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Goodlich BI, Pearcey GEP, Del Vecchio A, Horan SA, Kavanagh JJ. Antagonism of 5-HT 2 receptors attenuates self-sustained firing of human motor units. J Physiol 2024; 602:1759-1774. [PMID: 38502567 DOI: 10.1113/jp285867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
5-HT2 receptors on motoneurones play a critical role in facilitating persistent inward currents (PICs). Although facilitation of PICs can enhance self-sustained firing after periods of excitation, the relationship between 5-HT2 receptor activity and self-sustained firing in human motor units (MUs) has not been resolved. MU activity was assessed from the tibialis anterior of 10 healthy adults (24.9 ± 2.8 years) during two contraction protocols. Both protocols featured steady-state isometric contractions with constant descending drive to the motoneurone pool. However, one protocol also included an additional phase of superimposed descending drive. Adding and then removing descending drive in the middle of steady-state contractions altered MU firing behaviour across the motor pool, where newly recruited units in the superimposed phase were unable to switch off (P = 0.0002), and units recruited prior to additional descending drive reduced their discharge rates (P < 0.0001, difference in estimated marginal means (∆) = 2.24 pulses/s). The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine, was then administered to determine whether changes in MU firing were mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. 5-HT2 receptor antagonism caused reductions in MU discharge rate (P < 0.001, ∆ = 1.65 pulses/s), recruitment threshold (P = 0.00112, ∆ = 1.09% maximal voluntary contraction) and self-sustained firing duration (P < 0.0001, ∆ = 1.77s) after the additional descending drive was removed in the middle of the steady-state contraction. These findings indicate that serotonergic neuromodulation plays a key role in facilitating discharge and self-sustained firing of human motoneurones, where adaptive changes in MU recruitment must occur to meet the demands of the contraction. KEY POINTS: Animal and cellular preparations indicate that somato-dendritic 5-HT2 receptors regulate the intrinsic excitability of motoneurones. 5-HT2 receptor antagonism reduces estimates of persistent inward currents in motoneurones, which contribute to self-sustained firing when synaptic inputs are reduced or removed. This human study employed a contraction task that slowly increased (and then removed) the additional descending drive in the middle of a steady-state contraction where marked self-sustained firing occurred when the descending drive was removed. 5-HT2 receptor antagonism caused widespread reductions in motor unit (MU) discharge rates during contractions, which was accompanied by reduced recruitment threshold and attenuation of self-sustained firing duration after the removal of the additional descending drive to motoneurones. These findings support the role that serotonergic neuromodulation is a key facilitator of MU discharge and self-sustained firing of human motoneurones, where adaptative changes in MU recruitment must occur to meet the demands of the contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Goodlich
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Gregory E P Pearcey
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sean A Horan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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2
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Basatinya AM, Sajedianfard J, Nazifi S, Hosseinzadeh S. The analgesic effects of insulin and its disorders in streptozotocin-induced short-term diabetes. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16009. [PMID: 38639646 PMCID: PMC11027902 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that insulin resistance plays an important role in developing diabetes complications. The association between insulin resistance and pain perception is less well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral insulin deficiency on pain pathways in the brain. Diabetes was induced in 60 male rats with streptozotocin (STZ). Insulin was injected into the left ventricle of the brain by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, then pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin. Samples were collected at 4 weeks after STZ injection. Dopamine (DA), serotonin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) were measured by ELISA, and gene factors were assessed by RT-qPCR. In diabetic rats, the levels of DA, serotonin, and mGSH decreased in the nuclei of the thalamus, raphe magnus, and periaqueductal gray, and the levels of ROS increased. In addition, the levels of expression of the neuron-specific enolase and receptor for advanced glycation end genes increased, but the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was reduced. These results support the findings that insulin has an analgesic effect in non-diabetic rats, as demonstrated by the formalin test. ICV injection of insulin reduces pain sensation, but this was not observed in diabetic rats, which may be due to cell damage ameliorated by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javad Sajedianfard
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Saied Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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3
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Ma JH, Dong C, Qiao HW, Barret O, Tamagnan GD, Mao W, Xu EH, Zhang C, Lu J, Chan P, Liu SY. Striatal and Extrastriatal Monoaminergic Disruption in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38477228 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a biomarker targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), 18 F-9-fluoropropyldihydrotetrabenazine (18 F-FP-DTBZ) positron emission tomography (PET) is highly accurate in diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD) and assessing its severity. However, evidence is insufficient in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). OBJECTIVE We evaluated the striatal and extrastriatal monoaminergic disruption of PSP and differences in patterns between patients with PSP, PD, and healthy controls (HCs) using 18 F-FP-DTBZ PET, as well as its correlations with the clinical characteristics of PSP. METHODS We recruited 58 patients with PSP, 23 age- and duration-matched patients with PD, as well as 17 HCs. Patients were scanned using 18 F-FP-DTBZ PET/computed tomography, and images were spatially normalized and analyzed based on the volume of interest. RESULTS VMAT2 binding differed significantly in the striatum and substantia nigra among the groups (P < 0.001). A more severe disruption in the caudate was noted in the PSP group (P < 0.001) than in the PD group. However, no differences were found in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, or raphe between the PD and PSP groups. Within the PSP group, striatal VMAT2 binding was significantly associated with the fall/postural stability subscore of the PSP Rating Scale, especially in the putamen. Furthermore, VMAT2 binding was correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination or Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Caudate disruptions showed prominent differences among the groups. VAMT2 binding in the striatum and hippocampus reflects the severity of fall/postural stability and cognition, respectively. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wen Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Barret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Paris, France
| | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- XingImaging LLC, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Er-He Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China
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Guiard BP, Gotti G. The High-Precision Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection (HPLC-ECD) for Monoamines Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:496. [PMID: 38276574 PMCID: PMC10818480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the advantages of high-precision liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) in detecting and quantifying biological samples obtained through intracerebral microdialysis, specifically the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems: Serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), 3-metoxytryptamin (3-MT) and homovanillic acid (HVA). Recognized for its speed and selectivity, HPLC enables direct analysis of intracerebral microdialysis samples without complex derivatization. Various chromatographic methods, including reverse phase (RP), are explored for neurotransmitters (NTs) and metabolites separation. Electrochemical detector (ECD), particularly with glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, is emphasized for its simplicity and sensitivity, aimed at enhancing reproducibility through optimization strategies such as modified electrode materials. This paper underscores the determination of limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) and the linear range (L.R.) showcasing the potential for real-time monitoring of compounds concentrations. A non-exhaustive compilation of literature values for LOD, LOQ, and L.R. from recent publications is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P. Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), CNRS UMR5169, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Faculté Sciences Ingénierie (FSI), Université de Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gotti
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), CNRS UMR5169, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Faculté Sciences Ingénierie (FSI), Université de Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France
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5
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Issigonis M, Browder KL, Chen R, Collins JJ, Newmark PA. A niche-derived non-ribosomal peptide triggers planarian sexual development. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.06.570471. [PMID: 38106172 PMCID: PMC10723454 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Germ cells are regulated by local microenvironments (niches), which secrete instructive cues. Conserved developmental signaling molecules act as niche-derived regulatory factors, yet other types of niche signals remain to be identified. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of sexual planarians revealed niche cells expressing a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps). Inhibiting nrps led to loss of female reproductive organs and testis hyperplasia. Mass spectrometry detected the dipeptide β-alanyl-tryptamine (BATT), which is associated with reproductive system development and requires nrps and a monoamine-transmitter-synthetic enzyme (AADC) for its production. Exogenous BATT rescued the reproductive defects after nrps or aadc inhibition, restoring fertility. Thus, a non-ribosomal, monoamine-derived peptide provided by niche cells acts as a critical signal to trigger planarian reproductive development. These findings reveal an unexpected function for monoamines in niche-germ cell signaling. Furthermore, given the recently reported role for BATT as a male-derived factor required for reproductive maturation of female schistosomes, these results have important implications for the evolution of parasitic flatworms and suggest a potential role for non-ribosomal peptides as signaling molecules in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Issigonis
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
| | - Katherine L. Browder
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI 53715
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6
