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Yang YN, Zhan JG, Cao Y, Wu CM. From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:413-444. [PMID: 38937158 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The property theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years, playing a pivotal role in the clinical application of TCM. While advancements in energy metabolism, chemical composition analysis, machine learning, ion current modeling, and supercritical fluid technology have provided valuable insight into how aspects of TCM property theory may be measured, these studies only capture specific aspects of TCM property theory in isolation, overlooking the holistic perspective inherent in TCM. To systematically investigate the modern interpretation of the TCM property theory from multidimensional perspectives, we consulted the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) to compile a list of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Then, using the Latin names of each CMM and gut microbiota as keywords, we searched the PubMed database for relevant research on gut microbiota and CMM. The regulatory patterns of different herbs on gut microbiota were then summarized from the perspectives of the four natures, the five flavors and the meridian tropism. In terms of the four natures, we found that warm-natured medicines promoted the colonization of specific beneficial bacteria, while cold-natured medicines boosted populations of some beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of the five flavors revealed that sweet-flavored and bitter-flavored CMMs positively influenced beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. CMMs with different meridian tropism exhibited complex modulative patterns on gut microbiota, with Jueyin (Liver) and Taiyin (Lung) meridian CMMs generally exerting a stronger effect. The gut microbiota may be a biological indicator for characterizing the TCM property theory, which not only enhances our understanding of classic TCM theory but also contributes to its scientific advancement and application in healthcare. Please cite this article as: Yang YN, Zhan JG, Cao Y, Wu CM. From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. J Integr Med 2024; 22(4): 413-445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Xie J, Xiong S, Li Y, Xia B, Li M, Zhang Z, Shi Z, Peng Q, Li C, Lin L, Liao D. Phenolic acids from medicinal and edible homologous plants: a potential anti-inflammatory agent for inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345002. [PMID: 38975345 PMCID: PMC11224438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been shown to trigger a wide range of chronic diseases, particularly inflammatory diseases. As a result, the focus of research has been on anti-inflammatory drugs and foods. In recent years, the field of medicinal and edible homology (MEH) has developed rapidly in both medical and food sciences, with 95% of MEH being associated with plants. Phenolic acids are a crucial group of natural bioactive substances found in medicinal and edible homologous plants (MEHPs). Their anti-inflammatory activity is significant as they play a vital role in treating several inflammatory diseases. These compounds possess enormous potential for developing anti-inflammatory drugs and functional foods. However, their development is far from satisfactory due to their diverse structure and intricate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the various types, structures, and distribution of MEHP phenolic acids that have been identified as of 2023. We also analyze their anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in inflammatory diseases through NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3, Nrf2, TLRs, and IL-17 pathways. Additionally, we investigate their impact on regulating the composition of the gut microbiota and immune responses. This analysis lays the groundwork for further exploration of the anti-inflammatory structure-activity relationship of MEHP phenolic acids, aiming to inspire structural optimization and deepen our understanding of their mechanism, and provides valuable insights for future research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Xie
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Suhui Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yamei Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bohou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe Shi
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuxian Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limei Lin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Zang Z, Li L, Yang M, Zhang H, Naeem A, Wu Z, Zheng Q, Song Y, Tao L, Wan Z, Zhang Y, Leng J, Liao Z, Guan Y. Study on the ameliorative effect of honeysuckle on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117776. [PMID: 38307354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Honeysuckle, first documented in the Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians, is known for its ability to expel toxin and cool blood to stop diarrhea. Modern pharmacological research has shown that honeysuckle has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-regulating effects and is widely used in clinical practice. However, the effect of honeysuckle on ulcerative colitis (UC) is still not fully understood, which presents challenges for quality control, research and development. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory properties and mechanism of action of aqueous extracts of honeysuckle in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced-ulcerative colitis mouse model was established, and the mice were divided into five groups: the control group, the model group, and the low, medium, and high dose honeysuckle treatment groups. RESULTS All dose groups of honeysuckle were found to significantly reduce IL-6 and TNF-α levels and regulate DSS-induced mRNA levels of CLDN4, COX-2, IL-6, INOS, MUC-2, occludin and NLRP3. The high-dose group displayed the most effective inhibition, and a differentially expressed mRNA detection indicated abnormal mRNA expression. The 16sRNA sequencing revealed that the honeysuckle was able to significantly upregulate the abundance of beneficial bacteria and downregulate the abundance of harmful bacteria. The study of short-chain fatty acids revealed that the levels of acetic, propionic, isobutyric, valeric and isovaleric acids were significantly increased after administering honeysuckle at medium and high doses. CONCLUSION Honeysuckle reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increases the content of short-chain fatty acids and restores the intestinal ecological balance, resulting in better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Zang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiyan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinglv Leng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenggen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 330004, Nanchang, China.
