aimed at modulating HDACs during doxorubicin treatment, deserve further exploration.
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Histone deacetylase inhibition is cytotoxic to oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 54:53-61. [PMID: 27587342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition mediated by small molecule HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) has demonstrated divergent effects including toxicity towards transformed cell lines, neuroprotection in neurological disease models, and inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation to mature oligodendrocytes (OL). However, it remains unknown if transient HDAC inhibition may promote OPC survival. Using mouse cortical OPC primary cultures, we investigated the effects of the FDA approved pan-HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on OPC survival. Initial studies showed differences in the HDAC expression pattern of multiple HDAC isoforms in OPCs relative to their terminally differentiated progeny cells, OLs and astrocytes. Treatment of OPCs with SAHA for up to 72h using a maximum concentration either at or lower than those necessary for cytotoxicity in most transformed cell lines resulted in over 67% reduction in viability relative to vehicle-treated OPCs. This was at least partly due to increased apoptosis as SAHA-treated cells displayed activated caspase 3 and were protected by the general caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH. Additionally, SAHA treatment of whole mice at postnatal day 5 induced apoptosis of cortical OPCs. These results suggest that SAHA negatively impacts OPC survival and may be detrimental to the myelinating brain and spinal cord. Such toxicity may be relevant in a clinical context as SAHA is currently involved in numerous clinical trials and is in consideration for use in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Protection mechanism of deacetylase inhibitor on spleen of rats with severe hemorrhagic shock. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:572-6. [PMID: 27262069 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the protection and molecular mechanism of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) on the spleen of rats with hemorrhagic shock. METHODS A total of 60 SPF male SD rats were selected for the modeling of severe hemorrhagic shock using the method of arterial and venous cannulation with the time-divided bleeding. The measurement of mean arterial blood pressure and blood lactic acid was used to verify the modeling. The modeled rats were randomly divided into shock group, shock + suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) group, shock + autogenous transfusion group and shock + SAHA + autogenous transfusion group. Three hours after the treatment, the spleen of rats was collected and TUNEL method was employed to detect the apoptosis of spleen cells in each group. The statistical analysis was performed. Afterwards, real-time PCR and western blot were employed to detect the expression of BCL-2, BAX and caspass3 in the spleen of rats in each group. RESULTS A total of 53 rats had successful modeling of severe hemorrhagic shock, with success rate of 88%. Cell apoptosis in the severe hemorrhagic model group was the most serious. After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the tissue injury was a bit recovered. Cell apoptosis was least in the shock + SAHA + autogenous transfusion group (P < 0.05). After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the relative expression of BCL-2 was significantly increased (P < 0.05), with highest relative expression of BCL-2 in shock + SAHA + autogenous transfusion group (P < 0.05). After the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion, the relative expression of BAX was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), with lowest relative expression of BAX in the intervention group of single HDACIs. The change in the expression of caspass3 was similar to BAX, namely the relative expression of caspass3 was significantly decreased after the intervention of HDACIs and the autogenous transfusion (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HDACIs and autogenous transfusion can all protect the spleen injury because of the severe hemorrhagic shock. Its molecular mechanism may be related to the regulation on the expression of BCL-2/BAX and caspass3, which may affect the apoptosis process of cells.
