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Gauvin DV, McComb M, Farero R. A Commentary on Fasting of Nonclinical Research Animals. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:196-208. [PMID: 38151260 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231218975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This commentary discusses the implementation of fasting in nonclinical animal experimental subjects. The short-term removal of food from cages of experimental animals is in all respects innocuous. The term "stress" is ill-defined and the statutes and regulations governing animal research laboratories that exert their authority in the performance of their operations do so without substantive grounds to base compliance. The legislative and administrative history of the implementation of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) has evolved into the development of laboratory management strategies that focus on the reduction of the biological cost of stress to the animals and the determination of when subclinical stress (eustress) becomes distress. Animal welfare is based on the tenet that in laboratories conducting animal research in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices (Title 21 USC, Chapter 13,§58), it is the study protocol and the study director that establish procedures and processes that are approved by each Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee to ensure the humane care and use of animals in research, teaching, and testing and to ensure compliance with guidelines and regulations. This approval process establishes the justification of eustress in the environment that do not rise to the threshold of distress under the AWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Margaret McComb
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Farero
- Department of Neurobehavioral Sciences, Charles River Laboratories - MWN, Mattawan, MI, USA
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O'Leary J, Georgeaux-Healy C, Serpell L. The impact of continuous calorie restriction and fasting on cognition in adults without eating disorders. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad170. [PMID: 38263325 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into the effects of calorie restriction continues to intrigue those interested in whether it may allow humans to live longer and healthier lives. Animal studies of continuous calorie restriction (CCR) and fasting have demonstrated substantial advantages to health and longevity. However, concerns remain about the impact of restricting calorie intake on human health and cognition. Given the emerging evidence of cognitive impairments in eating disorders, studies investigating restricted calorie intake in healthy humans (in an ethical way) may also have implications for understanding restrictive eating disorders. In this review, the published literature on the impact of CCR and fasting on cognitive function in healthy human participants is synthesized. Of the 33 studies of CCR and fasting in humans identified, 23 demonstrated significant changes in cognition. Despite variation across the cognitive domains, results suggest CCR benefits inhibition, processing speed, and working memory, but may lead to impairments in cognitive flexibility. The results of fasting studies suggest fasting is associated with impairments in cognitive flexibility and psychomotor abilities. Overall, the results of these studies suggest the degree (ie, the severity) of calorie restriction is what most likely predicts cognitive improvements as opposed to impairments. For individuals engaging in sustained restriction, this may have serious, irreversible consequences. However, there are mixed findings regarding the impact of CCR and fasting on this aspect of human functioning, suggesting further research is required to understand the costs and benefits of different types of calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Leary
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, CEME Centre, West Wing Marsh Way, Rainham, Essex RM13 8GQ, UK
| | - Chloé Georgeaux-Healy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lucy Serpell
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, CEME Centre, West Wing Marsh Way, Rainham, Essex RM13 8GQ, UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Walaszek M, Kachlik Z, Cubała WJ. Low-carbohydrate diet as a nutritional intervention in a major depression disorder: focus on relapse prevention. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38245881 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2303218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Mood disorders are trending to be among the leading causes of years lived with disability. Despite multiple treatment options, around 30% patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) develop treatment resistant depression (TRD) and fail to respond to current pharmacological therapies. This study aimed to explore the potential benefits of nutritional treatment strategies, along with their molecular mechanisms of action, focusing especially on low-carbohydrate diet (LCHD), ketogenic diet (KD) and other strategies based on carbohydrates intake reduction.Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the impact of LCHD on alleviating depressive symptoms in patients with MDD, along with an explanation of its mode of action.Results: The study revealed significant impact of nutritional interventions based on restriction in carbohydrate intake such as LCHD, KD or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) exclusion on anxiety or depression symptoms reduction, mood improvement and lower risk of cognitive impairment or depression. The efficacy of these approaches is further substantiated by their underlying molecular mechanisms, mainly brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which is a potential key target of sugar restriction diets in terms of neuroplasticity.Discussion: Healthcare professionals may consider implementing LCHD strategies for MDD and TRD patients to modify the disease process, maintain euthymia, and prevent depressive episode relapses. Ranging from the exclusion of SSB to the adherence to rigorous LCHD regimens, these nutritional approaches are safe, straightforward to implement, and may confer benefits for well-being and relapse prevention in this specific patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Walaszek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zofia Kachlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiesław Jerzy Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Jennifer A, Srinivasan K, Raj JB. Effect of habitual breakfast skipping on information processing capacity, cortical response, and cognitive flexibility among medical collegiate - a cross-sectional study. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:755-759. [PMID: 37955249 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2023-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breakfast replenishes glucose homeostasis and provides other micro-nutrients for the normal functioning of the body after a long night at night. Habitually skipping breakfast leads not only to metabolic disturbances but also to neurocognitive impairment. Hence, the current study was carried out to study the effect of skipping breakfast on neurocognitive functions. METHODS A 9-item breakfast questionnaire was distributed online to students for identifying habitual breakfast skippers from non-skippers based on inclusion criteria. Random blood glucose was noted and visual and auditory reaction time, critical flicker fusion frequency, and Stroop test were assessed in both groups to assess cognition. RESULTS Forty one habitual breakfast skippers who met the inclusion criteria showed increased visual reaction time, and auditory reaction time indicating cognitive impairment. A significant reduction in the Stroop test was observed among the non-skipper group when compared to the skipper group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that skipping breakfast diminishes neurocognitive functions like problem-solving, planning, judgment, information retention, and reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anugraha Jennifer
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Jeneth Berlin Raj
- Department of Physiology, Arunai Medical College and Hospital, Tiruvannamalai, India
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Senderovich H, Farahneh O, Waicus S. The Role of Intermittent Fasting and Dieting on Cognition in Adult Population: A Systematic Review of the Randomized Controlled Trials. Med Princ Pract 2023; 32:99-109. [PMID: 37263255 PMCID: PMC10319088 DOI: 10.1159/000530269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A healthy diet is a modifiable risk factor that may impact cognition. A unique type of diet may include intermittent fasting (IF), an eating pattern in which individuals go extended periods with little or no meal intake, intervening with periods of normal food intake. IF has multiple health benefits including maintenance of blood glucose levels, reduction of insulin levels, depletion or reduction of glycogen stores, mobilization of fatty acids, and generation of ketones. IF has shown neuroprotective effects as it may lead to increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which may contribute to cognitive resilience. Diets including IF were examined as lifestyle modifications in the prevention and management of cognitive decline. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which assessed the effect of dieting on cognitive functions in adults. RESULTS Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), low-glycemic diets, and caloric restriction have shown improvement in cognitive function; however, there was a negative impact on problem-solving in those with comorbid cardiovascular disease. There is also contradictory evidence that caloric restriction and diet alone may not be sufficient for the improvement of cognitive functions and that exercise may have better efficacy on cognition. CONCLUSION IF is considered a safe intervention, and no adverse effects were found in the reviewed studies; however, evidence is limited as there were only 9 low-quality RCTs that assessed the impact of IF on cognition. DASH, low-glycemic diets, and exercise may have effective roles in the management and prevention of cognitive decline, although further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Senderovich
- Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Othman Farahneh
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas RGV-Knapp Medical Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Waicus
