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Abdoul-Latif FM, Oumaskour K, Abdallah N, Ainane A, Houmed Aboubaker I, Merito A, Mohamed H, Ainane T. Overview of Research on Leishmaniasis in Africa: Current Status, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Recent Advances Using By-Products of the Sargassaceae Family. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:523. [PMID: 38675483 PMCID: PMC11054980 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis in Africa, which has been designated as a priority neglected tropical disease by various global organizations, exerts its impact on millions of individuals, primarily concentrated within this particular region of the world. As a result of the progressively grave epidemiological data, numerous governmental sectors and civil organizations have concentrated their endeavors on this widespread outbreak with the objective of devising appropriate remedies. This comprehensive examination delves into multiple facets of this parasitic ailment, scrutinizing the associated perils, diagnostic intricacies, and deficiencies within the existing therapeutic protocols. Despite the established efficacy of current treatments, they are not immune to deleterious incidents, particularly concerning toxicity and the emergence of parasitic resistance, thus accentuating the necessity of exploring alternative avenues. Consequently, this research not only encompasses conventional therapeutic approaches, but also extends its scope to encompass complementary and alternative medicinal techniques, thereby striving to identify innovative solutions. A particularly auspicious dimension of this study lies in the exploration of natural substances and by-products derived from some brown algae of the Sargassaceae family. These resources possess the potential to assume a pivotal role in the management of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatouma Mohamed Abdoul-Latif
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (ISSS), Djibouti City P.O. Box 2530, Djibouti
- Medicinal Research Institute, Center for Studies and Research of Djibouti, IRM-CERD, Route de l’Aéroport, Haramous, Djibouti City P.O. Box 486, Djibouti
| | - Khadija Oumaskour
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
| | - Nadira Abdallah
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (ISSS), Djibouti City P.O. Box 2530, Djibouti
| | - Ayoub Ainane
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
| | | | - Ali Merito
- Medicinal Research Institute, Center for Studies and Research of Djibouti, IRM-CERD, Route de l’Aéroport, Haramous, Djibouti City P.O. Box 486, Djibouti
| | - Houda Mohamed
- Peltier Hospital of Djibouti, Djibouti City P.O. Box 2123, Djibouti
| | - Tarik Ainane
- Superior School of Technology of Khenifra, University of Sultan Moulay Slimane, P.O. Box 170, Khenifra 54000, Morocco
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Afonso RC, Yien RMK, de Siqueira LBDO, Simas NK, Dos Santos Matos AP, Ricci-Júnior E. Promising natural products for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Parasitol 2023; 251:108554. [PMID: 37268108 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although there are available treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the drugs used are far from ideal, toxic, and costly, in addition to the challenge faced by the development of resistance. Plants have been used as a source of natural compounds with antileishmanial action. However, few have reached the market and become phytomedicines with registration in regulatory agencies. Difficulties related to the extraction, purification, chemical identification, efficacy, safety, and production in sufficient quantity for clinical studies, hinder the emergence of new effective phytomedicines against leishmaniasis. Despite the difficulties reported, the major research centers in the world see that natural products are a trend concerning the treatment of leishmaniasis. The present work consists of a literature review of articles with in vivo studies, covering the period from January 2011 to December 2022, providing an overview of promising natural products for CL treatment. The papers show encouraging antileishmanial action of natural compounds with reduced parasite load and lesion size in animal models, suggesting new strategies for the treatment of the disease. The results reported in this review show advances in using natural products as safe and effective formulations, which can stimulate clinical studies to establish clinical therapy. In conclusion, the information in this review article serves as a preliminary basis for establishing a therapeutic protocol for future clinical trials that can validate the safety and efficacy of natural compounds, providing the development of affordable and safe phytomedicines for the treatment of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhuane Coutinho Afonso
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Mara Kao Yien
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Naomi Kato Simas
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dos Santos Matos
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
- Galenic Development Laboratory (LADEG), Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Amang À Ngnoung GA, Sidjui LS, Leutcha PB, Nganso Ditchou YO, Tchokouaha LRY, Herbette G, Baghdikian B, Kowa TK, Soh D, Kemzeu R, Poka M, Demana PH, Siwe Noundou X, Tchinda AT, Fekam Boyom F, Lannang AM, Nyassé B. Antileishmanial and Antiplasmodial Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Root of Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062730. [PMID: 36985700 PMCID: PMC10059057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrocaryon klaineanum is traditionally used for the treatment of back pain, malaria, female sterility, chlamydiae infections, liver diseases, wounds, and hemorrhoid. This work aimed at investigating the bioactive compounds with antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities from A. klaineanum. An unreported glucocerebroside antroklaicerebroside (1) together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the