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Morales CR, Li DL, Pedrozo Z, May HI, Jiang N, Kyrychenko V, Cho GW, Kim SY, Wang ZV, Rotter D, Rothermel BA, Schneider JW, Lavandero S, Gillette TG, Hill JA. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases blunts cardiac hypertrophy through TSC2-dependent mTOR repression. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra34. [PMID: 27048565 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Altering chromatin structure through histone posttranslational modifications has emerged as a key driver of transcriptional responses in cells. Modulation of these transcriptional responses by pharmacological inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), a group of chromatin remodeling enzymes, has been successful in blocking the growth of some cancer cell types. These inhibitors also attenuate the pathogenesis of pathological cardiac remodeling by blunting and even reversing pathological hypertrophy. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor and regulator of cell growth that, as part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), drives changes in protein synthesis and metabolism in both pathological and physiological hypertrophy. We demonstrated through pharmacological and genetic methods that inhibition of class I HDACs suppressed pathological cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of mTOR activity. Mice genetically silenced for HDAC1 and HDAC2 had a reduced hypertrophic response to thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) and showed reduced mTOR activity. We determined that the abundance of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), an mTOR inhibitor, was increased through a transcriptional mechanism in cardiomyocytes when class I HDACs were inhibited. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, loss of TSC2 abolished HDAC-dependent inhibition of mTOR activity, and increased expression of TSC2 was sufficient to reduce hypertrophy in response to phenylephrine. These findings point to mTOR and TSC2-dependent control of mTOR as critical components of the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors blunt pathological cardiac growth. These results also suggest a strategy to modulate mTOR activity and facilitate the translational exploitation of HDAC inhibitors in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyndi R Morales
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Dan L Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Herman I May
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Viktoriia Kyrychenko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - David Rotter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
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Galán M, Varona S, Orriols M, Rodríguez JA, Aguiló S, Dilmé J, Camacho M, Martínez-González J, Rodriguez C. Induction of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human abdominal aortic aneurysm: therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:541-52. [PMID: 26989193 PMCID: PMC4892665 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is currently limited to elective surgical repair because an effective pharmacotherapy is still awaited. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity could be a promising therapeutic option in cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to characterise HDAC expression in human AAA and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of class I and IIa HDAC inhibitors in the AAA model of angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused apolipoprotein-E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Real-time PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry evidenced an increased expression of HDACs 1, 2 (both class I), 4 and 7 (both class IIa) in abdominal aorta samples from patients undergoing AAA open repair (n=22) compared with those from donors (n=14). Aortic aneurysms from Ang-II-infused ApoE−/− mice exhibited a similar HDAC expression profile. In these animals, treatment with a class I HDAC inhibitor (MS-275) or a class IIa inhibitor (MC-1568) improved survival, reduced the incidence and severity of AAA and limited aneurysmal expansion evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. These beneficial effects were more potent in MC-1568-treated mice. The disorganisation of elastin and collagen fibres and lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration were effectively reduced by both inhibitors. Additionally, HDAC inhibition attenuated the exacerbated expression of pro-inflammatory markers and the increase in metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activity induced by Ang II in this model. Therefore, our data evidence that HDAC expression is deregulated in human AAA and that class-selective HDAC inhibitors limit aneurysm expansion in an AAA mouse model. New-generation HDAC inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic approach to overcome human aneurysm progression. Summary: This study reports the upregulation of HDACs in human AAA, evidences that HDAC inhibitors limit aneurysm progression in a preclinical model and suggests the therapeutic interest of HDAC inhibition in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Galán
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saray Varona
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Orriols
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Aguiló
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Dilmé
- Laboratorio de Angiología, Biología Vascular e Inflamación y Servicio de Cirugía Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Laboratorio de Angiología, Biología Vascular e Inflamación y Servicio de Cirugía Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB-Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Reciprocal regulation of RORγt acetylation and function by p300 and HDAC1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16355. [PMID: 26549310 PMCID: PMC4817527 DOI: 10.1038/srep16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells not only play critical roles in protecting against bacterial and fungal infections but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (RORγt) is a key transcription factor involved in Th17 cell differentiation through direct transcriptional activation of interleukin 17(A) (IL-17). How RORγt itself is regulated remains unclear. Here, we report that p300, which has histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, interacts with and acetylates RORγt at its K81 residue. Knockdown of p300 downregulates RORγt protein and RORγt-mediated gene expression in Th17 cells. In addition, p300 can promote RORγt-mediated transcriptional activation. Interestingly, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) HDAC1 can also interact with RORγt and reduce its acetylation level. In summary, our data reveal previously unappreciated posttranslational regulation of RORγt, uncovering the underlying mechanism by which the histone acetyltransferase p300 and the histone deacetylase HDAC1 reciprocally regulate the RORγt-mediated transcriptional activation of IL-17.
