1
|
Rico JL, Aya-Ramos L, Dueñas Z. Effects of early-life stress followed by access to stevia or sucralose during adolescence on weight gain, glycemia, and anxiety-related behaviors in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 280:114529. [PMID: 38555006 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Early-life stress and subsequent high-calorie diets during adolescence are known to be risk factors for developing metabolic and psychological disorders. Although non-nutritive sweeteners such as stevia and sucralose have been a useful alternative to reduce sugar consumption, the effects of prolonged consumption of these sweeteners on metabolism and behavior in adolescents remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of early-stress followed by access to stevia or sucralose during adolescence on weight gain, glycemia, and anxiety-related behaviors in male and female rats. During postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21, pups were separated twice a day, for 180 min each time, from their dam nest while non-separated pups served as controls. The pups were weaned, separated by sex and randomly distributed into the stevia, sucralose and water conditions. During PNDs 26-50, two bottles containing water and stevia or sucralose were placed in the animal home-cages, and body weight and blood glucose measures were scored. On PNDs 50 and 51, behavioral measures were obtained in the open-field test. Results showed that male rats consuming stevia reduced body weight gain, blood glucose and increased locomotion. Early-stress led to low blood glucose and alterations in anxiety and locomotion-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. Moreover, sucralose access during adolescence reversed the effects of early-stress on anxiety-related behaviors in female rats. The results suggest that the consumption of stevia and sucralose could be an alternative for the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in adolescents who have had adverse early-life experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Leonardo Rico
- Facultad de Psicología, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Laura Aya-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia
| | - Zulma Dueñas
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 111321, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cargnin-Carvalho A, da Silva MR, Costa AB, Engel NA, Farias BX, Bressan JB, Backes KM, de Souza F, da Rosa N, de Oliveira Junior AN, Goldim MPDS, Correa MEAB, Venturini LM, Fortunato JJ, Prophiro JS, Petronilho F, Silveira PCL, Ferreira GK, Rezin GT. High concentrations of fructose cause brain damage in mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:313-325. [PMID: 36947832 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive fructose consumption is associated with the incidence of obesity and systemic inflammation, resulting in increased oxidative damage and failure to the function of brain structures. Thus, we hypothesized that fructose consumption will significantly increase inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the mouse brain and, consequently, memory damage. The effects of different fructose concentrations on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in the mouse brain were evaluated. Male Swiss mice were randomized into four groups: control, with exclusive water intake, 5%, 10%, and 20% fructose group. The 10% and 20% fructose groups showed an increase in epididymal fat, in addition to higher food consumption. Inflammatory markers were increased in epididymal fat and in some brain structures. In the evaluation of oxidative damage, it was possible to observe significant increases in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. In the epididymal fat and in the prefrontal cortex, there was a decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and an increase in the striatum. Furthermore, short memory was impaired in the 10% and 20% groups but not long memory. In conclusion, excess fructose consumption can cause fat accumulation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can damage brain structures and consequently memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Cargnin-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bianca Xavier Farias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joice Benedet Bressan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kassiane Mathiola Backes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Francielly de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia Milanez Venturini
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jucélia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Immunoparasitology Research Group, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Lock Silveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Phisiopatology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health ScienceUniversidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nota MH, Nicolas S, O’Leary OF, Nolan YM. Outrunning a bad diet: interactions between exercise and a Western-style diet for adolescent mental health, metabolism and microbes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105147. [PMID: 36990371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of biological, psychological and social changes, and the peak time for the emergence of mental health problems. During this life stage, brain plasticity including hippocampal neurogenesis is increased, which is crucial for cognitive functions and regulation of emotional responses. The hippocampus is especially susceptible to environmental