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Haghighatdoost F, Mahdavi A, Mohammadifard N, Hassannejad R, Najafi F, Farshidi H, Lotfizadeh M, Kazemi T, Karimi S, Roohafza H, Silveira EA, Sarrafzadegan N, de Oliveira C. The relationship between a plant-based diet and mental health: Evidence from a cross-sectional multicentric community trial (LIPOKAP study). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284446. [PMID: 37256886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary patterns emphasizing plant foods might be neuroprotective and exert health benefits on mental health. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the association between a plant-based dietary index and mental health measures. OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine the association between plant-based dietary indices, depression and anxiety in a large multicentric sample of Iranian adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 2,033 participants. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate dietary intakes of participants. Three versions of PDI including an overall PDI, a healthy PDI (hPDI), and an unhealthy PDI (uPDI) were created. The presence of anxiety and depression was examined via a validated Iranian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS PDI and hPDI were not associated to depression and anxiety after adjustment for potential covariates (age, sex, energy, marital status, physical activity level and smoking). However, in the crude model, the highest consumption of uPDI approximately doubled the risk of depression (OR= 2.07, 95% CI: 1.49, 2.87; P<0.0001) and increased the risk of anxiety by almost 50% (OR= 1.56, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.14; P= 0.001). Adjustment for potential confounders just slightly changed the associations (OR for depression in the fourth quartile= 1.96; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.85, and OR for anxiety in the fourth quartile= 1.53; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.19). CONCLUSIONS An unhealthy plant-based dietary index is associated with a higher risk of depression and anxiety, while plant-based dietary index and healthy plant-based dietary index were not associated to depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atena Mahdavi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razieh Hassannejad
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Farshidi
- Hormozgan Cardiovascular Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran
| | - Masoud Lotfizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tooba Kazemi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Simin Karimi
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Roohafza
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Silver RE, Roberts SB, Kramer AF, Chui KKH, Das SK. No Effect of Calorie Restriction or Dietary Patterns on Spatial Working Memory During a 2-Year Intervention: A Secondary Analysis of the CALERIE Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:733-740. [PMID: 36805108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of calorie restriction (CR) on cognitive function is not well understood, and the impact of the dietary patterns consumed during CR has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the combined association of CR and dietary quality with spatial working memory (SWM) in healthy adults without obesity. METHODS The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial was a 2-y, multisite clinical trial. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193. Participants were randomized to a 25% reduction in EI (n = 143) or an ad libitum Control (n = 76). The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) captured dietary quality, with a lower DII and higher HEI score indicating a healthier diet. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery battery was used to assess SWM. Longitudinal associations between each dietary pattern index and SWM for CR and Control were assessed by multivariable negative binomial models that included baseline, 12-mo, and 24-mo visits. RESULTS Participants were aged 38.1 ± 7.2 y with a BMI of 25.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2. A total of 70% of the participants were female. Baseline mean DII and HEI scores were -0.15 (range: -3.77, 4.21) and 59.1 (24.1, 91.0) and did not differ between groups. Improvements in DII and HEI were significantly different between CR and Control over 2 y (both P-interaction = 0.001). In longitudinal analyses, there was no association of either index with SWM. Furthermore, though within-group improvements in SWM were observed at 12 mo, there was no statistically significant difference between CR (SWM errors: 9.0; 95% CI: 1.9, 41.6) and Control (11.7; 95% CI: 2.6, 53.5; P > 0.99), holding DII constant. Comparable results were observed at 24 mo and for the HEI. CONCLUSIONS Dietary quality during CR was not associated with measures of SWM over 2 y in healthy adults without obesity. These results suggest that, in healthy populations, dietary patterns and CR may have a limited impact on working memory. Further research is required to understand the concurrent effect of these nutritional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Silver
- Energy Metabolism Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan B Roberts
- Energy Metabolism Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth K H Chui
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Energy Metabolism Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Grout M, Lovegrove JA, Lamport DJ. A multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response is associated with modest cognitive benefits relative to a high glycemic response: a randomized, crossover trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:859-869. [PMID: 36841444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and poor glucose regulation in the immediate postprandial period are both associated with impairments in cognitive function. There is evidence that foods that generate a better postprandial glycemic response, such as low GI foods (which produce a lower glycemic peak, less variability, and a more sustained decline), are associated with cognitive benefits over the morning. However, the potential impact of consuming multiple meals of this nature over the course of a day on cognition in T2DM has not been explored. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this research was to investigate whether a multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response was associated with cognitive benefits in patients with noninsulin-dependent T2DM relative to a multimeal paradigm producing a high glycemic response. METHODS Twenty-five adults with noninsulin-dependent T2DM (mean age: 57 y) consumed 2 multimeal profiles consisting of a breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack on 2 separate test days following a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. The 2 conditions were a low GI profile (LGIP) and a high GI profile (HGIP). RESULTS Cognitive function, glycemic response, mood, and satiety were assessed over the day from 8:30 to 17:00. Overall, there were limited cognitive effects. However, there was evidence for cognitive benefits in the period before lunch, as demonstrated by better global cognitive and executive functions for the LGIP relative to the HGIP. No clear effects were observed for mood. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response was associated with some benefits for cognitive function in patients with T2DM. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRY REFERENCE NCT03360604 (clinical trial.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grout
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Lamport
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Physical-cognitive Training With Dietary Intervention to Improve Cognitive Function and Circulating Biomarkers in Postmenopausal Women With Obesity: Study Protocol for A Randomized Controlled Trial. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Souza KRD, Engel NA, Costa AB, Soares HJ, Bressan CBC, Oliveira MPD, Dela Vedova LM, Silva LED, Mendes TF, Silva MRD, Rezin GT. Influence of anti-obesity strategies on brain function in health and review: A review. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105468. [PMID: 36587746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to investigate in the literature the application of strategies such as low carbohydrate diet (LCD), ketogenic diet (KD) and intermittent fasting (IF) and their effects on the CNS. We performed a narrative review of the literature. The search was specifically carried out in PubMed, selecting articles in English, which had the following keywords: obesity, central nervous system, low carb diet, ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, using the narrative review methodology. The studies found show that the benefits of the LCD, KD and IF strategies, at the CNS level, have a strong influence on the mechanisms of hunger and satiety, as well as on the reduction of food reward and show improvement in memory and mood influenced by the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Rufatto de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Hevylin Jacintho Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Catarina Barbosa Chaves Bressan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Marques Dela Vedova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Vartanian O, Lam TK, Mandel DR, Ann Saint S, Navarrete G, Carmichael OT, Murray K, Pillai SR, Shankapal P, Caldwell J, Berryman CE, Karl JP, Harris M, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM, Rice E, Duncan M, Lieberman HR. Effect of exogenous testosterone in the context of energy deficit on risky choice: Behavioural and neural evidence from males. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108468. [PMID: 36481265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown greater risk aversion when people make choices about lives than cash. We tested the hypothesis that compared to placebo, exogenous testosterone administration would lead to riskier choices about cash than lives, given testosterone's association with financial risk-taking and reward sensitivity. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was conducted to test this hypothesis (Clinical Trials Registry: NCT02734238, www.clinicaltrials.gov). We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 50 non-obese males before and shortly after 28 days of severe exercise-and-diet-induced energy deficit, during which testosterone (200 mg testosterone enanthate per week in sesame oil) or placebo (sesame seed oil only) was administered. Because we expected circulating testosterone levels to be reduced due to severe energy deficit, testosterone administration served a restorative function to mitigate the impact of energy deficit on testosterone levels. The fMRI task involved making choices under uncertainty for lives and cash. We also manipulated whether the outcomes were presented as gains or losses. Consistent with prospect theory, we observed the reflection effect such that participants were more risk averse when outcomes were presented as gains than losses. Brain activation in the thalamus covaried with individual differences in exhibiting the reflection effect. Testosterone did not impact choice, but it increased sensitivity to negative feedback following risky choices. These results suggest that exogenous testosterone administration in the context of energy deficit can impact some aspects of risky choice, and that individual differences in the reflection effect engage a brain structure involved in processing emotion, reward and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Vartanian
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Timothy K Lam
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David R Mandel
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sidney Ann Saint
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Gorka Navarrete
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Kori Murray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - John Caldwell
- Alaka'ina, Frederick, MD, USA; Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Harris
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Emma Rice
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Duncan
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
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12
