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Gallardo-Ortíz IA, Oros-González A, Rodríguez-Manzo G, Garduño-Gutiérrez R, Aragón-Martínez A, Páez-Martínez N. Effect of exercise duration on toluene-induced locomotor sensitization in mice: a focus on the Renin Angiotensin System. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06626-5. [PMID: 38839630 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exercise attenuates addictive behavior; however, little is known about the contribution of exercise duration to this positive effect. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) has been implicated both in addictive responses and in the beneficial effects of exercise; though, its role in the advantageous effects of exercise on toluene-induced addictive responses has not been explored. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of different exercise regimens in mitigating the expression of toluene-induced locomotor sensitization and to analyze changes in RAS elements' expression at the mesocorticolimbic system after repeated toluene exposure and following voluntary wheel running in toluene-sensitized animals. METHODS Toluene-induced addictive-like response was evaluated with a locomotor sensitization model in mice. Toluene-sensitized animals had access to running wheels 1, 2, 4 or 24 h/day for 4 weeks; thereafter, locomotor sensitization expression was evaluated after a toluene challenge. RAS elements (ACE and ACE2 enzymes; AT1, AT2 and Mas receptors) expression was determined by Western blot in the VTA, NAc and PFCx of toluene-sensitized mice with and without exercise. RESULTS Individual differences in toluene-induced locomotor sensitization development were observed. Access to wheel running 1 and 2 h/day reduced but 4 and 24 h/day completely blocked locomotor sensitization expression. Repeated toluene exposure changed RAS elements' expression in the VTA, NAc and PFCx, while exercise mainly modified ACE and AT1 in air-exposed and toluene-sensitized mice. CONCLUSIONS Inhalant-exposed animals show different sensitization phenotypes. Exercise duration determined its efficacy to attenuate the addictive-like response. Toluene exposure and exercise each modified RAS, the latter also modifying toluene-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzell A Gallardo-Ortíz
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Carrera de Enfermería, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Alain Oros-González
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - René Garduño-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Sede Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrés Aragón-Martínez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Carrera de Biología, Laboratorio de Gametos y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Nayeli Páez-Martínez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.
- Laboratorio Integrativo para el Estudio de Sustancias Inhalables Adictivas, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Ciudad de México, México.
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Basmadjian OM, Occhieppo VB, Montemerlo AE, Rivas GA, Rubianes MD, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. Angiotensin II involvement in the development and persistence of amphetamine-induced sensitization: Striatal dopamine reuptake implications. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2450-2464. [PMID: 38480476 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) exposure induces behavioural and neurochemical sensitization observed in rodents as hyperlocomotion and increased dopamine release in response to a subsequent dose. Brain Angiotensin II modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission through its AT1 receptors (AT1-R), positively regulating striatal dopamine synthesis and release. This work aims to evaluate the AT1-R role in the development and maintenance of AMPH-induced sensitization. Also, the AT1-R involvement in striatal dopamine reuptake was analysed. The sensitization protocol consisted of daily AMPH administration for 5 days and tested 21 days after withdrawal. An AT1-R antagonist, candesartan, was administered before or after AMPH exposure to evaluate the participation of AT1-R in the development and maintenance of sensitization, respectively. Sensitization was evaluated by locomotor activity and c-Fos immunostaining. Changes in dopamine reuptake kinetics were evaluated 1 day after AT1-R blockade withdrawal treatment, with or without the addition of AMPH in vitro. The social interaction test was performed as another behavioural output. Repeated AMPH exposure induced behavioural and neurochemical sensitization, which was prevented and reversed by candesartan. The AT1-R blockade increased the dopamine reuptake kinetics. Neither the AMPH administration nor the AT1-R blockade altered the performance of social interaction. Our results highlight the AT1-R's crucial role in AMPH sensitization. The enhancement of dopamine reuptake kinetics induced by the AT1-R blockade might attenuate the neuroadaptive changes that lead to AMPH sensitization and its self-perpetuation. Therefore, AT1-R is a prominent candidate as a target for pharmacological treatment of pathologies related to dopamine imbalance, including drug addiction and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo M Basmadjian
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria B Occhieppo
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Antonella E Montemerlo
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Rivas
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María D Rubianes
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, (IIBYT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Departamento de Farmacología Otto Orsingher, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Depression-Associated Negr1 Gene-Deficiency Induces Alterations in the Monoaminergic Neurotransmission Enhancing Time-Dependent Sensitization to Amphetamine in Male Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121696. [PMID: 36552158 PMCID: PMC9776224 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In GWAS studies, the neural adhesion molecule encoding the neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) gene has been consistently linked with both depression and obesity. Although the linkage between NEGR1 and depression is the strongest, evidence also suggests the involvement of NEGR1 in a wide spectrum of psychiatric conditions. Here we show the expression of NEGR1 both in tyrosine- and tryptophan hydroxylase-positive cells. Negr1-/- mice show a time-dependent increase in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine associated with increased dopamine release in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. Upregulation of transcripts encoding dopamine and serotonin transporters and higher levels of several monoamines and their metabolites was evident in distinct brain areas of Negr1-/- mice. Chronic (23 days) escitalopram-induced reduction of serotonin and dopamine turnover is enhanced in Negr1-/- mice, and escitalopram rescued reduced weight of hippocampi in Negr1-/- mice. The current study is the first to show alterations in the brain monoaminergic systems in Negr1-deficient mice, suggesting that monoaminergic neural circuits contribute to both depressive and obesity-related phenotypes linked to the human NEGR1 gene.