and lifestyle influences, mediated by changes in physiological systems, resulting in enhanced brain plasticity but also an elevated risk for developing mental health problems. Indeed, adolescence is accompanied by increased activation of the maturing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sensitivity to metabolic changes due to increased nutritional needs and hormonal changes, and gut microbiota maturation. Importantly, dietary habits and levels of physical activity significantly impact these systems. In this review, the interactions between exercise and Western-style diets, which are high in fat and sugar, on adolescent stress susceptibility, metabolism and the gut microbiota are explored. We provide an overview of current knowledge on implications of these interactions for hippocampal function and adolescent mental health, and speculate on potential mechanisms which require further investigation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fadó R, Molins A, Rojas R, Casals N. Feeding the Brain: Effect of Nutrients on Cognition, Synaptic Function, and AMPA Receptors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194137. [PMID: 36235789 PMCID: PMC9572450 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, traditional eating habits have been replaced by a more globalized diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and simple sugars. Extensive evidence shows that these dietary factors contribute to cognitive health impairment as well as increase the incidence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, how these nutrients modulate synaptic function and neuroplasticity is poorly understood. We review the Western, ketogenic, and paleolithic diets for their effects on cognition and correlations with synaptic changes, focusing mainly (but not exclusively) on animal model studies aimed at tracing molecular alterations that may contribute to impaired human cognition. We observe that memory and learning deficits mediated by high-fat/high-sugar diets, even over short exposure times, are associated with reduced arborization, widened synaptic cleft, narrowed post-synaptic zone, and decreased activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and also observe that these alterations correlate with deregulation of the AMPA-type glutamate ionotropic receptors (AMPARs) that are crucial to neuroplasticity. Furthermore, we explored which diet-mediated mechanisms modulate synaptic AMPARs and whether certain supplements or nutritional interventions could reverse deleterious effects, contributing to improved learning and memory in older people and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-504-20-00
| | - Anna Molins
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rocío Rojas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsu JW, Huang KL, Ba YM, Tsai SJ, Chen MH. Role of Appetite Hormone Dysregulation in Symptomology and Executive Function in Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 26:91-96. [PMID: 36153673 PMCID: PMC9926050 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests an association of insulin and leptin with attention and executive function. The roles of dysregulated appetite hormones, including insulin and leptin, in the pathomechanisms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated cognitive function impairment remain unknown. METHODS In total, 50 adolescents with ADHD were enrolled and age and sex matched with 50 typically developing controls. The parent-reported Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale and self-reported Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were employed for symptom assessment. The fasting serum concentrations of appetite hormones-leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and adiponectin-were measured. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used to examine executive function. RESULTS Generalized linear models with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and medications indicated that the adolescents with ADHD had higher levels of insulin (P = .039) and leptin (P = .006) than did those in the control group. Self-reported attention and self-control symptoms were negatively associated with insulin level (P = .025 and .018, respectively) and positively associated with leptin level (both P < .001). In addition, insulin level was positively associated with executive function (P = .031). CONCLUSION Appetite hormone dysregulation was associated with the symptomology and executive function among adolescents with ADHD. Our results may inspire researchers to further examine the role of appetite hormone dysregulation in ADHD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Ba
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Correspondence: Mu-Hong Chen, MD, PhD, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan ()