root barks of Antrocaryon klaineanum using chromatographic techniques. The NMR, MS, and IR spectroscopic data in association with previous literature were used for the characterization of all the isolated compounds. Compounds 1-4 are reported for the first time from A. klaineanum. The methanol crude extract (AK-MeOH), the n-hexane fraction (AK-Hex), the dichloromethane fraction (AK-DCM), the ethyl acetate fraction (AK-EtOAc), and compounds 1-6 were all evaluated for their antiparasitic effects against Plasmodium falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine (3D7), resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), and promastigotes of Leishmania donovani (MHOM/SD/62/1S). The AK-Hex, AK-EtOAc, AK-MeOH, and compound 2 were strongly active against Dd2 strain with IC50 ranging from 2.78 ± 0.06 to 9.30 ± 0.29 µg/mL. Particularly, AK-MeOH was the most active-more than the reference drugs used-with an IC50 of 2.78 ± 0.06 µg/mL. The AK-EtOAc as well as all the tested compounds showed strong antileishmanial activities with IC50 ranging from 4.80 ± 0.13 to 9.14 ± 0.96 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Ange Amang À Ngnoung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Lazare S Sidjui
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Peron B Leutcha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon
| | - Yves O Nganso Ditchou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Lauve R Y Tchokouaha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Drugs Discovery, IMPM, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Gaëtan Herbette
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Campus de St Jérôme-Service 511, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Beatrice Baghdikian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS 7263, IRD 237, Avignon Université, IMBE, 27 Blvd Jean Moulin, Service of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Theodora K Kowa
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Desire Soh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College Bambili, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Bamenda P.O. Box 39, Cameroon
| | - Raoul Kemzeu
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Madan Poka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Patrick H Demana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Alembert T Tchinda
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Alain M Lannang
- Natural Product and Environmental Chemistry Group (NAPEC), Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 55, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Industries, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere P.O. Box 454, Cameroon
| | - Barthélemy Nyassé
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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Antileishmanial Activities of Medicinal Herbs and Phytochemicals In Vitro and In Vivo: An Update for the Years 2015 to 2021. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217579. [PMID: 36364404 PMCID: PMC9656935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases that present areal public health problems worldwide. Chemotherapy has several limitations such as toxic side effects, high costs, frequent relapses, the development of resistance, and the requirement for long-term treatment. Effective vaccines or drugs to prevent or cure the disease are not available yet. Therefore, it is important to dissect antileishmanial molecules that present selective efficacy and tolerable safety. Several studies revealed the antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants. Several organic extracts/essential oils and isolated natural compounds have been tested for their antileishmanial activities. Therefore, the aim of this review is to update and summarize the investigations that have been undertaken on the antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants and natural compounds derived, rom plants from January 2015 to December 2021. In this review, 94 plant species distributed in 39 families have been identified with antileishmanial activities. The leaves were the most commonly used plant part (49.5%) followed by stem bark, root, and whole plant (21.9%, 6.6%, and 5.4%, respectively). Other plant parts contributed less (<5%). The activity was reported against amastigotes and/or promastigotes of different species (L. infantum, L. tropica, L. major, L. amazonensis, L. aethiopica, L. donovani, L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L. guyanensis, and L. mexicana). Most studies (84.2%) were carried out in vitro, and the others (15.8%) were performed in vivo. The IC50 values of 103 plant extracts determined in vitro were in a range of 0.88 µg/mL (polar fraction of dichloromethane extract of Boswellia serrata) to 98 µg/mL (petroleum ether extract of Murraya koenigii). Among the 15 plant extracts studied in vivo, the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Solanum havanense reduced parasites by 93.6% in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Voacamine extracted from Tabernaemontana divaricata reduced hepatic parasitism by ≈30 times and splenic parasitism by ≈15 times in visceral leishmaniasis. Regarding cytotoxicity, 32.4% of the tested plant extracts against various Leishmania species have a selectivity index higher than 10. For isolated compounds, 49 natural compounds have been reported with anti-Leishmania activities against amastigotes and/or promastigotes of different species (L. infantum, L. major, L. amazonensis, L. donovani and L. braziliensis). The IC50 values were in a range of 0.2 µg/mL (colchicoside against promastigotes of L. major) to 42.4 µg/mL (dehydrodieuginol against promastigotes of L. amazonensis). In conclusion, there are numerous medicinal plants and natural compounds with strong effects (IC50 < 100 µg/mL) against different Leishmania species under in vitro and in vivo conditions with good selectivity indices (SI > 10). These plants and compounds may be promising sources for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and should be investigated in randomized clinical trials.
