Insights into forsythia honeysuckle (Lianhuaqingwen) capsules: A Chinese herbal medicine repurposed for COVID-19 pandemic

Suppressive effect of isofraxidin on the overexpression of IL-6 and its molecular mechanism in a TPA-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HuH-7

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has many biological activities, including inflammation, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, embryonic development, and other fundamental processes. Recently, IL-6 has been widely recognized as an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cytokine storm pathogenesis during severe inflammatory diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, IL-6 is considered to be a therapeutic target for inhibiting cytokine storm. In the present study, we investigated the suppressive effect of isofraxidin, a major coumarin compound of Acanthopanax senticosus, on the overexpression of IL-6 and its molecular mechanism. The expression of IL-6 mRNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR, and intracellular signaling molecules were detected using western blotting. When the HuH-7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a marked induction of IL-6 mRNA expression was observed in HuH-7 cells compared with HepG2 cells. Isofraxidin significantly suppressed TPA-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in HuH-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, isofraxidin inhibited TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the MAPK/ERK inhibitor U0126 suppressed TPA-induced IL-6 mRNA expression. However, isofraxidin had no effects on TPA-induced phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK, Akt (Ser473), and STAT3 (Tyr705), nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and degradation of IκB. Taken together, isofraxidin suppresses TPA-induced overexpression of IL-6 mRNA by selectively inhibiting the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in HuH-7 cells, indicating that isofraxidin may be an effective anti-inflammatory agent for treating cytokine storm.

Chinese Medicine for Treatment of COVID-19: A Review of Potential Pharmacological Components and Mechanisms

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease that has been prevalent since December 2019. Chinese medicine (CM) has demonstrated its unique advantages in the fight against COVID-19 in the areas of disease prevention, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression. This review summarized the relevant material components of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 by searching the relevant literature and reports on CM in the treatment of COVID-19 and combining with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the novel coronavirus. On the basis of sorting out experimental methods in vivo and in vitro, the mechanism of herb action was further clarified in terms of inhibiting virus invasion and replication and improving related complications. The aim of the article is to explore the strengths and characteristics of CM in the treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for the research and scientific, standardized treatment of COVID-19 with CM.

Exploring Bioactive Phytomedicines for Advancing Pulmonary Infection Management: Insights and Future Prospects

Pulmonary infections have a profound influence on global mortality rates. Medicinal plants offer a promising approach to address this challenge, providing nontoxic alternatives with higher levels of public acceptance and compliance, particularly in regions where access to conventional medications or diagnostic resources may be limited. Understanding the pathophysiology of viruses and bacteria enables researchers to identify biomarkers essential for triggering diseases. This knowledge allows the discovery of biological molecules capable of either preventing or alleviating symptoms associated with these infections. In this review, medicinal plants that have an effect on COVID-19, influenza A, bacterial and viral pneumonia, and tuberculosis are discussed. Drug delivery has been briefly discussed as well. It examines the effect of bioactive constituents of these plants and synthesizes findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies conducted over the past decade. In conclusion, many medicinal plants can be used to treat pulmonary infections, but further in-depth studies are needed as most of the current studies are only at preliminary stages. Extensive investigation and clinical studies are warranted to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimize their use in clinical practice.

Influenza B virus: Target and acting mechanism of antiviral drugs

The influenza B virus is one of the causes of seasonal influenza, which has a long history of existence in various populations. Adolescents, children, pregnant women, the elderly, as well as patients with major diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer, and those with low immunity are more susceptible to infection by the influenza virus. During the influenza seasons, the influenza B virus can cause significant harm and economic burden. At present, neuraminidase inhibitors, hemagglutinin inhibitors and RNA polymerase inhibitors are the main antiviral drugs that are used in the clinical treatment of influenza B. Due to the repeated use of antiviral drugs in recent years, the emergence of resistant strains of the influenza virus exacerbated. By combining anti-viral drugs with different mechanisms of action or using a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and chemical drugs, the problem of reduced drug sensitivity can be improved. This article introduces the drug targets of the influenza B virus and the mechanism of virus resistance. It also emphasizes the clinically used antiviral drugs and their mechanisms of action, thereby providing a reference basis for the development of new anti-influenza drugs.

