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Gill R, Wang Q, Takaku-Pugh S, Lytle E, Wang M, Bennett DH, Park J, Petreas M. Trends in flame retardant levels in upholstered furniture and children's consumer products after regulatory action in California. Chemosphere 2024; 351:141152. [PMID: 38218243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
In 2013, California revised its upholstered furniture flammability standard TB 117-2013 to improve fire safety without the need for flame retardant (FR) chemicals. Subsequent legislation (SB 1019) required disclosure of FR content. In 2020 California expanded restriction on FR chemicals to include juvenile products and upholstered furniture (AB 2998). To monitor trends in FR use, and assess the effectiveness of the new regulations, we analyzed 346 samples from upholstered furniture (n = 270) and children's consumer products (n = 76), collected pre- and post-regulatory intervention for added FR chemicals (i.e., ∑FR > 1000 mg/kg). Upholstered furniture samples, collected from products before enactment of the new regulations, had a median FR concentration of 41,600 mg/kg (range: 1360-92,900 mg/kg), with 100% of the foam samples and 13.7% of the textile samples containing ∑FR > 1000 mg/kg. Firemaster formulations (FM 550 and FM 600), a mixture of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and a mixture of isopropyl- or tert-butyl-triphenyl phosphates (ITPs or TBPPs), were the most frequently detected FR (34%), followed by tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP; 25%), TPHP with a mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153 and 154; 20%) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP; 11%). Upholstered furniture components collected after enactment of the new legislation had a median FR concentration of 2600 mg/kg (range: 1160-49,800 mg/kg, outlier sample 282,200 mg/kg), with 11.9% of the foam samples and no textile samples containing ∑FR > 1000 mg/kg. Of these samples, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most frequently detected FR (55%), followed by TDCIPP (30%) and Firemaster (FM 550, 15%). No PBDEs were detected in the post-regulatory intervention products. Our initial work on children's products showed 15% of the samples contained ∑FR > 1000 mg/kg. In our post- AB 2998 work, no regulated children's product components failed compliance (i.e., ∑FR > 1000 mg/kg). The data confirm successful adoption of the new regulations with most samples in compliance, demonstrating the efficacy of regulatory intervention. Given these results, environmental FR exposure is expected to decrease as older FR treated consumer products are replaced with FR free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gill
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States.
| | - Q Wang
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
| | - S Takaku-Pugh
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
| | - E Lytle
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
| | - M Wang
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
| | - D H Bennett
- University of California, Davis, Department of Public Health Sciences, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - J Park
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States; University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - M Petreas
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States
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Foster SA, Kile ML, Hystad P, Diamond ML, Jantunen LM, Mandhane PJ, Moraes TJ, Navaranjan G, Scott JA, Simons E, Subbarao P, Takaro TK, Turvey SE, Brook JR. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in house dust and mental health outcomes among Canadian mothers: A nested prospective cohort study in CHILD. Environ Res 2024; 240:117451. [PMID: 37871788 PMCID: PMC10841641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) are common exposures in modern built environments. Toxicological models report that some OPEs reduce dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Deficiencies in these neurotransmitters are associated with anxiety and depression. We hypothesized that exposure to higher concentrations of OPEs in house dust would be associated with a greater risk of depression and stress in mothers across the prenatal and postpartum periods. We conducted a nested prospective cohort study using data collected on mothers (n = 718) in the CHILD Cohort Study, a longitudinal multi-city Canadian birth cohort (2008-2012). OPEs were measured in house dust sampled at 3-4 months postpartum. Maternal depression and stress were measured at 18 and 36 weeks gestation and 6 months and 1 year postpartum using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale (CES-D) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). We used linear mixed models to examine the association between a summed Z-Score OPE index and continuous depression and stress scores. In adjusted models, one standard deviation increase in the OPE Z-score index was associated with a 0.07-point (95% CI: 0.01, 0.13) increase in PSS score. OPEs were not associated with log-transformed CES-D (β: 0.63%, 95% CI: -0.18%, 1.46%). The effect of OPEs on PSS score was strongest at 36 weeks gestation and weakest at 1 year postpartum. We observed small increases in maternal perceived stress levels, but not depression, with increasing OPEs measured in house dust during the prenatal and early postpartum period in this cohort of Canadian women. Given the prevalence of prenatal and postpartum anxiety and the ubiquity of OPE exposures, additional research is warranted to understand if these chemicals affect maternal mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Foster
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Molly L Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Health, Oregon State University, 160 SW 26th St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Suite 410, Fourth Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 1P5, Canada.