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Sherwani SI, Khan HA. Role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in neurodegeneration. Gene 2015; 570:17-24. [PMID: 26115768 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), an epigenetic modifier and oxidation product of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), has broadened the scope and understanding of neural development and neurodegenerative diseases. By virtue of their functional groups, 5mC and 5hmC exert opposite effects on gene expression; the former is generally associated with gene silencing whereas the latter is mainly involved in up-regulation of gene expression affecting the cellular processes such as differentiation, development, and aging. Although DNA methylation plays an important role in normal neural development and neuroprotection, an altered pathway due to complex interaction with environmental and genetic factors may cause severe neurodegeneration. The levels of 5hmC in brain increase progressively from birth until death, while in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, the levels are found to be highly compromised. This article discusses the recent developments in the area of hydroxymethylation, with particular emphasis on the role of 5hmC in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's diseases and Huntington's disease. We have also included recent findings on the role of 5hmC in brain tumors (gliomas). Despite compelling evidence on the involvement of 5hmC in neurodegeneration, it is yet to be established whether this epigenetic molecule is the cause or the effect of the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq I Sherwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Haseeb A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhang Y, Xu W. Isoform-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors: the trend and promise of disease treatment. Epigenomics 2015; 7:5-7. [PMID: 25687460 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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Moresi V, Marroncelli N, Adamo S. New insights into the epigenetic control of satellite cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:945-955. [PMID: 26240681 PMCID: PMC4515437 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i6.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics finely tunes gene expression at a functional level without modifying the DNA sequence, thereby contributing to the complexity of genomic regulation. Satellite cells (SCs) are adult muscle stem cells that are important for skeletal post-natal muscle growth, homeostasis and repair. The understanding of the epigenome of SCs at different stages and of the multiple layers of the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is constantly expanding. Dynamic interactions between different epigenetic mechanisms regulate the appropriate timing of muscle-specific gene expression and influence the lineage fate of SCs. In this review, we report and discuss the recent literature about the epigenetic control of SCs during the myogenic process from activation to proliferation and from their commitment to a muscle cell fate to their differentiation and fusion to myotubes. We describe how the coordinated activities of the histone methyltransferase families Polycomb group (PcG), which represses the expression of developmentally regulated genes, and Trithorax group, which antagonizes the repressive activity of the PcG, regulate myogenesis by restricting gene expression in a time-dependent manner during each step of the process. We discuss how histone acetylation and deacetylation occurs in specific loci throughout SC differentiation to enable the time-dependent transcription of specific genes. Moreover, we describe the multiple roles of microRNA, an additional epigenetic mechanism, in regulating gene expression in SCs, by repressing or enhancing gene transcription or translation during each step of myogenesis. The importance of these epigenetic pathways in modulating SC activation and differentiation renders them as promising targets for disease interventions. Understanding the most recent findings regarding the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate SC behavior is useful from the perspective of pharmacological manipulation for improving muscle regeneration and for promoting muscle homeostasis under pathological conditions.
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Xu WP, Yao TQ, Jiang YB, Zhang MZ, Wang YP, Yu Y, Li JX, Li YG. Effect of the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan on cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial histone deacetylase expression in rats with aortic constriction. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2225-2228. [PMID: 26136964 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe the myocardial expression of members of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family (HDAC2, HDAC5 and HDAC9) in rats with or without myocardial hypertrophy (MH) in the presence and absence of the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6/group): Sham-operated control rats, treated with distilled water (1 ml/day) through gavage; rats with MH (established through aortic constriction), treated with distilled water (1 ml/day) through gavage; and MH + valsartan rats, treated with 20 mg/kg/day valsartan through gavage. Treatments commenced one day after surgery and continued for eight weeks. Body weight (BW), heart weight (HW) and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were determined, and the myocardial expression of HDAC2, HDAC5 and HDAC9 was analyzed through a reverse transcription semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The BWs of the rats in the three groups were similar at baseline; however, after eight weeks the BW of the rats in the MH + valsartan group was significantly reduced compared with that of the MH rats. Furthermore, the HW/BW ratio and plasma ANP and BNP levels were increased, the myocardial HDAC2 expression was significantly upregulated and the HDAC5 and HDAC9 expression was significantly downregulated in the MH rats compared with those in the control rats; however, these changes were significantly attenuated by valsartan. Modulation of myocardial HDAC5, HDAC9 and HDAC2 expression may therefore be one of the anti-hypertrophic mechanisms of valsartan in this rat MH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Qing Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu 225400, P.R. China
| | - Mao-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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16
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The Huntington's disease-related cardiomyopathy prevents a hypertrophic response in the R6/2 mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108961. [PMID: 25268775 PMCID: PMC4182603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is neurodegenerative disorder for which the mutation results in an extra-long tract of glutamines that causes the huntingtin protein to aggregate. It is characterized by neurological symptoms and brain pathology that is associated with nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates and with transcriptional deregulation. Despite the fact that HD has been recognized principally as a neurological disease, there are multiple epidemiological studies showing that HD patients exhibit a high rate of cardiovascular events leading to heart failure. To unravel the mechanistic basis of cardiac dysfunction in HD, we employed a wide range of molecular techniques using the well-established genetic R6/2 mouse model that develop a considerable degree of the cardiac atrophy at end stage disease. We found that chronic treatment with isoproterenol, a potent beta-adrenoreceptor agonist, did not change the overall gross morphology of the HD murine hearts. However, there was a partial response to the beta-adrenergenic stimulation by the further re-expression of foetal genes. In addition we have profiled the expression level of Hdacs in the R6/2 murine hearts and found that the isoproterenol stimulation of Hdac expression was partially blocked. For the first time we established the Hdac transcriptional profile under hypertrophic conditions and found 10 out of 18 Hdacs to be markedly deregulated. Therefore, we conclude that R6/2 murine hearts are not able to respond to the chronic isoproterenol treatment to the same degree as wild type hearts and some of the hypertrophic signals are likely attenuated in the symptomatic HD animals.