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Gatica RI, Aguilar-Rivera M, Henny P, Fuentealba JA. Susceptibility to express amphetamine locomotor sensitization correlates with dorsolateral striatum bursting activity and GABAergic synapses in the globus pallidus. Brain Res Bull 2021; 179:83-96. [PMID: 34920034 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Repeated psychostimulant administration results in behavioral sensitization, a process that is relevant in the early phases of drug addiction. Critically, behavioral sensitization is not observed in all subjects. Evidence shows that differential neuronal activity in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) accompanies the expression of amphetamine (AMPH) locomotor sensitization. However, whether individual differences in DLS activity previous to AMPH administration can predict the expression of locomotor sensitization has not been assessed. Here, we examined DLS neuronal activity before and after repeated AMPH administration and related it to the susceptibility of rats to sensitize. For that, single-unit recordings on DLS medium spiny neurons (MSNs) were carried out in freely moving male Sprague Dawley rats during repeated AMPH administration. We also examined differences in neurostructure that could accompany sensitization. We quantified the density of the inhibitory postsynaptic marker gephyrin (Geph) in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and globus pallidus (GP). A higher burst firing and a lower percentage of correlation between MSNs post-Saline firing rate vs. locomotion predicted the expression of locomotor sensitization. Moreover, during the AMPH challenge, we observed that burst firing decreased in sensitized rats, in contrast to non-sensitized rats in which burst firing was maintained. Finally, a higher Geph density on GP but not EP was observed in non-sensitized rats after AMPH challenge. These results indicate that initial differences in DLS burst firing might underlie the susceptibility to express locomotor sensitization and suggest that the potentiation of dorsal striatum indirect pathway could be considered a protective mechanism to locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ignacio Gatica
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile; Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - Marcelo Aguilar-Rivera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Henny
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - José Antonio Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile.
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5
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Reed C, Stafford AM, Mootz JRK, Baba H, Erk J, Phillips TJ. A breeding strategy to identify modifiers of high genetic risk for methamphetamine intake. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12667. [PMID: 32424970 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) impacts methamphetamine (MA) intake. A mutant allele (Taar1m1J ) derived from the DBA/2J mouse strain codes for a non-functional receptor, and Taar1m1J/m1J mice consume more MA than mice possessing the reference Taar1+ allele. To study the impact of this mutation in a genetically diverse population, heterogeneous stock-collaborative cross (HS-CC) mice, the product of an eight-way cross of standard and wild-derived strains, were tested for MA intake. HS-CC had low MA intake, so an HS-CC by DBA/2J strain F2 intercross was created to transfer the mutant allele onto the diverse background, and used for selective breeding. To study residual variation in MA intake existing in Taar1m1J/m1J mice, selective breeding for higher (MAH) vs lower (MAL) MA intake was initiated from Taar1m1J/m1J F2 individuals; a control line of Taar1+/+ individuals (MAC) was retained. The lines were also examined for MA-induced locomotor and thermal responses, and fluid and tastant consumption. Taar1m1J/m1J F2 mice consumed significantly more MA than Taar1+/+ F2 mice. Response to selection was significant by generation 2 and there were corresponding differences in fluid consumed. Fluid consumption was not different in non-MA drinking studies. Taar1m1J/m1J genotype (MAL or MAH vs MAC mice) was associated with heighted MA locomotor and reduced hypothermic responses. MAL mice exhibited greater sensitization than MAH mice, but the selected lines did not consistently differ for thermal or tastant phenotypes. Residual variation among high-risk Taar1m1J/m1J mice appears to involve mechanisms associated with neuroadaptation to MA, but not sensitivity to hypothermic effects of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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6
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Gatica RI, Aguilar-Rivera MÍ, Azocar VH, Fuentealba JA. Individual Differences in Amphetamine Locomotor Sensitization are Accompanied with Changes in Dopamine Release and Firing Pattern in the Dorsolateral Striatum of Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 427:116-126. [PMID: 31874242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Not all the people that consume drugs of abuse develop addiction. In this sense, just a percentage of rats express locomotor sensitization after repeated psychostimulant exposure. Neurochemical evidence has shown that locomotor sensitization is associated with changes in dorsolateral striatum (DLS) activity. However, it is unknown if individual differences observed in locomotor sensitization are related to differential neuro-adaptations in DLS activity. In this study, we measured basal dopamine (DA) levels and single unit activity in the DLS of anesthetized rats, after repeated amphetamine (AMPH) administration. Rats were treated with AMPH 1.0 mg/kg ip or saline ip for 5 days. Following 5 days of withdrawal, a challenge dose of AMPH 1.0 mg/kg ip was injected. In-vivo microdialysis experiments and single unit recording were carried out twenty-four hours after the last AMPH injection. Sensitized rats showed increased basal DA levels and baseline firing rate of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) compared to non-sensitized rats. The local variation index (Lv) was used to measure the firing pattern of MSNs. In saline rats, a bursty firing pattern was observed in MSNs. A decrease in MSNs baseline Lv accompanies the expression of AMPH locomotor sensitization. Moreover, a decrease in Lv after an acute AMPH 1.0 mg/kg injection was only observed in saline and sensitized rats. Our results show individual differences in DLS basal DA levels and firing pattern after repeated AMPH administration, suggesting that an hyperfunction of nigrostriatal pathway, accompanied by a decrease in DLS MSNs firing irregularity underlies the expression of AMPH locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ignacio Gatica
- Department of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Victor Hugo Azocar
- Department of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Antonio Fuentealba
- Department of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Yang M, Ma H, Jia M, Li Y, Miao D, Cui C, Wu L. The role of the nucleus accumbens OXR1 in cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112365. [PMID: 31743729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Re-exposure to drug or drug-associated cues after withdrawal can induce behavioral sensitization expression in animals or increase in the expected effect to drug in humans, which mean an enhanced drug seeking/taking motivation to trigger relapse after abstinence. The Nucleus accumbens (NAc) is known to play a key role in mediating this motivation. Recently, it has been shown that systemic administration of orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) antagonist attenuates animals' motivation behavior to take drug by self-administration paradigm, which is more effectively than orexin receptor 2 (OXR2) antagonist. However, the effect of OXR1 in the NAc on drug-induced locomotor sensitization remains elusive. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of OXR1 in the NAc on chronic cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Rats were given 10 mg/kg cocaine intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) for five consecutive days, followed by 10 mg/kg cocaine re-exposure (challenge) on the 14th day of withdrawal. Results showed that re-exposure to cocaine after withdrawal could induce locomotor sensitization expression in cocaine-sensitized rats. Simultaneously, the number of OXR1 positive neurons and OXR1 membrane protein level in the NAc core but not the shell were significantly increased following the cocaine re-exposure. Further, micro-infusion of SB-334867, an OXR1 selective antagonist, into the NAc core but not the shell before cocaine re-exposure, significantly attenuated the expression of locomotor sensitization in rats. The findings demonstrate that OXR1 in the NAc core partially mediates the expression of chronic cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Jia