Pharmacological validation of a novel exopolysaccharide from Streptomyces sp. 139 to effectively inhibit cytokine storms

With the rapid development of immunotherapy in recent years, cytokine storm has been recognized as a common adverse effect of immunotherapy. The emergence of COVID-19 has renewed global attention to it. The cytokine storm's inflammatory response results in infiltration of large amounts of monocytes/macrophages in the lungs, heart, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidneys. This infiltration leads to secondary tissue damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organismal damage, and even death. However, there is currently no designated treatment for cytokine storm and the resulting ARDS. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify a pharmaceutical agent that can effectively mitigate cytokine storms. Ebosin is a new exopolysaccharide generated by Streptomyces sp.139 and pharmacological activity for cytokine storm is investigated in vivo. The results show that Ebosin significantly augments the survival rates of mice, and its effectiveness increases with higher doses. It significantly inhibited the expression of cytokines IL-5, IL-6, IL-9 and chemokine Eotaxin in serum and lung tissues. Ebosin can alleviate the pathological damage in the lungs, liver, and spleen caused by LPS. Additionally, it can inhibit the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, Stat3 and NF-κB p65 upon LPS stimulation in vitro. We hypothesized that Ebosin may decrease cytokine release by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, Stat3, and NF-κB p65, neutrophil infiltration in animals. The article preliminarily elucidated the activity and mechanism of Ebosin against cytokine storm, which provides a reference for the study of anti-cytokine storm activity of microbial natural products.

Increased antipsychotic drug concentration in hospitalized patients with mental disorders following COVID-19 infection: a call for attention

Purpose

Examine the alterations in antipsychotic concentrations following coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection among hospitalized patients with mental disorders and conduct an analysis of the factors influencing these changes.

Methods

Data were collected from inpatients at Beijing Huilongguan Hospital between December 12, 2022, and January 11, 2023, pre- and post-COVID-19. Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, 329 inpatients with mental disorders were included (3 with incomplete data excluded). Primary outcomes assessed changes in antipsychotic concentrations pre- and post-COVID-19, while secondary outcomes examined factors linked to concentration increases and antipsychotic dose adjustments.

Results

Clozapine (P < 0.001), aripiprazole (P < 0.001), quetiapine (P = 0.005), olanzapine (P < 0.001), risperidone (P < 0.001), and paliperidone (P < 0.001) concentrations increased post-COVID-19 in patients with mental disorders. Notably, clozapine concentration surpassing pre-infection levels was highest. Clozapine users were more likely to adjust their dose (50.4%) compared to olanzapine (17.5%) and other antipsychotics. Moreover, traditional Chinese patent medicines and antibiotics during COVID-19 infection were associated with antipsychotic reduction or withdrawal (OR = 2.06, P = 0.0247; OR = 7.53, P = 0.0024, respectively).

Conclusion

Antipsychotic concentrations in hospitalized patients with mental disorders increased after COVID-19 infection, that may be related not only to COVID-19, but also to the use of Chinese patent medicines during infection. The pre-infection concentration and types of antipsychotics, patient's gender, and combination of traditional Chinese medicine or antibiotics, were factors found to correlate with increased drug concentrations and necessitate dose adjustments.

Comprehensive characterization of the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Lianhua Qingwen capsule is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that is widely used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in China. To facilitate in-depth and global characterization of the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule, a profiling method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR-MS) was applied in both positive and negative ion modes for the comprehensive characterization of the chemical profiles of Lianhua Qingwen capsule. A total of 596 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized, including 137 flavonoids, 46 phenylpropanoids, 43 phenylethanoid glycosides, 145 terpenoids, 83 organic acids and their derivatives, 15 quinones, 39 alkaloids, 32 alcohol glycosides and 56 other compounds. Thus, this results widely extended and enriched the chemical constituents of Lianhua Qingwen capsule, which will provide comprehensive and valuable information for its quality control and further pharmacological study, facilitate understanding the effective substance and pharmacodynamic material basis, thereby providing a solid foundation for further development of the Lianhuaqingwen capsule.