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17
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Dysregulation of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in cardiovascular diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:641979. [PMID: 24693336 PMCID: PMC3945289 DOI: 10.1155/2014/641979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite advances in its prevention and management. A comprehensive understanding of factors which contribute to CVD is required in order to develop more effective treatment options. Dysregulation of epigenetic posttranscriptional modifications of histones in chromatin is thought to be associated with the pathology of many disease models, including CVD. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) are regulators of histone lysine acetylation. Recent studies have implicated a fundamental role of reversible protein acetylation in the regulation of CVDs such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure. This reversible acetylation is governed by enzymes that HATs add or HDACs remove acetyl groups respectively. New evidence has revealed that histone acetylation regulators blunt cardiovascular and related disease states in certain cellular processes including myocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The accumulating evidence of the detrimental role of histone acetylation in cardiac disease combined with the cardioprotective role of histone acetylation regulators suggests that the use of histone acetylation regulators may serve as a novel approach to treating the millions of patients afflicted by cardiac diseases worldwide.
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18
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Kumar P, Tripathi S, Pandey KN. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate the transcriptional regulation of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-a gene: interactive roles of modified histones, histone acetyltransferase, p300, AND Sp1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6991-7002. [PMID: 24451378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.511444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binds guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) and produces the intracellular second messenger, cGMP, which regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. We sought to determine the function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in regulating Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPRA) gene transcription, using primary mouse mesangial cells treated with class-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Trichostatin A, a pan inhibitor, and mocetinostat (MGCD0103), a class I HDAC inhibitor, significantly enhanced Npr1 promoter activity (by 8- and 10-fold, respectively), mRNA levels (4- and 5.3-fold, respectively), and NPRA protein (2.7- and 3.5-fold, respectively). However, MC1568 (class II HDAC inhibitor) had no discernible effect. Overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 significantly attenuated Npr1 promoter activity, whereas HDAC3 and HDAC8 had no effect. HDACi-treated cultured cells in vitro and intact animals in vivo showed significantly reduced binding of HDAC1 and -2 and increased accumulation of acetylated H3-K9/14 and H4-K12 at the Npr1 promoter. Deletional analyses of the Npr1 promoter along with ectopic overexpression and inhibition of Sp1 confirmed that HDACi-induced Npr1 gene transcription is accomplished by Sp1 activation. Furthermore, HDACi attenuated the interaction of Sp1 with HDAC1/2 and promoted Sp1 association with p300 and p300/cAMP-binding protein-associated factor; it also promoted the recruitment of p300 and p300/cAMP-binding protein-associated factor to the Npr1 promoter. Our results demonstrate that trichostatin A and MGCD0103 enhanced Npr1 gene expression through inhibition of HDAC1/2 and increased both acetylation of histones (H3-K9/14, H4-K12) and Sp1 by p300, and their recruitment to Npr1 promoter. Our findings define a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism that governs Npr1 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Satyabha Tripathi
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112.
