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Ma MY, Wang Q, Wang SM, Feng XJ, Xian ZH, Zhang SH. Wogonin inhibits hepatoma cell proliferation by targeting miR-27b-5p/YWHAZ axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23508. [PMID: 37623816 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Wogonin (5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone), a natural flavonoid compound in herbal plants, can suppress growth in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles that are influenced by wogonin have not been thoroughly described. To explore the novel miRNAs and the biological mechanism underlying the effect of wogonin on HCC cells. The effect of wogonin on Huh7 cell growth was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The expression profiles of miRNAs were obtained by small RNA sequencing. Luciferase reporter experiment and bioinformatics analysis were conducted to determine whether tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) can bind to miR-27b-5p. Effects of the ectopic expression of YWHAZ and miR-27b-5p on Huh7 cells proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated. Furthermore, the cell cycle, apoptosis and multiple signaling pathway-related molecules were detected by Western blot analysis. Wogonin substantially inhibited the growth of Huh7 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Seventy miRNAs exhibited greater than twofold changes in wogonin-treated cells. Upregulation of miR-27b-5p inhibited Huh7 cell proliferation, and the anticancer effect of wogonin was reversed after miR-27b-5p knockdown. miR-27b-5p directly targeted YWHAZ in HCC cells. The proliferation-inhibiting effect of miR-27b-5p was revoked by YWHAZ overexpression. Meanwhile, inhibition of HCC growth was achieved by downregulating YWHAZ. Wogonin exerted antitumor activity through multiple signaling molecules, such as focal adhesion kinase, protein kinase B, mammalian target of rapamycin and molecules related to apoptosis and cell cycle by upregulating miR-27b-5p and downregulating YWHAZ. Our findings suggest that miR-27b-5p/YWHAZ axis contributes to the inhibitory effect of wogonin in HCC by targeting related genes and multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Ma
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xian
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Juengel E, Rutz J, Meiborg M, Markowitsch SD, Maxeiner S, Grein T, Thomas A, Chun FKH, Haferkamp A, Tsaur I, Vakhrusheva O, Blaheta RA. Mistletoe Extracts from Different Host Trees Disparately Inhibit Bladder Cancer Cell Growth and Proliferation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4849. [PMID: 37835543 PMCID: PMC10571756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts of European mistletoe (Viscum album) are popular as a complementary treatment for patients with many different cancer types. However, whether these extracts actually block bladder cancer progression remains unknown. The influence of different mistletoe extracts on bladder cancer cell growth and proliferation was investigated by exposing RT112, UMUC3, and TCCSup cells to mistletoe from hawthorn (Crataegi), lime trees (Tiliae), willow trees (Salicis), or poplar trees (Populi). The tumor cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle progression were then evaluated. Alterations in integrin α and β subtype expression as well as CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 variant (CD44v) expressions were evaluated. Cell cycle-regulating proteins (CDK1 and 2, Cyclin A and B) were also investigated. Blocking and knock-down studies served to correlate protein alterations with cell growth. All extracts significantly down-regulated the growth and proliferation of all bladder cancer cell lines, most strongly in RT112 and UMUC3 cells. Alterations in CD44 expression were not homogeneous but rather depended on the extract and the cell line. Integrin α3 was, likewise, differently modified. Integrin α5 was diminished in RT112 and UMUC3 cells (significantly) and TCCSup (trend) by Populi and Salicis. Populi and Salicis arrested UMUC3 in G0/G1 to a similar extent, whereas apoptosis was induced most efficiently by Salicis. Examination of cell cycle-regulating proteins revealed down-regulation of CDK1 and 2 and Cyclin A by Salicis but down-regulation of CDK2 and Cyclin A by Populi. Blocking and knock-down studies pointed to the influence of integrin α5, CD44, and the Cyclin-CDK axis in regulating bladder cancer growth. Mistletoe extracts do block bladder cancer growth in vitro, with the molecular action differing according to the cell line and the host tree of the mistletoe. Integrating mistletoe into a guideline-based treatment regimen might optimize bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Moritz Meiborg
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Timothy Grein
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (E.J.); (S.D.M.); (A.T.); (A.H.); (I.T.); (O.V.)