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wingard MC, Dalal S, Shook PL, Ramirez P, Raza MU, Johnson P, Connelly BA, Thewke D, Singh M, Singh K. Deficiency of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase attenuates Western-type diet-induced cardiac dysfunction in female mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15434. [PMID: 36117462 PMCID: PMC9483716 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of Western-type diet (WD) induces cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. Previously, we have shown that WD consumption in male ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase) deficient mice associates with accelerated body weight (BW) gain, cardiac systolic dysfunction with increased preload, and exacerbation of hypertrophy, apoptosis, and inflammation. This study investigated the role of ATM deficiency in WD-induced changes in functional and biochemical parameters of the heart in female mice. Six-week-old wild-type (WT) and ATM heterozygous knockout (hKO) female mice were placed on WD or NC (normal chow) for 14 weeks. BW gain, fat accumulation, and cardiac functional and biochemical parameters were measured 14 weeks post-WD. WD-induced subcutaneous and total fat contents normalized to body weight were higher in WT-WD versus hKO-WD. Heart function measured using echocardiography revealed decreased percent fractional shortening and ejection fraction, and increased LV end systolic diameter and volume in WT-WD versus WT-NC. These functional parameters remained unchanged in hKO-WD versus hKO-NC. Myocardial fibrosis, myocyte hypertrophy, and apoptosis were higher in WT-WD versus WT-NC. However, apoptosis was significantly lower and hypertrophy was significantly higher in hKO-WD versus WT-WD. MMP-9 and Bax expression, and Akt activation were higher in WT-WD versus WT-NC. PARP-1 (full-length) expression and mTOR activation were lower in WT-WD versus hKO-WD. Thus, ATM deficiency in female mice attenuates fat weight gain, preserves heart function, and associates with decreased cardiac cell apoptosis in response to WD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Wingard
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Suman Dalal
- Department of Health SciencesEast Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and ImmunityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Paige L. Shook
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Paulina Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Muhammad U. Raza
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Patrick Johnson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Barbara A. Connelly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
- Research and Development ServiceJames H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMountain HomeTennesseeUSA
| | - Douglas P. Thewke
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Mahipal Singh
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
| | - Krishna Singh
- Department of Biomedical SciencesJames H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State UniversityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and ImmunityJohnson CityTennesseeUSA
- Research and Development ServiceJames H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMountain HomeTennesseeUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
AKIN S, GÜLTEKİN F, GÜLER EM. Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Yağ Asitlerinin Rolü. ACTA MEDICA ALANYA 2022. [DOI: 10.30565/medalanya.1059552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset disorder that affects 5% to 12% of children worldwide. Etiological factors, including nutrition, are involved in this disease, which is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity symptoms. Fats, which form an important part of the daily diet, can have effects on ADHD and its symptoms. In the literature, it is stated that omega-3 fatty acids are low in children with ADHD, and supplementation studies may be effective in improving symptoms. In addition, high omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ratio in the diet and diets rich in saturated and trans fatty acids are associated with ADHD. In this review, the relationship between ADHD and dietary fatty acids will be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye AKIN
- SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HAMİDİYE SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, TIBBİ BİYOKİMYA (DR)
| | - Fatih GÜLTEKİN
- SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HAMİDİYE TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, TIBBİ BİYOKİMYA ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Eray Metin GÜLER
- SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HAMİDİYE TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, TIBBİ BİYOKİMYA ANABİLİM DALI
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Şahinoğlu Keşkek N, Akkoyun İ, Temiz A, Kütük Ö. Hedgehog Signal Defect Leading to Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy-Like Disease and Gastrointestinal Malformation. Turk J Ophthalmol 2022; 52:174-178. [PMID: 35770050 PMCID: PMC9249105 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.72929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study was to present a new genetic association presenting with gastrointestinal tract malformations (GTMs) and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)-like disease and review the genetics of Hedgehog signaling. Materials and Methods: Three neonates were diagnosed with FEVR-like retinal vascular disease upon routine ophthalmological examination during hospitalization in the neonatal surgical intensive care unit for GTMs. Genetic analysis of the neonates was performed. Results: Gestational age of the neonates was 39, 38, and 39 weeks and birth weights were 3,500, 3,600, and 3,300 grams, respectively. All six eyes of the three infants were treated by laser photocoagulation. Recurrence was not seen in any of the eyes. Genetical analysis of all the neonates diagnosed with FEVR-like disease revealed defects in the Hedgehog pathway. Conclusion: FEVR is a genetically well-defined retinal vascular disease. The current study is the first to show an association between FEVR-like retinal vascular disease and GTMs. This study demonstrates the importance of the Hedgehog pathway in retinal vascular and gut development.