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Government of Canada, Canada.
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Black Wing Room 1436, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Garthika Navaranjan
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Sixth Floor, Toronto, ON, MST 3M7, Canada.
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Sixth Floor, Toronto, ON, MST 3M7, Canada.
| | - Elinor Simons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, 840 Sherbrook Street, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada.
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Black Wing Room 1436, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Sixth Floor, Toronto, ON, MST 3M7, Canada.
| | - Tim K Takaro
- Department of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Blusson Hall, Room 11300, Burnaby, B.C, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Pediatric Immunology, The University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Sixth Floor, Toronto, ON, MST 3M7, Canada.
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Newell AJ, Patisaul HB. Developmental organophosphate flame retardant exposure disrupts adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Wistar rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:104-114. [PMID: 37783313 PMCID: PMC10842265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) contamination is ubiquitous and bio-monitoring studies have shown that human exposure is widespread and may be unavoidable. OPFRs bear structural similarities to known neurotoxicants such as organophosphate insecticides and have been shown to have both endocrine disrupting and developmental neurotoxic effects. The perinatal period in rodents represents a critical period in the organization of the developing nervous system and insults during this time can impart profound changes on the trajectory of neural development and function, lasting into adulthood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) facilitates dentate gyrus function and broader hippocampal circuit activity in adults; however, the neurogenic potential of this process in adulthood is vulnerable to disruption by exogenous factors during early life. We sought to assess the impact of OPFRs on AHN in offspring of dams exposed during gestation and lactation. Results indicate that developmental OPFR exposure has significant, sex specific impacts on multiple markers of AHN in the dentate gyrus of rats. In males, OPFR exposure significantly reduced the number of neural progenitors the number of new/immature neurons and reduced dentate gyrus volume. In females, exposure increased the number of neural progenitors, decreased the number of new/immature neurons, but had no significant effect on dentate gyrus volume. These results further elucidate the developmental neurotoxic properties of OPFRs, emphasize the long-term impact of early life OPFR exposure on neural processes, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in neurotoxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Cheng FJ, Wang CH, Pan HY, Chen CC, Huang WT, Li SH, Wang LJ, Wang CC, Lee WC, Tsai KF, Ou YC, Kung CT. Levels of organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites among 391 volunteers in Taiwan: difference between adults and children. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1186561. [PMID: 37711251 PMCID: PMC10499440 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The compositions and concentrations of different OPFRs metabolites vary in different environments depending on different human activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of different age groups to OPFRs in Taiwan. Methods Volunteers provided urine samples and responded to questionnaires including demographic factors, underlying disease, lifestyle information, and occupation from October 2021 to January 2022. OPFR measurements were performed using a Waters Acquity Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography system coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-XS mass spectrometer. Results A total of 391 volunteers (74 children and 317 adults) were enrolled in this study. The concentrations (presented as μg/g creatinine) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP, p = 0.029) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP, p = 0.008) were higher in the adult group, while the concentrations of bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP, p = 0.024), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, p < 0.001), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP, p = 0.009), and Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP, p = 0.007) were higher in the child group. Compared with school age children (>6 years), the concentration of di(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP, 1.14 vs. 0.20 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.001), DPHP (1.23 vs. 0.54 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.036), TBEP (1.63 vs. 0.29 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001), and the sum of OPFR metabolites (ΣOPFRs, 6.58 vs. 2.04 μg/g creatinine, p < 0.001) were statistically higher in preschool-aged children. After adjusting for confounding factors, pre-school age [odds ratio (OR): 4.579, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.389-13.115] and current smoker (OR: 5.328, 95%CI: 1.858-14.955) were independently associated with the risk of ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile. Conclusion This study revealed the distribution of different OPFRs metabolites in children and adults. DBEP, DPHP, TBEP, and ΣOPFR were higher in preschool-aged children. Pre-school age and current smoking status were independent risk factors for ΣOPFRs higher than 90 percentile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hwa Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yung Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Section of Neonatology, Pediatrics Department, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Newell AJ, Jima D, Reading B, Patisaul HB. Machine learning reveals common transcriptomic signatures across rat brain and placenta following developmental organophosphate ester exposure. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:103-122. [PMID: 37399109 PMCID: PMC10695431 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicogenomics is a critical area of inquiry for hazard identification and to identify both mechanisms of action and potential markers of exposure to toxic compounds. However, data generated by these experiments are highly dimensional and present challenges to standard statistical approaches, requiring strict correction for multiple comparisons. This stringency often fails to detect meaningful changes to low expression genes and/or eliminate genes with small but consistent changes particularly in tissues where slight changes in expression can have important functional differences, such as brain. Machine learning offers an alternative analytical approach for "omics" data that effectively sidesteps the challenges of analyzing highly dimensional data. Using 3 rat RNA transcriptome sets, we utilized an ensemble machine learning approach to predict developmental exposure to a mixture of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in brain (newborn cortex and day 10 hippocampus) and late gestation placenta of male and female rats, and identified genes that informed predictor performance. OPE exposure had sex specific effects on hippocampal transcriptome, and significantly impacted genes associated with mitochondrial transcriptional regulation and cation transport in females, including voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels and subunits. To establish if this holds for other tissues, RNAseq data from cortex and placenta, both previously published and analyzed via a more traditional pipeline, were reanalyzed with the ensemble machine learning methodology. Significant enrichment for pathways of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain was found, suggesting a transcriptomic signature of OPE exposure impacting mitochondrial metabolism across tissue types and developmental epoch. Here we show how machine learning can complement more traditional analytical approaches to identify vulnerable "signature" pathways disrupted by chemical exposures and biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Dereje Jima
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Benjamin Reading
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Newell AJ, Kapps VA, Cai Y, Rai MR, St. Armour G, Horman BM, Rock KD, Witchey SK, Greenbaum A, Patisaul HB. Maternal organophosphate flame retardant exposure alters the developing mesencephalic dopamine system in fetal rat. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:357-373. [PMID: 36562574 PMCID: PMC9936211 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have become the predominant substitution for legacy brominated flame retardants but there is concern about their potential developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). OPFRs readily dissociate from the fireproofed substrate to the environment, and they (or their metabolites) have been detected in diverse matrices including air, water, soil, and biota, including human urine and breastmilk. Given this ubiquitous contamination, it becomes increasingly important to understand the potential effects of OPFRs on the developing nervous system. We have previously shown that maternal exposure to OPFRs results in neuroendocrine disruption, alterations to developmental metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) and axonal extension in male fetal rats, and potentiates adult anxiety-like behaviors. The development of the serotonin and dopamine systems occur in parallel and interact, therefore, we first sought to enhance our prior 5-HT work by first examining the ascending 5-HT system on embryonic day 14 using whole mount clearing of fetal heads and 3-dimensional (3D) brain imaging. We also investigated the effects of maternal OPFR exposure on the development of the mesocortical dopamine system in the same animals through 2-dimensional and 3D analysis following immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Maternal OPFR exposure induced morphological changes to the putative ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra in both sexes and reduced the overall volume of this structure in males, whereas 5-HT nuclei were unchanged. Additionally, dopaminergic axogenesis was disrupted in OPFR exposed animals, as the dorsoventral spread of ventral telencephalic TH afferents were greater at embryonic day 14, while sparing 5-HT fibers. These results indicate maternal exposure to OPFRs alters the development trajectory of the embryonic dopaminergic system and adds to growing evidence of OPFR DNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Victoria A Kapps
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Yuheng Cai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Mani Ratnam Rai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Genevieve St. Armour