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Perin L, Camboim IG, Lehnen AM. Low glycaemic index and glycaemic load diets in adults with excess weight: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:1124-1135. [PMID: 35546475 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the effects of low and high glycaemic index/glycaemic load (GI/GL) diets on body weight in adults with excess weight. METHODS We searched for randomised controlled trials comparing low GI/GL vs. high GI/GL diets from Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. The variables of interest were anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels and lipid profile, and 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS The sample size ranged from 19 to 203 participants. Low GI/GL is not superior to high GI/GL diets on body weight reduction in adults with excess weight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg m-2 ). However, low GI/GL diets show greater body weight reductions in adults with BMI ≥ 30 kg m-2 (-0.93 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.73 to -0.12; p = 0.045). Compared with high GI/GL diets, low GI/GL diets may also help reduce fasting glucose (-1.97 mg dl-1 ; 95% CI = -3.76 to 0.19; p = 0.030) and fasting insulin (-0.55 µU ml-1 ; 95% CI = -0.95 to -0.15; p = 0.007). No differences in fat mass, fat-free mass, waist circumference and lipid profile were observed between low GI/GL and high GI/GL diets. The risk of bias for body weight was classified as 'low risk' (25% of the studies) and 'some concerns' for all domains of RoB 2 tool in most studies. CONCLUSIONS When compared with high GI/GL diets, low GI/GL diets appear to more effectively reduce fasting glucose and insulin and promote greater body weight reduction in adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Perin
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Isadora G Camboim
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Grande do Sul, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Alexandre M Lehnen
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Lü W, Yu T, Kuang W. Effects of dietary restriction on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 26:540-550. [PMID: 35469542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2068876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential positive link between cognitive function and dietary restriction has been widely concerned. The present study describes a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of dietary restriction on cognitive function. We classified dietary restrictions as Calories Restriction (CR) and Intermittent Fasting (IF). METHOD This systematic review and meta-analysis conducted following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement (PRISMA) Checklist, Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the cognition effectiveness of dietary restriction from database inception to Sep 2021. RESULT Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall effect of dietary restriction on cognitive function is SMD = 0.22 (95% CI: 0.09-0.34, p < 0.01). The effect on global function SMD = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.04-0.65, p < 0.05) and memory SMD = 0.18 (95% CI: 0.00-0.35, p = 0.05) is significant. MCI showed the best effectiveness SMD = 0.36 (95% CI: 0.05-0.68, p < 0.05), followed by the normal weight population SMD = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.03-0.52, p < 0.05) and overweight population SMD = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.06-0.34, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference showed between IF and CR (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that dietary restriction has varying degrees of positive effect on cognitive function in overweight/normal-weight people and MCI. However, it should be cautious when generalizing to other populations. Additional high-quality, large-scale, cohort and intervention studies are needed to further assess the effectiveness of dietary restriction on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Lü
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Wilson CA, Seed P, Flynn AC, Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Sigurdardottir J, Poston L. Is There an Association Between Diet, Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in the Perinatal Period? An Analysis of the UPBEAT Cohort of Obese Pregnant Women. Matern Child Health J 2021; 24:1482-1493. [PMID: 32356130 PMCID: PMC7677286 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a common morbidity of the perinatal period (during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum). There is evidence for an association between diet and physical activity, and depression in the non-pregnant population but this association has been relatively less explored during the perinatal period; particularly poorly understood is the relationship between specific dietary components and depression. The aim of this study was to explore the association between glycaemic load, saturated fat intake and physical activity and depressive symptoms in a high-risk population of obese pregnant women. METHODS In a cohort of 1522 women participating in the UPBEAT trial, physical activity, glycaemic load and saturated fat intake were used as predictors of depressive symptoms measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Measures taken in early pregnancy were used in linear and logistic regression models. Repeated measures at three points during pregnancy and at six months postpartum were utilised in multilevel mixed effects models. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing data. RESULTS Increased glycaemic load was associated with small increases in levels of depressive symptoms across the perinatal period (adjusted beta coefficient 0.01; 95% CI 0.01,0.02). There was no evidence for an association between reduced physical activity and increased saturated fat intake and increased levels of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Glycaemic load may be a useful focus for interventions aiming to optimise the mental health of obese women in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Wilson
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, PO31 King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Paul Seed
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Angela C Flynn
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, PO31 King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Emma Molyneaux
- Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, PO31 King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Julie Sigurdardottir
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, 10th floor North Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Kakoschke N, Zajac IT, Tay J, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Thompson CH, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Wittert G, Brinkworth GD. Effects of very low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate weight loss diets on psychological health in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4251-4262. [PMID: 34018052 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Very low-carbohydrate (LC) diets are popular for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management; however, long-term effects on psychological health remain largely unknown. This study reports the effects of a LC diet on mood and cognitive function after 2 years and explores the potential predictors of changes in psychological health. METHODS 115 adults (57% males; age: 58.5 ± 7.1 years) with obesity and T2DM were randomized to consume an energy reduced (~ 500 to 1000 kcal/day deficit), LC diet [14% energy as carbohydrate, 28% protein, 58% fat (< 10% saturated fat)] or an isocaloric high unrefined carbohydrate, low-fat diet [HC: 53% carbohydrate, 17% protein, 30% fat (< 10% saturated fat)] for 2 years. Both diets were combined with aerobic/resistance exercise (1 h, 3 days/week). Mood/well-being [Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI), Profile of Mood States (POMS)], diabetes-related quality of life [Diabetes-39 (D-39)] and distress [Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Questionnaire], and cognitive function were assessed during and post-intervention. RESULTS 61 (LC: 33, HC: 28) participants completed the study. Weight loss was 9.1% after 12 months and 6.7% after 2 years with no difference between diet groups. There were no differences between the groups for the changes in any psychological health outcome (smallest p ≥ 0.19 for all time x diet interactions). Overtime, improvements in BDI, POMS [Total Mood Disturbance (TMD); four subscales], PAID, and D-39 (three subscales) scores occurred (p ≤ 0.05, time). Stepwise regression analysis showed improvements in BDI, POMS (TMD; two subscales), D-39, SAI, and PAID scores were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with reductions in body weight and glycated hemoglobin. CONCLUSION In adults with obesity and T2DM, energy-restricted LC and HC diets produced comparable long-term improvements on a comprehensive range of psychological health outcomes. The findings suggest both diets can be used as a diabetes management strategy as part of a holistic lifestyle modification program without concern of negative effects on mental well-being or cognition. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12612000369820, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=362168&isReview=true . Data described in the manuscript, code book, and analytic code will not be made available because approval has not been granted by participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kakoschke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian T Zajac
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jeannie Tay
- A-Star Singapore-Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Campbell H Thompson
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gary Wittert
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Grant D Brinkworth
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Health and Biosecurity, Riverside Corporate Park, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia.
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16
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A Conceptual Model of Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance: The Importance of Cognitive, Empirical and Computational Approaches. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020635. [PMID: 33451110 PMCID: PMC7828595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Living with obesity is related to numerous negative health outcomes, including various cancers, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Although much is known about the factors associated with obesity, and a range of weight loss interventions have been established, changing health-related behaviours to positively affect obesity outcomes has proven difficult. In this paper, we first draw together major factors that have emerged within the literature on weight loss to describe a new conceptual framework of long-term weight loss maintenance. Key to this framework is the suggestion that increased positive social support influences a reduction in psychosocial stress, and that this has the effect of promoting better executive functioning which in turn facilitates the development of healthy habits and the breaking of unhealthy habits, leading to improved ongoing maintenance of weight loss. We then outline how the use of computational approaches are an essential next step, to more rigorously test conceptual frameworks, such as the one we propose, and the benefits that a mixture of conceptual, empirical and computational approaches offer to the field of health psychology.