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Duan ZY, Sun YP, Wang ZB, Kuang HX. Moslae Herba: Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Molecules 2024; 29:1716. [PMID: 38675535 PMCID: PMC11051901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Moslae Herba (MH) can be used for both medicine and food and has a long history of medicine. MH has the effects of sweating and relieving the exterior, removing dampness and harmonizing, and is mainly used for colds caused by damp heat in summer. It is called "Xiayue Zhi Mahuang" in China. So far, 123 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from MH, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, and other chemical compounds. Its chemical components have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic sedation, antipyretic, immune regulation, insecticidal, and other effects. In addition, because of its aromatic odor and health care function, MH also has development and utilization value in food, chemical, and other fields. This paper reviewed the research progress of MH in botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology and provided a possible direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.-Y.D.); (Y.-P.S.)
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.-Y.D.); (Y.-P.S.)
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Nong K, Liu Z, Qin X, Chen W, Zhang B, Wu Y, Wang Z, Fang X, Liu Y, Wang X, Shi H, Zhang H. Effect of the Pseudopleuronectes americanus-derived Pleurocidin on DSS-induced Ulcerative colitis in mice and its preliminary molecular mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111757. [PMID: 38422770 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pleurocidin is an antimicrobial peptide derived from the mucous membranes of the skin or intestinal secretions of Pseudopleuronectes americanus that has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Ulcerative colitis is recognized as a widespread human disease that may be influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Evidence emphasizes the critical role of the gut microbiota in UC. Synthetic Pleurocidin was analyzed by a combination of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Pleurocidin pharmacological effects were evaluated by DAI score, colon histological score, cytokine levels, and tight junction protein expression in mice. The preliminary molecular mechanism was explored by the levels of key proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways in colon tissues. The main analytical methods such as immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot were used. We then used 16S rRNA gene sequences to characterize the gut microbiota. Firstly, our study demonstrated that rectal injection of Pleurocidin at 5 mg/kg body weight alleviated clinical symptoms and colonic histopathological changes in UC mice caused by DSS. Secondly, Pleurocidin altered the abnormal levels of inflammatory and immune-related cytokines in serum, modulated the significant down-regulation of tight junction proteins, and inhibited the expression of NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathway-related proteins. Finally, Pleurocidin can regulate gut microbiota, increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and reduce the relative abundance of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, Pleurocidin alleviates UC symptoms in mice, and its effects on the gut microbiome may be potential pathways. It is providing a promising therapeutic option for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Nong
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Zhineng Liu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Xinyun Qin
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Wanyan Chen
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Yijia Wu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Xin Fang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Youming Liu
- Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yibin 644600, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Huiyu Shi
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China.
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Miao Y, Du H, Liu D. The water-soluble subfraction from Artemisia argyi alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses via multiple pathways and targets in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117364. [PMID: 38380576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicine, Artemisia argyi has been used medicinally and eaten for more than 2000 years in China. It is widely reported in treating inflammatory diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. Although several studies claim that its volatile oil and organic reagent extracts have certain anti-inflammatory effects, the water-soluble fractions and molecular mechanisms have not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the therapeutic effect of A. argyi water extract (AAWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to identify the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Moreover, the relevant pharmacological and molecular mechanisms by which the active subfraction mitigates inflammation were further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were treated with AAWE (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) or the water-soluble subfractions separated by D101 macroporous resin (AAWE1-AAWE4, 100 μg/mL), and NO production and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were evaluated to determine the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Secondly, the chemical components of the active subfraction (AAWE4) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Thirdly, transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis, RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays were conducted to explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism and active compounds of AAWE4. Subsequently, the binding ability of the potential active components in AAWE4 to the core targets was further determined by molecular docking. Eventually, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AAWE4 (1.17, 2.34 and 4.68 g/kg, administered per day for 7 d) was evaluated in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation. RESULTS In this study, AAWE showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects, and its water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO concentration and inflammatory gene mRNA expression after LPS stimulation, indicating that it was the most effective subfraction. Thereafter, four main compounds in AAWE4 were confirmed or tentatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS, including three flavonoid glycosides and one phenolic acid. Furthermore, the transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis showed that AAWE4 inhibited inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets. Based on the RT-qPCR and Western blotting results, AAWE4 downregulated not only the p38, PI3K, CCL5, MMP9, AP-1, and BCL3 mRNA expression levels activated by LPS but also their upstream and downstream protein expression levels and protein phosphorylation (p-AKT/AKT, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK). Moreover, four identified compounds (isochlorogenic acid A, vicenin-2, schaftoside and isoschaftoside) could significantly inhibit NO content and the overexpression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA induced by LPS, and the molecular docking confirmed the high binding activity of four active compounds with selected core targets (p38, AKT1, MMP9, and CCL5). In addition, the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical analysis showed that AAWE44 could inhibit lung inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that the water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 from A. argyi ameliorated the inflammation caused by LPS through multiple pathways and multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, providing scientific support for the medicinal use of A. argyi. Importantly, it shows that the A. argyi subfraction AAWE4 can be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhouyuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuhuan Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hongzhi Du
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Dahui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Xie Q, Hu B. Effects of gut microbiota on prostatic cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250369. [PMID: 38029073 PMCID: PMC10659115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Recent observational and small-sample case-control studies have shown a relationship between gut microbiota composition and prostatic cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, the causal association between gut microbiota and PCa is still unclear. Herein, we used the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to explore the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and PCa. Methods In this two-sample MR study, data were extracted from the summary statistics of gut microbiota from the largest available genome-wide association study meta-analysis conducted by the MiBioGen consortium (n = 14,306) and the Dutch Microbiome Project (n = 8,208). Summary statistics for PCa were obtained from the FinnGen consortium release data (n = 95,213). Inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, strength test (F), and MR-PRESSO were used to examine the potential causal association between gut microbiota and PCa. Cochran's Q statistics were used to quantify the heterogeneity of instrumental variables. Results IVW estimates suggested that the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (odds ratio [OR] = 0.7926, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6655-0.9440) and Bacteroides salyersiae (OR = 0.9023, 95% CI: 0.8262-0.9853) were negatively associated with the odds of PCa, while that of Eubacterium biforme (OR = 1.1629, 95% CI: 1.0110-1.3376) was positively associated with the odds of PCa. In addition, we explored these relationships among patients without other cancers and similarly found that the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides salyersiae, and Eubacterium biforme were linked to PCa (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Gut microbiota potentially influenced the occurrence of PCa. Our findings may provide some new ideas for researching the methods of PCa prevention. In addition, further studies are needed to explore the causal association and specific underlying mechanisms between gut microbiota and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ortiz-Mendoza N, Martínez-Gordillo MJ, Martínez-Ambriz E, Basurto-Peña FA, González-Trujano ME, Aguirre-Hernández E. Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of the Subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) in Inflammatory Diseases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3752. [PMID: 37960108 PMCID: PMC10648697 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Nepetoideae is the most diverse subfamily of Lamiaceae, and some species are well known for their culinary and medicinal uses. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic properties of the species of this group regarding inflammatory illnesses. This study aims to collect information on traditional uses through ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and phytochemical information of the subfamily Nepetoideae related to inflammatory diseases. UNAM electronic resources were used to obtain the information. The analysis of the most relevant literature was compiled and organised in tables. From this, about 106 species of the subfamily are traditionally recognised to alleviate chronic pain associated with inflammation. Pharmacological studies have been carried out in vitro and in vivo on approximately 308 species belonging to the genera Salvia, Ocimum, Thymus, Mentha, Origanum, Lavandula, and Melissa. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations have been performed and mostly prepared as essential oil or high polarity extracts, whose secondary metabolites are mainly of a phenolic nature. Other interesting and explored metabolites are diterpenes from the abietane, clerodane, and kaurane type; however, they have only been described in some species of the genera Salvia and Isodon. This review reveals that the Nepetoideae subfamily is an important source for therapeutics of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Juana Martínez-Gordillo
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Martínez-Ambriz
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | | | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico;