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.R.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (T.G.); (F.K.-H.C.)
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Park YR, Jee W, Park SM, Kim SW, Bae H, Jung JH, Kim H, Kim S, Chung JS, Jang HJ. Viscum album Induces Apoptosis by Regulating STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11988. [PMID: 37569363 PMCID: PMC10418465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential anticancer effects of Viscum album, a parasitic plant that grows on Malus domestica (VaM) on breast cancer cells, and explored the underlying mechanisms. VaM significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. VaM also regulated cell cycle progression and effectively inhibited activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway through SHP-1. Combining VaM with low-dose doxorubicin produced a synergistic effect, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic. In vivo, VaM administration inhibited tumor growth and modulated key molecular markers associated with breast cancer progression. Overall, our findings provide strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of VaM in breast cancer treatment and support further studies exploring clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wona Jee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Mi Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Woo Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbit Bae
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Kim
- Dalim Biotech, 33 Sinpyeong-ro, Jijeong-myeon, Wonju-si 26348, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Jong Sup Chung
- Dalim Biotech, 33 Sinpyeong-ro, Jijeong-myeon, Wonju-si 26348, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (Y.-R.P.); (W.J.); (S.-M.P.); (S.W.K.); (H.B.); (J.H.J.); (H.K.)
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Nicoletti M. The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Viscum album. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1460. [PMID: 37050086 PMCID: PMC10096603 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic story of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) presents a seesawing profile. In ancient times, this hemiparasitic plant was considered a panacea and even to be endowed with exceptional beneficial properties. In more recent times, despite its multiple uses in traditional medicines, some parts of the plant, in particular the berries, were considered poisonous and dangerous, including concerns of cytotoxicity, which spread serious suspicion on its medicinal utility. However, since the last century, medical interest in mistletoe has come back in force due to its utilization in clinical cancer treatments, based on its selective action on tumor cells. In Central Europe, the hydro-alcoholic extracts of European mistletoe register a relevant and continuous utilization in anthroposophic medicine, which is a holistic system that includes the utilization of phytomedicinal substances. In Switzerland and Germany, most physicians and patients use these products as complementary therapy in oncological treatments. However, despite its increasing use in this field, the results of mistletoe's use are not always convincing, and other aspects have appeared. Nowadays, products that contain mistletoe are utilized in several fields, including diet, phytotherapy, veterinary medicine and homeopathy, but in particular in cancer therapies as coadjuvant factors, in consideration of several positive effects including effects in the improvement of quality-of-life conditions and reinforcement of the immune system. In this review, based on the understanding of the association between cancer and inflammation, we propose a relationship between these recent uses of mistletoe, based on its antioxidant properties, which are supported by phytochemical and pharmacological data. The unicity of mistletoe metabolism, which is a direct consequence of its hemiparasitism, is utilized as a key interpretation element to explain its biological properties and steer its consequent therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Nicoletti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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The First-In-Class Anti-AXL×CD3ε Pronectin™-Based Bispecific T-Cell Engager Is Active in Preclinical Models of Human Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061647. [PMID: 36980534 PMCID: PMC10046451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are heterogeneous malignancies with limited therapeutic options and a poor prognosis. We developed an innovative immunotherapeutic agent, a first-in-class Pronectin™-based Bispecific T-Cell Engager (pAXL×CD3ε), for the targeting of AXL, a TAM family tyrosine kinase receptor highly expressed in sarcomas. AXL expression was first analyzed by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot on a panel of sarcoma cell lines. The T-cell-mediated pAXL×CD3ε cytotoxicity against sarcoma cells was investigated by flow cytometry, luminescence assay, and fluorescent microscopy imaging. The activation and degranulation of T cells induced by pAXL×CD3ε were evaluated by flow cytometry. The antitumor activity induced by pAXL×CD3ε in combination with trabectedin was also investigated. In vivo activity studies of pAXL×CD3ε were performed in immunocompromised mice (NSG), engrafted with human sarcoma cells and reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. Most sarcoma cells showed high expression of AXL. pAXL×CD3ε triggered T-lymphocyte activation and induced dose-dependent T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The combination of pAXL×CD3ε with trabectedin increased cytotoxicity. pAXL×CD3ε inhibited the in vivo growth of human sarcoma xenografts, increasing the survival of treated mice. Our data demonstrate the antitumor efficacy of pAXL×CD3ε against sarcoma cells, providing a translational framework for the clinical development of pAXL×CD3ε in the treatment of human sarcomas, aggressive and still-incurable malignancies.