Licorice extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and even death in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. Because of the ongoing mutation of PEDV, there might be variations between the vaccine strain and the prevailing strain, causing the vaccine to not offer full protection against different PEDV variant strains. Therefore, it is necessary to develop anti-PEDV drugs to compensate for vaccines. This study confirmed the anti-PEDV effect of licorice extract (Le) in vitro and in vivo. Le inhibited PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. By exploring the effect of Le on the life cycle of PEDV, we found that Le inhibited the attachment, internalization, and replication stages of the virus. In vivo, all five piglets in the PEDV-infected group died within 72 h. In comparison, the Le-treated group had a survival rate of 80 % at the same time, with significant relief of clinical symptoms, pathological damage, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum. Our results suggested that Le can exert anti-PEDV effects in vitro and in vivo. Le is effective and inexpensive; therefore it has the potential to be developed as a new anti-PEDV drug.

Molecular mechanism of honeysuckle + forsythia in treatment of acute lung injury based on network pharmacology

The pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) is complex and it is a common critical illness in clinical practice, seriously threatening the lives of critically ill patients, for which no specific molecular marker exists and there is a lack of effective methods for the treatment of ALI. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of honeysuckle and forsythia in treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) based on network pharmacology and in vitro modeling. The active ingredients and targets of honeysuckle and forsythia were predicted using traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology, PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction databases, and the Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct a drug-component-potential target network. The potential targets were imported into the Search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes) database to obtain protein-protein interactions and subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Targets analysis using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software was used for docking between key active ingredients and the target proteins to analyze the binding ability of the active ingredients to the primary targets in honeysuckle and forsythia. A total of 64 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control, model, positive drug (Lianhua-Qingwen capsule), honeysuckle, forsythia, honeysuckle + forsythia high-, medium- and low-dose groups. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induced an ALI model. The lung tissues of the mice were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured 4 h after the LPS administration. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect NF-κB mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Active ingredients of honeysuckle and forsythia acted on 265 common targets in ALI, which regulated NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, HIF-1 signalling pathway to slow the inflammatory response in treatment of ALI. In the positive drug group, honeysuckle, forsythia group, honeysuckle + forsythia high-, medium- and low-dose groups, lung tissue damage were significantly decrease compared with the model group, and inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced. Compared with the model group, honeysuckle + forsythia groups experienced decreased damage caused by the LPS and inflammation in the lung tissues and significantly decreased TNF-α and NF-κB and MDA concentration and significantly increased the SOD and GSH-Px activities. The mechanism of the effect of honeysuckle and forsythia on ALI may be mediated by inhibition of TNF-α and NF-κB expression and the activation of antioxidant mechanisms to decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue, thus treating ALI.

Efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen as an adjuvant treatment for influenza in Chinese patients: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) is a proprietary traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of influenza (FLu). It is composed of 2 prescriptions, Maxing Shigan and Yinqiao, which has antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects. However its clinical suitability has not yet been investigated.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW in the treatment of FLu.

METHODS

We searched several databases, including PubMed and China Biomedical Database for literature research, from inception to July 1, 2023. This meta-analysis included RCTs that compared the safety and efficacy of the combination of LHQW and conventional drugs (CD) with CD alone for IFU. The extracted data were analyzed using Revman5.4 software with risk ratio (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and standardized mean difference.

RESULTS

Our meta-analysis included 32 articles with 3592 patients. The results showed that the effects of LHQW adjuvant therapy were superior to those of CD (clinical effective rate: RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.18-1.26, P < .00001; cure rate: RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.35-1.75, P < .00001), and adverse reactions after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (RR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50-0.98, P = .04).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis indicates that LHQW combined with CD may be more effective than CD alone for the treatment of FLu.