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Degen Miao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cailian Cui
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Liuzhen Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Weber MA, Graack ET, Scholl JL, Renner KJ, Forster GL, Watt MJ. Enhanced dopamine D2 autoreceptor function in the adult prefrontal cortex contributes to dopamine hypoactivity following adolescent social stress. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1833-1850. [PMID: 29904960 PMCID: PMC6105450 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult psychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive deficits reliant on prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine are promoted by teenage bullying. Similarly, male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to social defeat in mid-adolescence (P35-39) show impaired working memory in adulthood (P56-70), along with decreased medial PFC (mPFC) dopamine activity that results in part from increased dopamine transporter-mediated clearance. Here, we determined if dopamine synthesis and D2 autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of dopamine release in the adult mPFC are also enhanced by adolescent defeat to contribute to later dopamine hypofunction. Control and previously defeated rats did not differ in either DOPA accumulation following amino acid decarboxylase inhibition (NSD-1015 100 mg/kg ip.) or total/phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression, suggesting dopamine synthesis in the adult mPFC is not altered by adolescent defeat. However, exposure to adolescent defeat caused greater decreases in extracellular dopamine release (measured using in vivo chronoamperometry) in the adult mPFC upon local infusion of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (3 nM), implying greater D2 autoreceptor function. Equally enhanced D2 autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of dopamine release is seen in the adolescent (P40 or P49) mPFC, which declines in control rats by adulthood. However, this developmental decrease in autoreceptor function is absent following adolescent defeat, suggesting retention of an adolescent-like phenotype into adulthood. Current and previous findings indicate adolescent defeat decreases extracellular dopamine availability in the adult mPFC via both enhanced inhibition of dopamine release and increased dopamine clearance, which may be viable targets for improving treatment of cognitive deficits seen in neuropsychiatric disorders promoted by adolescent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Weber
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Eric T Graack
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jamie L Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Gina L Forster
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Michael J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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Le Dorze C, Tassin JP, Chauveau F, Gisquet-Verrier P. Behavioral and Noradrenergic Sensitizations in Vulnerable Traumatized Rats Suggest Common Bases with Substance Use Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:611-620. [PMID: 29754278 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to strengthen our hypothesis of a common physiological basis for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. This paper investigates the possibility that rats exposed to a PTSD model exhibit noradrenergic and behavioral sensitization, as observed following repeated drugs of abuse injections. First, rats received a single prolonged stress (SPS), combining three consecutive stressors. They were then tested, 2 weeks after the trauma for PTSD-like symptoms to discriminate between vulnerable and resilient rats. When microdialysis was performed in the prelimbic cortex (Experiment 1), larger increases of noradrenaline (NA) release in response to amphetamine were observed in vulnerable rats when compared to control and resilient animals. Experiment 2 showed that trauma-vulnerable rats exhibited increases in locomotor activity relative to controls, in response to an exposure to trauma-associated cues. These data demonstrate that a single trauma exposure induces in vulnerable animals both, a noradrenergic sensitization evidenced within the prelimbic cortex and behavioral sensitization obtained after a physiologic activation of the noradrenergic system. However, Experiment 3 showed that when NA system was activated by amphetamine (1 mg/kg), a decrease in behavioral sensitization was obtained in vulnerable rats. We proposed that this decreased locomotor activity results from an additional stress-induced increased reactivity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons, known to counteract the consequences of cortical noradrenergic release in rats. These results support our hypothesis that noradrenergic sensitization represents a common physiological basis, involved both in PTSD and drug addiction and suggest new common therapeutic approaches for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Dorze
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Pol Tassin
- Sorbonne Universite, Neuroscience Paris Seine, UMCR18, CNRS UMR 8246, Inserm U1130, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Fréderic Chauveau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Liu S, Wang Z, Li Y, Sun X, Ge F, Yang M, Wang X, Wang N, Wang J, Cui C. CRFR1 in the ventromedial caudate putamen modulates acute stress-enhanced expression of cocaine locomotor sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gatica RI, Pérez-Valenzuela E, Sierra-Mercado D, Fuentealba JA. The expression of amphetamine sensitization is dissociable from anxiety and aversive memory: Effect of an acute injection of amphetamine. Neurosci Lett 2016; 638:21-26. [PMID: 27939979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The repeated administration of amphetamine can lead to locomotor sensitization. Although the repeated administration of amphetamine has been associated with anxiety and impaired working memory, it is uncertain if expression of amphetamine sensitization is associated with modifications of emotional memories. To address this issue, rats were injected once daily with amphetamine for five consecutive days (1.5mg/kg). After four days of withdrawal, rats were delivered an acute amphetamine injection to assess the expression of sensitization. A single exposure to an elevated plus maze (EPM), 24h after the last injection of amphetamine, showed that amphetamine sensitization is not accompanied by anxiety. Next, aversive memory was assessed using an 11day inter-trial interval between the EPM Trial 1 and EPM Trial 2. Rats administered with saline showed a percentage of open arms time (% OAT) in Trial 2 that was comparable to Trial 1, demonstrating a reduction in the retrieval of aversive memory. However, rats sensitized after the EPM Trial 1 showed a significant decrease in the % OAT in Trial 2. Importantly, a decrease in the % OAT in Trial 2 compared to Trial 1 was also observed after a single injection of amphetamine 24h before Trial 2. These results show a facilitation in the retrieval of aversive memory, and suggest that a previous amphetamine injection is enough to produce a protracted activation of neural circuits necessary for the retrieval of aversive memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ignacio Gatica