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Potential of the combination of Artemisia absinthium extract and cisplatin in inducing apoptosis cascades through the expression of p53, BAX, caspase 3 ratio, and caspase 9 in lung cancer cells (Calu-6). Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Innih SO, Omage SO, Lawal TE, Omage K. Viscum album prevents haematological changes, electrolyte imbalance, changes in liver function enzymes and histological alterations in some selected tissues in cadmium chloride-intoxicated rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Selenium Yeast and Fish Oil Combination Diminishes Cancer Stem Cell Traits and Reverses Cisplatin Resistance in A549 Sphere Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153232. [PMID: 35956408 PMCID: PMC9370110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a prevalent chemotherapeutic agent used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is difficult to treat by targeted therapy, but the emergence of resistance severely limits its efficacy. Thus, an effective strategy to combat cisplatin resistance is required. This study demonstrated that, at clinically achievable concentrations, the combination of selenium yeast (Se-Y) and fish oil (FO) could synergistically induce the apoptosis of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like A549 NSCLC sphere cells, accompanied by a reversal of their resistance to cisplatin. Compared to parental A549 cells, sphere cells have higher cisplatin resistance and possess elevated CSC markers (CD133 and ABCG2), epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (anexelekto (AXL), vimentin, and N-cadherin), and cytoprotective endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker (glucose-regulated protein 78) and increased oncogenic drivers, such as yes-associated protein, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, β-catenin, and cyclooxygenase-2. In contrast, the proapoptotic ER stress marker CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity were reduced in sphere cells. The Se-Y and FO combination synergistically counteracted the above molecular features of A549 sphere cells and diminished their elevated CSC-like side population. AMPK inhibition by compound C restored the side population proportion diminished by this nutrient combination. The results suggest that the Se-Y and FO combination can potentially improve the outcome of cisplatin-treated NSCLC with phenotypes such as A549 cells.
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Yousefvand S, Fattahi F, Hosseini SM, Urech K, Schaller G. Viscotoxin and lectin content in foliage and fruit of Viscum album L. on the main host trees of Hyrcanian forests. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10383. [PMID: 35725801 PMCID: PMC9209439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the host tree. Mistletoe contains two groups of cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and antitumor proteins, viscotoxins and lectins. This study evaluated the quantity and quality of viscotoxins and total lectins in the stems with leaves (foliage) and fruit of mistletoe on Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus in September with immature green berries and in December with mature white berries. Viscum album L. plants were harvested from host species located in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran in 2019. The highest level of viscotoxins was detected in the December foliage of V. album settled on C. betulus (9.25 mg/g dry weight [DW]), and the highest content of lectins was found in the December foliage of V. album settled on P. persica (0.79 mg/g DW) and C. betulus (0.73 mg/g DW) respectively. The immature green berries of V. album from both host species contained much higher concentrations of viscotoxins and lectins than the mature white berries. Four isoforms of viscotoxins, viscotoxin A1, A2, A3 and B could be identified in all samples of both host species. Viscotoxin A3 was the predominant viscotoxin isoform followed by viscotoxin A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Yousefvand
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Fattahi
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Hosseini
- Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Konrad Urech
- Hiscia Research Institute, Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Schaller
- Hiscia Research Institute, Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland
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Therapeutic Targeting of the Gas6/Axl Signaling Pathway in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189953. [PMID: 34576116 PMCID: PMC8469858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signaling pathways are dysregulated in cancer cells and the host tumor microenvironment. Aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways promote cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Hence, numerous therapeutic interventions targeting RTKs have been actively pursued. Axl is an RTK that belongs to the Tyro3, Axl, MerTK (TAM) subfamily. Axl binds to a high affinity ligand growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) that belongs to the vitamin K-dependent family of proteins. The Gas6/Axl signaling pathway has been implicated to promote progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance in many cancer types. Therapeutic agents targeting Gas6 and Axl have been developed, and promising results have been observed in both preclinical and clinical settings when such agents are used alone or in combination therapy. This review examines the current state of therapeutics targeting the Gas6/Axl pathway in cancer and discusses Gas6- and Axl-targeting agents that have been evaluated preclinically and clinically.