Chrysin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, a dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and PLpro, for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Given the advent of subvariants, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs. The aim of this study was to find SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi targeting the proteases 3CLpro and PLpro. After screening 25 flavonoids, chrysin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide was found to be a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero E6 cells, with half-maximal effective concentration of 8.72 µM. Surface plasmon resonance assay, site-directed mutagenesis and enzymatic activity measurements indicated that chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by binding to H41 of 3CLpro, and K157 and E167 of PLpro. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis showed that chrysin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide changes the conformation of PLpro. Finally, chrysin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide was shown to have anti-inflammatory activity, mainly due to reduction of the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6.

Risk Factors and Drug Efficacy for Severe Illness in Hemodialysis Patients Infected with the Omicron Variant of COVID-19

INTRODUCTION

The Omicron variant of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been spreading more rapidly and is more infectious, posing a higher risk of death and treatment difficulty for patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study aims to explore the severity rate and risk factors for hemodialysis patients infected with the Omicron variant and to conduct a preliminary analysis of the clinical efficacy of drugs.

METHODS

Clinical and biochemical indicators of 219 hemodialysis patients infected with the Omicron variant were statistically analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups based on whether they were severely ill or not, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the risk factors for severe illness. The severely ill patients were then grouped based on discharge or death, and the treatment drugs were included as influencing factors for multiple regression analysis to determine the risk factors and protective factors for death of severely ill patients, and drug efficacy analysis was conducted.

RESULTS

Analysis showed that diabetes, low oxygen saturation, and high C-reactive protein (CRP) were independent risk factors for severe illness in hemodialysis patients infected with the Omicron variant. A history of diabetes and high C-reactive significantly increased the risk of severe illness in patients (aOR: 1.450; aOR: 1.011), while a high oxygen saturation level can reduce this risk (aOR: 0.871). In addition, respiratory distress was an independent risk factor for death in severely patients, significantly reducing the probability of discharge for patients (aOR: 0.152). The drugs thymalfasin and Tanreqing significantly increased the probability of discharge for patients (aOR: 1.472; aOR: 3.104), with the latter having a higher correlation, but with a relatively longer effective course.

CONCLUSION

Hemodialysis patients infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 should pay special attention to their history of diabetes, CRP, and oxygen saturation levels, as well as respiratory distress symptoms, to reduce the risk of severe illness and death. In addition, thymalfasin and Tanreqing may be considered in treatment.

Use of cutting-edge RNA-sequencing technology to identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in canine and feline cancers and other diseases

With the growing interest in companion animals and the rapidly expanding animal healthcare and pharmaceuticals market worldwide. With the advancements in RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, it has become a valuable tool for understanding biological processes in companion animals and has multiple applications in animal healthcare. Historically, veterinary diagnoses and treatments relied solely on clinical symptoms and drugs used in human diseases. However, RNA-seq has emerged as an effective technology for studying companion animals, providing insights into their genetic information. The sequencing technology has revealed that not only messenger RNAs (mRNAs) but also non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as long ncRNAs and microRNAs can serve as biomarkers. Based on the examination of RNA-seq applications in veterinary medicine, particularly in dogs and cats, this review concludes that RNA-seq has significant potential as a diagnostic and research tool. It has enabled the identification of potential biomarkers for cancer and other diseases in companion animals. Further research and development are required to maximize the utilization of RNA-seq for improved disease diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in companion animals.

Fu-Zheng-Xuan-Fei formula promotes macrophage polarization and Th17/Treg cell homeostasis against the influenza B virus (Victoria strain) infection

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fu-Zheng-Xuan-Fei formula (FF) is a prescription that has been clinically used through the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating viral pneumonia. Although FF possesses a prominent clinical therapeutic effect, seldom pharmacological studies have been reported on its anti-influenza B virus (IBV) activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, which has high annual morbidity and mortality worldwide. With a global decline in the COVID-19 control, the infection rate of influenza virus is gradually increasing. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel drugs for the effective treatment of influenza virus. Apart from conventional antiviral drugs, TCM has been widely used in the clinical treatment of influenza in China. Therefore, studying the antiviral mechanism of TCM can facilitate the scientific development of TCM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) and BALB/c mice were infected with IBV, and FF was added to evaluate the anti-IBV effects of FF both in vitro and in vivo by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and pathological assessment.