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Pájaro-González Y, Oliveros-Díaz AF, Cabrera-Barraza J, Fernández-Daza E, Reyes N, Montes-Guevara OA, Caro-Fuentes D, Franco-Ospina L, Quiñones- Fletcher W, Quave CL, Díaz-Castillo F. Mammea B/BA Isolated From the Seeds of Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae) is a Potent Inhibitor of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826404. [PMID: 35359842 PMCID: PMC8961693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains a pathogen of high concern in public health programs worldwide due to antibiotic resistance and emergence of highly virulent strains. Many phytochemicals have demonstrated activity against S. aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria, but the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values comparable to commonly used antibiotics are needed. In the present study, bio-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract of seeds of Mammea americana L. (Calophyllaceae) throughout the antibacterial activity, against S. aureus strains that are sensitive and resistant to methicillin, led to the isolation of four coumarins identified as mammea B/BA, mammea B/BC, mammea A/AA cyclo D and mammea A/AA cyclo F, and a mixture of mammea B/BA cyclo F plus mammea B/BD cyclo F. The extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus with MIC values of 2–4 μg/ml and Mammea B/BA (MaBBA) presented MIC values in a range between 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml in six methicillin-sensitive strains and eight methicillin-resistant strains evaluated. We consider MaBBA the most potent of all mammea coumarins reported to date, according to the literature review carried out at the time of writing of this article. Toxicity assessment in vivo against the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and in vitro against human fibroblasts of the extract and the compound MaBBA indicated that both had low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Pájaro-González
- Laboratory of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Researches, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Research Group in Healthcare Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Yina Pájaro-González, ; Fredyc Díaz-Castillo,
| | - Andrés F. Oliveros-Díaz
- Laboratory of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Researches, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Julián Cabrera-Barraza
- Laboratory of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Researches, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Daza
- Laboratory of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Researches, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Niradiz Reyes
- Research Group Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Oscar A. Montes-Guevara
- Research Group Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Daneiva Caro-Fuentes
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Luis Franco-Ospina
- Biological Evaluation of Promising Substances Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health and Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Fredyc Díaz-Castillo
- Laboratory of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Researches, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Yina Pájaro-González, ; Fredyc Díaz-Castillo,
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da Silva PR, do Carmo Alves de Lima M, Souza TP, Sandes JM, da Conceição Alves de Lima A, Neto PJR, Dos Santos FAB, Alves LC, da Silva RMF, de Moraes Rocha GJ, da Cruz Filho IJ. Lignin from Morinda citrifolia leaves: Physical and chemical characterization, in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and ultrastructural activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1799-1812. [PMID: 34774863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated in vitro the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-leishmanial activities of a lignin extracted from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia. Initially, an analysis of the composition of the sheets was performed, then the lignin was obtained by alkaline delignification and characterized by different techniques: elemental analysis, FT-R, UV-vis, HSQC-NMR, thermal analysis, Py-GC/MS and by GPC. The results showed that the leaves had in their composition cellulose (31.29%), hemicellulose (25.01%), lignin (18.34%), extractives (14.39%) and ash (10.03%). The lignin extraction yield was 89.8%. The lignin obtained is of the GSH type with the following contents 79.39%, 13.58% and 7.03% respectively. Furthermore, it is low molecular weight and thermally stable. It had a phenolic content of 93.3 mg GAE/g and low antioxidant activity. In macrophage cytotoxicity assays, it presented a CC50 of 31.0 μg/mL, showing less toxicity than amphotericin B. In assays against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, lignin presented an IC50 of 29.56 μg/mL, a less effective concentration than amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.14 μg/mL). However, it was able to promote inhibition of the parasites, a fact confirmed by structural changes. These findings reinforce that M. citrifolia lignin is a promising macromolecule for use as an antiparasitic and antioxidant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Roberta da Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Thammyris Pires Souza
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jana Messias Sandes
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro José Rolim Neto
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Pharmacia, Health Sciences Center, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ), 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - George Jackson de Moraes Rocha
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000, PO Box 6192, 13083-100 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iranildo José da Cruz Filho
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Department of Antibiotics, Biosciences Center, 50.670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Moreira NM, Martelli LSR, Corrêa AG. Asymmetric organocatalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1952-1980. [PMID: 34386105 PMCID: PMC8353592 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarin derivatives are essential scaffolds in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. Compounds of this class have shown important activities, such as anticancer and antiparasitic, besides the commercially available drugs. These properties led to the development of efficient and greener synthetic methods to achieve the 2H-chromen-2-one core. In this context, the advances in asymmetric organocatalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives are discussed in this review, according to the mode of activation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Menezes Moreira
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP – Brazil
| | - Lorena Suelen Ribeiro Martelli
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP – Brazil
| | - Arlene Gonçalves Corrêa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP – Brazil