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Ikeda N, Kawasaki M, Baba K, Nishimura H, Fujitani T, Suzuki H, Matsuura T, Ohnishi H, Shimizu M, Sanada K, Nishimura K, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Conway-Campbell BL, Onaka T, Teranishi H, Hanada R, Ueta Y, Sakai A. Chemogenetic Activation of Oxytocin Neurons Improves Pain in a Reserpine-induced Fibromyalgia Rat Model. Neuroscience 2023; 528:37-53. [PMID: 37532013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain with depression as a frequent comorbidity. However, efficient management of the pain and depressive symptoms of FM is lacking. Given that endogenous oxytocin (OXT) contributes to the regulation of pain and depressive disorders, herein, we investigated the role of OXT in an experimental reserpine-induced FM model. In FM model, OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (OXT-mRFP1) transgenic rats exhibited increased depressive behavior and sensitivity in a mechanical nociceptive test, suggesting reduced pain tolerance. Additionally, the development of the FM-like phenotype in OXT-mRFP1 FM model rats was accompanied by a significant reduction in OXT mRNA expression in the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus. OXT-mRFP1 FM model rats also had significantly fewer tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons as well as reduced serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus. To investigate the effects of stimulating the endogenous OXT pathway, rats expressing OXT-human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (hM3Dq)-mCherry designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were also assessed in the FM model. Treatment of these rats with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), an hM3Dq-activating drug, significantly improved characteristic FM model-induced pathophysiological pain, but did not alter depressive-like behavior. The chemogenetically induced effects were reversed by pre-treatment with an OXT receptor antagonist, confirming the specificity of action via the OXT pathway. These results indicate that endogenous OXT may have analgesic effects in FM, and could be a potential target for effective pain management strategies for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Ikeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Baba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Teruaki Fujitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenya Sanada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nishimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Teranishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Reiko Hanada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Van den Eynde V, Parker G, Ruhé HG, Birkenhäger TK, Godet L, Shorter E, Gillman PK. On the Origins of MAOI Misconceptions: Reaffirming their Role in Melancholic Depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 2023; 53:35-54. [PMID: 37601082 PMCID: PMC10434306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The first monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) used for the treatment of depression in the 1950-60s were credited with treating severe melancholic depression (MeD) successfully and greatly reducing the need for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Following the hiatus caused by the then ill-understood cheese reaction, MAOI use was relegated to atypical and treatment-resistant depressions only, based on data from insufficiently probing research studies suggesting their comparatively lesser effectiveness in MeD. The siren attraction of new 'better' drugs with different mechanisms amplified this trend. Following a re-evaluation of the data, we suggest that MAOIs are effective in MeD. Additionally, the broad unitary conceptualisation of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the DSM model diminished the chance of demonstrating distinctive responses to different antidepressant drugs (ADs) such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs, thereby further reducing the interest in MAOIs. More reliable categorical distinction of MeD, disentangling it from MDD, may be possible if more sensitive measuring instruments (CORE, SMPI) are used. We suggest these issues will benefit from re-appraisement via an inductive reasoning process within a binary (rather than a unitary) model for defining the different depressive disorders, allowing for the use of more reliable diagnostic criteria for MeD in particular. We conclude that MAOIs remain essential for, inter alia, TCA-resistant MeD, and should typically be used prior to ECT; additionally, they have a role in maintaining remission in cases treated with ECT (and ketamine/esketamine). We suggest that MAOIs should be utilized earlier in treatment algorithms and with greater regularity than is presently the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Van den Eynde
- Van den Eynde, PsychoTropical Research, Queensland, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gordon Parker
- Parker, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- Ruhé, Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom K Birkenhäger
- Birkenhäger, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lila Godet
- Godet, PsychoTropical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Shorter
- Shorter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Goodlich BI, Del Vecchio A, Horan SA, Kavanagh JJ. Blockade of 5-HT 2 receptors suppresses motor unit firing and estimates of persistent inward currents during voluntary muscle contraction in humans. J Physiol 2023; 601:1121-1138. [PMID: 36790076 DOI: 10.1113/jp284164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neuromodulation contributes to enhanced voluntary muscle activation. However, it is not known how the likely motoneurone receptor candidate (5-HT2 ) influences the firing rate and activation threshold of motor units (MUs) in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 5-HT2 receptor activity contributes to human MU behaviour during voluntary ramped contractions of differing intensity. High-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) of the tibialis anterior was assessed during ramped isometric dorsiflexions at 10, 30, 50 and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). MU characteristics were successfully extracted from HDsEMG of 11 young adults (four female) pre- and post-ingestion of 8 mg cyproheptadine or a placebo. Antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors caused a reduction in MU discharge rate during steady-state muscle activation that was independent of the level of contraction intensity [P < 0.001; estimated mean difference (∆) = 1.06 pulses/s], in addition to an increase in MU derecruitment threshold (P < 0.013, ∆ = 1.23% MVC), without a change in force during MVC (P = 0.652). A reduction in estimates of persistent inward current amplitude was observed at 10% MVC (P < 0.001, ∆ = 0.99 Hz) and 30% MVC (P = 0.003, ∆ = 0.75 Hz) that aligned with 5-HT changes in MU firing behaviour attributable to 5-HT2 antagonism. Overall, these findings indicate that 5-HT2 receptor activity has a role in regulating the discharge rate in populations of spinal motoneurones when performing voluntary contractions. This study provides evidence of a direct link between MU discharge properties, persistent inward current activity and 5-HT2 receptor activity in humans. KEY POINTS: Activation of 5-HT receptors on the soma and dendrites of motoneurones regulates their excitability. Previous work using chlorpromazine and cyproheptadine has demonstrated that the 5-HT2 receptor regulates motoneurone activity in humans with chronic spinal cord injury and non-injured control subjects. It is not known how the 5-HT2 receptor directly influences motor unit (MU) discharge and MU recruitment in larger populations of human motoneurones during voluntary contractions of differing intensity. Despite the absence of change in force during maximal voluntary dorsiflexions, 5-HT2 receptor antagonism caused a reduction in MU discharge rate during submaximal steady-state muscle contraction, in addition to an increase in MU derecruitment threshold, irrespective of the submaximal contraction intensity. Reductions in estimates of persistent inward currents after 5-HT2 receptor antagonism support the viewpoint that the 5-HT2 receptor plays a crucial role in regulating motor activity, whereby a persistent inward current-based mechanism is involved in regulating the excitability of human motoneurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Goodlich
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sean A Horan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J Kavanagh
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Newell AJ, Kapps VA, Cai Y, Rai MR, St. Armour G, Horman BM, Rock KD, Witchey SK, Greenbaum A, Patisaul HB. Maternal organophosphate flame retardant exposure alters the developing mesencephalic dopamine system in fetal rat. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:357-373. [PMID: 36562574 PMCID: PMC9936211 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have become the predominant substitution for legacy brominated flame retardants but there is concern about their potential developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). OPFRs readily dissociate from the fireproofed substrate to the environment, and they (or their metabolites) have been detected in diverse matrices including air, water, soil, and biota, including human urine and breastmilk. Given this ubiquitous contamination, it becomes increasingly important to understand the potential effects of OPFRs on the developing nervous system. We have previously shown that maternal exposure to OPFRs results in neuroendocrine disruption, alterations to developmental metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and axonal extension in male fetal rats, and potentiates adult anxiety-like behaviors. The development of the serotonin and dopamine systems occur in parallel and interact, therefore, we first sought to enhance our prior 5-HT work by first examining the ascending 5-HT system on embryonic day 14 using whole mount clearing of fetal heads and 3-dimensional (3D) brain imaging. We also investigated the effects of maternal OPFR exposure on the development of the mesocortical dopamine system in the same animals through 2-dimensional and 3D analysis following immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Maternal OPFR exposure induced morphological changes to the putative ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in both sexes and reduced the overall volume of this structure in males, whereas 5-HT nuclei were unchanged. Additionally, dopaminergic axogenesis was disrupted in OPFR exposed animals, as the dorsoventral spread of ventral telencephalic TH afferents were greater at embryonic day 14, while sparing 5-HT fibers. These results indicate maternal exposure to OPFRs alters the development trajectory of the embryonic dopaminergic system and adds to growing evidence of OPFR DNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Victoria A Kapps
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Yuheng Cai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Mani Ratnam Rai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Genevieve St. Armour
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shannah K Witchey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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10
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Horii K, Sawamura T, Yuki N, Shiina T, Shimizu Y. Sex differences in the central regulation of colorectal motility in response to noxious stimuli. J Smooth Muscle Res 2023; 59:28-33. [PMID: 37100618 PMCID: PMC10131095 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.59.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct sex differences in the prevalence and symptoms of abnormal bowel habits in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have been reported. We have elucidated the sex differences in the regulation of colorectal motility via the central nervous system. Noxious stimuli in the colorectum of anesthetized male rats enhance colorectal motility by activating monoaminergic neurons in descending pain inhibitory pathways from the brainstem to the lumbosacral spinal cord. These monoaminergic neurons release serotonin and dopamine into the lumbosacral spinal cord, resulting in the increment of colorectal motility. In female rats, in contrast, noxious stimuli in the colorectum have no effect on colorectal motility. We clarified that GABAergic inhibition in the lumbosacral spinal cord masks the enhancement of colorectal motility induced by monoamines in female animals. Considering that IBS patients often show visceral hypersensitivity and hyperalgesia, our studies suggest that differences in the descending neurons that respond to painful stimuli are involved in various sex differences in abnormal bowel habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Horii
- Division of Biological Principles, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sawamura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Natsufu Yuki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiina