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Shannah K Witchey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Petromelidou S, Margaritis D, Nannou C, Keramydas C, Lambropoulou DA. HRMS screening of organophosphate flame retardants and poly-/perfluorinated substances in dust from cars and trucks: Occurrence and human exposure implications. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157696. [PMID: 35908702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time spent within vehicles' cabin has been largely increased during the last years. As a result, the assessment of indoor dust quality is meaningful since dust can be a source of numerous emerging contaminants associated with adverse effects in human health. To this end, fourteen cars and ten trucks from the city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece were selected to assess the quality of vehicles' microenvironments. An HRMS-based strategy was deployed for the target and non-target analysis of the collected samples. The target approach aimed at the accurate mass screening of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and nine per-/polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS), revealing mean concentrations for the OPFRs varied from <MQL-3409 ng/g for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), while the PFASs were either not detected (<MDL) or detected below the quantification limit (<MQL). To exploit the advanced technology of HRMS, a non-target analysis (NTA) workflow was also designed and employed, allowing the identification of 17 non-targets (plasticizers, PPCPs, pesticides and industrial chemicals) at identification confidence levels from 3 to 1. The statistical analysis between the positive findings and vehicles' conditions evidenced a possible of association just for individual cases. Lastly, a preliminary evaluation of human exposure to the target analytes was applied with the view to assess the potential harmful effects. All values were < 1 indicating no special effects because of exposure to this concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Petromelidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitris Margaritis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH)/Hellenic Institute of Transport (HIT), 6th km, Charilaou - Thermi Road, GR 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christos Keramydas
- Department of Supply Chain Management, School of Economics and Business Administration, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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8
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Kim D, Park JY, Lee DH, Lim JE, Moon HB, Kim S, Lee K. Simultaneous assessment of organophosphate flame retardants, plasticizers, trace metals, and house dust mite allergens in settled house dust. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13071. [PMID: 35904395 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Settled house dust (SHD) is a reservoir for various contaminants, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), trace metals, and house dust mite allergens. This study aimed to characterize various chemical and biological contaminants in SHD and identify determinants governing the indoor contaminants. In total, 106 SHD samples were collected from 106 houses in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea, in 2021. Bedding dust samples were collected from 30 of these 106 houses. All participants completed a questionnaire comprised of housing and lifestyle-related factors. The samples were analyzed for 18 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), 16 phthalates, five alternative plasticizers (APs), seven trace metals, and two house dust mite allergens (Dermatophagoides farinae type 1 [Der f1] and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus type 1 [Der p1]). A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the determinants governing the concentrations and profiles of various contaminants. OPFRs, phthalates, APs, and trace metals were detected in all SHD samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination in indoor environments. Among the three EDC groups, APs were detected at the highest concentrations (geometric mean [GM] (geometric standard deviation, [GSD]): 1452 (1.6) μg/g in total), followed by phthalates (GM (GSD): 676 (1.4) μg/g in total) and OPFRs (GM (GSD): 10 (1.4) μg/g in total). Der f1 was detected in all bedding dust samples with significantly higher levels than Der p1 (GM (GSD): 0.1 (1.8) μg/g vs. 1.4 × 10-3 (2.3) μg/g). The concentrations of OPFRs, plasticizers, and trace metals in SHD were significantly associated with the type and number of electronic appliances and combustion activities. Der f1 was significantly associated with the number of occupants and water penetration. Ventilation, vacuum cleaning, and wet cleaning or dry mopping significantly reduced the levels of most contaminants in SHD. As residents are persistently exposed to a wide array of pollutants, comprehensive and adequate measures are required to prevent potential exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Consulting & Technology for Environment Health and Safety, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Chen K, Jian X, Liu J, Gao H, Zhugu R, Ma J. Mesoscale cycling of organophosphorus flame retardants ( OPFRs) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea biotic and abiotic environment: A WRF-CMAQ modeling. Environ Pollut 2022; 298:118859. [PMID: 35063539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the eastern seaboard region of China enhance the widespread use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The present study set up a coupled WRF-CMAQ-SMOKE and multi-compartment exchange modeling framework to assess the environmental fate and cycling of OPFRs and their contamination in the Bohai and Yellow Seas' marine food web. The framework predicts meteorological conditions, optimized air emissions, and concentrations of OPFRs in air, seawaters, marine sediment, and the food web. The model was implemented to simulate the temporal and spatial fluctuations of Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), the most dominant congener of OPFRs in China, in the Bohai and the Yellow Sea ecosystems on a spatial resolution of 10 km. Results revealed the effects of source proximity, atmospheric transport and deposition, and the changes in meteorology on TCPP's temporal-spatial distribution across different areas of coastal waters. The model also captures TCPP levels in commercial fish species in the Bohai Sea. The detailed temporal-spatial characteristics of TCPP with the mesoscale resolution provide useful information and a new tool for the environmental and health consequences of mariculture, urban and industrial emission mitigation in coastal regions for emerging chemicals, and fishery industry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Jian