- Departamento de Farmacia and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enzo Pérez-Valenzuela
- Departamento de Farmacia and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Demetrio Sierra-Mercado
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936
| | - José Antonio Fuentealba
- Departamento de Farmacia and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Davies DR, Olson D, Meyer DL, Scholl JL, Watt MJ, Manzerra P, Renner KJ, Forster GL. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury with Social Defeat Stress Alters Anxiety, Contextual Fear Extinction, and Limbic Monoamines in Adult Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:71. [PMID: 27147992 PMCID: PMC4835499 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) produces symptoms similar to those typifying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. We sought to determine whether a rodent model of stress concurrent with mTBI produces characteristics of PTSD such as impaired contextual fear extinction, while also examining concurrent alterations to limbic monoamine activity in brain regions relevant to fear and anxiety states. Male rats were exposed to social stress or control conditions immediately prior to mTBI induction, and 6 days later were tested either for anxiety-like behavior using the elevated plus maze (EPM), or for contextual fear conditioning and extinction. Brains were collected 24 h after EPM testing, and tissue from various limbic regions analyzed for content of monoamines, their precursors and metabolites using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Either social defeat or mTBI alone decreased time spent in open arms of the EPM, indicating greater anxiety-like behavior. However, this effect was enhanced by the combination of treatments. Further, rats exposed to both social defeat and mTBI exhibited greater freezing within extinction sessions compared to all other groups, suggesting impaired contextual fear extinction. Social defeat combined with mTBI also had greater effects on limbic monoamines than either insult alone, particularly with respect to serotonergic effects associated with anxiety and fear learning. The results suggest social stress concurrent with mTBI produces provides a relevant animal model for studying the prevention and treatment of post-concussive psychobiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Davies
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Dawne Olson
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Danielle L Meyer
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jamie L Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Michael J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Pasquale Manzerra
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Department of Biology, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Gina L Forster
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD, USA
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13
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Segat HJ, Martini F, Barcelos RCS, Brüning CA, Nogueira CW, Burger ME. m-Trifluoromethyl-diphenyldiselenide as a pharmacological tool to treat preference symptoms related to AMPH-induced dependence in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 66:1-7. [PMID: 26555614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) abuse is a world concern and a serious public health problem. Repeated administration of high doses of AMPH induces neuropsychiatric consequences, including addiction, reward and psychosis, whose pharmacological treatment has shown limited effectiveness. The m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyldiselenide [(m-CF3-PhSe)2] has been documented as a promising pharmacological agent in different animal models related to oxidative damage. In this study, we examined the influence of (m-CF3-PhSe)2 on withdrawal following re-exposure to AMPH. Wistar rats received d,l-AMPH or saline in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm for 8days. Then, half of each initial (AMPH or saline) experimental group was treated with (m-CF3-PhSe)2 or vehicle, resulting in four final groups: i) Saline/vehicle; ii) (m-CF3-PhSe)2/saline; iii) AMPH/vehicle; and iv) AMPH/(m-CF3-PhSe)2. After fourteen days of (m-CF3-PhSe)2 treatment, animals were re-exposed to AMPH or vehicle in the CPP paradigm for three more days in order to assess drug re-conditioning and memory/locomotor activity, performed 24h after AMPH re-exposure in the CPP and the Y maze, respectively. Subsequently, ex-vivo assays were carried out in samples of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the animals. The (m-CF3-PhSe)2 treatment was able to prevent AMPH-induced re-conditioning symptoms in rats. Behavioral observations in the Y maze task showed no significant changes. AMPH exposure was able to increase 5-HT uptake as well as oxidative damage in the PFC, whereas (m-CF3-PhSe)2 treatment exerted a preventative effect against these alterations. The current findings suggest that (m-CF3-PhSe)2 might be considered a promising therapeutic tool for AMPH-induced addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Segat
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - F Martini
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | | | - C A Brüning
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil
| | - C W Nogueira
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil.
| | - M E Burger
- Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, UFSM, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Toledano D, Gisquet-Verrier P. Repeated amphetamine injections alter behavior and induce a delayed behavioral sensitization modulated by reactivity to novelty: Similarities and differences with trauma consequences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:456-66. [PMID: 26830444 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supporting our hypothesis of common biological bases for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and addiction, we recently reported that rats exposed to a single prolonged stress (SPS), a PTSD model, develop a delayed behavioral sensitization of the noradrenergic system, similar to that observed in mice after four repeated drug administrations. However, sensitization after trauma was modulated by reactivity to novelty, and this aspect that had not been explored in the addiction model. The first aim of the paper was thus to investigate the influence of reactivity to novelty on delayed behavioral sensitization in rats after four repeated amphetamine injections. Injections were either distributed over 4 days, as conducted in mouse models of addiction, or massed during a single session, reproducing SPS conditions. The second aim was to investigate whether repeated amphetamine injections have similar behavioral consequences to those induced by PTSD. Our results showed that massed amphetamine injections induced more anxiety than distributed injections, and led to avoidance of drug-associated cues avoidance, while distributed injections somewhat reduced the startle response, such as is seen in SPS. In addition, massed amphetamine injections induced a delayed behavioral sensitization clearly affected by the reactivity to novelty, reproducing results observed following exposure to traumatic events. Finally, all rats receiving repeated amphetamine injections exhibited a behavioral sensitization in response to exposure to drug-associated cues. Taken together, these data strengthen the position that drug addiction and PTSD share some common mechanisms that we tried to clarify in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toledano
- Neuro-PSI UMR9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F 91400, France.
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Neuro-PSI UMR9197, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay F 91400, France.