RESULTS

It was found that FF exhibited anti-viral activity against IBV infection both in vivo and in vitro, while inducing macrophage activation and promoting M1 macrophage polarization. In addition, FF effectively regulated the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway-mediated Th17/Treg balance to improve the lung tissue damage caused by IBV infection-induced inflammation. The findings provided the scientific basis for the antiviral mechanism of FF against IBV infection.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that FF is a potentially effective antiviral drug against IBV infection.

Deciphering suppressive effects of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule on COVID-19 and synergistic effects of its major botanical drug pairs

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in excess deaths worldwide. Conventional antiviral medicines have been used to relieve the symptoms, with limited therapeutic effect. In contrast, Lianhua Qingwen Capsule is reported to exert remarkable anti-COVID-19 effect. The current review aims to: 1) uncover the main pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule for managing COVID-19; 2) verify the bioactive ingredients and pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule by network analysis; 3) investigate the compatibility effect of major botanical drug pairs in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule; and 4) clarify the clinical evidence and safety of the combined therapy of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and conventional drugs. Numerous bioactive ingredients in Lianhu Qingwen, such as quercetin, naringenin, β-sitosterol, luteolin, and stigmasterol, were identified to target host cytokines, and to regulate the immune defence in response to COVID-19. Genes including androgen receptor (AR), myeloperoxidase (MPO), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin (INS), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) were found to be significantly involved in the pharmacological actions of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule against COVID-19. Four botanical drug pairs in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule were shown to have synergistic effect for the treatment of COVID-19. Clinical studies demonstrated the medicinal effect of the combined use of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and conventional drugs against COVID-19. In conclusion, the four main pharmacological mechanisms of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule for managing COVID-19 are revealed. Therapeutic effect has been noted against COVID-19 in Lianhua Qingwen Capsule.

Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits non-lethal doses of influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LH-C) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), consisting of two prescriptions, Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT) and Yinqiao San. It has been proven to have antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects in recent years. Clinically, it is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.

AIM OF THE STUDY

It was demonstrated in our previous studies that LH-C has an effect of antivirus and inhibits influenza virus-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in vitro. However, LH-C's effect against influenza-induced secondary bacterial infection in animal studies remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we established a mouse model of infection with non-lethal doses of influenza virus(H1N1) and secondary infection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to investigate the potential effects of LH-C.

METHODS

Experiments were carried out on BALB/c mice infecting non-lethal doses of H1N1 and non-lethal doses of S. aureus, and the viral, and bacterial doses were determined by observing and recording changes in the body weight, mortality, and pathological changes. Moreover, after LH-C treatment, the survival rate, body weight, lung index, viral titers, bacterial colonies, pathological changes, and the inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model have all been systematically determined.

RESULTS

In the superinfection models of H1N1 and S. aureus, the mortality rate was 100% in groups of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁵ CFU/mL of S. aureus, 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus, 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 50% in the group of mice infected with 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁵ CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 37.5% in the group of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 alone and in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus was 30%. The infected mice of 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 10⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus had a weight loss of nearly 10%. About the histopathological changes in the lung tissue of infection mice, severe lung lesions were found in the superinfection models. LH-C improved survival in the superinfected mice, significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral titers and bacterial loads, and alleviated lung damage. It reduced lung inflammation by down-regulating mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, and RANTES.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that superinfection from non-lethal doses of S. aureus following non-lethal doses of H1N1 was equally fatal in mice, confirming the severity of secondary infections. The ability of LH-C to alleviate lung injury resulting from secondary S. aureus infection induced by H1N1 was confirmed. These findings provided a further assessment of LH-C, suggesting that LH-C may have good therapeutic efficacy in influenza secondary bacterial infection disease.