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19
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Tao H, Shi KH, Yang JJ, Huang C, Zhan HY, Li J. Histone deacetylases in cardiac fibrosis: current perspectives for therapy. Cell Signal 2013; 26:521-7. [PMID: 24321371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is an important pathological feature of cardiac remodeling in heart diseases. The molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis are unknown. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that balance the acetylation activities of histone acetyltransferases on chromatin remodeling and play essential roles in regulating gene transcription. In recent years, the role of HDACs in cardiac fibrosis initiation and progression, as well as the therapeutic effects of HDAC inhibitors, has been well studied. Moreover, numerous studies indicated that HDAC activity is associated with the development and progression of cardiac fibrosis. In this review, the innovative aspects of HDACs are discussed, with respect to biogenesis, their role in cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, the potential applications of HDAC inhibitors in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis associated with fibroblast activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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20
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Borretto E, Lazzarato L, Spallotta F, Cencioni C, D’Alessandra Y, Gaetano C, Fruttero R, Gasco A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the First Example of NO-Donor Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:994-9. [PMID: 24900596 DOI: 10.1021/ml400289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NO-donor histone deacetylase inhibitor 2, formally obtained by joining Entinostat 1, a moderately selective Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, to a 4-(methylaminomethyl)furoxan-3-carbonitrile scaffold, is described and its preliminary biological profile discussed. This hybrid regulates Classes I and II HDACs. Nitric oxide (NO) released by the compound activates soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), causing Class II nuclear shuttling and chromatin modifications, with consequences on gene expression. The hybrid affects a number of micro-RNAs not modulated by its individual components; it promotes myogenic differentiation, inducing the formation of larger myotubes with significantly more nuclei per fiber, in a more efficient manner than the 1:1 mixture of its two components. The hybrid is an example of a new class of NO-donor HDACs now being developed, which should be of interest for treating a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Borretto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Spallotta
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, Via Carlo Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cencioni
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, Via Carlo Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri D’Alessandra
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino—IRCCS, Via Carlo Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaetano
- Division of Cardiovascular Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
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21
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Spallotta F, Tardivo S, Nanni S, Rosati JD, Straino S, Mai A, Vecellio M, Valente S, Capogrossi MC, Farsetti A, Martone J, Bozzoni I, Pontecorvi A, Gaetano C, Colussi C. Detrimental effect of class-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors during tissue regeneration following hindlimb ischemia. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22915-29. [PMID: 23836913 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (DIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of several pathologies including ischemic and failing heart where they demonstrated efficacy. However, adverse side effects and cardiotoxicity have also been reported. Remarkably, no information is available about the effect of DIs during tissue regeneration following acute peripheral ischemia. In this study, mice made ischemic by femoral artery excision were injected with the DIs MS275 and MC1568, selective for class I and IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. In untreated mice, soon after damage, class IIa HDAC phosphorylation and nuclear export occurred, paralleled by dystrophin and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) down-regulation and decreased protein phosphatase 2A activity. Between 14 and 21 days after ischemia, dystrophin and nNOS levels recovered, and class IIa HDACs relocalized to the nucleus. In this condition, the MC1568 compound increased the number of newly formed muscle fibers but delayed their terminal differentiation, whereas MS275 abolished the early onset of the regeneration process determining atrophy and fibrosis. The selective DIs had differential effects on the vascular compartment: MC1568 increased arteriogenesis whereas MS275 inhibited it. Capillarogenesis did not change. Chromatin immunoprecipitations revealed that class IIa HDAC complexes bind promoters of proliferation-associated genes and of class I HDAC1 and 2, highlighting a hierarchical control between class II and I HDACs during tissue regeneration. Our findings indicate that class-selective DIs interfere with normal mouse ischemic hindlimb regeneration and suggest that their use could be limited by alteration of the regeneration process in peripheral ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Spallotta
- Laboratorio di Biologia Vascolare e Medicina Rigenerativa, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milano, Italy
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22
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Bigioni M, Ettorre A, Felicetti P, Mauro S, Rossi C, Maggi CA, Marastoni E, Binaschi M, Parlani M, Fattori D. Set-up of a new series of HDAC inhibitors: the 5,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]azepin-6-ones as privileged structures. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5360-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Amino acid starvation induces reactivation of silenced transgenes and latent HIV-1 provirus via down-regulation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2284-93. [PMID: 22826225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1202174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic silencing of exogenous transcriptional units integrated into the genome represents a critical problem both for long-term gene therapy efficacy and for the eradication of latent viral infections. We report here that limitation of essential amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, causes selective up-regulation of exogenous transgene expression in mammalian cells. Prolonged amino acid deprivation led to significant and reversible increase in the expression levels of stably integrated transgenes transcribed by means of viral or human promoters in HeLa cells. This phenomenon was mediated by epigenetic chromatin modifications, because histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors reproduced starvation-induced transgene up-regulation, and transcriptome analysis, ChIP, and pharmacological and RNAi approaches revealed that a specific class II HDAC, namely HDAC4, plays a critical role in maintaining the silencing of exogenous transgenes. This mechanism was also operational in cells chronically infected with HIV-1, the etiological agent of AIDS, in a latency state. Indeed, both amino acid starvation and pharmacological inhibition of HDAC4 promoted reactivation of HIV-1 transcription and reverse transcriptase activity production in HDAC4(+) ACH-2 T-lymphocytic cells but not in HDAC4(-) U1 promonocytic cells. Thus, amino acid deprivation leads to transcriptional derepression of silenced transgenes, including integrated plasmids and retroviruses, by a process involving inactivation or down-regulation of HDAC4. These findings suggest that selective targeting of HDAC4 might represent a unique strategy for modulating the expression of therapeutic viral vectors, as well as that of integrated HIV-1 proviruses in latent reservoirs without significant cytotoxicity.