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Gervazoni LFO, Barcellos GB, Ferreira-Paes T, Almeida-Amaral EE. Use of Natural Products in Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: An Overview. Front Chem 2020; 8:579891. [PMID: 33330368 PMCID: PMC7732490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.579891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious parasitic disease that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, a member of the Trypanosomatidae family. Leishmaniasis is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease that is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Although there are many possible treatments for leishmaniasis, these treatments remain mostly ineffective, expensive, and long treatment, as well as causing side effects and leading to the development of resistance. For novel and effective treatments to combat leishmaniasis, many research groups have sought to utilize natural products. In addition to exhibiting potential as therapeutic compounds, natural products may also contribute to the development of new drugs based on their chemical structures. This review presents the most promising natural products, including crude extracts and isolated compounds, employed against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F O Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B Barcellos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Hernández KD, Martínez I, Reyes-Chilpa R, Espinoza B. Mammea type coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense induced apoptotic cell death of Trypanosoma cruzi through mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and cell cycle alterations. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rodríguez-Hernández KD, Martínez I, Agredano-Moreno LT, Jiménez-García LF, Reyes-Chilpa R, Espinoza B. Coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense produce ultrastructural alterations and affect in vitro infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152827. [PMID: 31039535 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current drugs for Chagas Disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi have limited therapeutic potential and are associated with serious side effects. Natural products can aid to develop new chemotherapeutic agents. Several natural coumarins, especially Mammea A/BA, have shown significant activity against T. cruzi and low toxicity on human lymphocytes, but its effectivity on a wide range of strains need to be tested, as well as to deepen in their mode of action and safety. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To discern the effects and explore the action mechanisms of mammea A/BA and a mixture of mammea coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense on Mexican strains of T. cruzi belonging to different genotypes and compare its effectivity with the drug benznidazole. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the trypanocidal activity in vitro of mammea A/BA (93.6%), and a mixture of coumarins, mammea A/BA + A/BB + A/BD (86:10:1%) on Mexican T. cruzi strains belonging to different genotypes Ninoa, Querétaro (TcI) and Ver6 (TcVI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins, were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense, identified by proton NMR and purity determined by HPLC. The in vitro trypanocidal activity was evaluated on mobility, growth recovery, morphology and infectivity of T. cruzi. The cytotoxicity on mammalian cells was compared with benznidazole. The ultrastructure of the treated epimastigotes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins showed high trypanocidal activity, affecting the mobility, growth recovery, morphology, ultrastructure of epimastigotes, and drastically reduce trypomastigotes infectivity on Vero cells. These substances were four times more potent than benznidazole and showed low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index. The TEM showed severe alterations on the plasmatic membrane, nuclear envelope, as well as, mitochondrial swelling, that leads to the death of parasites. CONCLUSION Mammea A/BA (93.6%) and a mixture of mammea A/BA + A/BB and A/BD (86: 10: 1%) isolated from the tropical tree C. brasiliense showed higher trypanocidal activity than the current drug benznidazole on three Mexican strains of T. cruzi. These compounds induced severe physiological and morphological alterations. These results suggest their possible use in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Daniela Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Teresa Agredano-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jiménez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum species trigger mitochondrial dysfunction in Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology 2018; 145:1199-1209. [PMID: 29482667 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive molecules isolated from plants are promising sources for the development of new therapies against leishmaniasis. We investigated the leishmanicidal activity of cariphenone A (1), isouliginosin B (2) and uliginosin B (3) isolated from Hypericum species. Promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were incubated with compounds 1-3 at concentrations 1-100 µm for 48 h. The anti-promastigote effect of compounds was also tested in combinations. The cytotoxicity against macrophages and human erythrocytes were determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and hemolysis assay, respectively. The compounds 1-3 showed high leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes, IC50 values of 10.5, 17.5 and 11.3 µm, respectively. Synergistic interactions were found to the associations of compounds 1 and 2 [Σ fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) = 0.41], and 2 and 3 (ΣFIC = 0.28) on promastigotes. All Hypericum compounds induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization and reactive oxygen species production in promastigotes. The compounds showed low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells, high selectivity index and killed intracellular amastigotes probably mediated by oxidative stress. These results indicate that these compounds are promising candidates for the development of drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Calophyllum brasiliense Modulates the Immune Response and Promotes Leishmania amazonensis Intracellular Death. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6148351. [PMID: 29670464 PMCID: PMC5833474 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6148351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calophyllum brasiliense is a plant from the Brazilian rain forests and has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including leishmaniasis. This infectious disease depends on the Leishmania sp. and the host immune response. C. brasiliense antileishmanial activity is well known, but the effects on immune response remain to be investigated. This study showed the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effects of a 30 μg/mL of hydroalcoholic extract of C. brasiliense in murine macrophages before and after Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. The semiquantitative cytokine RNA expression was determined by RT-PCR and the anti-Leishmania activity was measured by infection index (IF). Hydroalcoholic extract of C. brasiliense reduced more than 95% of IF when used before and after Leishmania infection, with 3 and 24 h of treatment (p < 0.05). C. brasiliense inhibited or reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-10 mRNA expression. The antileishmanial and anti-inflammatory effects showed the potential of C. brasiliense as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and it must be investigated.