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasutake Shimizu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Laboratory of Physiology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Reserpine is an effective antihypertensive drug, but its role in routine practice has declined such that it is rarely used. This is largely based on the assumption that reserpine causes depression. This assumption was a foundation for the original monoamine hypothesis of depression. However, there remains conflicting evidence as to whether reserpine causes depression, and no systematic review of available evidence. AIMS We systematically reviewed evidence on effects of reserpine on depressive and related symptoms (e.g. anxiety, suicidal ideation). METHOD Electronic searches of MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO were conducted to identify studies up to 14 February 2021. Studies of any methodological design involving reserpine-treated and reserpine-untreated conditions, in any adult human population, were included and a narrative synthesis of findings was undertaken. Risk of bias (RoB) was examined using ROBINS-I. RESULTS Of the 35 studies meeting inclusion criteria, 9 were randomised controlled trials. Eleven studies reported some depressogenic effects, 13 reported no effect and 11 reported putative antidepressant effects. Studies identifying depressive effects were more likely to examine people without psychiatric disorders at baseline, while studies identifying a potential antidepressant effect tended to treat fewer participants for shorter durations, at higher doses. Around one-third of studies conducted in people with psychiatric disorders showed beneficial effects on depression symptoms. 30/35 studies were at high RoB. CONCLUSIONS Associations between reserpine and depression are inconsistent and limited by a lack of high-quality evidence. Due to reserpine's apparently complex effects, we urge nuance rather than simplicity surrounding the monoamine hypothesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rahila R Javed
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jeremy Cave
- South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Kobayashi K, Shikano K, Kuroiwa M, Horikawa M, Ito W, Nishi A, Segi-Nishida E, Suzuki H. Noradrenaline activation of hippocampal dopamine D(1) receptors promotes antidepressant effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117903119. [PMID: 35939697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117903119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) are essential for antidepressant effects. However, the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the major source of dopamine in the brain, only sparsely project to DG, suggesting possible activation of DG D1Rs by endogenous substances other than dopamine. We have examined this possibility using electrophysiological and biochemical techniques and found robust activation of D1Rs in mouse DG neurons by noradrenaline. Noradrenaline at the micromolar range potentiated synaptic transmission at the DG output and increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates in DG via activation of D1Rs and β adrenergic receptors. Neuronal excitation preferentially enhanced noradrenaline-induced synaptic potentiation mediated by D1Rs with minor effects on β-receptor-dependent potentiation. Increased voluntary exercise by wheel running also enhanced noradrenaline-induced, D1R-mediated synaptic potentiation, suggesting a distinct functional role of the noradrenaline-D1R signaling. We then examined the role of this signaling in antidepressant effects using mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. In the stressed mice, an antidepressant acting on the noradrenergic system induced a mature-to-immature change in the DG neuron phenotype, a previously proposed cellular substrate for antidepressant action. This effect was evident only in mice subjected to wheel running and blocked by a D1R antagonist. These results suggest a critical role of noradrenaline-induced activation of D1Rs in antidepressant effects in DG. Experience-dependent regulation of noradrenaline-D1R signaling may determine responsiveness to antidepressant drugs in depressive disorders.
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13
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Ono T, Hino K, Kimura T, Uchimura Y, Ashihara T, Higa T, Kojima H, Murakami T, Udagawa J. Excessive folic acid intake combined with undernutrition during gestation alters offspring behavior and brain monoamine profiles. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:169-180. [PMID: 35531602 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary folic acid augmentation during gestation reduces neurodevelopmental disorder risk in offspring; however, it is still unclear if excessive maternal folic acid intake can impair brain function in offspring. We examined if excessive folic acid intake throughout gestation altered the behavior of male offspring under poor nutrition during early gestation (E5.5-E11.5). Dams were divided into four groups: control (CON, 2 mg folic acid/kg of food), excessive folic acid fortification (FF, 10 mg folic acid/kg of food), undernutrition (UN, 40% food reduction from E5.5-E11.5), and excessive folic acid fortification plus undernutrition (UN-FF). Excess maternal folic acid fortification induced hyperactivity in the open-field and lower anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze at 9 weeks of age. These behavioral changes were accompanied by reduced dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), norepinephrine in the amygdala, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the dorsal midbrain (DM), PFC, and amygdala where 5-HT neurons project from the DM. Furthermore, canonical discriminant analysis, including dopamine and DOPAC concentrations in the PFC, norepinephrine concentrations in the PFC, amygdala, and pons, and 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in the amygdala and DM, correctly classified 73.5% of the offspring in CON, FF, UN, and UN-FF groups. The first discriminant function mainly classified groups based on nutritional status, whereas the second function mainly classified groups based on folic acid intake. Our study suggests that combined transformations of brain monoamine profiles by maternal undernutrition and excess folic acid intake is involved in the behavioral alteration of offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.,Omihachiman Community Medical Center, Omihachiman, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kodai Hino
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Kyoto Tachibana University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uchimura
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Ashihara
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biomedical Engineering, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takako Higa
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideto Kojima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Beijing University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Psychology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Roger C Ho
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Center, Temple, TX, United States
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15
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Van den Eynde V, Gillman PK, Blackwell BB. The Prescriber's Guide to the MAOI Diet-Thinking Through Tyramine Troubles. Psychopharmacol Bull 2022; 52:73-116. [PMID: 35721816 PMCID: PMC9172554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This review article features comprehensive discussions on the dietary restrictions issued to patients taking a classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid), or high-dose (oral or transdermal) selegiline. It equips doctors with the knowledge to explain to their patients which dietary precautions are necessary, and why that is so: MAOIs alter the capacity to metabolize certain monoamines, like tyramine, which causes dose-related blood pressure elevations. Modern food production and hygiene standards have resulted in large reductions of tyramine concentrations in most foodstuffs and beverages, including many cheeses. Thus, the risk of consequential blood pressure increases is considerably reduced-but some caution remains warranted. The effects of other relevant biogenic amines (histamine, dopamine), and of the amino acids L-dopa and L-tryptophan are also discussed. The tables of tyramine data usually presented in MAOI diet guides are by nature unhelpful and imprecise, because tyramine levels vary widely within foods of the same category. For this reason, it is vital that doctors understand the general principles outlined in this guide; that way, they can tailor their instructions and advice to the individual, to his/her lifestyle and situation. This is important because the pressor response is characterized by significant interpatient variability. When all factors are weighed and balanced, the conclusion is that the MAOI diet is not all that difficult. Minimizing the intake of the small number of risky foods is all that is required. Many patients may hardly need to change their diet at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Van den Eynde
- Van den Eynde, External Research Consultant for PsychoTropical Research, NeuraWell Therapeutics, Aristo Pharma GmbH. Gillman, Director of PsychoTropical Research and MAOI Expert Group Convener. Blackwell, Retired Professor and Chair of Psychiatry at the Milwaukee Campus of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
| | - Peter Kenneth Gillman
- Van den Eynde, External Research Consultant for PsychoTropical Research, NeuraWell Therapeutics, Aristo Pharma GmbH. Gillman, Director of PsychoTropical Research and MAOI Expert Group Convener. Blackwell, Retired Professor and Chair of Psychiatry at the Milwaukee Campus of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
| | - Barry B Blackwell
- Van den Eynde, External Research Consultant for PsychoTropical Research, NeuraWell Therapeutics, Aristo Pharma GmbH. Gillman, Director of PsychoTropical Research and MAOI Expert Group Convener. Blackwell, Retired Professor and Chair of Psychiatry at the Milwaukee Campus of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
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16
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Thorstensen JR. Persistent inward currents in spinal motoneurones: How can we study them in human participants? J Physiol 2022; 600:3021-3023. [PMID: 35616611 DOI: 10.1113/jp283249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Thorstensen
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Ilic M, Maier J, Holy M, Jaentsch K, Liechti ME, Lubec G, Baumann MH, Sitte HH, Luethi D. Corrigendum: Cell-Based Radiotracer Binding and Uptake Inhibition Assays: A Comparison of In Vitro Methods to Assess the Potency of Drugs That Target Monoamine Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878641. [PMID: 35370673 PMCID: PMC8966766 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00673.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ilic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julian Maier
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Holy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Jaentsch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Lubec
- Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dino Luethi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Bonthuis PJ, Steinwand S, Stacher Hörndli CN, Emery J, Huang WC, Kravitz S, Ferris E, Gregg C. Noncanonical genomic imprinting in the monoamine system determines naturalistic foraging and brain-adrenal axis functions. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110500. [PMID: 35263575 PMCID: PMC9128000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical genomic imprinting can cause biased expression of one parental allele in a tissue; however, the functional relevance of such biases is unclear. To investigate ethological roles for noncanonical imprinting in dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), we use machine learning to decompose naturalistic foraging in maternal and paternal allele mutant heterozygous mice. We uncover distinct roles for the maternal versus paternal alleles on foraging, where maternal alleles affect sons while daughters are under paternal allelic control. Each parental allele controls specific action sequences reflecting decisions in naive or familiar contexts. The maternal Ddc allele is preferentially expressed in subsets of hypothalamic GABAergic neurons, while the paternal allele predominates in subsets of adrenal cells. Each Ddc allele affects distinct molecular and endocrine components of the brain-adrenal axis. Thus, monoaminergic noncanonical imprinting has ethological roles in foraging and endocrine functions and operates by affecting discrete subsets of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Bonthuis