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24
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Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Epigenetic mechanisms governing the process of neurodegeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 34:875-82. [PMID: 22782013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies elucidating how and why neurodegeneration unfolds suggest that a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors is responsible for disease pathogenesis. Recent breakthroughs in the field of epigenetics promise to advance our understanding of these mechanisms and to promote the development of useful and effective pre-clinical risk stratification strategies, molecular diagnostic and prognostic methods, and disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Qureshi
- Roslyn and Leslie Goldstein Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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25
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McCarren P, Hall ML, Whitehead L. The Chemical Tuning of a Weak Zinc Binding Motif for Histone Deacetylase Using Electronic Effects. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:203-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Scruggs SB, Zong NC, Wang D, Stefani E, Ping P. Post-translational modification of cardiac proteasomes: functional delineation enabled by proteomics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H9-18. [PMID: 22523251 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00189.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are ubiquitously expressed multicatalytic complexes that serve as key regulators of protein homeostasis. There are several lines of evidence indicating that proteasomes exist in heterogeneous subpopulations in cardiac muscle, differentiated, in part, by post-translational modifications (PTMs). PTMs regulate numerous facets of proteasome function, including catalytic activities, complex assembly, interactions with associating partners, subcellular localization, substrate preference, and complex turnover. Classical technologies used to identify PTMs on proteasomes have lacked the ability to determine site specificity, quantify stoichiometry, and perform large-scale, multi-PTM analysis. Recent advancements in proteomic technologies have largely overcome these limitations. We present here a discussion on the importance of PTMs in modulating proteasome function in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology, followed by the presentation of a state-of-the-art proteomic workflow for identifying and quantifying PTMs of cardiac proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scruggs
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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27
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Chen KC, Liao YC, Hsieh IC, Wang YS, Hu CY, Juo SHH. OxLDL causes both epigenetic modification and signaling regulation on the microRNA-29b gene: Novel mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:587-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Tarasenko N, Cutts SM, Phillips DR, Inbal A, Nudelman A, Kessler-Icekson G, Rephaeli A. Disparate impact of butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and doxorubicin in mice bearing a mammary tumor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31393. [PMID: 22384017 PMCID: PMC3285631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7) synergizes the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin (Dox) and anti-HER2 on mammary carcinoma cells while protecting normal cells against their insults. This study investigated the concomitant changes occurring in heart tissue and tumors of mice bearing a subcutaneous 4T1 mammary tumor following treatment with AN-7, Dox, or their combination. Dox or AN-7 alone led to inhibition of both tumor growth and lung metastases, whereas their combination significantly increased their anticancer efficacy and attenuated Dox- toxicity. Molecular analysis revealed that treatment with Dox, AN-7, and to a greater degree, AN-7 together with Dox increased tumor levels of γH2AX, the marker for DNA double-strand breaks and decreased the expression of Rad51, a protein needed for DNA repair. These events culminated in increased apoptosis, manifested by the appearance of cytochrome-c in the cytosol. In the myocardium, Dox-induced cardiomyopathy was associated with an increase in γH2AX expression and a reduction in Rad51 and MRE11 expression and increased apoptosis. The addition of AN-7 to the Dox treatment protected the heart from Dox insults as was manifested by a decrease in γH2AX levels, an increase in Rad51 and MRE11 expression, and a diminution of cytochrome-c release. Tumor fibrosis was high in untreated mice but diminished in Dox- and AN-7-treated mice and was almost abrogated in AN-7+Dox-treated mice. By contrast, in the myocardium, Dox alone induced a dramatic increase in fibrosis, and AN7+Dox attenuated it. The high expression levels of c-Kit, Ki-67, c-Myc, lo-FGF, and VEGF in 4T1 tumors were significantly reduced by Dox or AN-7 and further attenuated by AN-7+Dox. In the myocardium, Dox suppressed these markers, whereas AN-7+Dox restored their expression. In conclusion, the combination of AN-7 and Dox results in two beneficial effects, improved anticancer efficacy and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Tarasenko