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17
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Yang C, Ma Q, Zhang H, Wu F, Wu M, Yang C, Chen Y, Xiong J, Liu W, Wang H, Wu R, Dai Z, Li Y. Ten days of complete fasting affected subjective sensations but not cognitive abilities in healthy adults. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2747-2758. [PMID: 33389084 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People may be unable to obtain anything edible for days under some circumstances, but they must maintain their calmness and cognition to navigate solutions. Our aim was to study changes in subjective sensations and cognition in healthy adults during a 10-day complete fasting experiment. METHODS Thirteen healthy male volunteers voluntarily participated in the 22-day experiment comprising 4 phases: 3 days of baseline consumption, 10 days of complete fasting (only water ad libitum), 4 days of calorie restriction, and a 5-day recovery period. The volunteers' subjective sensations, cognitive performance, and serum energy substances were measured at 6 time points. RESULTS Across the 6 time points, the trajectories of subjective sensations in response to fasting were "U"- or " ∩ "-shaped curves instead of progressive discomfort or mood enhancement. A significant fasting time effect was found on depression-dejection (baseline: 16.85 ± 2.88; highest score on the third day of completing fasting: 17.69 ± 3.97, P = 0.04) and self-rated anxiety (baseline: 26.23 ± 4.75; highest score on the sixth day of completing fasting: 30.85 ± 5.58, P = 0.01), and the change curves were consistent with the inflection point of the energy substrates shifting from serum glucose to ketone. In addition, basic cognitive functions appeared to be unaffected during the 10-day fast. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed strong influences on the sensations from the third to sixth days of the prolonged fasting period but no significant effects on basic cognitive abilities associated with the energy substance switch. These findings could contribute to the development and understanding of survival strategies in food-shortage emergencies or of intermittent fasting programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Qianying Ma
- Department of Psychology, Beihang University, No. 37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Manrui Wu
- Department of Psychology, Beihang University, No. 37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengjia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Lab of Epigenetics and Health Technology, SPACEnter Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianghui Xiong
- Lab of Epigenetics and Health Technology, SPACEnter Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Beijing Ziyuan Fasting Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ruilin Wu
- Department of Psychology, Beihang University, No. 37, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26, Beiqing Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 5132-15, Beijing, 100094, China.
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18
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The Effects of a 12-Month Weight Loss Intervention on Cognitive Outcomes in Adults with Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102988. [PMID: 33003548 PMCID: PMC7600527 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with poorer executive functioning and reward sensitivity. Yet, we know very little about whether weight loss through diet and/or increased exercise engagement improves cognitive function. This study evaluated whether weight loss following a dietary and exercise intervention was associated with improved cognitive performance. We enrolled 125 middle-aged adults with overweight and obesity (98 female) into a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: energy-restricted diet alone, an energy-restricted diet plus 150 min of moderate intensity exercise per week or an energy restricted diet plus 250 min of exercise per week. All participants completed tests measuring executive functioning and/or reward sensitivity, including the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Following the intervention, weight significantly decreased in all groups. A MANCOVA controlling for age, sex and race revealed a significant multivariate effect of group on cognitive changes. Post-hoc ANCOVAs revealed a Group × Time interaction only on IGT reward sensitivity, such that the high exercise group improved their performance relative to the other two intervention groups. Post-hoc ANCOVAs also revealed a main effect of Time, independent of intervention group, on IGT net payoff score. Changes in weight were not associated with other changes in cognitive performance. Engaging in a high amount of exercise improved reward sensitivity above and beyond weight loss alone. This suggests that there is additional benefit to adding exercise into behavioral weight loss regimens on executive functioning, even without additional benefit to weight loss.
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It is time to investigate integrative approaches to enhance treatment outcomes for depression? Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Caruso C, Bukhari AS, Smith TJ, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Lieberman HR. Two days of calorie deprivation impairs high level cognitive processes, mood, and self-reported exertion during aerobic exercise: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:33-40. [PMID: 30831453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel and emergency responders perform cognitively-demanding tasks during periods of sustained physical exertion and limited caloric intake. Cognitive function is preserved during short-term caloric restriction, but it is unclear if preservation extends to combined caloric restriction and physical exertion. According to the "reticular-activating hypofrontality" model, vigorous exertion impairs prefrontal cortex activity and associated functions. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examined cognitive function during sustained exertion while volunteers were calorically-deprived. Twenty-three volunteers were calorie-depleted for two days on one occasion and fully-fed on another. They completed intermittent bouts of exercise at 40-65% VO2peak while prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks of cognitive control, mood, and perceived exertion were assessed. Calorie deprivation impaired accuracy on the task-switching task of set-shifting (p < .01) and decreased sensitivity on the go/no-go task of response inhibition (p < .05). Calorie deprivation did not affect risk taking on the Rogers risk task. During exercise, calorie deprivation, particularly on day 2, increased perceived exertion (p < .05) and impaired mood states of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion (all p < .01). Physical exertion during severe calorie deprivation impairs cognitive control, mood, and self-rated exertion. Reallocation of cerebral metabolic resources from the prefrontal cortex to structures supporting movement may explain these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Christina Caruso
- Cognitive Science and Applications Team, Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, USA; Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University and CCDC Soldier Center, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Asma S Bukhari
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Zafar MI, Mills KE, Zheng J, Peng MM, Ye X, Chen LL. Low glycaemic index diets as an intervention for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:290-315. [PMID: 30460737 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low glycaemic index (GI) diets may aid in weight loss by reducing postprandial blood glucose excursions, leading to more stable blood glucose concentrations and therefore a reduction in hunger. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing low GI diets with other diet types. METHODS We included 101 studies involving 109 study arms and 8,527 participants. We meta-analysed the studies using a random-effects model and conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression based on control diet, blood glucose control, baseline BMI and dietary GI. RESULTS Low GI diets resulted in small but significant improvements in body weight, BMI, LDL and total cholesterol overall, although no individual control diet was significantly different from low GI diets. Studies in people with normal blood glucose who achieved a difference in GI of 20 points or more resulted in a larger reduction in body weight (SMD = -0.26; 95% CIs [-0.43, -0.09]), and total cholesterol (SMD = -0.24; 95% CIs [-0.42, -0.05]) than studies that only achieved a smaller reduction in GI. CONCLUSIONS Low GI diets, especially diets achieving a substantial decrease in GI, were moderately effective in lowering body weight. However, efforts should be made to increase compliance with low GI diets, in order for them to be effective in people with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Zafar
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - K E Mills
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M M Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L L Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Arab A, Mehrabani S, Moradi S, Amani R. The association between diet and mood: A systematic review of current literature. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:428-437. [PMID: 30537665 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the association between diet and mood state, but the findings have been inconclusive. Herein, we conducted a systematic review to assess the association between different diet and mood state. PubMed, Cochrane's library, Science direct, Scopus, Google scholar and ISI web of science databases were searched for all available literature until December 2017 for studies assessing the association between diet and mood state. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Jadad scale for reporting randomized clinical trials were used to assess study quality. A total of 18 studies out of 2857 met our inclusion criteria and included in our systematic review. Although there are not consistent findings between studies, it seems that DASH, vegetable-based, glycemic load-based, ketogenic and Paleo diets could improve mood more than the others. Further studies are needed to assess such relationship in a longer period to draw a firm link between diet and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Arab
- Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mehrabani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Amani