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhugu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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10
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Lee HK, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB. Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: Occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111639. [PMID: 32920258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and novel flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel BFRs, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were measured in water and sediment collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Predominant compounds in sediment were BDE 209, DBDPE, and BTBPE for BFRs, and TCPP and TBOEP for OPFRs, respectively. Higher alternative FR concentrations were observed compared to those reported for previous studies. The highest BFR concentrations were found in locations close to industrial complexes, while the OPFR concentrations were highest in locations close to domestic regions and a wastewater treatment plant. Different contamination sources were observed for BFRs and OPFRs. The ratio of DBDPE/BDE 209 in sediment ranged from 0.84 to 28, indicating a shift in consumption of BFRs. A significant decline in PBDEs suggests the effectiveness of domestic and global regulations. Despite this, sedimentary PBDE concentrations may pose adverse health risks to benthic organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lee HK, Kang H, Lee S, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Human exposure to legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor dust: A multiple-exposure assessment of PBDEs. Sci Total Environ 2020; 719:137386. [PMID: 32112953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to flame retardants (FRs) in indoor environments is a growing concern. In this study, the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their alternatives, such as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DP), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), were measured in dust from indoor environments in Korea to investigate their occurrence, contamination profiles, and health risks. Legacy and emerging FRs were detected in dust samples, indicating widespread contamination of indoor environments. The concentrations of alternative FRs were higher in dust from offices compared with house dust, suggesting that office environments are major consumers of alternative FRs. Similar compositional profiles for indoor dust were found for PBDEs in different microenvironments and regions, while OPFR composition varied widely due to disparate applications. The estimated daily intakes of PBDEs, NBFRs, and OPFRs via dust ingestion were lower than the reference doses proposed by previous studies. A multiple-exposure assessment showed that dust ingestion was a major contributor to total PBDEs for toddlers and adults. However, major exposure pathways of BDEs 47 and 209 differed between toddlers and adults. Our study suggests that multiple exposure pathways should be considered in a comprehensive exposure assessment of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Habyeong Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Lee S, Kim K, Jeon J, Moon HB. Optimization of suspect and non-target analytical methods using GC/TOF for prioritization of emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 181:11-17. [PMID: 31154115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals have been manufactured through industrial activities and used as consumer products since the late 18th century. Non-target analysis is a new analytical tool to detect many chemicals in environmental samples and to prioritize emerging contaminants. In this study, suspect and non-target analytical methods were optimized using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight (GC/TOF) to propose contaminants of emerging concern for the Arctic environment. A suspect analytical method was developed with qualification and qualifier ions, isotopic ratios, and retention times of 215 contaminants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to establish an in-house library. Non-target analytical method was also optimized with a deconvoluted ion chromatogram, which is a form that can possibly match the mass spectrum of the NIST library. Multiple environmental samples, such as seawater, air, soil, sediment, sludge, and iceberg, collected from the Arctic region were analyzed with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF after the clean-up procedure with a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The commonly detected contaminants in the Arctic environmental samples were siloxanes, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalates, synthetic musk compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Among them, siloxanes and organophosphate flame retardants were proposed to be contaminants of emerging concerns for the Arctic environment. This is the first report to prioritize emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Doherty BT, Hoffman K, Keil AP, Engel SM, Stapleton HM, Goldman BD, Olshan AF, Daniels JL. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate esters and behavioral development in young children in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:150-160. [PMID: 30951742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are commonly used as plasticizers and flame retardants in consumer products, and exposure is relatively ubiquitous in most populations studied. This may be of concern as some OPEs may be neurotoxic, endocrine-disrupting, and interfere with behavioral development; however, observational evidence is limited. We used data from the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study, a prospective birth cohort study, to investigate associations between maternal OPE metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and behavioral development in offspring. Women provided a urine sample during pregnancy that was analyzed for concentrations of OPE metabolites, including diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate) (BDCIPP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and 1-hydroxyl-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP). Offspring's behavioral development was assessed by the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (2nd Edition) (BASC-2) at approximately 36 months. Linear regression was used to estimate associations between tertiles in specific gravity-corrected OPE metabolite concentrations and children's scores on the BASC-2, adjusted for maternal age, maternal BMI, maternal race, maternal education, familial income, maternal depression, quality of the home environment, and sex. Higher BDCIPP concentrations were associated with higher scores on the Behavioral Symptoms Index (1st vs. 3rd tertile: β = 3.03; 95% CI = 0.40, 5.67) and Externalizing Problems (1st vs. 3rd tertile: β = 2.49; 95% CI: -0.12, 5.10) composites. Among BASC-2 scales, BDCIPP was most strongly associated with Withdrawal, Attention Problems, Depression, Hyperactivity, and Aggression. DPHP concentrations were also associated with higher scores on the Externalizing Problems and Behavioral Symptoms Index composites, but not as strongly as BDCIPP. Conversely, higher concentrations of ip-PPP were associated with fewer adverse behavioral symptoms, including an inverse association with the Internalizing Problems composite (1st vs. 3rd tertile: β = -3.74; 95% CI = -6.75, -0.74) and constituent scales. BCIPHIPP was not strongly associated with any measured behavioral outcomes. Our results suggest that greater maternal exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate) (TDCIPP, parent compound of BDCIPP) and, to a lesser degree, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP, parent compound of DPHP) during pregnancy is associated with adverse behavioral development in children. Our study contributes to the growing body of evidence pertaining to adverse developmental effects of prenatal OPE exposure and highlights the need for further research to characterize risks associated with this ubiquitous family of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 27708, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 27708, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Barbara D Goldman
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute & Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8180, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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14
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Doherty BT, Hoffman K, Keil AP, Engel SM, Stapleton HM, Goldman BD, Olshan AF, Daniels JL. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate esters and cognitive development in young children in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. Environ Res 2019; 169:33-40. [PMID: 30408751 PMCID: PMC6347494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of chemicals commonly used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs are applied to a wide variety of consumer products and have a propensity to leach from these products. Consequently, OPEs are ubiquitous contaminants in many human environments and human exposure is pervasive. Accumulating evidence suggests that OPEs are capable of interfering with childhood cognitive development through both neurologic- and endocrine-mediated mechanisms. However, observational evidence of cognitive effects is limited. We used data collected in the third phase of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study to investigate cognitive effects of prenatal exposure to OPEs. In a spot prenatal maternal urine sample, we measured the following OPE metabolites: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl phosphate) (BDCIPP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and 1-hydroxyl-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP). We assessed children's language and multi-faceted and overall cognitive development between two and three years of age using the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). We used linear regression to estimate the change in children's scores on these developmental assessments per interquartile range (IQR) increase in log-transformed, specific-gravity-corrected prenatal OPE metabolite concentrations, adjusted for maternal age, education, income, race/ethnicity, BMI, and child's sex. A total of 149 children had both OPE metabolite measurements and MB-CDI scores, and 227 children had both OPE metabolite measurements and MSEL scores. We observed that higher concentrations of ip-PPP (ng/ml) were associated with lower scores on the MSEL Cognitive Composite Score (β = -2.61; 95% CI: -5.69, 0.46), and separately on two of the four MSEL Scales that comprise the Cognitive Composite, specifically the Fine Motor Scale (β = -3.08; 95% CI: -5.26, -0.91) and the Expressive Language Scale (β = -1.21; 95% CI: -2.91, 0.49). We similarly observed that prenatal ip-PPP concentrations were inversely associated with age-standardized scores on the MB-CDI Vocabulary assessment (β = -1.19; 95% CI: -2.53, 0.16). Other OPE metabolites were not strongly associated with performance on either assessment. Our results suggest that isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers, the presumed parent compounds of ip-PPP, may adversely impact cognitive development, including fine motor skills and early language abilities. Our study contributes to the growing body of observational evidence that suggests prenatal exposure to OPEs may adversely affect cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 27708, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Drive, Box 27708, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Barbara D Goldman