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11
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Fang S, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Li X, Yu T. NTNG1 Modulates Cisplatin Resistance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells via the GAS6/AXL/Akt Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652325. [PMID: 34277602 PMCID: PMC8281315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is a challenge in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Here, clinical data showed that the level of netrin-G1 (NTNG1) in cisplatin-resistant cancer was higher than that in cisplatin-sensitive cancer (2.2-fold, p = 0.005); patients with a high NTNG1 level in cancer tissues had shorter progression-free survival (11.0 vs. 25.0 months, p = 0.010) and platinum-free interval (5.0 vs. 20.0 months, p = 0.021) compared with patients with a low level. Category- or stage-adjusted analyses demonstrated that the association between the NTNG1 level and prognosis occurred in type II or FIGO III/IV cancer. The basal level of NTNG1 in SKOV3/DDP cells (a cisplatin-resistant subline) was higher than that in SKOV3 cells; therefore, NTNG1 was overexpressed in SKOV3 cells, or silenced in SKOV3/DDP cells. Knocking in NTNG1 reduced the action of cisplatin to decrease cell death and apoptosis of SKOV3 cells, accompanied by upregulation of p-AXL, p-Akt and RAD51; however, opposite effects were observed in SKOV3/DDP cells after knocking down NTNG1. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated that NTNG1 bound GAS6/AXL. Silencing NTNG1 enhanced cisplatin effects in vivo, decreasing tumor volume/mass. These data suggested that a high NTNG1 level can result in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells via the GAS6/AXL/Akt pathway and that NTNG1 may be a useful target to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Fang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Houmei Wang
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianfen Liu
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinya Li
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tinghe Yu
- Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Kwon YS, Chun SY, Kim MK, Nan HY, Lee C, Kim S. Mistletoe Extract Targets the STAT3-FOXM1 Pathway to Induce Apoptosis and Inhibits Metastasis in Breast Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:487-504. [PMID: 33622211 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe extracts (Viscum album L.) have been widely used as complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of cancer, and their cytotoxic effects have been reported on various types of cancer. However, the molecular targets of mistletoe extracts have not been well studied. Herein, we investigated molecules associated with the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of mistletoe extract using 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. Mistletoe extract induced apoptosis and inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. This inhibition was accompanied by the downregulations of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) and the DNA repair proteins, RAD51 and survivin. Mistletoe extract simultaneously increased the expression of the DNA damage marker proteins, phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (H2A.X), and phosphorylated p38. Furthermore, mistletoe extract effectively suppressed tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. In addition to tumor growth inhibition, mistletoe extract inhibited lung metastasis in the tumor-bearing mice and cell invasiveness by downregulating the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor, and markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (snail and fibronectin). Taken together, our results suggest that mistletoe extract targets the STAT3-FOXM1 pathway for its cytotoxic effects, and that mistletoe extracts might be useful for the treatment of patients with cancers highly expressing the STAT3-FOXM1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Suk Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Chun
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yan Nan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - ChuHee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongdae-ro 123, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