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Klein-Júnior LC, Zambiasi D, Salgado GR, Delle Monache F, Filho VC, de Campos Buzzi F. The validation of Calophyllum brasiliense (“guanandi”) uses in Brazilian traditional medicine as analgesic by in vivo antinociceptive evaluation and its chemical analysis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:733-739. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hazra S, Ghosh S, Hazra B. Phytochemicals With Antileishmanial Activity. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63931-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Gómez-Verjan J, Rodríguez-Hernández K, Reyes-Chilpa R. Bioactive Coumarins and Xanthones From Calophyllum Genus and Analysis of Their Druglikeness and Toxicological Properties. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017; 53. [PMCID: PMC7152109 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63930-1.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Calophyllum spp. (Calophyllaceae) is a genus of tropical trees valued in the chemopharmacological industry as an important source of biogenetically related coumarins and xanthones, which can lead to the development of new drugs due to their relevant pharmacological activities and diversity of molecular structural. These compounds have relevant pharmacological activities, such as: cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines (especially leukemia), parasites (Plasmodium, Leshmania, and Trypanosoma), retroviruses (e.g., HIV), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemoinformatic and toxicoinformatic tools were used here to perform a computational analysis of 70 coumarins and 70 xanthones isolated from this genus in order to explore their potential as new drugs. Most coumarins from this genus possess similar patterns of druglikeness with differences in its physicochemical properties. Xanthones, on the other hand, show quite similar physicochemical properties and druglikeness. It is interesting to note that the vast majority of these compounds (57 coumarins and 59 xanthones) are in compliance with Lipinski´s Rule of Five. Remarkably, two xanthones (2-hydroxyxanthone and caledonixanthone-B) have leadlikeness potential that accordingly with chemoinformatic analysis may target MAO A and B, respectively, and therefore may exhibit antidepressant potential. These compounds also target tyrosine-phosphorilation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) which is over-expressed in a variety of hematological and brain cancers, therefore they could act as anticancer compounds. Several toxicological predictions were also depicted. Coumarins could be an irritant and may affect the reproductive system, while xanthones may have mutagenic results. To our knowledge, this is the first chemoinformatic report on the main active compounds of this genus and its potential for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Gómez-Verjan
- Department of Basic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - R. Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México,Corresponding author:
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The Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery and Development against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010058. [PMID: 28042865 PMCID: PMC6155950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually, including 875 million children in developing economies. These diseases are also responsible for over 500,000 deaths per year and are characterized by long-term disability and severe pain. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria and tuberculosis. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Natural products have been a valuable source of drug regimens that form the cornerstone of modern pharmaceutical care. In this review, we highlight the potential that remains untapped in natural products as drug leads for NTDs. We cover natural products from plant, marine, and microbial sources including natural-product-inspired semi-synthetic derivatives which have been evaluated against the various causative agents of NTDs. Our coverage is limited to four major NTDs which include human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis.
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Sajjadi SE, Eskandarian AA, Shokoohinia Y, Yousefi HA, Mansourian M, Asgarian-Nasab H, Mohseni N. Antileishmanial activity of prenylated coumarins isolated from Ferulago angulata and Prangos asperula. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11:324-31. [PMID: 27651813 PMCID: PMC5022381 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.189314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis has a wide spectrum of signs and symptoms due to infection to numbers of Leishmania species and makes enormous mortality and morbidity. There are clues of antileishmanial effects of prenylated coumarins. Apiaceae family is one of the most important sources of coumarins. Air-dried aerial parts of Ferulago angulata and fruits of Prangos asperula were extracted with n-hexane, using a soxhlet apparatus. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography and crystallization process resulted to isolation of three prenylated coumarins. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, electron ionization Mass and Infrared spectra were used for elucidation of isolated compounds. Leishmanicidal activity of isolated coumarins was assessed on Leishmania major strain (MRHO/IR/75/ER) for the first time. Suberosin epoxide and suberosin were isolated from aerial parts of F. angulata and osthol was extracted from grounded fruits of P. asperula. Osthol showed a significant antileishmanial effect on promastigotes in early hours of exposure with IC50 of 14.40 µg/mL but suberosin epoxide showed only a weak antileishmanial activity. IC50 of osthol and suberosin epoxide after 48 h were 10.79 and 54.0 µg/mL, respectively. Suberosin showed no remarkable effect in these concentrations. This is the first report on the pharmacological activity of suberosin epoxide. Substantial difference between efficacies of two isomers, osthol and suberosin remarks the importance of prenyl substituent location on C-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Sajjadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Abbas-Ali Eskandarian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Hosein-Ali Yousefi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hasan Asgarian-Nasab
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Negar Mohseni