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Susan Steinwand
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cornelia N Stacher Hörndli
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jared Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wei-Chao Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Stephanie Kravitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Elliott Ferris
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Gregg
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Room 408B, Biopolymers Research Building, Bld. 570, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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19
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Yan Z, Rein B. Mechanisms of synaptic transmission dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex: pathophysiological implications. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:445-465. [PMID: 33875802 PMCID: PMC8523584 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) serves as the chief executive officer of the brain, controlling the highest level cognitive and emotional processes. Its local circuits among glutamatergic principal neurons and GABAergic interneurons, as well as its long-range connections with other brain regions, have been functionally linked to specific behaviors, ranging from working memory to reward seeking. The efficacy of synaptic signaling in the PFC network is profundedly influenced by monoaminergic inputs via the activation of dopamine, adrenergic, or serotonin receptors. Stress hormones and neuropeptides also exert complex effects on the synaptic structure and function of PFC neurons. Dysregulation of PFC synaptic transmission is strongly linked to social deficits, affective disturbance, and memory loss in brain disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Critical neural circuits, biological pathways, and molecular players that go awry in these mental illnesses have been revealed by integrated electrophysiological, optogenetic, biochemical, and transcriptomic studies of PFC. Novel epigenetic mechanism-based strategies are proposed as potential avenues of therapeutic intervention for PFC-involved diseases. This review provides an overview of PFC network organization and synaptic modulation, as well as the mechanisms linking PFC dysfunction to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. Insights from the preclinical studies offer the potential for discovering new medical treatments for human patients with these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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20
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Sivanandy P, Leey TC, Xiang TC, Ling TC, Wey Han SA, Semilan SLA, Hong PK. Systematic Review on Parkinson's Disease Medications, Emphasizing on Three Recently Approved Drugs to Control Parkinson's Symptoms. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:364. [PMID: 35010624 PMCID: PMC8744877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a disease that involves neurodegeneration and is characterised by the motor symptoms which include muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. Other non-motor symptoms include pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This disease affects up to ten million people worldwide. The pathophysiology behind PD is due to the neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. There are many conventional drugs used in the treatment of PD. However, there are limitations associated with conventional drugs. For instance, levodopa is associated with the on-off phenomenon, and it may induce wearing off as time progresses. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze the newly approved drugs by the United States-Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) from 2016-2019 as the adjuvant therapy for the treatment of PD symptoms in terms of efficacy and safety. The new drugs include safinamide, istradefylline and pimavanserin. From this review, safinamide is considered to be more efficacious and safer as the adjunct therapy to levodopa as compared to istradefylline in controlling the motor symptoms. In Study 016, both safinamide 50 mg (p = 0.0138) and 100 mg (p = 0.0006) have improved the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III score as compared to placebo. Improvement in Clinical Global Impression-Change (CGI-C), Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and off time were also seen in both groups of patients following the morning levodopa dose. Pimavanserin also showed favorable effects in ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis (PDP). A combination of conventional therapy and non-pharmacological treatment is warranted to enhance the well-being of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Sivanandy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Tan Choo Leey
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Tan Chi Xiang
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Tan Chi Ling
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Sean Ang Wey Han
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Samantha Lia Anak Semilan
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
| | - Phoon Kok Hong
- Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons) Programme, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (T.C.L.); (T.C.X.); (T.C.L.); (S.A.W.H.); (S.L.A.S.); (P.K.H.)
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21
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Schalbroeck R, de Geus-Oei LF, Selten JP, Yaqub M, Schrantee A, van Amelsvoort T, Booij J, van Velden FHP. Cerebral [ 18F]-FDOPA Uptake in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Its Association with Autistic Traits. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122404. [PMID: 34943640 PMCID: PMC8700159 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling is believed to be related to autistic traits. We conducted an exploratory 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-L-phenylalanine positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]-FDOPA PET/CT) study, to examine cerebral [18F]-FDOPA influx constant (kicer min−1), reflecting predominantly striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and a mixed monoaminergic innervation in extrastriatal neurons, in 44 adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 22 controls, aged 18 to 30 years. Autistic traits were assessed with the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Region-of-interest and voxel-based analyses showed no statistically significant differences in kicer between autistic adults and controls. In autistic adults, striatal kicer was significantly, negatively associated with AQ attention to detail subscale scores, although Bayesian analyses did not support this finding. In conclusion, among autistic adults, specific autistic traits can be associated with reduced striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. However, replication of this finding is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Schalbroeck
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.-P.S.); (T.v.A.)
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Healthcare, 2333 ZZ Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.-F.d.G.-O.); (F.H.P.v.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.-F.d.G.-O.); (F.H.P.v.V.)
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.-P.S.); (T.v.A.)
- Rivierduinen Institute for Mental Healthcare, 2333 ZZ Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.-P.S.); (T.v.A.)
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Floris H. P. van Velden
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (L.-F.d.G.-O.); (F.H.P.v.V.)
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22
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Buhr TJ, Reed CH, Shoeman A, Bauer EE, Valentine RJ, Clark PJ. Corrigendum: The Influence of Moderate Physical Activity on Brain Monoaminergic Responses to Binge-Patterned Alcohol Ingestion in Female Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:780189. [PMID: 34759803 PMCID: PMC8574212 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.780189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.639790.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H Reed
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Allyse Shoeman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ella E Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rudy J Valentine
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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23
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Du CX, Guo Y, Liu J. Lesions of the lateral habenula produce anxiolytic effects in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Res 2021; 43:785-792. [PMID: 34081574 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1935100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of lateral habenula (LHb) lesion on anxiety-like behaviors in parkinsonian rats.Methods: Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by the open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests in control, medial forebrain bundle (MFB)-lesioned, MFB- and LHb-lesioned and MFB-lesioned and LHb sham-lesioned rats, respectively. The levels of extracellular dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were measured by in vivo microdialysis and neurochemistry.Results: Compared to control rats, MFB lesions in rats decreased the percentage of time spent in the central area in the open field test and the percentages of open arm time and open arm entries in the EPM test, indicating the induction of anxiety-like behaviors, and this lesion also decreased the level of extracellular DA in the BLA. Further, rats in the MFB + LHb lesion group showed increased percentage of time spent in the central area and the percentages of open arm time and open arm entries compared to rats in the MFB lesion group, suggesting anxiolytic effects after lesioning the LHb. Neurochemical results found that lesions of the LHb increased the levels of extracellular DA and 5-HT in the BLA in the MFB and LHb lesion groups, whereas NA level was not altered.Discussion: These findings suggest that depletion of DA plays an important role in anxiety-like behaviors, and lesions of the LHb produce anxiolytic responses in MFB-lesioned rats, which are related to increased levels of extracellular DA and 5-HT in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an 3rd Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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24
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Czerwińska K, Poręba R, Gać P. Renalase-A new understanding of its enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity and its implications for future research. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:3-9. [PMID: 34545616 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renalase was first described in 2005 and since then it became an object of scientific interest because of its proposed ability to catalyse circulating neurotransmitters and its promising antihypertensive effects. However, further research on the enzymatic activity of renalase did not confirm these initial findings and yielded that renalase serves to oxidize isomeric forms of β-NAD(P)H and recycle them by forming β-NAD(P)+. Moreover, in contrast to initial assumptions, it is indicated that renalase's enzymatic activity is confined to the cell and that extracellular renalase loses its enzymatic properties. These new reports led scientists to question as to whether renalase, as an enzyme, still has the potential to influence various systemic physiological responses (e.g. blood pressure). It was also put into question whether many physiological discoveries published based on the notion that renalase is secreted into the blood and acts by oxidation of catecholamines can still be considered valid. In this article, we attempt to review the literature to confront these doubts and find further possible directions of research on the importance of renalase. Our aim was to evaluate recent reports of non-enzymatic activity for renalase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Gać
