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Wang L, Huang S, Liang X, Zhou J, Han Y, He J, Xu D. Immuno-modulatory role of baicalin in atherosclerosis prevention and treatment: current scenario and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1377470. [PMID: 38698839 PMCID: PMC11063305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1377470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells within the damaged walls of arterial vessels. It is a significant independent risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Despite the availability of current treatments such as statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications for prevention, AS remains a leading cause of morbidity and economic burden worldwide. Thus, there is a pressing need for the development of new supplementary and alternative therapies or medications. Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [SBG]), a traditional Chinese medicine, exerts a significant immunomodulatory effect in AS prevention and treatment, with baicalin being identified as one of the primary active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin offers a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including the regulation of immune balance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and improvement of lipid metabolism dysregulation. Consequently, it exerts beneficial effects in both AS onset and progression. This review provides an overview of the immunomodulatory properties and mechanisms by which baicalin aids in AS prevention and treatment, highlighting its potential as a clinical translational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiangshan He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danping Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Zhou P, Zuo L, Liu C, Xiong B, Li Z, Zhou X, Yue H, Jia Q, Zheng T, Zou J, Du S, Chen D, Sun Z. Unraveling spatial metabolome of the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 123:155259. [PMID: 38096718 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Chinese medicine, is clinically applied mainly as the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis, and the aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis, its stems and leaves, are often consumed as "Scutellaria baicalensis tea" to clear heat, dry dampness, reduce fire and detoxify, while few comparative analyses of the spatial metabolome of the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis have been carried out in current research. METHODS In this work, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to visualize the spatial imaging of the root, stem, and leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis at a high resolution of 10 μm, respectively, investigating the spatial distribution of the different secondary metabolites in the aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis. RESULTS In the present results, various metabolites, such as flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid metabolites, and phenolic acids, were systematically characterized in Scutellaria baicalensis root, stem, and leaf. Nine glycosides, 18 flavonoids, one organic acid, and four other metabolites in Scutellaria baicalensis root; nine glycosides, nine flavonoids, one organic acid in Scutellaria baicalensis stem; and seven flavonoids and seven glycosides in Scutellaria baicalensis leaf were visualized by MALDI-MSI. In the underground part of Scutellaria baicalensis, baicalein, wogonin, baicalin, wogonoside, and chrysin were widely distributed, while there was less spatial location in the aerial parts. Moreover, scutellarein, carthamidin/isocarthamidin, scutellarin, carthamidin/isocarthamidin-7-O-glucuronide had a high distribution in the aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis. In addition, the biosynthetic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of significant flavonoid metabolites in aerial and underground parts of Scutellaria baicalensis were successfully localized and visualized. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-MSI offers a favorable approach for investigating the spatial distribution and effective utilization of metabolites of Scutellaria baicalensis. The detailed spatial chemical information can not only improve our understanding of the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid metabolites, but more importantly, suggest that we need to fully exert the overall medicinal value of Scutellaria baicalensis, strengthening the reuse and development of the resources of Scutellaria baicalensis aboveground parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Zuo
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Oral Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baolin Xiong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuolun Li
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhou
- Intelligene Biosystems (QingDao) Co. Ltd., Shangdong Province, China
| | - Heying Yue
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingquan Jia
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Zhi Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Precision Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
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Zhang B, Yang J, Li X, Zhu H, Sun J, Jiang L, Xue C, Zhang L, Xu C, Xing S, Jin Z, Liu J, Yu S, Duan W. Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates postinfarction cardiac dysfunction and remodeling by inhibiting oxidative stress and preserving mitochondrial function via SIRT3 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 121:155127. [PMID: 37812853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) often leads to sudden cardiac death. Persistent myocardial ischemia increases oxidative stress and impairs mitochondrial function, contributing significantly to postinfarction cardiac dysfunction and remodeling, and the subsequent progression to heart failure (HF). Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), isolated from the rhizome of turmeric, has antioxidant properties and has been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on HF after MI are poorly understood. PURPOSE The objective was the investigation of the pharmacological effects of THC and its associated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HF after MI. METHODS A total of 120 mice (C57BL/6, male) were used for the in vivo experiments. An MI mouse model was created by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The mice received oral dose of THC at 120 mg/kg/d and the effects on MI-induced myocardial injury were evaluated by assessment of cardiac function, histopathology, myocardial oxidative levels, and mitochondrial function. Molecular mechanisms were investigated by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of the SIRT3 selective inhibitor 3-TYP. Meanwhile, mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes were isolated and cultured in a hypoxic incubator to verify the effects of THC in vitro. Lastly, SIRT3 and Nrf2 were silenced using siRNAs to further explore the regulatory mechanism of key molecules in this process. RESULTS The mouse hearts showed significant impairment in systolic function after MI, together with enlarged infarct size, increased myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. A significant reversal of these changes was seen after treatment with THC. Moreover, THC markedly reduced reactive oxygen species generation and protected mitochondrial function, thus mitigating oxidative stress in the post-MI myocardium. Mechanistically, THC counteracted reduced Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and SIRT3 signaling in the MI mice while inhibition of Nrf2 or SIRT3 reversed the effects of THC. Cell experiments showed that Nrf2 silencing markedly reduced SIRT3 levels and deacetylation activity while inhibition of SIRT3 signaling had little impact on Nrf2 expression. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that THC protects against the effects of MI. THC reduced both oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by regulating Nrf2-SIRT3 signaling. The results suggest the potential of THC in treating myocardial ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China; Department of Surgery, The 954th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shannan, Tibet 856100, China
| | - Jiachang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiayun Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Hanzhao Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Liqing Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chennian Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The 79th Group Military Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Liaoyang, Liaoning 111000, China
| | - Shishi Xing
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shiqiang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Weixun Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Air Force Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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Liao X, Han Y, He Y, Liu J, Wang Y. Natural compounds targeting mitochondrial dysfunction: emerging therapeutics for target organ damage in hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1209890. [PMID: 37397478 PMCID: PMC10311420 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1209890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension generally causes target organ damage (TOD) in the heart, brain, kidney, and blood vessels. This can result in atherosclerosis, plaque formation, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and renal failure. Recent studies have indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in hypertensive target organ damage. Consequently, mitochondria-targeted therapies attract increasing attention. Natural compounds are valuable resources for drug discovery and development. Many studies have demonstrated that natural compounds can ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertensive target organ damage. This review examines the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the development of target organ damage in hypertension. Moreover, it summarizes therapeutic strategies based on natural compounds that target mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be beneficial for preventing and treating hypertensive target organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liao
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanshan Han
- Scientific Research Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying He
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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