A retrospective study of Pupingqinghua prescription versus Lianhuaqingwen in Chinese participants infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seriously endangers global public health. Pupingqinghua prescription (PPQH) is an herbal formula from traditional Chinese medicine used for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of PPQH in Chinese participants infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Methods: A total of 873 SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron)-infected patients were included. Among them, the patients were divided into the PPQH group (653 cases) and LHQW group (220 cases) according to different medications. The effectiveness indicators (hematological indicators, Ct values of novel Coronavirus nucleic acid tests, and viral load-shedding time) and safety indicators (liver and kidney function and adverse events) were analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the PPQH group and the LHQW group, except the gender; After the treatment, the levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, NK cells, and INF-α of the patients in the PPQH group showed a downward trend (p < 0.05); The viral load shedding time was 5.0 (5.0, 7.0) in the PPQH group and 5.0 (4.0, 7.0) in the LHQW group; both PPQH and LHQW can shorten the duration of symptoms of fever, cough, and sore throat. The re-positive rate of COVID-19 test was 1.5 % in the PPQH group and 2.3 % in the LHQW group. In terms of safety, the levels of γ-GTT decreased significantly (p < 0.01); gastrointestinal reaction was the primary adverse reaction, and the reaction rate was 4.7 % in the PPQH group and 9.5 % in the LHQW group. Conclusion: PPQH can shorten the length of hospital stay and improve clinical symptoms of patients with SARS-COV-2 (Omicron), and it also has a good safety profile.

Clinical Progression and Outcome of Hospitalized Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Shanghai, China

Background: Studies on the Omicron variant infection have generally been restricted to descriptions of its initial clinical and epidemiological characteristics. We investigated the timeline-related progression and clinical outcome in hospitalized individuals with the Omicron variant. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centered study including 226 laboratory-confirmed cases with the Omicron variant between 6 April and 11 May 2022 in Shanghai, China. The final date of follow-up was 30 May 2022. Results: Among 226 enrolled patients, the median age was 52 years, and 118 (52.2%) were female. The duration from onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 3 days (interquartile range (IQR): 2–4 days) for symptomatic patients. Cough occurred in 168 patients (74.3%). The median interval to negative reverse-transcriptase PCR tests of nasopharynx swab was 10 days ((IQR): 8–13 days). No radiographic progressions were found in 196 patients on the 7th day after onset of symptoms. The median duration of fever in all participants was 5 days (IQR: 4–6 days). The median PCR conversion time of Paxlovid-treated patients was 8 days (IQR: 7–10 days) compared with that of a traditional Chinese herb medicine lianhuaqingwen (10 days, IQR: 8–13 days) (p = 0.00056). Booster vaccination can significantly decrease the severity of Omicron infection when compared with unvaccinated patients (p = 0.009). In multivariate logistic analysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (OR = 1.05) was independently related to the severity of the infection. Conclusions: The majority of clinical symptoms of Omicron infection were not severe. Early and aggressive administration of Paxlovid can significantly reduce the PCR conversion time. Booster vaccination should also be highly recommended in the population over 14 years old.

Better detoxifying effect of ripe forsythiae fructus over green forsythiae fructus and the potential mechanisms involving bile acids metabolism and gut microbiota

Forsythiae Fructus (FF), the fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. (Lianqiao), is one of the most fundamental herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM), mainly due to its heat-clearing and detoxifying effects. There are two types of FF, the greenish fruits that start to ripen (GF) and the yellow fruits that are fully ripe (RF), called “Qingqiao” and “Laoqiao” referred to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, respectively. It undergoes a complex series of changes during the maturation of FF. However, the clinical uses and preparation of phytopharmaceuticals of FF have not been distinguished to date. Moreover, there is limited information on the study of the difference in pharmacological activity between RF and GF. In this study, a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cholestasis was used to compare the differences in their effects. RF was found to have better results than GF in addressing toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation and related pathological conditions caused by BDL. The underlying mechanism may be related to the interventions of gut microbiota. The results of the present study suggest that the better detoxifying effect of RF than GF may be indirectly exerted through the regulation of gut microbiota and thus the improvement of BAs metabolism.