- Department of Hygiene, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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25
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Kolaczynska KE, Thomann J, Hoener MC, Liechti ME. The Pharmacological Profile of Second Generation Pyrovalerone Cathinones and Related Cathinone Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158277. [PMID: 34361040 PMCID: PMC8348686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrovalerone cathinones are potent psychoactive substances that possess a pyrrolidine moiety. Pyrovalerone-type novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are continuously detected but their pharmacology and toxicology are largely unknown. We assessed several pyrovalerone and related cathinone derivatives at the human norepinephrine (NET), dopamine (DAT), and serotonin (SERT) uptake transporters using HEK293 cells overexpressing each respective transporter. We examined the transporter-mediated monoamine efflux in preloaded cells. The receptor binding and activation potency was also assessed at the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors. All pyrovalerone cathinones were potent DAT (IC50 = 0.02-8.7 μM) and NET inhibitors (IC50 = 0.03-4.6 μM), and exhibited no SERT activity at concentrations < 10 μM. None of the compounds induced monoamine efflux. NEH was a potent DAT/NET inhibitor (IC50 = 0.17-0.18 μM). 4F-PBP and NEH exhibited a high selectivity for the DAT (DAT/SERT ratio = 264-356). Extension of the alkyl chain enhanced NET and DAT inhibition potency, while presence of a 3,4-methylenedioxy moiety increased SERT inhibition potency. Most compounds did not exhibit any relevant activity at other monoamine receptors. In conclusion, 4F-PBP and NEH were selective DAT/NET inhibitors indicating that these substances likely produce strong psychostimulant effects and have a high abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E. Kolaczynska
- Division of Psychopharmacology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Jan Thomann
- Division of Psychopharmacology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Marius C. Hoener
- Neuroscience Research, pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias E. Liechti
- Division of Psychopharmacology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (K.E.K.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 41-61-328-68-68
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26
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Huang YJ, Choong LXC, Panyod S, Lin YE, Huang HS, Lu KH, Wu WK, Sheen LY. Gastrodia elata Blume water extract modulates neurotransmitters and alters the gut microbiota in a mild social defeat stress-induced depression mouse model. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5133-5142. [PMID: 34327733 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume has multiple bioactive functions, such as antioxidant and antidepressant activities, immune modulation, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. We previously found that the water extract of G. elata exerts antidepressant-like effects in unpredictable chronic mild stress models and animals exposed to the forced swimming test. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which the water extract of G. elata protects against subchronic- and mild-social defeat-stress-induced dysbiosis. After a 10-day subchronic and mild-social-defeat-stress program, oral treatment with the water extract of G. elata (500 mg/kg bw) resulted in reversal of depression-like behavior. In addition, monoamine analyses showed that the water extract of G. elata normalized the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid:5-HT ratio in the prefrontal cortex and colon and reduced the defeat-stress-induced kynurenine:tryptophan ratio in the colon. After the 10-day subchronic and mild social-defeat-stress program, the water extract of G. elata altered the intestinal microbiome by increasing Actinobacteria levels, modulating intestinal inflammation, and shifting the relative abundances of multiple bacterial groups in the gut. Our results suggest that the water extract of G. elata exhibits a potent antidepressant-like effect via the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission and alteration of gut microbiota composition and function, and that it may be an effective prevention for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Le-Xin Chrystal Choong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huai-Syuan Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Bench, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Wichit P, Thanprasertsuk S, Phokaewvarangkul O, Bhidayasiri R, Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi S. Monoamine Levels and Parkinson's Disease Progression: Evidence From a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:605887. [PMID: 34393700 PMCID: PMC8358115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.605887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with dysfunction of monoamine neurotransmitter systems. We investigated changes in the levels of monoamine and their metabolites in PD patients, together with their association to clinical profiles. PD patients and age-matched control subjects (n = 40 per group) were enrolled. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an electrochemical detector, levels of monoamines (dopamine, DA; norepinephrine, NE; epinephrine, EPI; and serotonin, 5-HT) were measured in plasma, while the metabolites (homovanillic acid, HVA; vanillylmandelic acid, VMA; and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA) were measured in urine. Plasma DA level was not significantly different between PD and control groups. PD patients had significantly higher plasma NE but lower EPI and 5-HT levels. PD patients had a significantly higher HVA/DA ratio and lower VMA/NE ratio than control subjects, while the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was not different between the groups. Regarding the association between monoamine levels and clinical profiles, the DA level had a negative relationship with disease duration and the 5-HT level had a negative relationship with severity of motor impairment. These findings emphasized the involvements of several neurotransmission systems and their association with clinical profiles in PD patients, demonstrated by quantification of monoamine levels in peripheral body fluids. This could benefit appropriate pharmacological treatment planning in respect of monoamine changes and might also help predict subsequent clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsorn Wichit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Physical Therapy, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Bang Phli, Thailand
| | - Sekh Thanprasertsuk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chulalongkorn Cognitive Clinical and Computational Neuroscience Special Task Force Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chula Neuroscience Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onanong Phokaewvarangkul
- Chula Neuroscience Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chula Neuroscience Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease & Related Disorders, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saknan Bongsebandhu-Phubhakdi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chula Neuroscience Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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28
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Wang F, Pan F, Tang Y, Huang JH. Editorial: Early Life Stress-Induced Epigenetic Changes Involved in Mental Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 12:684844. [PMID: 34335692 PMCID: PMC8320347 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, China
| | - Yiyuan Tang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Technological University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States.,Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
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29
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Barateau L, Jaussent I, Roeser J, Ciardiello C, Kilduff TS, Dauvilliers Y. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine levels in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab012. [PMID: 33476396 PMCID: PMC8271127 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Whether the cause of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a direct consequence of the loss of orexin (ORX) neurons or whether low orexin reduces the efficacy of the monoaminergic systems to promote wakefulness is unclear. The neurobiology underlying sleepiness in other central hypersomnolence disorders, narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), is currently unknown. METHODS Eleven biogenic amines including the monoaminergic neurotransmitters and their metabolites and five trace amines were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 94 drug-free subjects evaluated at the French National Reference Center for Narcolepsy: 39 NT1(orexin-deficient) patients, 31 patients with objective sleepiness non orexin-deficient (NT2 and IH), and 24 patients without objective sleepiness. RESULTS Three trace amines were undetectable in the sample: tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine. No significant differences were found among the three groups for quantified monoamines and their metabolites in crude and adjusted models; however, CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels tended to increase in NT1 compared to other patients after adjustment. Most of the biomarkers were not associated with ORX-A levels, clinical or neurophysiological parameters, but a few biomarkers (e.g. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine) correlated with daytime sleepiness and high rapid eye movement (REM) sleep propensity. CONCLUSIONS We found no striking differences among CSF monoamines, their metabolites and trace amine levels, and few associations between them and key clinical or neurophysiological parameters in NT1, NT2/IH, and patients without objective sleepiness. Although mostly negative, these findings are a significant contribution to our understanding of the neurobiology of hypersomnolence in these disorders that remain mysterious and deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Barateau
- Sleep–Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Roeser
- Charles River Laboratories, South San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep–Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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30
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Tamura Y, Takata K, Matsubara K, Kataoka Y. Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34207484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (αGPC) is a precursor of acetylcholine and can increase acetylcholine concentration in the brain. In addition, αGPC has a role in cholinergic function as well as monoaminergic transmission, including dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. These monoaminergic systems are related to feelings and emotions, including motivation, reward processing, anxiety, and depression. However, the precise effects of αGPC on human feelings and emotions remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated changes in the subjective feelings of healthy volunteers using the KOKORO scale before and after administering αGPC. Thirty-nine volunteers participated in a single-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants completed a KOKORO scale test to quantify self-reported emotional states, three times each day for two weeks preceding treatment and then for a further two weeks while self-administering treatment. αGPC treatment show a tendency to increase motivation during the intervention period. Furthermore, motivation at night was significantly higher in the αGPC group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). However, αGPC did not show any effects on anxiety. These data suggest that αGPC can be used to increase motivation in healthy individuals.