Collapse
|
9
|
Myers KP, Majewski M, Schaefer D, Tierney A. Chronic experience with unpredictable food availability promotes food reward, overeating, and weight gain in a novel animal model of food insecurity. Appetite 2022; 176:106120. [PMID: 35671918 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous, easy access to food is thought to promote obesity in the modern environment. However, people coping with food insecurity have limited, unpredictable food access and are also prone to obesity. Causal factors linking food insecurity and obesity are not understood. In this study we describe an animal model to investigate biopsychological impacts of the chronic unpredictability inherent in food insecurity. Female rats were maintained on a 'secure' schedule of highly predictable 4x/day feedings of uniform size, or an 'insecure' schedule delivering the same total food over time but frequently unpredictable regarding how much, if any, food would arrive at each scheduled feeding. Subgroups of secure and insecure rats were fed ordinary chow or high-fat/high-sugar (HFHS) chow to identify separate and combined effects of insecurity and diet quality. Insecure chow-fed rats, relative to secure chow-fed rats, were hyperactive and consumed more when provided a palatable liquid diet. Insecure HFHS-fed rats additionally had higher progressive ratio breakpoints for sucrose, increased meal size, and subsequently gained more weight during 8 days of ad libitum HFHS access. Insecurity appeared to maintain a heightened attraction to palatable food that habituated in rats with secure HFHS access. In a second experiment, rats fed ordinary chow on the insecure schedule subsequently gained more weight when provided ad libitum chow, showing that prior insecurity per se promoted short-term weight gain in the absence of HFHS food. We propose this to be a potentially useful animal model for mechanistic research on biopsychological impacts of insecurity, demonstrating that chronic food uncertainty is a factor promoting obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Myers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, USA.
| | - Marta Majewski
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, USA
| | - Dominique Schaefer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, USA
| | - Alexis Tierney
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kendig MD, Hasebe K, McCague R, Lee F, Leigh SJ, Arnold R, Morris MJ. Adolescent exposure to a solid high-fat, high-sugar ‘cafeteria’ diet leads to more pronounced changes in metabolic measures and gut microbiome composition than liquid sugar in female rats. Appetite 2022; 172:105973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
11
|
Beisner J, Filipe Rosa L, Kaden-Volynets V, Stolzer I, Günther C, Bischoff SC. Prebiotic Inulin and Sodium Butyrate Attenuate Obesity-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Induction of Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678360. [PMID: 34177920 PMCID: PMC8226265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the mucosal barrier have been associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mice fed a Western-style diet (WSD) develop obesity and are characterized by a diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, bacterial endotoxin translocation and subsequent liver steatosis. To examine whether inulin or sodium butyrate could improve gut barrier dysfunction, C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or a WSD ± fructose supplemented with either 10% inulin or 5% sodium butyrate for 12 weeks respectively. Inulin and sodium butyrate attenuated hepatosteatitis in the WSD-induced obesity mouse model by reducing weight gain, liver weight, plasma and hepatic triglyceride level. Furthermore, supplementation with inulin or sodium butyrate induced expression of Paneth cell α-defensins and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), which was impaired by the WSD and particularly the fructose-added WSD. Effects on antimicrobial peptide function in the ileum were accompanied by induction of β-defensin-1 and tight junction genes in the colon resulting in improved intestinal permeability and endotoxemia. Organoid culture of small intestinal crypts revealed that the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) butyrate, propionate and acetate, fermentation products of inulin, induce Paneth cell α-defensin expression in vitro, and that histone deacetylation and STAT3 might play a role in butyrate-mediated induction of α-defensins. In summary, inulin and sodium butyrate attenuate diet-induced barrier dysfunction and induce expression of Paneth cell antimicrobials. The administration of prebiotic fiber or sodium butyrate could be an interesting therapeutic approach to improve diet-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beisner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Louisa Filipe Rosa
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Iris Stolzer