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Suzanne M. Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Don R. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aida Inbal
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Gania Kessler-Icekson
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ada Rephaeli
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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29
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Shultz MD, Cao X, Chen CH, Cho YS, Davis NR, Eckman J, Fan J, Fekete A, Firestone B, Flynn J, Green J, Growney JD, Holmqvist M, Hsu M, Jansson D, Jiang L, Kwon P, Liu G, Lombardo F, Lu Q, Majumdar D, Meta C, Perez L, Pu M, Ramsey T, Remiszewski S, Skolnik S, Traebert M, Urban L, Uttamsingh V, Wang P, Whitebread S, Whitehead L, Yan-Neale Y, Yao YM, Zhou L, Atadja P. Optimization of the in vitro cardiac safety of hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4752-72. [PMID: 21650221 DOI: 10.1021/jm200388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown promise in treating various forms of cancer. However, many HDAC inhibitors from diverse structural classes have been associated with QT prolongation in humans. Inhibition of the human ether a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel has been associated with QT prolongation and fatal arrhythmias. To determine if the observed cardiac effects of HDAC inhibitors in humans is due to hERG blockade, a highly potent HDAC inhibitor devoid of hERG activity was required. Starting with dacinostat (LAQ824), a highly potent HDAC inhibitor, we explored the SAR to determine the pharmacophores required for HDAC and hERG inhibition. We disclose here the results of these efforts where a high degree of pharmacophore homology between these two targets was discovered. This similarity prevented traditional strategies for mitigating hERG binding/modulation from being successful and novel approaches for reducing hERG inhibition were required. Using a hERG homology model, two compounds, 11r and 25i, were discovered to be highly efficacious with weak affinity for the hERG and other ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shultz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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Abstract
Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins alters gene expression and induces a host of cellular effects. The acetylation process is homeostatically balanced by two groups of cellular enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HAT activity relaxes the structure of the human chromatin, rendering it transcriptionally active, thereby increasing gene expression. In contrast, HDAC activity leads to gene silencing. The enzymatic balance can be ‘tipped’ by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), leading to an accumulation of acetylated proteins, which subsequently modify cellular processes including stem cell differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, gene expression, and angiogenesis. There is a variety of natural and synthetic HDACi available, and their pleiotropic effects have contributed to diverse clinical applications, not only in cancer but also in non-cancer areas, such as chronic inflammatory disease, bone engineering, and neurodegenerative disease. Indeed, it appears that HDACi-modulated effects may differ between ‘normal’ and transformed cells, particularly with regard to reactive oxygen species accumulation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest. The potential beneficial effects of HDACi for health, resulting from their ability to regulate global gene expression by epigenetic modification of DNA-associated proteins, also offer potential for application within restorative dentistry, where they may promote dental tissue regeneration following pulpal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A.J. Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
| | - G.J.P. Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P.R. Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK
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31
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Dilworth FJ, Blais A. Epigenetic regulation of satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:18. [PMID: 21542881 PMCID: PMC3226289 DOI: 10.1186/scrt59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are a population of adult muscle stem cells that play a key role in mediating muscle regeneration. Activation of these quiescent stem cells in response to muscle injury involves modulating expression of multiple developmentally regulated genes, including mediators of the muscle-specific transcription program: Pax7, Myf5, MyoD and myogenin. Here we present evidence suggesting an essential role for the antagonistic Polycomb group and Trithorax group proteins in the epigenetic marking of muscle-specific genes to ensure proper temporal and spatial expression during muscle regeneration. The importance of Polycomb group and Trithorax group proteins in establishing chromatin structure at muscle-specific genes suggests that therapeutic modulation of their activity in satellite cells could represent a viable approach for repairing damaged muscle in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.