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31
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Bradner JM, Kalia V, Lau FK, Sharma M, Bucher ML, Johnson M, Chen M, Walker DI, Jones DP, Miller GW. Genetic or Toxicant-Induced Disruption of Vesicular Monoamine Storage and Global Metabolic Profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:313-324. [PMID: 33538833 PMCID: PMC8041460 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper storage and release of monoamines contributes to a wide range of neuronal activity. Here, we examine the effects of altered vesicular monoamine transport in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The gene cat-1 is responsible for the encoding of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) in C. elegans and is analogous to the mammalian vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Our laboratory has previously shown that reduced VMAT2 activity confers vulnerability on catecholamine neurons in mice. The purpose of this article was to determine whether this function is conserved and to determine the impact of reduced VMAT activity in C. elegans. Here we show that deletion of cat-1/VMAT increases sensitivity to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as measured by enhanced degeneration of dopamine neurons. Reduced cat-1/VMAT also induces changes in dopamine-mediated behaviors. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the whole organism reveals changes in amino acid metabolism, including tyrosine metabolism in the cat-1/VMAT mutants. Treatment with MPP+ disrupted tryptophan metabolism. Both conditions altered glycerophospholipid metabolism, suggesting a convergent pathway of neuronal dysfunction. Our results demonstrate the evolutionarily conserved nature of monoamine function in C. elegans and further suggest that high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics can be used in this model to study environmental and genetic contributors to complex human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Fion K Lau
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Merry Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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32
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Adefegha SA, Dada FA, Oyeleye SI, Oboh G. Effects of berberine on cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and antioxidant status in the brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:389-397. [PMID: 33725758 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several studies had been conducted to examine the link between diabetes and diabetes encephalopathy. This study was conducted to examine the potency of berberine (BER) on the restoration of impaired neurochemicals in the brain of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. METHODS Fifty-six (56) adult rats weighing between 200 and 230 g were randomly divided into seven groups (n=8) as follows; Group I is normal control; Groups II and III were normal rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively; Group IV-VII were STZ-induced rats, but Groups V-VII were treated with acarbose (25 mg/kg), 50 and 100 mg/kg of BER, respectively. RESULTS The result of the study showed that untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats have increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and malonylaldehyde (MDA) level, with concomitant decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and glutathione (GSH) level. However, daily treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg BER and ACA significantly reversed these effects. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study clearly indicated that BER possesses neuro-protective and antioxidative potentials and normalize neurochemical impairment distort by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Adefegha
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Felix A Dada
- Science Laboratory Technology Department (Biochemistry Unit), Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday I Oyeleye
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Research Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Buhr TJ, Reed CH, Shoeman A, Bauer EE, Valentine RJ, Clark PJ. The Influence of Moderate Physical Activity on Brain Monoaminergic Responses to Binge-Patterned Alcohol Ingestion in Female Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:639790. [PMID: 33716684 PMCID: PMC7947191 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.639790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitter activity in brain reward, limbic, and motor areas play key roles in the motivation to misuse alcohol and can become modified by exercise in a manner that may affect alcohol craving. This study investigated the influence of daily moderate physical activity on monoamine-related neurochemical concentrations across the mouse brain in response to high volume ethanol ingestion. Adult female C57BL/6J mice were housed with or without 2.5 h of daily access to running wheels for 30 days. On the last 5 days, mice participated in the voluntary binge-like ethanol drinking procedure, “Drinking in the dark” (DID). Mice were sampled immediately following the final episode of DID. Monoamine-related neurochemical concentrations were measured across brain regions comprising reward, limbic, and motor circuits using ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The results suggest that physical activity status did not influence ethanol ingestion during DID. Moreover, daily running wheel access only mildly influenced alcohol-related norepinephrine concentrations in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex, as well as serotonin turnover in the hippocampus. However, access to alcohol during DID eliminated wheel running-related decreases of norepinephrine, serotonin, and 5-HIAA content in the hypothalamus, but also to a lesser extent for norepinephrine in the hippocampus and caudal cortical areas. Finally, alcohol access increased serotonin and dopamine-related neurochemical turnover in the striatum and brainstem areas, regardless of physical activity status. Together, these data provide a relatively thorough assessment of monoamine-related neurochemical levels across the brain in response to voluntary binge-patterned ethanol drinking, but also adds to a growing body of research questioning the utility of moderate physical activity as an intervention to curb alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Buhr
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carter H Reed
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Allyse Shoeman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ella E Bauer
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rudy J Valentine
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peter J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Bruno A, Dolcetti E, Rizzo FR, Fresegna D, Musella A, Gentile A, De Vito F, Caioli S, Guadalupi L, Bullitta S, Vanni V, Balletta S, Sanna K, Buttari F, Stampanoni Bassi M, Centonze D, Mandolesi G. Corrigendum: Inflammation-Associated Synaptic Alterations as Shared Threads in Depression and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:647259. [PMID: 33574741 PMCID: PMC7871045 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.647259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00169.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bruno
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca De Vito
- Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Diego Centonze
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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35
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Van Damme S, De Fruyt N, Watteyne J, Kenis S, Peymen K, Schoofs L, Beets I. Neuromodulatory pathways in learning and memory: Lessons from invertebrates. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12911. [PMID: 33350018 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In an ever-changing environment, animals have to continuously adapt their behaviour. The ability to learn from experience is crucial for animals to increase their chances of survival. It is therefore not surprising that learning and memory evolved early in evolution and are mediated by conserved molecular mechanisms. A broad range of neuromodulators, in particular monoamines and neuropeptides, have been found to influence learning and memory, although our knowledge on their modulatory functions in learning circuits remains fragmentary. Many neuromodulatory systems are evolutionarily ancient and well-conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. Here, we highlight general principles and mechanistic insights concerning the actions of monoamines and neuropeptides in learning circuits that have emerged from invertebrate studies. Diverse neuromodulators have been shown to influence learning and memory in invertebrates, which can have divergent or convergent actions at different spatiotemporal scales. In addition, neuromodulators can regulate learning dependent on internal and external states, such as food and social context. The strong conservation of neuromodulatory systems, the extensive toolkit and the compact learning circuits in invertebrate models make these powerful systems to further deepen our understanding of neuromodulatory pathways involved in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Van Damme
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan De Fruyt
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Watteyne
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Peymen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Qi Y, Zhang H, Liang S, Chen J, Yan X, Duan Z, Zhou D, Li Z. Evaluation of the Antidepressant Effect of the Functional Beverage Containing Active Peptides, Menthol and Eleutheroside and Investigation of Its Mechanism of Action in Mice. Food Technol Biotechnol 2020; 58:295-302. [PMID: 33281485 PMCID: PMC7709459 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.58.03.20.6568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background Depression has become a global threat to human health. In order to solve it, researchers have conducted multi-faceted studies including diet. Many food-derived bioactive substances have shown antidepressant effects. However, there are few studies on the design of industrialized food with antidepressant effect. This study aims to evaluate the antidepressant effect of a functional beverage made from several ingredients with potential antidepressant function and investigate its antidepressant mechanisms. Experimental approach The beverage consists of peppermint oil, active peptides derived from bovine milk casein and Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) whose active ingredient is eleutheroside. Different amounts of ASE were evaluated to determine the optimal concentration of eleutheroside in this functional beverage to deliver the best antidepressant effect through extensive behavioral testing, including preliminary acute stress experiments and further chronic unpredictable mild stress test. Results and conclusions The results demonstrated that the beverage with 15 mg/kg of eleutheroside could significantly reduce the mice’s immobility time of tail suspension test and forced swimming test, recover mice’s sucrose preference and behavior changes in the open field test, improve the contents of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the activity of superoxide dismutase and reduce the content of malondialdehyde in mice’s brains, which indicated that the improvement of monoamine neurotransmitter systems and antioxidation was one potential mechanism of antidepressant action. Novelty and scientific contribution This study provides a design of antidepressant functional beverage and an efficient way for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, 2510 River Dr, TN 37996 Knoxville, USA
| | - Xiaoni Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Zhouyu Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Deyang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, 712100 Yangling, PR China
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Abstract
Stress exposure represents a major environmental risk factor for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, as it plays a pivotal role in the etiology as well as in the manifestation of disease symptomatology. It may be inferred that pharmacological treatments must be able to modulate the behavioral, functional, and molecular alterations produced by stress exposure to achieve significant clinical outcomes. This review aims at examining existing clinical and preclinical evidence that supports the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) to modulate stress-related alterations. Indeed, while the pharmacodynamic differences between AAPDs have been extensively characterized, less is known on their ability to regulate downstream mechanisms that are critical for functional recovery and patient stabilization. We will discuss stress-related mechanisms, spanning from neuroendocrine function to inflammation and neuronal plasticity, which are relevant for the manifestation of schizophrenic symptomatology, and we will discuss if and how AAPDs may interfere with such mechanisms. Considering the impact of stress in everyday life, we believe that a better understanding of the potential effects of AAPDs on stress-related mechanisms may provide novel and important insights for improving therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting coping mechanisms and enhancing the quality of life of patients affected by psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco A. Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Jeong GS, Kaipakasseri S, Lee SR, Marraiki N, Batiha GES, Dev S, Palakkathondi A, Kavully FS, Gambacorta N, Nicolotti O, Mathew B, Kim H. Selected 1,3-Benzodioxine-Containing Chalcones as Multipotent Oxidase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2257-2263. [PMID: 32924264 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones are considered effective templates for the development of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors. The present work describes the syntheses of selected 1,3-benzodioxine-containing chalcones (CD3, CD8 and CD10), and their inhibitory activities against MAO-A, MAO-B, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Compound CD8 most potently inhibited MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.026 μM, followed by CD10 and CD3 (1.54 and 1.68 μM, respectively). CD8 potently and non-selectively inhibited MAO-A (IC50 value of 0.023 μM). On the other hand, CD10 and CD8 inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 5.40 and 9.57 μM, respectively. Kinetics and reversibility experiments showed that all synthesized molecules were competitive and reversible inhibitors, and the Ki values of CD8 for MAO-A and MAO-B were 0.018 and 0.0019 μM, respectively. By in vitro and in silico analyses, all compounds were found to have high passive human gastrointestinal absorptions, blood-brain barrier permeabilities, and non-toxicities. Molecular docking simulations revealed that docking affinity of each compound for MAO-B was higher than that for MAO-A. The results indicate that CD8 is a potent non-selective MAO inhibitor, and CD10 is an effective selective MAO-B inhibitor, and both possess AChE inhibitory activity. Therefore, we suggest that CD8 and CD10 be considered potential dual-targeting inhibitors of MAO and AChE for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum Seok Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Swafvan Kaipakasseri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, India