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Salari-Moghaddam A, Saneei P, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:356-365. [PMID: 30054563 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Although several studies have investigated the association between dietary Glycemic Index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and depression, results are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize earlier evidence on the association between dietary GI, GL, and depression. SUBJECTS/METHODS We searched in PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar to identify related articles published until April 2018. Publications that fulfilled the following criteria were included in the current study: (1) publications with participants aged ≥ 18 years; (2) studies that considered GI or GL as the exposure; (3) studies that considered depression as the main outcome or as one of the outcomes; and (4) publications in which odds ratios (ORs) or mean difference were reported as the effect size. Finally, 11 studies, including 6 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies, and 3 clinical trials were considered for inclusion in the systematic review, and 5 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies, and 2 clinical trials (out of 11 studies included in the systematic review) were included in the meta-analysis. The quality of cross-sectional and cohort studies examined by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the quality of clinical trials examined using Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool. We also assessed the quality of evidence with the GRADE system. RESULTS Sample sizes of the included cross-sectional studies ranged from 140 to 87,618 participants, and in total 101,389 participants were included in 6 studies. In total, 85,500 participants were included in 2 cohort studies. Sample sizes of the included clinical trials ranged from 40 to 82 participants, and in total 164 participants were included in three studies. Combining seven effect sizes from five cross-sectional studies, no significant association was observed between dietary GI and odds of depression (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.08; I2 = 80.2%; n = 5). We also failed to find any significant association between dietary GL and odds of depression (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.04; I2 = 42%; n = 5). Combining two effects sizes from two cohort studies, there was a significant positive association between dietary GI and depression (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.25; I2 = 86.1%, n = 2). In addition, combining two effect sizes from two clinical trials, we found a significant change in depression score after consumption of a high-GL diet (weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.66; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.04; I2 = 0.0%, n = 2). CONCLUSIONS Summarizing earlier findings, we found no significant association between either dietary GI or GL and odds of depression in cross-sectional studies. However, a significant positive association was observed between dietary GI and depression in cohort studies. In addition, a significant effect of a high-GL diet consumption on risk of depression was seen in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Salari-Moghaddam
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvane Saneei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Salari-Moghaddam A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Review of earlier evidence on dietary glycemic index and load and depression needs further attention. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:2341-2342. [PMID: 29959515 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Salari-Moghaddam
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Rahimlou M, Morshedzadeh N, Karimi S, Jafarirad S. Association between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load with depression: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:2333-2340. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sanchez-Villegas A, Zazpe I, Santiago S, Perez-Cornago A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Lahortiga-Ramos F. Added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, dietary carbohydrate index and depression risk in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:211-221. [PMID: 29268815 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The association between added sugars or sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the risk of depression, as well as the role of carbohydrate quality in depression risk, remains unclear. Among 15 546 Spanish university graduates from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) prospective cohort study, diet was assessed with a validated 136-item semi-quantitative FFQ at baseline and at 10-year follow-up. Cumulative average consumption of added sugars, sweetened drinks and an overall carbohydrate quality index (CQI) were calculated. A better CQI was associated with higher whole-grain consumption and fibre intake and lower glycaemic index and consumption of solid (instead of liquid) carbohydrates. Clinical diagnoses of depression during follow-up were classified as incident cases. Multivariable time-dependent Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of depression according to consumption of added sugars, sweetened drinks and CQI. We observed 769 incident cases of depression. Participants in the highest quartile of added sugars consumption showed a significant increment in the risk of depression (HR=1·35; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·67, P=0·034), whereas those in the highest quartile of CQI (upper quartile of the CQI) showed a relative risk reduction of 30 % compared with those in the lowest quartile of the CQI (HR=0·70; 95 % CI 0·56, 0·88). No significant association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and depression risk was found. Higher added sugars and lower quality of carbohydrate consumption were associated with depression risk in the SUN Cohort. Further studies are necessary to confirm the reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Sanchez-Villegas
- 1Nutrition Research Group,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences,University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Dr. Pasteur s/n, Trasera Hospital Insular, CP 35016, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain
| | - Itziar Zazpe
- 3Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology,University of Navarra,Irunlarrea s/n,31008 Pamplona,Spain
| | - Susana Santiago
- 3Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology,University of Navarra,Irunlarrea s/n,31008 Pamplona,Spain
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- 4Cancer Epidemiology Unit,Nuffield Department of Population Health,University of Oxford,Oxford OX3 7LF,UK
| | - Miguel A Martinez-Gonzalez
- 2Ciber de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN),Instituto de Salud Carlos III,28029 Madrid,Spain
| | - Francisca Lahortiga-Ramos
- 7Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology,University Clinic of Navarra,Pío XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra,Spain
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The association of whole and refined grains consumption with psychological disorders among Iranian adults. Eur J Nutr 2017; 58:211-225. [PMID: 29189904 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although several studies have examined the link between different types of carbohydrate consumption and depression and anxiety, limited data are available linking whole and refined grains consumption to psychological disorders. We aimed to investigate the association of whole and refined grains consumption with psychological disorders among Iranian adults. METHODS A total of 3172 adult people with age range of 18-55 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Data on grains consumption were collected using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. To assess depression and anxiety, Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied. Furthermore, psychological distress was examined using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Psychological disorders were defined based on standard criteria. RESULTS Mean age of participants was 36.5 ± 7.9 years. Women in the third quartile of whole grains consumption had lower odds for having anxiety (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.85) compared with those in the first quartile. This relationship was also seen even after controlling for potential confounders (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-0.96). In contrast, compared with the first quartile, women in the highest quartile of refined grains consumption had greater odds to have depression (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.00-3.09) and anxiety (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.00-4.10) after adjusting for covariates. Such relationships were not observed among men. CONCLUSION Moderate consumption of whole grain foods was inversely associated with anxiety in women, but not in men. Furthermore, we found a significant positive association between refined grains consumption, depression and anxiety in women.
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Onbe H, Kanda K. Development and testing of the Attitude Scale for the Dietary Therapy of Hemodialysis Patients. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2017; 15:39-49. [PMID: 28470964 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop an attitude scale regarding the dietary therapy of hemodialysis patients and to examine its reliability and validity. METHODS An initial item pool of 37 items was extracted from a conceptual model that had been developed in the authors' previous study and the literature was reviewed. An expert panel examined the content validity. A total of 381 Japanese hemodialysis patients then were recruited. Exploratory factor analyses and a confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the construct validity and an item analysis, internal consistency coefficients, and test-retest were used to verify the reliability. RESULTS The expert panel judged the content validity index to be satisfactory. The data from the final 16 items consisted of three factors (propensity of behavior that is affected by cognition, propensity of behavior that is affected by the food culture, and negative affect that modifies the diet). Regarding the subscales, the Cronbach's coefficient alpha values were confirmed to be reliable, showing medium-to-high internal consistency. The test-retest method confirmed the stability of the scale. CONCLUSION With the reliability and validity confirmed, it was established that the Attitude Scale for the Dietary Therapy of Hemodialysis Patients described herein is capable of determining the attitude of hemodialysis patients towards their dietary therapy. This scale makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate hemodialysis patients' attitudes toward dietary therapy. The accuracy of the scale needs to be improved by further examining its reliability and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Onbe
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Gunma, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kanda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of Gunma, Maebashi, Japan
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Gettens KM, Gorin AA. Executive function in weight loss and weight loss maintenance: a conceptual review and novel neuropsychological model of weight control. J Behav Med 2017; 40:687-701. [PMID: 28160229 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss maintenance is a complex, multifaceted process that presents a significant challenge for most individuals who lose weight. A growing body of literature indicates a strong relationship between cognitive dysfunction and excessive body weight, and suggests that a subset of high-order cognitive processes known as executive functions (EF) likely play an important role in weight management. Recent reviews cover neuropsychological correlates of weight status yet fail to address the role of executive function in the central dilemma of successful weight loss maintenance. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing literature examining executive functions as they relate to weight status and initial weight loss. Further, we propose a novel conceptual model of the relationships between EF, initial weight loss, and weight loss maintenance, mapping specific executive functions onto strategies known to be associated with both phases of the weight control process. Implications for the development of more efficacious weight loss maintenance interventions are discussed.