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15
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Escobar AP, Cornejo FA, Olivares-Costa M, González M, Fuentealba JA, Gysling K, España RA, Andrés ME. Reduced dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of quinpirole-sensitized rats hints at inhibitory D2 autoreceptor function. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1081-90. [PMID: 26112331 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine from the ventral tegmental area and glutamate from several brain nuclei converge in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to drive motivated behaviors. Repeated activation of D2 receptors with quinpirole (QNP) induces locomotor sensitization and compulsive behaviors, but the mechanisms are unknown. In this study, in vivo microdialysis and fast scan cyclic voltammetry in adult anesthetized rats were used to investigate the effect of repeated QNP on dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission within the NAc. Following eight injections of QNP, a significant decrease in phasic and tonic dopamine release was observed in rats that displayed locomotor sensitization. Either a systemic injection or the infusion of QNP into the NAc decreased dopamine release, and the extent of this effect was similar in QNP-sensitized and control rats, indicating that inhibitory D2 autoreceptor function is maintained despite repeated activation of D2 receptors and decreased dopamine extracellular levels. Basal extracellular levels of glutamate in the NAc were also significantly lower in QNP-treated rats than in controls. Moreover, the increase in NAc glutamate release induced by direct stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex was significantly lower in QNP-sensitized rats. Together, these results indicate that repeated activation of D2 receptors disconnects NAc from medial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Repeated administration of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) induces locomotor sensitization. We found that the NAc of QNP-sensitized rats has reduced glutamate levels coming from prefrontal cortex together with a decreased phasic and tonic dopamine neurotransmission but a conserved presynaptic D2 receptor function. We suggest that locomotor sensitization is because of increased affinity state of D2 post-synaptic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica P Escobar
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca A Cornejo
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Olivares-Costa
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela González
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A Fuentealba
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Department Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - María E Andrés
- Millennium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Cui X, Lefevre E, Turner KM, Coelho CM, Alexander S, Burne THJ, Eyles DW. MK-801-induced behavioural sensitisation alters dopamine release and turnover in rat prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:509-17. [PMID: 25066360 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated exposure to psychostimulants that either increase dopamine (DA) release or target N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors can induce behavioural sensitisation, a phenomenon that may be important for the processes of addiction and even psychosis. A critical component of behavioural sensitisation is an increase in DA release within mesocorticolimbic circuits. In particular, sensitisation to amphetamine leads to increased DA release within well-known sub-cortical brain regions and also regulatory regions such as prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, it is unknown how DA release within the PFC of animals is altered by sensitisation to NMDA receptor antagonists. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were twofold, firstly to examine whether a single dose of dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) could induce long-term behavioural sensitisation and secondly to examine DA release in the PFC of sensitised rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioural sensitisation was assessed by measuring locomotion after drug exposure. DA release in the PFC was measured using freely moving microdialysis. RESULTS We show that a single dose of MK-801 can induce sensitisation to subsequent MK-801 exposure in a high percentage of rats (66 %). Furthermore, rats sensitised to MK-801 have altered DA release and turnover in the PFC compared with non-sensitised rats. CONCLUSION Schizophrenia patients have been postulated to have 'endogenous sensitisation' to psychostimulants. MK-801-induced sensitised rats, in particular when compared with non-sensitised rats, provide a useful model for studying PFC dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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17
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Hutson PH, Tarazi FI, Madhoo M, Slawecki C, Patkar AA. Preclinical pharmacology of amphetamine: Implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:253-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Effects of amphetamine exposure in adolescence or young adulthood on inhibitory control in adult male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:22-33. [PMID: 24462963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Heightened impulsivity is a feature of some psychiatric disorders, including addiction, that also have sex-specific patterns of expression. The relationship between addiction and impulsivity may be driven by drug-induced changes in behavior caused by long term adaptations in signaling within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we used a response inhibition task that is sensitive to changes in mPFC function to examine the effects of sex and exposure to amphetamine (AMPH) on impulsive action and vigilance. We also examined drug-induced alterations in glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling through challenge injections with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine) and AMPH. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected (i.p.) with saline or 3 mg/kg AMPH every other day during adolescence (postnatal day (P) 27-45) or adulthood (P85-103). Starting on P125-135, rats were tested for their ability to lever press for a food reward during periods of signaled availability and withhold responding during a "premature response" phase. In experiment 1, rats received challenge injections (i.p.) of MK-801 and AMPH followed by tests of task performance and locomotor activity. In experiment 2, rats received intra-mPFC infusion of MK-801. We found that females had better inhibitory control and poorer vigilance than males and that AMPH exposure had both sex- and age-of-exposure dependent effects on impulsivity. Systemic drug challenges disrupted task performance, particularly in females, and increased impulsivity while intra-mPFC infusions had modest effects. AMPH exposure did not affect responses to drug challenges. Together, these results suggest that sex mediates both trait and drug-induced impulsivity.