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Rajendran P, Williams DE, Ho E, Dashwood RH. Metabolism as a key to histone deacetylase inhibition. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:181-99. [PMID: 21599534 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.557713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the epigenetic mechanisms that are dysregulated in cancer and other human pathologies. Under this broad umbrella, modulators of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity have gained interest as both cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agents. Of the first generation, FDA-approved HDAC inhibitors to have progressed to clinical trials, vorinostat represents a "direct acting" compound with structural features suitable for docking into the HDAC pocket, whereas romidepsin can be considered a prodrug that undergoes reductive metabolism to generate the active intermediate (a zinc-binding thiol). It is now evident that other agents, including those in the human diet, can be converted by metabolism to intermediates that affect HDAC activity. Examples are cited of short-chain fatty acids, seleno-α-keto acids, small molecule thiols, mercapturic acid metabolites, indoles, and polyphenols. The findings are discussed in the context of putative endogenous HDAC inhibitors generated by intermediary metabolism (e.g. pyruvate), the yin-yang of HDAC inhibition versus HDAC activation, and the screening assays that might be most appropriate for discovery of novel HDAC inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rajendran
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Nε-lysine acetylation determines dissociation from GAP junctions and lateralization of connexin 43 in normal and dystrophic heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2795-800. [PMID: 21282606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013124108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wanting to explore the epigenetic basis of Duchenne cardiomyopathy, we found that global histone acetylase activity was abnormally elevated and the acetylase P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) coimmunoprecipitated with connexin 43 (Cx43), which was N(ε)-lysine acetylated and lateralized in mdx heart. This observation was paralleled by Cx43 dissociation from N-cadherin and zonula occludens 1, whereas pp60-c-Src association was unaltered. In vivo treatment of mdx with the pan-histone acetylase inhibitor anacardic acid significantly reduced Cx43 N(ε)-lysine acetylation and restored its association to GAP junctions (GJs) at intercalated discs. Noteworthy, in normal as well as mdx mice, the class IIa histone deacetylases 4 and 5 constitutively colocalized with Cx43 either at GJs or in the lateralized compartments. The class I histone deacetylase 3 was also part of the complex. Treatment of normal controls with the histone deacetylase pan-inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (MC1568) or the class IIa-selective inhibitor 3-{4-[3-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-oxo-1-propen-1-yl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl}-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (MC1568) determined Cx43 hyperacetylation, dissociation from GJs, and distribution along the long axis of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consistently, the histone acetylase activator pentadecylidenemalonate 1b (SPV106) hyperacetylated cardiac proteins, including Cx43, which assumed a lateralized position that partly reproduced the dystrophic phenotype. In the presence of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, cell to cell permeability was significantly diminished, which is in agreement with a Cx43 close conformation in the consequence of hyperacetylation. Additional experiments, performed with Cx43 acetylation mutants, revealed, for the acetylated form of the molecule, a significant reduction in plasma membrane localization and a tendency to nuclear accumulation. These results suggest that Cx43 N(ε)-lysine acetylation may have physiopathological consequences for cell to cell coupling and cardiac function.
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HDAC activity is required for efficient core promoter function at the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:416905. [PMID: 21253530 PMCID: PMC3021843 DOI: 10.1155/2011/416905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been shown to be required for basal or inducible transcription at a variety of genes by poorly understood mechanisms. We demonstrated previously that HDAC inhibition rapidly repressed transcription from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter by a mechanism that does not require the binding of upstream transcription factors. In the current study, we find that HDACs work through the core promoter sequences of MMTV as well as those of several cellular genes to facilitate transcriptional initiation through deacetylation of nonhistone proteins.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: the epigenetic therapeutics that repress hypoxia-inducible factors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:197946. [PMID: 21151670 PMCID: PMC2997513 DOI: 10.1155/2011/197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been actively explored as a new generation of chemotherapeutics for cancers, generally known as epigenetic therapeutics. Recent findings indicate that several types of HDACIs repress angiogenesis, a process essential for tumor metabolism and progression. Accumulating evidence supports that this repression is mediated by disrupting the function of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1, HIF-2, and collectively, HIF), which are the master regulators of angiogenesis and cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Since HIF also regulate glucose metabolism, cell survival, microenvironment remodeling, and other alterations commonly required for tumor progression, they are considered as novel targets for cancer chemotherapy. Though the precise biochemical mechanism underlying the HDACI-triggered repression of HIF function remains unclear, potential cellular factors that may link the inhibition of deacetylase activity to the repression of HIF function have been proposed. Here we review published data that inhibitors of type I/II HDACs repress HIF function by either reducing functional HIF-1α levels, or repressing HIF-α transactivation activity. In addition, underlying mechanisms and potential proteins involved in the repression will be discussed. A thorough understanding of HDACI-induced repression of HIF function may facilitate the development of future therapies to either repress or promote angiogenesis for cancer or chronic ischemic disorders, respectively.
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