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Lieberman HR, Bukhari AS, Caldwell JA, Wilson MA, Mahoney CR, Pasiakos SM, McClung JP, Smith TJ. Two Days of Calorie Deprivation Induced by Underfeeding and Aerobic Exercise Degrades Mood and Lowers Interstitial Glucose but Does Not Impair Cognitive Function in Young Adults. J Nutr 2017; 147:110-116. [PMID: 27807037 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies assessing the effects of acute undernutrition on cognitive function, volunteers are sedentary and findings are equivocal, even though glucose concentrations fall substantially. However, military personnel and endurance athletes often are underfed when physical demands, and consequently energy expenditure, are substantial. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether 2 d of near-total calorie deprivation combined with aerobic exercise degraded cognitive performance and mood. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design was used. Twenty-three volunteers [17 men (mean ± SD age: 20.5 ± 0.7 y) and 6 women (mean ± SD age: 23.3 ± 1.4 y); mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 25 ± 3] participated for 68 h, including a 51-h inpatient phase in a calorie-deprived or fully fed state during which behavioral testing was conducted and interstitial glucose was monitored continuously. Mood and cognitive performance, including psychomotor and visual vigilance, visual match-to-sample, repeated acquisition (motor learning), N-back (working memory), and grammatical reasoning, were repeatedly assessed. During each condition, individual daily energy intake and expenditure were controlled. During calorie deprivation, volunteers consumed 266 ± 61 kcal/d; during full feeding, they consumed 3935 ± 769 kcal/d. Participants engaged in identical exercise sessions for 4 h/d at 40-65% of peak volume of oxygen uptake attained. RESULTS Calorie deprivation did not affect any aspect of cognitive performance, but produced robust effects on mood measured by the Profile of Mood States, including increased tension (P < 0.001), fatigue (P < 0.001), and total mood disturbance (from -0.80 ± 5.1 to 20.1 ± 6.1; P < 0.001), and decreased vigor (P = 0.002), as indicated by treatment × trial (time) effects on ANOVA. Interstitial glucose concentrations were lower during calorie deprivation than in the fully fed condition (P = 0.002, treatment × trial interaction) and declined to 61 mg/dL by the end of the treatment condition. CONCLUSION In healthy young men and women, 2 d of severe calorie deprivation in combination with substantial aerobic exercise adversely affects multiple aspects of mood, but not cognition, in spite of substantial reductions in interstitial glucose concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01603550.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA;
| | - Asma S Bukhari
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | | | | | - Caroline R Mahoney
- Warfighter Science Technology and Applied Research, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
| | - Tracey J Smith
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA
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Veronese N, Facchini S, Stubbs B, Luchini C, Solmi M, Manzato E, Sergi G, Maggi S, Cosco T, Fontana L. Weight loss is associated with improvements in cognitive function among overweight and obese people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Breymeyer KL, Lampe JW, McGregor BA, Neuhouser ML. Subjective mood and energy levels of healthy weight and overweight/obese healthy adults on high-and low-glycemic load experimental diets. Appetite 2016; 107:253-259. [PMID: 27507131 PMCID: PMC5154680 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a positive association of diet and obesity with depression. Researchers have examined several diet-mood hypotheses, including investigating the extent to which carbohydrates may impact mood. There is limited research on how glycemic load, a characteristic of carbohydrates, impacts mood in healthy adults. Eighty-two healthy weight and overweight/obese, but otherwise healthy, adults enrolled in a randomized, crossover controlled feeding study testing low-compared to high-glycemic load diets. All participants completed self-report mood and energy level questionnaires during each arm of the intervention. Diets were isocaloric and were matched by macronutrient content as a percent of total energy. Mood was assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) subscales; tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment, total mood disturbance (TMD), and negative affect (NA) in addition to the Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression (CES-D) scale at baseline and end of both 28-day feeding periods. Linear mixed models tested the intervention effect on mood, controlling for baseline POMS and CES-D scores, diet type, diet sequence, feeding period, sex, and percent body fat classification. The consumption of the high-glycemic load diet resulted in a 38% higher score for depressive symptoms on the CES-D (P = 0.002) compared to the low-glycemic load diet as well as 55% higher score for TMD (P = 0.05), and 26% higher score for fatigue/inertia (P = 0.04). In subgroup analyses, the overweight/obese participants had 40% higher scores on the CES-D scale compared to healthy weight participants (P = 0.05). In conclusion, a high-glycemic load diet was associated with higher depression symptoms, total mood disturbance, and fatigue compared to a low-glycemic load diet especially in overweight/obese, but otherwise healthy, adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00622661.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Breymeyer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States.
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States.
| | - Bonnie A McGregor
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States.
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States.
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Wahl D, Cogger VC, Solon-Biet SM, Waern RVR, Gokarn R, Pulpitel T, Cabo RD, Mattson MP, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG. Nutritional strategies to optimise cognitive function in the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 31:80-92. [PMID: 27355990 PMCID: PMC5035589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Old age is the greatest risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. During recent decades there have been major advances in understanding the biology of aging, and the development of nutritional interventions that delay aging including calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), and chemicals that influence pathways linking nutrition and aging processes. CR influences brain aging in many animal models and recent findings suggest that dietary interventions can influence brain health and dementia in older humans. The role of individual macronutrients in brain aging also has been studied, with conflicting results about the effects of dietary protein and carbohydrates. A new approach known as the Geometric Framework (GF) has been used to unravel the complex interactions between macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) and total energy on outcomes such as aging. These studies have shown that low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diets are optimal for lifespan in ad libitum fed animals, while total calories have minimal effect once macronutrients are taken into account. One of the primary purposes of this review is to explore the notion that macronutrients may have a more translational potential than CR and IF in humans, and therefore there is a pressing need to use GF to study the impact of diet on brain aging. Furthermore, given the growing recognition of the role of aging biology in dementia, such studies might provide a new approach for dietary interventions for optimizing brain health and preventing dementia in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Rosilene V R Waern
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Rahul Gokarn
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Hypoglycemia Symptoms Improved with Diet Modification. Case Rep Psychiatry 2016; 2016:7165425. [PMID: 27493821 PMCID: PMC4963565 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7165425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational evidence suggests that a relationship may exist between high glycemic index diets and the development of anxiety and depression symptoms; however, as no interventional studies assessing this relationship in a psychiatric population have been completed, the possibility of a causal link is unclear. AB is a 15-year-old female who presented with concerns of generalized anxiety disorder and hypoglycemia symptoms. Her diet consisted primarily of refined carbohydrates. The addition of protein, fat, and fiber to her diet resulted in a substantial decrease in anxiety symptoms as well as a decrease in the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia symptoms. A brief return to her previous diet caused a return of her anxiety symptoms, followed by improvement when she restarted the prescribed diet. This case strengthens the hypothesis that dietary glycemic index may play a role in the pathogenesis or progression of mental illnesses such as generalized anxiety disorder and subsequently that dietary modification as a therapeutic intervention in the treatment of mental illness warrants further study.