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Gómez-Robledo HB, Cruz-Sosa F, Bernabé-Antonio A, Guerrero-Analco A, Olivares-Romero JL, Alonso-Sánchez A, Villafán E, Ibarra-Laclette E. Identification of candidate genes related to calanolide biosynthesis by transcriptome sequencing of Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:177. [PMID: 27527830 PMCID: PMC4986372 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calophyllum brasiliense is highlighted as an important resource of calanolides, which are dipyranocoumarins that inhibit the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 RT). Despite having great medicinal importance, enzymes involved in calanolide, biosynthesis and the pathway itself, are still largely unknown. Additionally, no genomic resources exist for this plant species. RESULTS In this work, we first analyzed the transcriptome of C. brasiliense leaves, stem, and roots using a RNA-seq strategy, which provided a dataset for functional gene mining. According to the structures of the calanolides, putative biosynthetic pathways were proposed. Finally, candidate unigenes in the transcriptome dataset, potentially involved in umbelliferone and calanolide (angular pyranocoumarin) biosynthetic pathways, were screened using mainly homology-based BLAST and phylogenetic analyses. CONCLUSIONS The unigene dataset that was generated in this study provides an important resource for further molecular studies of C. brasiliense, especially for functional analysis of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of linear and angular pyranocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda-Beatriz Gómez-Robledo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, 52786 Estado de México, México
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Escuela Médico Militar, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, 11200 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Cruz-Sosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM-Iztapalapa), 09340 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Antonio Bernabé-Antonio
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45100 Zapopan, Jalisco México
| | - Antonio Guerrero-Analco
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz México
| | | | | | - Emanuel Villafán
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz México
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz México
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C5 induces different cell death pathways in promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Silveira SS, Cordeiro-Silva R, Degenhardt-Goldbach J, Quoirin M. Micropropagation of Calophyllum brasiliense (Cambess.) from nodal segments. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:656-63. [PMID: 27143061 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micropropagation of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae) is a way to overcome difficulties in achieving large-scale plant production, given the recalcitrant nature of the seeds, irregular fructification and absence of natural vegetative propagation of the species. Cultures were established using nodal segments 2 cm in length, obtained from 1-2 year old seedlings, maintained in a greenhouse. Mercury chloride and Plant Preservative Mixture™ were used in the surface sterilizing stage, better results being achieved with Plant Preservative Mixture™ incorporation in culture medium, at any concentration. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, activated charcoal, cysteine, ascorbic acid or citric acid were added to the culture medium to avoid oxidation. After 30 days of culture, polyvinylpirrolidone and ascorbic acid gave better results, eliminating oxidation in most explants. For shoot multiplication, benzylaminopurine was used in concentrations of 4.4 and 8.8 µM in Woody Plant Medium, resulting in an average of 4.43 and 4.68 shoots per explant, respectively, after 90 days. Indole-3-butyric acid and α-naphthalene acetic acid were used to induce root formation, reaching a maximum rooting rate of 24% with 20µM α-naphthalene acetic acid. For acclimatization. the rooted plants were transferred to Plantmax® substrate and cultured in a greenhouse, reaching 79% of survival after 30 days and 60% after one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Silveira
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR , Brazil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal), Laboratório de Micropropagação, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, s/n, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - R Cordeiro-Silva
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR , Brazil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Laboratório de Micropropagação, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, s/n, Jardim das Américas, CP 19031, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - J Degenhardt-Goldbach
- Embrapa Florestas, Embrapa Florestas, PR , Brazil, Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, CEP 83411-000, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - M Quoirin
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR , Brazil, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Laboratório de Micropropagação, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, s/n, Jardim das Américas, CP 19031, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Risk assessment of Soulatrolide and Mammea (A/BA+A/BB) coumarins from Calophyllum brasiliense by a toxicogenomic and toxicological approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:117-29. [PMID: 26995226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae) is a tropical rain forest tree distributed in Central and South America. It is an important source of tetracyclic dipyrano coumarins (Soulatrolide) and Mammea type coumarins. Soulatrolide is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and displays activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Meanwhile, Mammea A/BA and A/BB, pure or as a mixture, are highly active against several human leukemia cell lines, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania amazonensis. Nevertheless, there are few studies evaluating their safety profile. In the present work we performed toxicogenomic and toxicological analysis for both type of compounds. Soulatrolide, and the Mammea A/BA + A/BB mixture (2.1) were slightly toxic accordingly to Lorke assay classification (DL50 > 3000 mg/kg). After a short-term administration (100 mg/kg/daily, orally, 1 week) liver toxicogenomic analysis revealed 46 up and 72 downregulated genes for Mammea coumarins, and 665 up and 1077 downregulated genes for Soulatrolide. Gene enrichment analysis identified transcripts involved in drug metabolism for both compounds. In addition, network analysis through protein-protein interactions, tissue evaluation by TUNEL assay, and histological examination revealed no tissue damage on liver, kidney and spleen after treatments. Our results indicate that both type of coumarins displayed a safety profile, supporting their use in further preclinical studies to determine its therapeutic potential.