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19
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Toledano D, Tassin JP, Gisquet-Verrier P. Traumatic stress in rats induces noradrenergic-dependent long-term behavioral sensitization: role of individual differences and similarities with dependence on drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:465-76. [PMID: 23812763 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this paper is to provide evidence for the hypothesis that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug addiction rely on common processes. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to show that a noradrenergic-dependent behavioral sensitization occurs after the development of PTSD, in a way similar to that recently demonstrated after repeated drug injections. METHODS Rats classified into high and low responders to novelty (HR/LR) were subjected to a single prolonged stress (SPS). Cross-sensitization was evaluated after d-amphetamine injection (1.0 mg/kg) in a locomotor activity test given either 4, 15, or 90 days later. To determine the involvement of the noradrenergic system, rats were injected with the α2-receptor agonist, clonidine (20 μg/kg), during the SPS. Subsequently, their auditory startle response (ASR) and cross-sensitization were assessed. RESULTS SPS affected both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the ASR, replicating some PTSD-like symptoms. Behavioral sensitization was found after 15, 21, and 90 days after the SPS in LR rats, and a behavioral desensitization in HR rats after 15 days. Clonidine delivered during the SPS prevented the behavioral sensitization in LR rats, as well as the effects on ASR in HR and LR rats. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to SPS is shown to affect behavior and induce a behavioral sensitization to d-amphetamine that is modulated by individual differences. Both of these effects depend on the noradrenergic system. Altogether, the present results (1) replicate findings obtained after repeated drug exposure and (2) strengthen our hypothesis of a common physiological basis between PTSD and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toledano
- CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Paris Sud, UMR 8195, Bât 446, Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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20
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Bu Q, Lv L, Yan G, Deng P, Wang Y, Zhou J, Yang Y, Li Y, Cen X. NMR-based metabonomic in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Neurotoxicology 2013; 36:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Crespi F. In vivo voltammetric evidence that cerebral nitric oxide (NO) is influenced by drugs of abuse: is NO implicated in their neurotoxicity? RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Barr JL, Scholl JL, Solanki RR, Watt MJ, Lowry CA, Renner KJ, Forster GL. Influence of chronic amphetamine treatment and acute withdrawal on serotonin synthesis and clearance mechanisms in the rat ventral hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:479-90. [PMID: 23157166 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine withdrawal in both humans and rats is associated with increased anxiety states, which are thought to contribute to drug relapse. Serotonin in the ventral hippocampus mediates affective behaviors, and reduced serotonin levels in this region are observed in rat models of high anxiety, including during withdrawal from chronic amphetamine. This goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which reduced ventral hippocampus serotonergic neurotransmission occurs during amphetamine withdrawal. Serotonin synthesis (assessed by accumulation of serotonin precursor as a measure of the capacity of in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity), expression of serotonergic transporters, and in vivo serotonergic clearance using in vivo microdialysis were assessed in the ventral hippocampus in adult male Sprague Dawley rats at 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine. Overall, results showed that diminished extracellular serotonin at 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine was not accompanied by a change in capacity for serotonin synthesis (in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity), or serotonin transporter expression or function in the ventral hippocampus, but instead was associated with increased expression and function of organic cation transporters (low-affinity, high-capacity serotonin transporters). These findings suggest that 24 h withdrawal from chronic amphetamine reduces the availability of extracellular serotonin in the ventral hippocampus by increasing organic cation transporter-mediated serotonin clearance, which may represent a future pharmacological target for reversing anxiety states during drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Neuroscience Group, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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23
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Casanova JP, Velis GP, Fuentealba JA. Amphetamine locomotor sensitization is accompanied with an enhanced high K⁺-stimulated Dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:313-7. [PMID: 23047059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we assessed dopamine extracellular levels in the medial Prefrontal Cortex of rats repeatedly treated with amphetamine during early abstinence. Rats were injected once daily with amphetamine for five consecutive days. A sensitized locomotor response was observed in 55% of animals treated. After two days of abstinence, an amphetamine challenge dose was given to all rats and locomotor activity was measured to assess expression of sensitization. A persistence of heightened locomotor response to amphetamine was observed in rats that developed sensitization. Twenty four hours after amphetamine challenge, microdialysis experiments were carried out to evaluate basal and stimulated dopamine extracellular levels in the medial Prefrontal Cortex. Rats that developed and expressed amphetamine locomotor sensitization showed a significantly greater high potassium-stimulated dopamine release compared to Non-sensitized and Saline rats. These results show that the increased dopamine releasability in the medial Prefrontal Cortex occurs soon after development of amphetamine locomotor sensitization, and might be underlying the early expression of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Patricio Casanova
- Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Hankosky ER, Gulley JM. Performance on an impulse control task is altered in adult rats exposed to amphetamine during adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:733-44. [PMID: 22778047 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs is associated with long-lasting changes in cognition, particularly in behavioral tasks that are sensitive to prefrontal cortex function. Adolescents may be especially vulnerable to these drug-induced cognitive changes because of the widespread adaptations in brain anatomy and function that are characteristic of normal development during this period. Here, we used a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task in rats to determine if amphetamine (AMPH) exposure during adolescence would alter behavioral inhibition in adulthood. Between postnatal days (PND) 27 and 45, rats received every other day injections of saline or AMPH (3 mg/kg). At PND 125, rats were trained progressively through a series of four reinforcement schedules (DRL 5, 10, 15, and 30 s) that required them to withhold responding for the appropriate amount of time before a lever press was reinforced. Relative to controls, AMPH-treated rats displayed transient deficits in behavioral inhibition (i.e., decreases in efficiency ratio) that were only evident at DRL 5. In addition, they had increased responding during nonreinforced periods, which suggested increased perseveration and propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward-paired cues. Following challenge injections with AMPH (.25-1 mg/kg, i.p.), which were given 10 min before the start of DRL 30 test sessions, both groups exhibited dose-dependent decreases in efficiency. These results suggest that AMPH-induced alterations in incentive-motivation and perseveration are more robust and longer-lasting than its effects on impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Hankosky
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 731 Psychology Bldg MC-716, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820
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25
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Chen H, Wu J, Zhang J, Fujita Y, Ishima T, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Protective effects of the antioxidant sulforaphane on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in mice after the administration of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:37-45. [PMID: 22200890 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerfully addictive stimulant associated with serious health conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests a role of oxidative stress in METH-induced behavioral abnormalities. Sulforaphane (SFN), found in cruciferous vegetables, is a potent antioxidant. It is of interest to determine whether SFN can attenuate behavioral and neuropathological changes associated with METH exposure. OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to examine the effects of SFN on behavioral changes and dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice exposed to METH. METHODS The effects of SFN on acute hyperlocomotion and the development of behavioral sensitization induced by the administration of METH were examined. Levels of dopamine (DA) and its major metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum were measured. In addition, DA transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity was also performed. RESULTS Pretreatment with SFN at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg elicited a dose-dependent attenuation of acute hyperlocomotion in mice, after a single administration of METH (3 mg/kg). The development of behavioral sensitization after repeated administrations of METH (3 mg/kg/day, once daily for 5 days) was significantly reduced by pretreatment with SFN (10 mg/kg). In addition, the lowering of DA levels and DOPAC as well as DAT immunoreactivity in the striatum, usually seen after repeated administration of METH, was significantly attenuated by both pretreatment and the subsequent administration of SFN. Furthermore, SFN significantly reduced microglial activation in the striatum after repeated exposure to METH. CONCLUSION It is therefore likely that SFN can be a useful drug for the treatment of signs associated with METH abuse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Chen
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Soeiro ADC, Moreira KDM, Abrahao KP, Quadros IMH, Oliveira MGM. Individual differences are critical in determining modafinil-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization with methamphetamine in mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:367-74. [PMID: 22652394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Modafinil is a non-amphetaminic psychostimulant used therapeutically for sleep and psychiatric disorders. However, some studies indicate that modafinil can have addictive properties. The present study examined whether modafinil can produce behavioral sensitization in mice, an experience and drug-dependent behavioral adaptation, and if individual differences play a role in this process. We further tested context-related factors and cross-sensitization between modafinil and methamphetamine. Important individual differences in the behavioral sensitization of Swiss Albino mice were observed after repeated administration of 50 mg/kg modafinil (Experiment 1), or 1 mg/kg methamphetamine (Experiment 2). Only mice classified as sensitized subgroup developed clear behavioral sensitization to the drugs. After a withdrawal period, mice received challenges of modafinil (Experiment 1), or methamphetamine (Experiment 2) and locomotor activity was evaluated in the activity cages (previous context) and in the open field arena (new context) in order to evaluate the context dependency of behavioral sensitization. The expression of sensitization to modafinil, but not to methamphetamine, was affected by contextual testing conditions, since modafinil-sensitized mice only expressed sensitization in the activity cage, but not in the open field. Subsequently, locomotor cross-sensitization between methamphetamine and modafinil was assessed by challenging modafinil-pretreated mice with 1mg/kg methamphetamine (Experiment 1), and methamphetamine-pretreated mice with 50mg/kg modafinil (Experiment 2). We observed a symmetrical cross-sensitization between the drugs only in those mice that were classified as sensitized subgroup. Our findings indicate that repeated exposure to modafinil induces behavioral sensitization only in some animals by similar neurobiological, but not contextual, mechanisms to those of methamphetamine.