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A three-step methodology for GI classification, GL estimation of foods by fuzzy c-means classification and fuzzy pattern recognition, and an LP-based diet model for glycaemic control. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Haghighatdoost F, Azadbakht L, Keshteli AH, Feinle-Bisset C, Daghaghzadeh H, Afshar H, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and common psychological disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:201-9. [PMID: 26607943 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with psychological disorders remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relations of dietary GI and GL with psychological distress, anxiety, and depression. DESIGN A total of 3363 nonacademic members of the staff of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were included in this cross-sectional study. GI and GL were assessed by using a validated, self-administered, dish-based, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Validated Iranian versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire-12 were used to assess anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. RESULTS After control for potential confounders, individuals in the top tertile of GI had greater odds of depression (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.02; P-trend = 0.03) and a trend for greater odds of anxiety (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.38; P trend = 0.06) compared with those in the first tertile. Higher GL values were linked to lower odds for mental disorders (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.90; P-trend = 0.009), depression (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.93; P-trend = 0.02), and psychological distress (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.92; P-trend = 0.01). Significant interactions were observed between GI and sex for depression (P = 0.01) and psychological distress (P = 0.046) in the crude model. In stratified analyses by sex, after control for potential confounders, a greater GI was linked to a higher odds of depression (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.94; P-trend = 0.001) and psychological distress (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.14; P-trend = 0.001) in women but not in men. CONCLUSION Our findings support a direct link between the odds of depression and dietary GI but inverse associations between GL and mental disorders, depression, and psychological distress. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02362113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | | | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence of Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Hamid Afshar
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, and
| | - Awat Feizi
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Peyman Adibi
- Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, and
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Attuquayefio T, Stevenson RJ. A systematic review of longer-term dietary interventions on human cognitive function: Emerging patterns and future directions. Appetite 2015; 95:554-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gangwisch JE, Hale L, Garcia L, Malaspina D, Opler MG, Payne ME, Rossom RC, Lane D. High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:454-63. [PMID: 26109579 PMCID: PMC4515860 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of sweetened beverages, refined foods, and pastries has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, any influence that refined carbohydrates has on mood could be commensurate with their proportion in the overall diet; studies are therefore needed that measure overall intakes of carbohydrate and sugar, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that higher dietary GI and glycemic load would be associated with greater odds of the prevalence and incidence of depression. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study to investigate the relations between dietary GI, glycemic load, and other carbohydrate measures (added sugars, total sugars, glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, starch, carbohydrate) and depression in postmenopausal women who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study at baseline between 1994 and 1998 (n = 87,618) and at the 3-y follow-up (n = 69,954). RESULTS We found a progressively higher dietary GI to be associated with increasing odds of incident depression in fully adjusted models (OR for the fifth compared with first quintile: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.37), with the trend being statistically significant (P = 0.0032). Progressively higher consumption of dietary added sugars was also associated with increasing odds of incident depression (OR for the fifth compared with first quintile: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.41; P-trend = 0.0029). Higher consumption of lactose, fiber, nonjuice fruit, and vegetables was significantly associated with lower odds of incident depression, and nonwhole/refined grain consumption was associated with increased odds of depression. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that high-GI diets could be a risk factor for depression in postmenopausal women. Randomized trials should be undertaken to examine the question of whether diets rich in low-GI foods could serve as treatments and primary preventive measures for depression in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gangwisch
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY;
| | - Lauren Hale
- Program of Public Health and Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark G Opler
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Martha E Payne
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; and
| | - Rebecca C Rossom
- Health Partners Institute for Education and Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dorothy Lane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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O'Reilly GA, Huh J, Schembre SM, Tate EB, Pentz MA, Dunton G. Association of usual self-reported dietary intake with ecological momentary measures of affective and physical feeling states in children. Appetite 2015; 92:314-21. [PMID: 26032196 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship between dietary intake and affective and physical feeling states in children. PURPOSE The current study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine how usual dietary intake is cross-sectionally associated with both average affective and physical feeling state ratings and rating variability in children. METHODS Children (N = 110, mean age = 11.0 ± 1.2 years, 52.5% male, 30.1% Hispanic/Latino) completed EMA measures of affective and physical feeling states 3-7 times per day for a full or partial day (weekday evenings and weekend days and evenings) over a 4-day period. Usual intake of pre-selected dietary components was measured prior to the EMA measurement period using the Block Kids Food Screener. Statistical analyses included mixed models and mixed-effects location scale models. RESULTS Greater usual fiber intake was cross-sectionally associated with higher average positive affect (PA) ratings, lower variability of NA ratings, and higher variability of physical fatigue ratings. Lower usual glycemic load of diet was cross-sectionally associated with lower variability of NA ratings. Lower usual added sugar intake was cross-sectionally associated with higher average physical energy ratings and lower variability of NA ratings. CONCLUSIONS Although temporal precedence was not established by these findings, they indicate that characteristics of children's usual dietary intake are cross-sectionally associated with both the average and variability of affective and physical feeling states. EMA offers a promising avenue through which to explore the associations between affective states and diet and has the potential to provide insight into nuances of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A O'Reilly
- Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - Jimi Huh
- Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Susan M Schembre
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St., Unit Number: 1330, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eleanor B Tate
- Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Genevieve Dunton
- Institute for Prevention Research, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, SSB 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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Andrews PW, Bharwani A, Lee KR, Fox M, Thomson JA. Is serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51:164-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Karl JP, Thompson LA, Niro PJ, Margolis LM, McClung JP, Cao JJ, Whigham LD, Combs GF, Young AJ, Lieberman HR, Pasiakos SM. Transient decrements in mood during energy deficit are independent of dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:524-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yamauchi K, Katayama T, Yamauchi T, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Takahashi K, Sakane N. Efficacy of a 3-month lifestyle intervention program using a Japanese-style healthy plate on body weight in overweight and obese diabetic Japanese subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2014; 13:108. [PMID: 25418542 PMCID: PMC4258043 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The portion size of food is a determinant of energy intake, linking with obese traits. A healthy plate for portion control has recently been made in a Japanese style. The aim of the current study was to assess the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention program using the Japanese-style healthy plate on weight reduction in overweight and obese diabetic Japanese subjects. Methods We randomized overweight and obese diabetic subjects (n = 19, 10 women) into an intervention group including educational classes on lifestyle modification incorporating the healthy plate (n = 10) or a waiting-list control group (n = 9). The intervention period was three months, and the educational classes using the healthy plate were conducted monthly in a group session for the intervention group. The body weight, blood glycemic and metabolic measures, and psychosocial variables were measured at the baseline and after the 3-month intervention in both groups. The impression of the intervention was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Results There was one drop-out in the control group. No adverse events were reported in the groups. Subjects in the intervention group had a greater weight change from baseline to the end of the 3-month intervention period (-3.7 +/- 2.5 [SD] kg in the intervention group vs. -0.1 +/- 1.4 kg in the control group, P = 0.002). Most subjects recorded that the use of a healthy plate could be recommended to other people. Conclusions The lifestyle intervention program using the Japanese-style healthy plate, which was developed for portion control, may effectively reduce body weight in overweight and obese diabetic subjects in Japan. Further studies are needed to establish the efficacy of this methodology on weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bazzan AJ, Zabrecky G, Monti DA, Newberg AB. Current evidence regarding the management of mood and anxiety disorders using complementary and alternative medicine. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:411-23. [PMID: 24597999 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.892420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This article is an updated review on the potential uses of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches for the management of patients with mood and anxiety disorders. We have focused this current paper on the different types of disorders and the CAM intervention which might be useful. This is in distinction to the prior paper which focused on the CAM interventions. In addition, we have provided a discussion of more recent studies that help to further inform practitioners about CAM interventions in these disorders. Mood and anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health issues affecting people today and there are many approaches towards their management. CAM interventions can include supplements, botanical remedies, meditation and spiritual practices, acupuncture, and dietary practices. There are a growing number of research studies on the effectiveness of CAM interventions in mood and anxiety disorders, and this review evaluates and critiques such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bazzan