| | - Sang Ryong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Al-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Sanal Dev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, India
| | - Ashique Palakkathondi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, India
| | - Fathima Sahla Kavully
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Shifa College of Pharmacy, Perinthalmanna, India
| | - Nicola Gambacorta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Health Science Campus, Kochi-682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
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Sugiyama E, Sugiura Y. [ Monoamine Mapping Using Mass Spectrometry Identified New Monoamine-rich Brain Nuclei]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:979-983. [PMID: 32741871 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitters are released by specialized neurons that regulate behavioral and cognitive functions. Although localization of monoaminergic neurons in the brain is well known, the distribution, concentration, and kinetics of monoamines remain unclear. We used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for simultaneous and quantitative imaging of endogenous monoamines to generate a murine brain atlas of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) levels. We observed several nuclei rich in both 5-HT and a catecholamine (DA or NE). Additionally, we analyzed de novo monoamine synthesis or fluctuations in those nuclei. We propose that MSI is a useful tool to gain deeper understanding of associations among the localization, levels, and turnover of monoamines in different brain areas and their role in inducing behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine
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40
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De Gregorio D, Dean Conway J, Canul ML, Posa L, Bambico FR, Gobbi G. Effects of chronic exposure to low doses of Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence and adulthood on serotonin/norepinephrine neurotransmission and emotional behaviors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:pyaa058. [PMID: 32725198 PMCID: PMC7745253 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main cannabis pharmacological component, during adolescence has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression and suicidality in humans. AIMS Little is known about the impact of the long-term effects of chronic exposure to low doses of THC in adolescent compared to adult rodents. METHODS THC (1mg/kg i.p., once a day) or vehicle was administered for 20 days in both adolescent (post-natal day, PND 30-50) and young adult rats (PND 50-70). After a long washout period (20 days), several behavioral paradigms and electrophysiological recordings of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) neurons were carried out. RESULTS Adolescent THC exposure resulted in depressive lbehaviors: a significant decrease in latency to first immobility in the forced swim test, increased anhedonia in the sucrose preference test. Decrease entries in the open arm were observed in the elevated plus maze after adolescent and adult exposure, indicating anxiousphenotype. A significant reduction in dorsal raphe serotonergic neural activity without changing locus coeruleus noradrenergic neural activity was found in THC adolescent and adult exposure. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings suggest that low doses of chronic THC exposure during the developmental period and adulthood could result in increased vulnerability of the 5-HT system and anxiety symptoms; however, depressive phenotypes occur only after adolescent, but not adult exposure, underscoring the higher vulnerability of young ages to the mental effects of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo De Gregorio
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joshua Dean Conway
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Martha-Lopez Canul
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luca Posa
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodriguez Bambico
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Behavioral Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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41
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González-Pardo H, Arias JL, Gómez-Lázaro E, López Taboada I, Conejo NM. Sex-Specific Effects of Early Life Stress on Brain Mitochondrial Function, Monoamine Levels and Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070447. [PMID: 32674298 PMCID: PMC7408325 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been reported in the susceptibility to early life stress and its neurobiological correlates in humans and experimental animals. However, most of the current research with animal models of early stress has been performed mainly in males. In the present study, prolonged maternal separation (MS) paradigm was applied as an animal model to resemble the effects of adverse early experiences in male and female rats. Regional brain mitochondrial function, monoaminergic activity, and neuroinflammation were evaluated as adults. Mitochondrial energy metabolism was greatly decreased in MS females as compared with MS males in the prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and the nucleus accumbens shell. In addition, MS males had lower serotonin levels and increased serotonin turnover in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. However, MS females showed increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex and increased norepinephrine turnover in the striatum, but decreased dopamine turnover in the hippocampus. Sex differences were also found for pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, with increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of MS males, and increased IL-6 levels in the striatum of MS females. These results evidence the complex sex- and brain region-specific long-term consequences of early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; (H.G.-P.); (J.L.A.); (I.L.T.)
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; (H.G.-P.); (J.L.A.); (I.L.T.)
| | - Eneritz Gómez-Lázaro
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, Avda. Tolosa 70, s/n E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Isabel López Taboada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; (H.G.-P.); (J.L.A.); (I.L.T.)
| | - Nélida M. Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n E-33003 Oviedo, Spain; (H.G.-P.); (J.L.A.); (I.L.T.)
- Correspondence:
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42
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Bruno A, Dolcetti E, Rizzo FR, Fresegna D, Musella A, Gentile A, De Vito F, Caioli S, Guadalupi L, Bullitta S, Vanni V, Balletta S, Sanna K, Buttari F, Stampanoni Bassi M, Centonze D, Mandolesi G. Inflammation-Associated Synaptic Alterations as Shared Threads in Depression and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:169. [PMID: 32655374 PMCID: PMC7324636 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years, several theories have been advanced to explain the pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a neuropsychiatric disease that causes disability in general population. Several theories have been proposed to define the MDD pathophysiology such as the classic "monoamine-theory" or the "glutamate hypothesis." All these theories have been recently integrated by evidence highlighting inflammation as a pivotal player in developing depressive symptoms. Proinflammatory cytokines have been indeed claimed to contribute to stress-induced mood disturbances and to major depression, indicating a widespread role of classical mediators of inflammation in emotional control. Moreover, during systemic inflammatory diseases, peripherally released cytokines circulate in the blood, reach the brain and cause anxiety, anhedonia, social withdrawal, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. Accordingly, chronic inflammatory disorders, such as the inflammatory autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), have been associated to higher risk of MDD, in comparison with overall population. Importantly, in both MS patients and in its experimental mouse model, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), the notion that depressive symptoms are reactive epiphenomenon to the MS pathology has been recently challenged by the evidence of their early manifestation, even before the onset of the disease. Furthermore, in association to such mood disturbance, inflammatory-dependent synaptic dysfunctions in several areas of MS/EAE brain have been observed independently of brain lesions and demyelination. This evidence suggests that a fine interplay between the immune and nervous systems can have a huge impact on several neurological functions, including depressive symptoms, in different pathological conditions. The aim of the present review is to shed light on common traits between MDD and MS, by looking at inflammatory-dependent synaptic alterations associated with depression in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bruno
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca De Vito
- Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Diego Centonze
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Mediterranean Neurological Institute IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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43
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Branco RC, Burkett JP, Black CA, Winokur E, Elsworth W, Dhamsania RK, Lohr KM, Schroeder JP, Weinshenker D, Jovanovic T, Miller GW. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mediates fear behavior in mice. Genes Brain Behav 2020; 19:e12634. [PMID: 31898856 PMCID: PMC8170828 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A subset of people exposed to a traumatic event develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is associated with dysregulated fear behavior. Genetic variation in SLC18A2, the gene that encodes vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), has been reported to affect risk for the development of PTSD in humans. Here, we use transgenic mice that express either 5% (VMAT2-LO mice) or 200% (VMAT2-HI mice) of wild-type levels of VMAT2 protein. We report that VMAT2-LO mice have reduced VMAT2 protein in the hippocampus and amygdala, impaired monoaminergic vesicular storage capacity in both the striatum and frontal cortex, decreased monoamine metabolite abundance and a greatly reduced capacity to release dopamine upon stimulation. Furthermore, VMAT2-LO mice showed exaggerated cued and contextual fear expression, altered fear habituation, inability to discriminate threat from safety cues, altered startle response compared with wild-type mice and an anxiogenic-like phenotype, but displayed no deficits in social function. By contrast, VMAT2-HI mice exhibited increased VMAT2 protein throughout the brain, higher vesicular storage capacity and greater dopamine release upon stimulation compared with wild-type controls. Behaviorally, VMAT2-HI mice were similar to wild-type mice in most assays, with some evidence of a reduced anxiety-like responses. Together, these data show that presynaptic monoamine function mediates PTSD-like outcomes in our mouse model, and suggest a causal link between reduced VMAT2 expression and fear behavior, consistent with the correlational relationship between VMAT2 genotype and PTSD risk in humans. Targeting this system is a potential strategy for the development of pharmacotherapies for disorders like PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Branco
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James P. Burkett
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carlie A. Black
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Winokur
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William Elsworth
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rohan K. Dhamsania
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly M. Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason P. Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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44