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Szurpnicka A, Kowalczuk A, Szterk A. Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:593-629. [PMID: 32621089 PMCID: PMC7340679 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe has been used as treatment of many diseases in traditional and folk medicine. To date, anticancer, immunomodulatory, cardiac, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, antibacterial and antifungal properties of mistletoe extracts have been studied the most. In this review, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studies on the pharmacological activity of Viscum species. Furthermore, we proposed the possible mechanisms of action of this herb, which might include many signalling pathways. Mistletoe could regulate either similar or different targets in various pathways that act on membrane receptors, enzymes, ion channels, transporter proteins and transcriptional targets. Still, pharmacological activities of mistletoe have been investigated mainly for crude extracts. It is a new field for scientists to determined which chemical compounds are responsible for the individual biological activities of mistletoe and how these activities are achieved. As a result, mistletoe might become a source of new complementary therapies supporting the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szurpnicka
- Department of Natural Medicinal Products and Dietary Supplements, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kowalczuk
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
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AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:153. [PMID: 31684958 PMCID: PMC6827209 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy for cancer has been a research hotspot for decades. AXL is a member of the TAM family with the high-affinity ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). The Gas6/AXL signalling pathway is associated with tumour cell growth, metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance, immune regulation and stem cell maintenance. Different therapeutic agents targeting AXL have been developed, typically including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nucleotide aptamers, soluble receptors, and several natural compounds. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive discussion of the structure, function, regulation, and signalling pathways of AXL. Then, we highlight recent strategies for targeting AXL in the treatment of cancer.AXL-targeted drugs, either as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other small molecule inhibitors, are likely to improve the survival of many patients. However, future investigations into AXL molecular signalling networks and robust predictive biomarkers are warranted to select patients who could receive clinical benefit and to avoid potential toxicities.
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Yang PW, Lu ZY, Pan Q, Chen TT, Feng XJ, Wang SM, Pan YC, Zhu MH, Zhang SH. MicroRNA-6809-5p mediates luteolin-induced anticancer effects against hepatoma by targeting flotillin 1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 57:18-29. [PMID: 30668319 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luteolin (3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone) is a natural flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables. Although luteolin has shown pro-apoptotic activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, the underlying molecular mechanism has not yet been clarified. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to identify novel miRNAs involved in the action of luteolin in HCC cells and to explore the biological roles of these miRNAs. METHODS The effect of luteolin on HCC cell growth was assessed using CCK-8 colony formation assay, flow cytometric analysis in vitro, and a xenograft model in vivo. miRNA expression profiles were assessed using next-generation sequencing. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were utilized to confirm the binding of miR-6809-5p to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of flotillin 1 (FLOT1). Furthermore, the effects of ectopic FLOT1 and miR-6809-5 expression on cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell apoptosis were also assessed. Western blotting analysis was used to detect activation of multiple signaling molecules including Erk1/2, p38, JNK, and NF-κB/p65 in the MAPK pathway. RESULTS It was found that luteolin significantly inhibited HCC growth and caused apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in Huh7 cells, at the G2/M phase in HepG2 cells in vitro. Tumorigenic studies revealed that luteolin treatment significantly suppressed HCC growth in vivo. miR-6809-5p was upregulated by luteolin. Overexpression of miR-6809-5p suppressed HCC cell growth, while knockdown of miR-6809-5p reversed the anticancer effect of luteolin. With regards to its signaling mechanism, miR-6809-5p directly targets FLOT1in HCC cells. Enforced expression of FLOT1 prevented miR-6809-5p-mediated growth suppression. Downregulation of FLOT1 exerted growth-suppressive effects on HCC cells. Multiple signaling pathways including Erk1/2, p38, JNK, and NF-κB/p65 were inactivated by miR-6809-5p overexpression or FLOT1 downregulation. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that miR-6809-5p mediates the growth-suppressive activity of luteolin in HCC, which is causally linked to FLOT1 downregulation. Induction of miR-6809-5p may provide therapeutic benefits in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Lu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Pan