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de Mello TF, Cardoso BM, Bitencourt HR, Donatti L, Aristides SM, Lonardoni MV, Silveira TG. Ultrastructural and morphological changes in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis treated with synthetic chalcones. Exp Parasitol 2016; 160:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Trends in the chemical and pharmacological research on the tropical trees Calophyllum brasiliense and Calophyllum inophyllum, a global context. Scientometrics 2015; 105:1019-1030. [PMID: 32214549 PMCID: PMC7089286 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-015-1715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tropical trees of Calophyllum genus (Calophyllaceae) have chemical and biological importance as potential source of secondary active metabolites which can lead to the development of new drugs. Research on this species has been rising since 1992 due to the discovering of anti-HIV properties of Calanolide A found in Calophyllum inophyllum leaves. This compound is the most important natural product for potential development of new anti-HIV drugs and phytomedicines. The scientometric analysis (1953–2014) here performed revealed that the most studied species of Calophyllum genus are: C. inophyllum and C. brasiliense, distributed in the Asian, and American continents, respectively. Current research on these species is carried out mainly in India and Brazil, respectively, where these species grow. Research on C. brasiliense is focused mainly on ecological, antiparasitic, cytotoxic properties, and isolation of new compounds. Chemical studies and biodiesel development are the main topics in the case of C. inophyllum. Text mining analysis revealed that coumarins, and xanthones are the main secondary active metabolites responsible for most of the reported pharmacological properties, and are potential compounds for the treatment of leukemia and against intracellular parasites causing American Trypanosomiasis and Leshmaniasis. On the other hand, C. inophyllum represents an important source for the development of 2nd generation biodiesel. Medicinal and industrial applications of these species may impulse sustainable forest plantations. To our knowledge this is the first scientometric and text mining analysis of chemical and biomedical research on Calophyllum genus, C. brasiliense and C. inophyllum.
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Nagle A, Khare S, Kumar AB, Supek F, Buchynskyy A, Mathison CJN, Chennamaneni N, Pendem N, Buckner FS, Gelb M, Molteni V. Recent developments in drug discovery for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11305-47. [PMID: 25365529 PMCID: PMC4633805 DOI: 10.1021/cr500365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Advait
S. Nagle
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arun Babu Kumar
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andriy Buchynskyy
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Casey J. N. Mathison
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Naveen
Kumar Chennamaneni
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nagendar Pendem
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael
H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Lordani TVA, Brenzan MA, Cortez LER, Lordani CRF, Honda PA, Lonardoni MVC, Cortez DAG. Effect of a topical formulation containing Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. extract on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:953-7. [PMID: 25310798 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.956742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the wound healing effects of topical application of an emulsion containing the HPLC-standardised extract from Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Clusiaceae) leaves in rats. The macroscopic analysis demonstrated that the wounds treated with the C. brasiliense emulsion healed earlier than the wounds treated with emulsion base and Dersani®. The percentage of wound healing in the group treated with the C. brasiliense emulsion was significantly higher than in the other groups at 7 and 14 days. On day 14, the animals treated with the C. brasiliense emulsion exhibited a 90.67% reduction of the wound areas. The histological evaluation revealed that on day 21, the group treated with the C. brasiliense emulsion exhibited a significant increase in fibroblasts compared with the other groups. Thus, the C. brasiliense emulsion had healing properties in the topical treatment of wounds and accelerated the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V A Lordani
- a Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Maringá, CESUMAR , Av. Guerdner 1610, Jd. Aclimação, 87050-900 Maringá , PR , Brazil
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Arrabidaea chica hexanic extract induces mitochondrion damage and peptidase inhibition on Leishmania spp. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:985171. [PMID: 24818162 PMCID: PMC4000971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/985171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently available leishmaniasis treatments are limited due to severe side effects. Arrabidaea chica is a medicinal plant used in Brazil against several diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of 5 fractions obtained from the crude hexanic extract of A. chica against Leishmania amazonensis and L. infantum, as well as on the interaction of these parasites with host cells. Promastigotes were treated with several concentrations of the fractions obtained from A. chica for determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the effect of the most active fraction (B2) on parasite's ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate the inhibitory activity of B2 fraction on Leishmania peptidases, parasites lysates were treated with the inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations of the B2 fraction. The minimum inhibitory concentration of B2 fraction was 37.2 and 18.6 μg/mL for L. amazonensis and L. infantum, respectively. Important ultrastructural alterations as mitochondrial swelling with loss of matrix content and the presence of vesicles inside this organelle were observed in treated parasites. Moreover, B2 fraction was able to completely inhibit the peptidase activity of promastigotes at pH 5.5. The results presented here further support the use of A. chica as an interesting source of antileishmanial agents.