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Francisco A, Engel DF, Figueira TR, Rogério F, de Bem AF, Castilho RF. Mitochondrial NAD(P) + Transhydrogenase is Unevenly Distributed in Different Brain Regions, and its Loss Causes Depressive-like Behavior and Motor Dysfunction in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 440:210-229. [PMID: 32497756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) links redox states of the mitochondrial NAD(H) and NADP(H) via a reaction coupled to proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NNT is believed to be ubiquitously present in mammalian cells, but its expression may vary substantially in different tissues. The present study investigated the tissue distribution and possible roles of NNT in the mouse brain. The pons exhibited high NNT expression/activity, and immunohistochemistry revealed intense NNT labeling in neurons from brainstem nuclei. In some of these regions, neuronal NNT labeling was strongly colocalized with enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and nitric oxide (NO), which directly or indirectly require NADPH. Behavioral tests were performed in mice lacking NNT activity (Nnt-/-, mice carrying the mutated NntC57BL/6J allele from the C57BL/6J strain) and the Nnt+/+ controls. Our data demonstrated that aged Nnt-/- mice (18-20 months old), but not adult mice (3-4 months old), showed an increased immobility time in the tail suspension test that was reversed by fluoxetine treatment, providing evidence of depressive-like behavior in these mice. Aged Nnt-/- mice also exhibited behavioral changes and impaired locomotor activity in the open field and rotarod tests. Despite the colocalization between NNT and NO synthase, the S-nitrosation and cGMP levels were independent of the Nnt genotype. Taken together, our results indicated that NNT is unevenly distributed throughout the brain and associated with 5-THergic and NOergic neurons. The lack of NNT led to alterations in brain functions related to mood and motor behavior/performance in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daiane F Engel
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rogério
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Department of Physiological Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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45
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Choe WH, Lee KA, Goto Y, Lee YA. Concurrent and Delayed Behavioral and Monoamine Alterations by Excessive Sucrose Intake in Juvenile Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:504. [PMID: 32508582 PMCID: PMC7248345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our daily diet in the modern society has substantially changed from that in the ancient past. Consequently, new disorders associated with such dietary changes have emerged. For instance, excessive intake of compounds, such as sucrose (SUC), has recently been reported to induce pathological neuronal changes in adults, such as food addiction. It is still largely unclear whether and how excessive intake of such nutrients affects neurodevelopment. We investigated changes in behavior and monoamine signaling caused by excessive, semi-chronic intake of SUC and the non-caloric sweetener saccharin (SAC) in juvenile mice, using a battery of behavioral tests and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both SUC and SAC intake induced behavioral alterations such as altered amphetamine responses, sucrose preference, stress response, and anxiety, but did not affect social behavior and cognitive function such as attention in juvenile and adult mice. Moreover, SUC and SAC also altered dopamine and serotonin transmission in mesocorticolimbic regions. Some of these behavioral and neural alterations were triggered by SAC and SUC but others were distinct between the treatments. Moreover, alterations induced in juvenile mice were also different from those observed in adult mice. These results suggest that excessive SUC and SAC intake during the juvenile period may cause concurrent and delayed behavioral and monoamine signaling alterations in juvenile and adult mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hui Choe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Kyung-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yukiori Goto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young-A Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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46
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Ilic M, Holy M, Jaentsch K, Liechti ME, Lubec G, Baumann MH, Sitte HH, Luethi D. Cell-Based Radiotracer Binding and Uptake Inhibition Assays: A Comparison of In Vitro Methods to Assess the Potency of Drugs That Target Monoamine Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:673. [PMID: 32508638 PMCID: PMC7248194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High-affinity monoamine transporters are targets for prescribed medications and stimulant drugs of abuse. Therefore, assessing monoamine transporter activity for candidate medications and newly-emerging drugs of abuse provides essential information for industry, academia, and public health. Radiotracer binding and uptake inhibition are the gold standard assays for determining drug–transporter interaction profiles. The combined results from such assays yield a unique biochemical fingerprint for each compound. Over time, different assay methods have been developed to assess transporter activity, and the comparability of data across various assay platforms remains largely unclear. Here, we compare the effects of six well-established stimulants in two different cell-based uptake inhibition assays, one method using adherent cells and the other using suspended cells. Furthermore, we compare the data from transfected cell lines derived from different laboratories and data reported from rat synaptosomes. For transporter inhibitors, IC50 values obtained by the two experimental methods were comparable, but using different transfected cell lines yielded disparate results. For transporter substrates, differences between the two cell lines were less pronounced but the drugs displayed different inhibition potencies when evaluated by the two methods. Our study illustrates the inherent limitations when comparing transporter inhibition data from different laboratories and stresses the importance of including appropriate control experiments with reference compounds when investigating new drugs of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ilic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marion Holy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Jaentsch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gert Lubec
- Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dino Luethi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Mohammed DAE, Ahmed RR, Ahmed RG. Maternal lithium chloride exposure alters the neuroendocrine-cytokine axis in neonatal albino rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:123-138. [PMID: 31994228 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to clarify whether maternal lithium chloride (LiCl) exposure disrupts the neonatal neuroendocrine-cytokine axis. Pregnant Wistar rats were orally administrated 50 mg LiCl/kg b.wt. from gestational day (GD) 1 to postpartum day 28. Maternal administration of LiCl induced a hypothyroid state in both dams and their neonates compared to the control dams and neonates at lactation days (LDs) 14, 21 and 28, where the levels of serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxin (FT4) were decreased and the level of serum thyrotropin (TSH) level was increased. A noticeable depression in maternal body weight gain, neonatal body weight and neonatal serum growth hormone (GH) was observed on all examined postnatal days (PNDs; 14, 21 and 28). A single abortion case was recorded at GD 17, and three dead neonates were noted at birth in the LiCl-treated group. Maternal administration of LiCl disturbed the levels of neonatal serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), leptin, adiponectin and resistin at all tested PNDs compared to the control group. This administration produced a stimulatory action on the level of neonatal cerebral serotonin (5-HT) at PND 14 and on the level of neonatal cerebral norepinephrine (NE) at PNDs 21 and 28. However, this administration produced an inhibitory action on the level of neonatal cerebral dopamine (DA) at all examined PNDs and on the level of neonatal cerebral NE at PND 14 and the level of neonatal cerebral 5-HT at PNDs 21 and 28 compared to the corresponding control group. Thus, maternal LiCl exposure-induced hypothyroidism disrupts the neonatal neuroendocrine-cytokine system, which delay cerebral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena A-E Mohammed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - R G Ahmed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Beijing University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Psychology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Roger C Ho
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Center, Temple, TX, United States.,Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, United States
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49
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Takada T, Yoneda N, Hirano T, Onaru K, Mantani Y, Yokoyama T, Kitagawa H, Tabuchi Y, Nimako C, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y, Hoshi N. Combined exposure to dinotefuran and chronic mild stress counteracts the change of the emotional and monoaminergic neuronal activity induced by either exposure singly despite corticosterone elevation in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:350-359. [PMID: 31983702 PMCID: PMC7118473 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinotefuran (DIN) belongs to the neonicotinoids (NNs), a class of globally applied pesticides originally developed to exhibit selective toxicity in insects. However, several reports have
suggested that NNs also exert neurotoxic effects in mammals. We previously demonstrated neurobehavioral effects of DIN on mice under non-stressful conditions. For further toxicity
assessments in the present study, we investigated the effects of DIN on mice exposed to stressful conditions. After subacutely administering a no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) dose of DIN
and/or chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to mice, we conducted three behavioral tests (i.e., open field test [OFT], tail suspension test [TST] and forced swimming
test [FST]). In addition, serotonin (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) of the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) and median raphe nuclei (MRN) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) of the ventral
tegmental area and substantia nigra (SN) were evaluated immunohistochemically. A NOEL dose of DIN or CUMS alone increased of the total distance in OFT, decreased or increased the immobility
time in TST or FST, respectively, and increased the positive intensity of 5-HT and TPH2 in the DRN/MRN, and TH in the SN. These changes were suppressed under the conditions of combined
exposure to DIN and CUMS, though the blood corticosterone level was increased depending on the blood DIN values and the presence of CUMS. The present study suggests the multifaceted toxicity
of the neurotoxin DIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Takada
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoneda
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hirano
- Division of Drug and Structural Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kanoko Onaru
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Youhei Mantani
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Collins Nimako
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Hosny EN, El-Gizawy MM, Sawie HG, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Khadrawy YA. Neuroprotective Effect of Ashwagandha Extract against the Neurochemical Changes Induced in Rat Model of Hypothyroidism. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:72-91. [PMID: 31958022 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1713959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current aim is to evaluate the effect of ashwagandha root extract (AE) on the neurochemical changes induced in the cortex and hippocampus as a consequence of thyroid dysfunction induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). Male Wistar rats were divided into; control, AE treated rats, rat model of hypothyroidism and rat model of hypothyroidism treated with either AE or L-thyroxine (T4) for 1 month. Rat model of hypothyroidism showed a significant decrease in serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and T4 and a significant increase in cortical and hippocampal lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). However, reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly. This was associated with a significant increase in hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cortical dopamine levels. Both L-thyroxine and AE restored T3 and T4 levels. In the hippocampus L-Thyroxine prevented the increase in MDA and restored GSH but failed to restore the increased NO and TNF-α. In the cortex L-thyroxine didn't change the increased MDA and NO and the decreased GSH induced by PTU. L-thyroxine increased cortical and hippocampal SOD and CAT. AE prevented the increased hippocampal MDA, NO and TNF-α and the decreased GSH level induced by PTU. In the cortex AE failed to restore MDA and NO but prevented the decrease in GSH. The increase in cortical dopamine level induced by PTU was ameliorated by L-thyroxine and improved by AE. The present data indicate that AE could prevent thyroid dysfunction and reduce its complications on the nervous system including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mayada M El-Gizawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled G Abdel-Wahhab
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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