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Kim D. Practical use and risk of modafinil, a novel waking drug. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:e2012007. [PMID: 22375280 PMCID: PMC3286657 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modafinil is a waking drug prescribed to narcolepsy patients, but its usage among healthy individuals is increasing to enhance their alertness or to mitigate fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate practical use and toxic effects on neuro-immune interaction of modafinil. METHODS This study reviewed the significance of psychoactive drugs, and discussed the benefits and risks of the application of modafinil, which seems to be ideal as an anti-psychotic or anti-fatigue agent. RESULTS Modafinil is known to have less or no adverse effects than those found in traditional psychostimulants such as amphetamine, methylphenidate or cocaine. It can be applied as an anti-psychotic or anti-fatigue agent. However, the waking mechanism of modafinil is yet to be fully revealed. Recent studies reported that modafinil may be subject to abuse and addiction. In addition prolonged sleeplessness induces stress responses and impairs immune function. CONCLUSIONS Modafinil can be used by anyone, who wishes to work late, stay awake, enhance their cognitive reactions, or brighten their moods. Users may already be under a great level of stress, i.e. cancer patients or soldiers in a battle field. A psychoneuroimmunological approach is thus needed to investigate the multi-functional effects of modafinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsoo Kim
- Department of Basic Science, Air Force Academy, Cheongwon, Korea
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Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Spear LP. Amphetamine-induced incentive sensitization of sign-tracking behavior in adolescent and adult female rats. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125:661-7. [PMID: 21534648 DOI: 10.1037/a0023763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-specific behavioral and neural characteristics may predispose adolescents to initiate and escalate use of alcohol and drugs. Adolescents may avidly seek novel experiences, including drugs of abuse, because of enhanced incentive motivation for drugs and natural rewards, perhaps especially when that incentive motivation is sensitized by prior drug exposure. Using a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure, sign-tracking (ST) and goal-tracking (GT) behavior was examined in amphetamine-sensitized and control adolescent and adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, with expression of elevated ST behavior used to index enhanced incentive motivation for reward-associated cues. Rats were first exposed to a sensitizing regimen of amphetamine injections (3.0 mg/kg/ml d-amphetamine per day) or given saline (0.9% wt/vol) once daily for 4 days. Expression of ST and GT was then examined over 8 days of PCA training consisting of 25 pairings of an 8-s presentation of an illuminated lever immediately followed by response-independent delivery of a banana-flavored food pellet. Results showed that adults clearly displayed more ST behavior than adolescents, reflected via both more contacts with, and shorter latencies to approach, the lever. Prior amphetamine sensitization increased ST (but not GT) behaviors regardless of age. Thus, when indexed via ST, incentive motivation was found to be greater in adults than adolescents, with a prior history of amphetamine exposure generally sensitizing incentive motivation for cues predicting a food reward regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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Yang HJ, Wang L, Cheng Q, Xu H. Abnormal behaviors and microstructural changes in white matter of juvenile mice repeatedly exposed to amphetamine. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:542896. [PMID: 22937267 PMCID: PMC3420535 DOI: 10.1155/2011/542896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP) is an addictive CNS stimulant and has been commonly abused by adolescents and young adults, during which period brain white matter is still developing. This study was to examine the effect of a nonneurotoxic AMP on the white matter of juvenile mice. d-AMP (1.0 mg/kg) was given to young male C57BL/6 mice once a day for 21 days. The spatial working memory and locomotion of mice were measured at the end. Then, mice were sacrificed and their brains were processed for morphological analyses to examine the white matter structure and for Western blot analysis to measure three main proteins expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. AMP-treated mice displayed higher locomotion and spatial working memory impairment and showed lower levels of Nogo-A and GST-pi proteins in frontal cortex and lower MBP protein in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. They also had fewer mature oligodendrocytes and weak MBP immunofluorescent staining in the same two brain regions. But the striatum was spared. These results suggest that the late-developing white matter is vulnerable to AMP treatment which is able to increase striatal and cortical dopamine. Both the compromised white matter and increased dopamine may contribute to the observed behavioral changes in AMP-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ju Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1135 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901-4328, USA
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901-4328, USA
| | - Haiyun Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1135 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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de Lima MNM, Presti-Torres J, Vedana G, Alcalde LA, Stertz L, Fries GR, Roesler R, Andersen ML, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F, Schröder N. Early life stress decreases hippocampal BDNF content and exacerbates recognition memory deficits induced by repeated D-amphetamine exposure. Behav Brain Res 2011; 224:100-6. [PMID: 21645554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adverse experiences early in life may have profound influences on brain development, for example, determining alterations in response to psychostimulant drugs, an increased risk of developing a substance abuse disorder, and individual differences in the vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure to an early adverse life event, maternal deprivation, combined with repeated d-amphetamine (AMPH) administration in adulthood, on recognition memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats' brain and serum. Rats were exposed to one of the following maternal rearing conditions from postnatal days 1 to 14: non-deprived (ND) or deprived (D). In adulthood, both groups received injections of saline (SAL) or AMPH (2.0mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 days. In Experiment I (performed 24h after the last AMPH injection), AMPH induced long-term memory (LTM) impairments in ND and D groups. The D+AMPH group also presented short-term memory (STM) impairments, indicating that the effects of AMPH on memory were more pronounced when the animals where maternally deprived. The group exposed to D+SAL (SAL) showed only LTM impairments. In Experiment II (performed 8 days after the last injection), AMPH detrimental effects on memory persisted in ND and D groups. BDNF levels were decreased in the hippocampus of D+SAL rats. In conclusion, AMPH produces severe and persistent recognition memory impairments that were more pronounced when the animals were maternally deprived, suggesting that an early adverse life event may increase the vulnerability of cognitive function to exposure to a psychostimulant later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noêmia Martins de Lima