| | - Eva Aguirre-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Luan L, Pan H, Chen Y, Ye X, Hou Z, Chen S. Role of extracted phytochemicals from Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi in DSS-induced colitis mice: potential amelioration of UC. Food Funct 2023; 14:8369-8382. [PMID: 37606621 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02456c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi is a new variety of R. roxburghii Tratt and its fruits are rich in bioactive components, but its effects and mechanisms against intestinal inflammation are currently unknown. In this study, the main components of the ethanol extract of R. sterilis S. D. Shi fruits (RSE) were identified and its anti-inflammatory efficacy in DSS-induced mice was evaluated. A total of nine compounds were identified, including 1-O-E-cinnamoyl-(6-arabinosylglucose), ellagic acid-O-rhamnoside, (epi) catechin, niga-ichigoside F1, etc. The results demonstrated that RSE ameliorated DSS-induced inflammation in mouse colon tissues by increasing mucin expression, reducing the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, inhibiting the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS, regulating the composition of gut microbiota through suppressing Escherichia-Shigella while increasing Akkermansia muciniphila, and promoting the production of SCFAs, especially acetic acid. Briefly, RSE showed outstanding potential for anti-inflammatory activity and is expected to be a promising dietary supplement for healthy individuals to prevent or relieve colitis and colitis-related diseases, which provided a new direction for functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqin Luan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Haibo Pan
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linli, 276000, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 315100, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linli, 276000, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 315100, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314102, China
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10
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Zhu MZ, Xu HM, Liang YJ, Xu J, Yue NN, Zhang Y, Tian CM, Yao J, Wang LS, Nie YQ, Li DF. Edible exosome-like nanoparticles from portulaca oleracea L mitigate DSS-induced colitis via facilitating double-positive CD4 +CD8 +T cells expansion. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:309. [PMID: 37653406 PMCID: PMC10469825 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have been paid great attention in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). As a proof of concept, we isolated and identified Portulaca oleracea L-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) from edible Portulaca oleracea L, which exhibited desirable nano-size (~ 160 nm) and a negative zeta potential value (-31.4 mV). Oral administration of PELNs effectively suppressed the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and alleviated acute colitis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced C57 mice and IL-10-/- mice. Notably, PELNs exhibited excellent stability and safety within the gastrointestinal tract and displayed specific targeting to inflamed sites in the colons of mice. Mechanistically, oral administration of PELNs played a crucial role in maintaining the diversity and balance of gut microbiota. Furthermore, PELNs treatment enhanced Lactobacillus reuteri growth and elevated indole derivative levels, which might activate the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in conventional CD4+ T cells. This activation downregulated Zbtb7b expression, leading to the reprogramming of conventional CD4+ T cells into double-positive CD4+CD8+T cells (DP CD4+CD8+ T cells). In conclusion, our findings highlighted the potential of orally administered PELNs as a novel, natural, and colon-targeted agent, offering a promising therapeutic approach for managing UC. Schematic illustration of therapeutic effects of oral Portulaca oleracea L -derived natural exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) on UC. PELNs treatment enhanced Lactobacillus reuteri growth and elevated indole derivative levels, which activate the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in conventional CD4+ T cells leading to downregulate the expression of Zbtb7b, reprogram of conventional CD4+ T cells into double-positive CD4+CD8+T cells (DP CD4+CD8+ T cells), and decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zheng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Jie Liang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning-Ning Yue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Huizhou Institute of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Huizhou, 516000, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Mei Tian
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu-Qiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - De-Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Zhang P, Jiang H. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic Acid Confers Protection in DSS-Induced Colitis via the JNK-p38 MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200247. [PMID: 36658725 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IBD-mouse model is established by replacing normal water intake with 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) aqueous solution, and 50 mg kg-1 of AKBA treatment is administered. The experimental mice are randomly divided into four groups, including control, AKBA , DSS, and DSS + AKBA groups. AKBA therapy conspicuously ameliorates the adverse symptoms caused by DSS in mice and inhibits the reduction of colon length and the rise of disease activity index score. Hematoxylin-eosin staining results suggest that AKBA strikingly improves the pathological conditions of the colon and small intestine tissues in IBD mice. AKBA prominently inhibits the DSS-induced increase of proinflammatory factor contents and the upregulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways' protein levels in the colon tissues of IBD mice. AKBA alleviates DSS-induced colonic inflammatory injury in IBD mice by repressing the activation of the JNK-p38/MAPK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of TCM, The Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of TCM, Workers Hospital of China Coal No. 5 Construction Company, 105 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 221000, China
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12