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute & Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8180, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Lee S, Cho HJ, Choi W, Moon HB. Organophosphate flame retardants ( OPFRs) in water and sediment: Occurrence, distribution, and hotspots of contamination of Lake Shihwa, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 130:105-112. [PMID: 29866536 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) is an emerging concern in aquatic environments. Concentrations of 18 OPFRs were measured in water and sediments collected from the artificial Lake Shihwa. OPFR concentrations in sediments measured in this study were the highest reported worldwide, implying severe OPFR contamination. The highest concentrations of OPFRs were found in creeks taken near industrial complexes, and OPFR concentrations decreased with increasing distance from creeks to inshore or offshore lake waters. On-going OPFR contamination by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge was evidenced by the clear decrease in OPFRs in water samples collected moving away from WWTP outfall. TBEP and TEP were dominant in water samples, while TDCPP and TCPP were dominant in sediment samples. Differences in contamination profiles with sample matrices are likely due to hydrophobicity of individual OPFRs. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that OPFR contamination was affected by pollution inflow and proximity to industrial complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Cho
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosik Choi
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Frederiksen M, Stapleton HM, Vorkamp K, Webster TF, Jensen NM, Sørensen JA, Nielsen F, Knudsen LE, Sørensen LS, Clausen PA, Nielsen JB. Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of organophosphate esters in a human skin ex vivo model. Chemosphere 2018; 197:185-192. [PMID: 29353672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and as hydraulic fluids. They are present in indoor environments in high concentrations compared with other flame retardants, and human exposure is ubiquitous. In this study we provide data for estimating dermal uptake for eight OPEs and ranking in OPEs risk assessment. Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of the OPEs were studied in a Franz diffusion cell system using human skin dosed with a mixture of OPEs in an ethanol:toluene (4:1) solution. Large variation in penetration profiles was observed between the OPEs. The chlorinated OPEs tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and in particular tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), penetrated the skin quite rapidly while tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) tended to build up in the skin tissue and only smaller amounts permeated through the skin. For tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tris(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) the mass balance was not stable over time indicating possible degradation during the experimental period of 72 h. The rates at which OPEs permeated through the skin decreased in the order TCEP > TCIPP ≥ TBOEP > TIBP ≥ TNBP > TDCIPP > TPHP > TMPP. Generally, the permeation coefficient, kp, decreased with increasing log Kow, whereas lag time and skin deposition increased with log Kow. The present data indicate that dermal uptake is a non-negligible human exposure pathway for the majority of the studied OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Frederiksen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Niels Martin Jensen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars S Sørensen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
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17
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Clark AE, Yoon S, Sheesley RJ, Usenko S. Pressurized liquid extraction technique for the analysis of pesticides, PCBs, PBDEs, OPEs, PAHs, alkanes, hopanes, and steranes in atmospheric particulate matter. Chemosphere 2015; 137:33-44. [PMID: 25985427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method has been developed for the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of a wide range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from atmospheric particulate matter. Approximately 130 SVOCs from eight compound classes were selected as molecular markers of (1) agricultural activity (30 current and historic-use pesticides), (2) industrial activity (18 PCBs), (3) consumer products and building materials (16 PBDEs, 11 OPEs), and (4) motor vehicle exhaust (22 PAHs, 16 alkanes, 9 hopanes, 8 steranes). Currently, there is no analytical method validated for the extraction of all eight compound classes in a single automated technique. The extraction efficiencies of varying solvents and solvent combinations at high temperatures and pressures were examined. Extracts were concentrated and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The optimized PLE method utilized methylene chloride:acetone (2:1 v/v) at 100 °C with three (5 min) static cycles, flush volume of 80%, and a 100 s N2 purge. Spike and recovery experiments (n=7) provided average percent recoveries for pesticides, PCBs, PBDEs, OPEs, PAHs, alkanes, hopanes, and steranes of 88.8±4.0%, 86.9±2.6%, 83.8±2.9%, 101±6%, 90.3±6.1%, 74.4±8.8%, 104±8%, and 86.5±8.6%, respectively. The developed method was applied to atmospheric particulate matter samples collected in the greater Houston, TX metropolitan area. Ambient concentrations of eight classes of compounds (92 SVOCs) were reported in pg m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide E Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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