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Pires CTA, Brenzan MA, Scodro RBDL, Cortez DAG, Lopes LDG, Siqueira VLD, Cardoso RF. Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity and cytotoxicity of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Clusiaceae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:324-9. [PMID: 24676652 PMCID: PMC4131784 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity and the
cytotoxicity of dichloromethane extract and pure compounds from the leaves of
Calophyllum brasiliense. Purification of the dichloromethane extract yielded the pure
compounds (-) mammea A/BB (1), (-) mammea B/BB (2) and amentoflavone (3). The
compound structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric
data. The contents of bioactive compounds in the extracts were quantified using high
performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet detector. The anti-M.
tuberculosis activity of the extracts and the pure compounds was evaluated using a
resazurin microtitre assay plate. The cytotoxicity assay was performed in J774G.8
macrophages using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide
colourimetric method. The quantification of the dichloromethane extract showed (1)
and (2) at concentrations of 31.86 ± 2.6 and 8.24 ± 1.1 µg/mg of extract,
respectively. The dichloromethane and aqueous extracts showed anti-M. tuberculosis
H37Rv activity of 62.5 and 125 µg/mL, respectively. Coumarins (1) and (2) showed
minimal inhibitory concentration ranges of 31.2 and 62.5 µg/mL against M.
tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical isolates. Compound (3) showed no activity against M.
tuberculosis H37Rv. The selectivity index ranged from 0.59-1.06. We report the
activity of the extracts and coumarins from the leaves of C. brasiliense against M.
tuberculosis.
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Soulamarin isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) induces plasma membrane permeabilization of Trypanosoma cruzi and mytochondrial dysfunction. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2556. [PMID: 24340110 PMCID: PMC3854968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It has high mortality as well as morbidity rates and usually affects the poorer sections of the population. The development of new, less harmful and more effective drugs is a promising research target, since current standard treatments are highly toxic and administered for long periods. Fractioning of methanol (MeOH) extract of the stem bark of Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) resulted in the isolation of the coumarin soulamarin, which was characterized by one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as ESI mass spectrometry. All data obtained were consistent with a structure of 6-hydroxy-4-propyl-5-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-6″,6″-dimethylpyrane-[2″,3″:8,7]-benzopyran-2-one for soulamarin. Colorimetric MTT assays showed that soulamarin induces trypanocidal effects, and is also active against trypomastigotes. Hemolytic activity tests showed that soulamarin is unable to induce any observable damage to erythrocytes (cmax. = 1,300 µM). The lethal action of soulamarin against T. cruzi was investigated by using amino(4-(6-(amino(iminio)methyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)phenyl)methaniminium chloride (SYTOX Green and 1H,5H,11H,15H-Xantheno[2,3,4-ij:5,6,7-i′j′]diquinolizin-18-ium, 9-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-chloride (MitoTracker Red) as fluorimetric probes. With the former, soulamarin showed dose-dependent permeability of the plasma membrane, relative to fully permeable Triton X-100-treated parasites. Spectrofluorimetric and fluorescence microscopy with the latter revealed that soulamarin also induced a strong depolarization (ca. 97%) of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These data demonstrate that the lethal action of soulamarin towards T. cruzi involves damages to the plasma membrane of the parasite and mitochondrial dysfunction without the additional generation of reactive oxygen species, which may have also contributed to the death of the parasites. Considering the unique mitochondrion of T. cruzi, secondary metabolites of plants affecting the bioenergetic system as soulamarin may contribute as scaffolds for the design of novel and selective drug candidates for neglected diseases, mainly Chagas disease. Chagas disease is a parasitic protozoan that affects the poorest population in the world, causing a high mortality and morbidity. As a result of highly toxic and long-term treatments, the discovery of novel, safe and more efficacious drugs is essential. Natural products isolated from plants are commonly used as drug prototypes or precursors to treat parasitic diseases. As part of our investigation of bioactive compounds from Brazilian flora, the present study was undertaken in order to determine the antitrypanosomal effects of the soulamarin, a coumarin isolated from the stem bark of Callophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae), against Trypanossoma cruzi. This study moreover investigated the lethal action of soulamarin towards the parasite. Considering the obtained results, secondary metabolites of plants affecting the bioenergetic system as soulamarin may contribute as scaffolds for the design of novel and selective drug candidates for neglected diseases, mainly Chagas disease.
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Singh N, Mishra BB, Bajpai S, Singh RK, Tiwari VK. Natural product based leads to fight against leishmaniasis. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:18-45. [PMID: 24355247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing incidence of parasitic resistance against generic pentavalent antimonials, specifically for visceral disease in Indian subcontinent, is a serious issue in Leishmania control. Notwithstanding the two treatment alternatives, that is amphotericin B and miltefosine are being effectively used but their high cost and therapeutic complications limit their use in endemic areas. In the absence of a vaccine candidate, identification, and characterization of novel drugs and targets is a major requirement of leishmanial research. This review describes current drug regimens, putative drug targets, numerous natural products that have shown promising antileishmanial activity alongwith some key issues and strategies for future research to control leishmaniasis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surabhi Bajpai
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Vinod K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Silva Carrara VD, Cunha-Júnior EF, Torres-Santos EC, Corrêa AG, Monteiro JL, Demarchi IG, Campana Lonardoni MV, Garcia Cortez DA. Antileishmanial activity of amides from Piper amalago and synthetic analogs. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-695x2013005000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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