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Effects of intraaccumbens amphetamine on production of 50kHz vocalizations in three lines of selectively bred Long-Evans rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 217:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hippocampal CA1 region shows differential regulation of gene expression in mice displaying extremes in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine: relevance for psychosis susceptibility? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 217:525-38. [PMID: 21537941 PMCID: PMC3180555 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychosis susceptibility is mediated in part by the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. In humans, individual differences in vulnerability for psychosis are reflected in differential sensitivity for psychostimulants such as amphetamine. We hypothesize that the same genes and pathways underlying behavioral sensitization in mice are also involved in the vulnerability to psychosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to investigate which genes and pathways may contribute to behavioral sensitization in different dopaminergic output areas in the mouse brain. METHODS We took advantage of the naturally occurring difference in psychostimulant sensitivity in DBA/2 mice and selected animals displaying extremes in behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Subsequently, the dopamine output areas, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area of the hippocampus, were isolated by laser microdissection and subjected to DNA microarray analysis 1 h after a challenge dose of amphetamine. RESULTS A large number of genes with differential expression between high and low responders were identified, with no overlap between brain regions. Validation of these gene expression changes with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the most robust and reproducible effects on gene expression were in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Interestingly, many of the validated genes in CA1 are members of the cAMP response element (CRE) family and targets of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) transcription factors. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that CRE, Mef2, and GR signaling form a transcription regulating network, which underlies differential amphetamine sensitivity, and therefore, may play an important role in susceptibility to psychosis.
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Giardino WJ, Pastor R, Anacker AMJ, Spangler E, Cote DM, Li J, Stenzel-Poore MP, Phillips TJ, Ryabinin AE. Dissection of corticotropin-releasing factor system involvement in locomotor sensitivity to methamphetamine. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:78-89. [PMID: 20731720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to the euphoric and locomotor-activating effects of drugs of abuse may contribute to risk for excessive use and addiction. Repeated administration of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) can result in neuroadaptive consequences that manifest behaviorally as a progressive escalation of locomotor activation, termed psychomotor sensitization. The present studies addressed the involvement of specific components of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in locomotor activation and psychomotor sensitization induced by MA (1, 2 mg/kg) by utilizing pharmacological approaches, as well as a series of genetic knockout (KO) mice, each deficient for a single component of the CRF system: CRF-R1, CRF-R2, CRF, or the CRF-related peptide Urocortin 1 (Ucn1). CRF-R1 KO mice did not differ from wild-type mice in sensitization to MA, and pharmacological blockade of CRF-R1 with CP-154,526 (15, 30 mg/kg) in DBA/2J mice did not selectively attenuate either the acquisition or expression of MA-induced sensitization. Deletion of either of the endogenous ligands of CRF-R1 (CRF, Ucn1) either enhanced or had no effect on MA-induced sensitization, providing further evidence against a role for CRF-R1 signaling. Interestingly, deletion of CRF-R2 attenuated MA-induced locomotor activation, elucidating a novel contribution of the CRF system to MA sensitivity, and suggesting the participation of the endogenous urocortin peptides Ucn2 and Ucn3. Immunohistochemistry for Fos was used to visualize neural activation underlying CRF-R2-dependent sensitivity to MA, identifying the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala as neural substrates involved in this response. Our results support further examination of CRF-R2 involvement in neural processes associated with MA addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Giardino
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Burke AR, Renner KJ, Forster GL, Watt MJ. Adolescent social defeat alters neural, endocrine and behavioral responses to amphetamine in adult male rats. Brain Res 2010; 1352:147-56. [PMID: 20603109 PMCID: PMC2926242 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, which governs components of reward and goal-directed behaviors, undergoes final maturation during adolescence. Adolescent social stress contributes to adult behavioral dysfunction and is linked to adult psychiatric and addiction disorders. Here, behavioral, corticosterone and limbic dopamine responses to amphetamine were examined in adult male rats previously exposed to repeated social defeat stress during mid-adolescence. Amphetamine (2.5mg/kg, ip) was administered after a novel environment test, with behavior observed in the same context for 90min thereafter. Adult rats that had been defeated in adolescence showed increased locomotion in the novel environment but reduced amphetamine-induced locomotion relative to non-defeated age matched controls. Monoamine and corticosterone responses to amphetamine were examined following a second amphetamine injection 3 days later. In previously defeated rats, corticosterone and medial prefrontal cortex dopamine responses to amphetamine were blunted while dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens core were elevated. Our results suggest that experience of social defeat stress during adolescent development can contribute to altered behavioral and endocrine responses to amphetamine in adulthood. Furthermore, these effects are paralleled by changes in amphetamine-induced dopamine responses in corticolimbic systems implicated in addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Burke
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Kenneth J. Renner
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Gina L. Forster
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Michael J. Watt
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
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