High-quality trials and pharmacological studies needed as translational evidence for the application of traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen against COVID-19

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been employed as complementary medication against COVID-19 in China since 2020. Two years since then, TCM, with Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) as an example, has been included in every version of official clinical protocol guidelines. Recently, LHQW is even distributed to general public at risk but not yet infected. Such common application and widely claimed positive outcome among mild to moderate patients were accompanied by a number of published studies on antiviral, antiinflammatory, and immune modulatory potential using either in vitro or animal models. However, aside from retrospective understanding and open-labeled clinical trials with relatively small subject size, major gap in conclusive proof for efficacy and safety remains due to the lack of double-blind placebo-controlled studies and comprehensive pharmacodynamic and kinetic investigations. This is also supported by a recent WHO expert meeting on this subject, which acknowledged the potential benefits of TCM in mild-moderate cases, while recommended more rigorous studies to further understand effect size, application implications, and outcome determinants. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the exact role TCM like LHQW could play in COVID-19 management from translational evidence-based perspective. High-quality clinical trials, pharmacological studies, and real-world data from recent outbreak are recommended.

A Review on Measures to Rejuvenate Immune System: Natural Mode of Protection Against Coronavirus Infection

SARS-CoV-2, a novel Corona virus strain, was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of December 16, 2021, almost 4,822,472 people had died and over 236,132,082 were infected with this lethal viral infection. It is believed that the human immune system is thought to play a critical role in the initial phase of infection when the viruses invade the host cells. Although some effective vaccines have already been on the market, researchers and many bio-pharmaceuticals are still working hard to develop a fully functional vaccine or more effective therapeutic agent against the COVID-19. Other efforts, in addition to functional vaccines, can help strengthen the immune system to defeat the corona virus infection. Herein, we have reviewed some of those proven measures, following which a more efficient immune system can be better prepared to fight viral infection. Among these, dietary supplements like- fresh vegetables and fruits offer a plentiful of vitamins and antioxidants, enabling to build of a healthy immune system. While the pharmacologically active components of medicinal plants directly aid in fighting against viral infection, supplementary supplements combined with a healthy diet will assist to regulate the immune system and will prevent viral infection. In addition, some personal habits, like- regular physical exercise, intermittent fasting, and adequate sleep, had also been proven to aid the immune system in becoming an efficient one. Maintaining each of these will strengthen the immune system, allowing innate immunity to become a more defensive and active antagonistic mechanism against corona-virus infection. However, because dietary treatments take longer to produce beneficial effects in adaptive maturation, personalized nutrition cannot be expected to have an immediate impact on the global outbreak.

WITHDRAWN: The Role of the Vascular Niche in Organ Fibrosis and COVID-19-Related Organ Damage and the Countermeasures adopted by Chinese and Western Medicine

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Structure elucidation, biogenesis, and bioactivities of acylphloroglucinol-derived meroterpenoid enantiomers from Dryopteris crassirhizoma

Twenty-four racemic acylphloroglucinol meroterpenoids including eighteen unusual stuctures (3 ∼ 10, 13, 14, and 17 ∼ 24), and a major component filixic acid ABA (25), were isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma. Structurally, the dimeric acylphloroglucinol derivatives possess unprecedented skeletons of mixed acylphloroglucinol and sesquiterpene biosynthetic origin. The stereochemistries of six reported meroterpenoids with undefined chiral centers were reassigned. Two intriguing methods by analyzing a) the regularity of chemical shift variation of protons and carbons around the stereogenic centers, and b) pyridine-induced deshielding effect of hydroxy groups, to discriminate relative configurations of flexible long-chain alcohol with chiral centers separated by three or seven covalent bonds, were successfully applied. A non-enzymatic biosynthesis of 1 ∼ 24 was assumed based on a rare single-crystal cluster formed with two diastereomeric enantiomer pairs (±1/±2) and chiral HPLC analyses. Meroterpenoids 13 and 14 showed obvious inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7, and suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-18. Their anti-inflammatory activity was closely related to the inhibition of the formation and function of inflammasomes. Additionally, the known 25 showed antiviral efficacy against the influenza viruse A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1).