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Shahini A, Shahini A. Role of interleukin-6-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on the available therapeutic approaches and gut microbiome. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:55-74. [PMID: 36112307 PMCID: PMC10030733 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two types of chronic IBD. Although there is no accurate information about IBD pathophysiology, evidence suggests that various factors, including the gut microbiome, environment, genetics, lifestyle, and a dysregulated immune system, may increase susceptibility to IBD. Moreover, inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the immunopathogenesis of IBDs. IL-6 contributes to T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, mediating further destructive inflammatory responses in CD and UC. Moreover, Th1-mediated responses participate in IBD, and the antiapoptotic IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signals are responsible for preserving Th1 cells in the site of inflammation. It has been revealed that fecal bacteria isolated from UC-active and UC-remission patients stimulate the hyperproduction of several cytokines, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-12. Given the importance of the IL-6/IL-6R axis, various therapeutic options exist for controlling or treating IBD. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches such as modulating the gut microbiome could be beneficial due to the failure of the target therapies so far. This review article summarizes IBD immunopathogenesis focusing on the IL-6/IL-6R axis and discusses available therapeutic approaches based on the gut microbiome alteration and IL-6/IL-6R axis targeting and treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Shahini
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Shahini
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Zhao C, Jiang Y, Yin H, Jin Z, Yuan J, Shang H, Song H. Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Fermentation concentrate polysaccharide ameliorate diarrhea in DSS-induced early colitis by modulating ion channel. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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14
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Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196411. [PMID: 36234947 PMCID: PMC9572931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the confusion of the sources of medicinal materials was briefly expounded, and the differences among the varieties were pointed out. At the same time, the chemical components and pharmacological properties of Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland (E. ciliata) were reviewed. The structures of 352 compounds that have been identified are listed. These mainly include flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other chemical components. They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiviral, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, antitumor, antiacetylcholinesterase, and immunoregulator activities. At present, there are many researches using essential oil and alcohol extract, and the researches on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and other pharmacological activities are relatively mature. This paper aims to summarize the existing research, update the research progress regarding the phytochemicals and pharmacology of E. ciliate, and to provide convenience for subsequent research.
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15
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Lignans from Mosla scabra Ameliorated Influenza A Virus-Induced Pneumonia via Inhibiting Macrophage Activation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1688826. [PMID: 35942373 PMCID: PMC9356792 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1688826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lower respiratory tract infection, induced by influenza virus, coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus, remains a serious threat to human health that can cause a global pandemic. Thus, finding effective chemicals and therapeutic measures to advance the functional restoration of the respiratory tract after infection has been the emphasis of the studies on the subjects. Mosla scabra is a natural medicinal plant used for treating various lung and gastrointestinal diseases, including viral infection, cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute gastroenteritis, and diarrhoea. In this study, the antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of total lignans (MSTL) extracted from the plant were investigated in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice and RAW 264.7 macrophages. MSTL could not only protect the macrophages against IAV-induced pyroptosis but also could lighten the lung inflammation induced by IAV in vivo and in vitro. The network pharmacology analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes, mainly involving in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, endocrine resistance, HIF-1 signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, and FOXO signaling pathway, contributed to the IAV-induced alveolar macrophage dysfunction. It indicated that MSTL enhanced the function of alveolar macrophages and improved IAV-induced lung injury in mice.
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16
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Hongzhi D, Xiaoying H, Yujie G, Le C, Yuhuan M, Dahui L, Luqi H. Classic mechanisms and experimental models for the anti‐inflammatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:108-119. [PMID: 35412027 PMCID: PMC9043716 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common disease involved in the pathogenesis, complications, and sequelae of a large number of related diseases, and therefore considerable research has been directed toward developing anti‐inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used to treat inflammatory and related diseases since ancient times. According to the review of abundant modern scientific researches, it is suggested that TCM exhibit anti‐inflammatory effects at different levels, and via multiple pathways with various targets, and recently a series of in vitro and in vivo anti‐inflammatory models have been developed for anti‐inflammation research in TCM. Currently, the reported classic mechanisms of TCM and experimental models of its anti‐inflammatory effects provide reference points and guidance for further research and development of TCM. Importantly, the research clearly confirms that TCM is now and will continue to be an effective form of treatment for many types of inflammation and inflammation‐related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hongzhi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Hou Xiaoying
- Wuhan Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine Jiang Han University Wuhan China
| | - Guo Yujie
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Chen Le
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Miao Yuhuan
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Liu Dahui
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Wuhan China
| | - Huang Luqi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing China
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