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Feng
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Cui Pan
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Defo Deeh PB, Watcho P, Wankeu‐Nya M, Ngadjui E, Usman UZ. The methanolic extract of
Guibourtia tessmannii
(caesalpiniaceae) and selenium modulate cytosolic calcium accumulation, apoptosis and oxidative stress in R2C tumour Leydig cells: Involvement of
TRPV
1 channels. Andrologia 2018; 51:e13216. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brice Defo Deeh
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Suleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
| | - Pierre Watcho
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon
| | - Modeste Wankeu‐Nya
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology Department of Animal Organisms Biology University of Douala Douala Cameroon
| | - Esther Ngadjui
- Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology Laboratory University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon
| | - Umar Zayyanu Usman
- Department of Physiology School of Medical Sciences Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan Malaysia
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Thronicke A, Oei SL, Merkle A, Matthes H, Schad F. Clinical Safety of Combined Targeted and Viscum album L. Therapy in Oncological Patients. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030100. [PMID: 30200590 PMCID: PMC6164814 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite improvement of tumor response rates, targeted therapy may induce toxicities in cancer patients. Recent studies indicate amelioration of adverse events (AEs) by add-on mistletoe (Viscum album L., VA) in standard oncological treatment. The primary objective of this multicenter observational study was to determine the safety profile of targeted and add-on VA therapy compared to targeted therapy alone. Methods: Demographic and medical data were retrieved from the Network Oncology registry. Allocation to either control (targeted therapy) or combinational group (targeted/add-on VA) was performed. Safety-associated variables were evaluated by adjusted multivariable analyses. Results: The median age of the study population (n = 310) at first diagnosis was 59 years; 67.4% were female. In total, 126 patients (40.6%) were in the control and 184 patients (59.4%) in the combination group. Significant differences were observed between both groups with respect to overall AE frequency (χ2 = 4.1, p = 0.04) and to discontinuation of standard oncological treatment (χ2 = 4.8, p = 0.03) with lower rates in the combinational group (20.1%, 35% respectively) compared to control (30.2%, 60.5%, respectively). Addition of VA to targeted therapy significantly reduced the probability of oncological treatment discontinuation by 70% (Odds ratio (OR) 0.30, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our results indicate a highly significant reduction of AE-induced treatment discontinuation in all-stage cancer patients when treated with VA in addition to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Thronicke
- Network Oncology, Research Institute Havelhöhe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shiao Li Oei
- Network Oncology, Research Institute Havelhöhe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antje Merkle
- Network Oncology, Research Institute Havelhöhe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
- Oncological Centre, Hospital Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Harald Matthes
- Network Oncology, Research Institute Havelhöhe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
- Medical Clinic for Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology CBF and Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics CCM, Charité University Hospital Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Schad
- Network Oncology, Research Institute Havelhöhe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
- Oncological Centre, Hospital Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany.