- Thomas Jefferson University - Integrative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Benau EM, Orloff NC, Janke EA, Serpell L, Timko CA. A systematic review of the effects of experimental fasting on cognition. Appetite 2014; 77:52-61. [PMID: 24583414 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous investigations have been conducted on the impact of short-term fasting on cognition in healthy individuals. Some studies have suggested that fasting is associated with executive function deficits; however, findings have been inconsistent. The lack of consensus regarding the impact of short-term fasting in healthy controls has impeded investigation of the impact of starvation or malnutrition in clinical groups, such as anorexia nervosa (AN). One method of disentangling these effects is to examine acute episodes of starvation experimentally. The present review systematically investigated the impact of short-term fasting on cognition. Studies investigating attentional bias to food-related stimuli were excluded so as to focus on general cognition. Ten articles were included in the review. The combined results are equivocal: several studies report no observable differences as a result of fasting and others show specific deficits on tasks designed to test psychomotor speed, executive function, and mental rotation. This inconsistent profile of fasting in healthy individuals demonstrates the complexity of the role of short-term fasting in cognition; the variety of tasks used, composition of the sample, and type and duration of fasting across studies may also have contributed to the inconsistent profile. Additional focused studies on neuropsychological profiles of healthy individuals are warranted in order to better develop an understanding of the role of hunger in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Benau
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Natalia C Orloff
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - E Amy Janke
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lucy Serpell
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK; North East London Foundation Trust, Trust Head Office, Goodmayes Hospital, Barley Lane, Ilford Essex IG3 8XJ, UK
| | - C Alix Timko
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Horan MK, McGowan CA, Doyle O, McAuliffe FM. Well-being in pregnancy: an examination of the effect of socioeconomic, dietary and lifestyle factors including impact of a low glycaemic index dietary intervention. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 68:19-24. [PMID: 24169456 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Well-being has been linked to the quality of diet and lifestyle in adults; however, there is a paucity of data in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between well-being and socioeconomic status, diet and lifestyle during pregnancy and to consider the effect of intervention with low glycaemic index (GI) diet on well-being. SUBJECTS/METHODS This was a cohort analysis of 619 participants of the ROLO study (Randomised cOntrol trial of LOw GI diet versus no dietary intervention to prevent recurrence of fetal macrosomia). The following data were collected: educational attainment, dietary intakes (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (self-reported) and well-being (WHO-5-Item Wellbeing Index--expressed as a percentage). RESULTS Well-being was positively associated with education and physical activity. Third-level education was associated with a 3.07-point higher well-being percentage score, and each day that an individual achieved >30 min walking per week was associated with a 1.10-point increase in percentage well-being score, Radj(2) 2.4% (F=7.260, P=0.001). The intervention low GI group had a significantly lower percentage well-being score than the usual diet group (56.3% vs 59.9%, P=0.015). No correlation was noted between well-being and GI status calculated from food diaries (P=0.469). Well-being was not associated with micronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS Well-being in pregnancy was independently and positively associated with education and physical activity and negatively associated with low GI dietary intervention. These findings have significance not only for women at risk of low mood but also for healthcare professionals when counselling women about the importance of healthy lifestyle in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Horan
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C A McGowan
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Doyle
- School of Economics, Geary Institute, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F M McAuliffe
- UCD Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Fusco S, Pani G. Brain response to calorie restriction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3157-70. [PMID: 23269433 PMCID: PMC11114019 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction extends longevity and delays ageing in model organisms and mammals, opposing the onset and progression of an array of age-related diseases. These beneficial effects also extend to the maintenance of brain cognitive functions at later age and to the prevention, at least in rodents, of brain senescence and associated neurodegenerative disorders. In recent years, the molecular mechanisms underlying brain response to calorie restriction have begun to be elucidated, revealing the unanticipated role of a number of key nutrient sensors and nutrient-triggered signaling cascades in the translation of metabolic cues into cellular and molecular events that ultimately lead to increased cell resistance to stress, enhanced synaptic plasticity, and improved cognitive performance. Of note, the brain's role in CR also includes the activation of nutrient-sensitive hypothalamic circuitries and the implementation of neuroendocrine responses that impact the entire organism. The present review addresses emerging molecular themes in brain response to dietary restriction, and the implications of this knowledge for the understanding and the prevention of brain disorders associated with ageing and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fusco
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, Basic Science Building, room 405, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, Basic Science Building, room 405, Rome, Italy
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Moran LJ, Ko H, Misso M, Marsh K, Noakes M, Talbot M, Frearson M, Thondan M, Stepto N, Teede HJ. Dietary composition in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review to inform evidence-based guidelines. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113:520-45. [PMID: 23420000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While lifestyle management is recommended as first-line treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the optimal dietary composition is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different diet compositions on anthropometric, reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in PCOS. A literature search was conducted (Australasian Medical Index, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PsycInfo, and EBM reviews; most recent search was performed January 19, 2012). Inclusion criteria were women with PCOS not taking anti-obesity medications and all weight-loss or maintenance diets comparing different dietary compositions. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. A total of 4,154 articles were retrieved and six articles from five studies met the a priori selection criteria, with 137 women included. A meta-analysis was not performed due to clinical heterogeneity for factors including participants, dietary intervention composition, duration, and outcomes. There were subtle differences between diets, with greater weight loss for a monounsaturated fat-enriched diet; improved menstrual regularity for a low-glycemic index diet; increased free androgen index for a high-carbohydrate diet; greater reductions in insulin resistance, fibrinogen, total, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for a low-carbohydrate or low-glycemic index diet; improved quality of life for a low-glycemic index diet; and improved depression and self-esteem for a high-protein diet. Weight loss improved the presentation of PCOS regardless of dietary composition in the majority of studies. Weight loss should be targeted in all overweight women with PCOS through reducing caloric intake in the setting of adequate nutritional intake and healthy food choices irrespective of diet composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Moran
- The Robinson Institute, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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Siervo M, Arnold R, Wells JCK, Tagliabue A, Colantuoni A, Albanese E, Brayne C, Stephan BCM. Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese individuals and cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2011; 12:968-83. [PMID: 21762426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High adiposity in middle age is associated with higher dementia risk. The association between weight loss and cognitive function in older adults is still controversial. A meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the effectiveness of intentional weight loss on cognitive function in overweight and obese adults. A structured strategy was used to search randomized and non-randomized studies reporting the effect of intentional and significant weight loss on cognitive function in overweight and obese subjects. Information on study design, age, nutritional status, weight-loss strategy, weight lost and cognitive testing was extracted. A random-effect meta-analysis was conducted to obtain summary effect estimates for memory and attention-executive domains. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. Seven were randomized trials and the remaining five included a control group. A low-order significant effect was found for an improvement in cognitive performance with weight loss in memory (effect size 0.13, 95% CI 0.00-0.26, P=0.04) and attention/executive functioning (effect size 0.14, 95% CI 0.01-0.27, P<0.001). Studies were heterogeneous in study design, sample selection, weight-loss intervention and assessment of cognitive function. Weight loss appears to be associated with low-order improvements in executive/attention functioning and memory in obese but not in overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siervo
- Human Nutrition and Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Ooi CP, Loke SC, Yassin Z, Hamid T. Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2011:CD007220. [PMID: 21491398 PMCID: PMC7388979 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007220.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal cognition and dementia in which daily function is largely intact. This condition may present an opportunity for research into the prevention of dementia. Carbohydrate is an essential and easily accessible macronutrient which influences cognitive performance. A better understanding of carbohydrate-driven cognitive changes in normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment may suggest ways to prevent or reduce cognitive decline. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of carbohydrates in improving cognitive function in older adults. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Specialized Register on 22 June 2010 using the terms: carbohydrates OR carbohydrate OR monosaccharides OR disaccharides OR oligosaccharides OR polysaccharides OR CARBS. ALOIS contains records from all major healthcare databases (The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS) as well as from many trial databases and grey literature sources. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCT) that have examined the efficacy of any form of carbohydrates in normal cognition and MCI. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS One review author selected and retrieved relevant articles for further assessment. The remaining authors independently assessed whether any of the retrieved trials should be included. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. MAIN RESULTS There is no suitable RCT of any form of carbohydrates involving independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are no suitable RCTs on which to base any recommendations about the use of any form of carbohydrate for enhancing cognitive performance in older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. More studies of many different carbohydrates are needed to tease out complex nutritional issues and further evaluate memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheow Peng Ooi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra MalaysiaEndocrine Unit, Department of MedicineSerdangSelangor DEMalaysia43400
| | - Seng Cheong Loke
- Universiti Putra MalaysiaInstitute of GerontologySerdangSelangor DEMalaysia43400
| | - Zaitun Yassin
- University Putra MalaysiaDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences43400 UPM SerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Tengku‐Aizan Hamid
- Universiti Putra MalaysiaInstitute of GerontologySerdangSelangor DEMalaysia43400
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