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Schad F, Thronicke A, Steele ML, Merkle A, Matthes B, Grah C, Matthes H. Overall survival of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with Viscum album L. in addition to chemotherapy, a real-world observational multicenter analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203058. [PMID: 30148853 PMCID: PMC6110500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a five-year survival rate of around 1%. Treatment with Viscum album L. (VA) extracts has been shown to reduce chemotherapy (CTx)-related adverse events, decrease CTx dose reductions and improve quality of life in a number of cancers. Recent data suggest a beneficial effect of add-on treatment with Viscum album L. (VA, European mistletoe) on survival in cancer patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of VA in addition to chemotherapy on survival in stage IV NSCLC patients. Methods The observational study was conducted using data from the Network Oncology clinical registry which is an accredited conjoint clinical registry of German oncological hospitals, practitioners and out-patient centers.Patients were included if they had stage IV NSCLC at diagnosis, lived at least for four weeks post-diagnosis and received chemotherapeutic treatment. Patients with EGFR mutations as well as patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors were not included. Overall survival and impact on hazard in patients with chemotherapy (CTx) to patients receiving CTx plus VA were compared. To identify factors associated with survival and to address potential sources of bias a multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazard model was performed. Results The median age of the population was 64.1 years with 55.7% male patients. The highest proportion of patients had adenocarcinoma (72.2%) and most of the patients were current or past smokers (70.9%). Of 158 stage IV NSCLC patients, 108 received CTx only and 50 additional VA. Median survival was 17.0 months in the CTx plus VA group (95%CI: 11.0–40.0) and was 8.0 months (95%CI: 7.0–11.0) in the CTx only group (χ2 = 7.2, p = .007). Overall survival was significantly prolonged in the VA group (HR 0.44, 95%CI: 0.26–0.74, p = .002). One-year and three-year overall survival rates were greater with CTx plus VA compared to CTX alone (1y: 60.2% vs. 35.5%; 3y: 25.7% vs. 14.2%). Conclusion Our findings suggest that concomitant VA is positively associated with survival in stage IV NSCLC patients treated with standard CTx. These findings complement pre-existing knowldedge of add-on VA’s clinical impact, however, results should be interpreted with caution in light of the study’s observational character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Schad
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Oncology and Palliative Care, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anja Thronicke
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan L. Steele
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antje Merkle
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Oncology and Palliative Care, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Matthes
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Oncology and Palliative Care, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Grah
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- Lung Cancer Center and Department of Pneumology, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Matthes
- Research Institute Havelhöhe, Hospital Havelhöhe, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic for Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology CBF and Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics CCM, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ethanol extracts from the branch of Taxillus yadoriki parasitic to Neolitsea sericea induces cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation through cyclin D1 nuclear export. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:189. [PMID: 29925351 PMCID: PMC6011405 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the inhibitory effect of mistletoe on cancer cell growth has been reported, the underlying mechanisms to explain its anti-proliferative activity are not fully studied. Thus, we elucidated the potential molecular mechanism of the branch from Taxillus yadoriki (TY) parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (NS) (TY-NS-B) for the anti-proliferative effect. Methods Anti-cell proliferative effect was evaluated by MTT assay. The change of cyclin D1 protein or mRNA level was evaluated by Western blot and RT-RCR, respectively. Results In comparison of anti-proliferative effect of TY from the host trees such as Cryptomeria japonica (CJ), Neolitsea sericea (NS), Prunus serrulata (PS), Cinnamomum camphora (CC) and Quercus acutissima (QA), TY-NS showed higher anti-cell proliferative effect than TY-CJ, TY-PS, TY-CC or TY-QA. In addition, the anti-proliferative effect of branch from TY from all host trees was better than leaves. Thus, we selected the branch from Taxillus yadoriki parasitic to Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) for the further study. TY-NS-B inhibited the cell proliferation in the various cancer cells and downregulated cyclin D1 protein level. MG132 treatment attenuated cyclin D1 downregulation of cyclin D1 protein level by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B increased threonine-286 (T286) phosphorylation of cyclin D1, and the mutation of T286 to alanine (T286A) blocked cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation by TY-NS-B. But the upstream factors related to cyclin D1 degradation such as ERK1/2, p38, JNK, GSK3β, PI3K, IκK or ROS did not affect cyclin D1 degradation by TY-NS-B. However, LMB treatment was observed to inhibit cyclin D1 degradation by TY-NS-B, and T286A blocked cyclin D1 degradation through suppressing cyclin D1 redistribution from nucleus to cytoplasm by TY-NS-B. In addition, TY-NS-B activated CRM1 expression. Conclusions Our results suggest that TY-NS-B may suppress cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D1 protein level through proteasomal degradation via T286 phosphorylation-dependent cyclin D1 nuclear export. These findings will provide the evidence that TY-NS-B has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemoprevention or therapeutic agents for human cancer.
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