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tsan L, Décarie-Spain L, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Western Diet Consumption During Development: Setting the Stage for Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632312. [PMID: 33642988 PMCID: PMC7902933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern in industrialized countries has changed substantially over the past century due to technological advances in agriculture, food processing, storage, marketing, and distribution practices. The availability of highly palatable, calorically dense foods that are shelf-stable has facilitated a food environment where overconsumption of foods that have a high percentage of calories derived from fat (particularly saturated fat) and sugar is extremely common in modern Westernized societies. In addition to being a predictor of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, consumption of a Western diet (WD) is related to poorer cognitive performance across the lifespan. In particular, WD consumption during critical early life stages of development has negative consequences on various cognitive abilities later in adulthood. This review highlights rodent model research identifying dietary, metabolic, and neurobiological mechanisms linking consumption of a WD during early life periods of development (gestation, lactation, juvenile and adolescence) with behavioral impairments in multiple cognitive domains, including anxiety-like behavior, learning and memory function, reward-motivated behavior, and social behavior. The literature supports a model in which early life WD consumption leads to long-lasting neurocognitive impairments that are largely dissociable from WD effects on obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
D'Amico AM, Vasquez KM. The multifaceted roles of DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 99:103049. [PMID: 33529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms for genomic maintenance (i.e., DNA repair and DNA replication) are crucial for cell survival. Aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of genomic maintenance proteins/pathways and are significant risk factors for the development of cancer, metabolic disorders, and other genetic diseases. Mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in DNA repair and DNA replication can also exacerbate aging- and obesity-related disorders and lead to the development of progeroid diseases. In this review, we will discuss the roles of various DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity as well as investigate the possible mechanisms by which aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of these proteins and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M D'Amico
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Calibasi-Kocal G, Mashinchian O, Basbinar Y, Ellidokuz E, Cheng CW, Yilmaz ÖH. Nutritional Control of Intestinal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:20-35. [PMID: 33277157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food and nutrition have a profound impact on organismal health and diseases, and tissue-specific adult stem cells play a crucial role in coordinating tissue maintenance by responding to dietary cues. Emerging evidence indicates that adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) actively adjust their fate decisions in response to diets and nutritional states to drive intestinal adaptation. Here, we review the signaling mechanisms mediating the dietary responses imposed by caloric intake and nutritional composition (i.e., macronutrients and micronutrients), fasting-feeding patterns, diet-induced growth factors, and microbiota on ISCs and their relevance to the beginnings of intestinal tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Calibasi-Kocal
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasemin Basbinar
- Department of Translational Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ender Ellidokuz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Chia-Wei Cheng
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Departments of Pathology, Gastroenterology, and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The physio-metabolic effects of time-restricting liquid sugar intake to six-hour windows during the mouse active phase: The effects of active phase liquid sugar consumption. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112905. [PMID: 32446780 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern and overconsumption of unhealthy fats and sugary beverages are contributing factors. Time-restricted feeding can reduce obesity-associated pathophysiological parameters by limiting the time of food consumption; however, the effects of time-restricted sugary water consumption are unknown. To examine whether liquid calorie restriction impacts metabolic health, we measured metabolic parameters in mice provided liquid sugar at various intervals during the active phase. The control (Con) group received tap water, the adlibitum fructose-glucose (ALFG) group received ad libitumsugar water and the early fructose-glucose (EFG) and late fructose-glucose (LFG) groups received liquid sugar during the first and last six hours of the active period, respectively. Each group was given free access to chow. Zeitgeber time (ZT) notation was used to set all experimental time points to lights on as ZT 0. The ALFG group exhibited elevated body and adipose tissue weights compared to the other groups and increased hepatic steatosis compared to the Con group. The ALFG group consumed more calories than the other groups during ZT 6-11, indicating that this window may be critical in the promotion of weight gain from liquid sugar consumption. The EFG group exhibited higher levels of energy expenditure than the Con and LFG groups during the first half of the active period (ZT 12-17); however, there was no difference among the groups during the second half of the active period (ZT18-23). In contrast, the EFG group exhibited lower respiratory exchange ratio than other groups during the inactive period as well as the second half of the active period, indicating that the EFG group had greater metabolic flexibility and utilized lipids when carbohydrates from liquid sugar were not available. Additionally, the EFG group was more insulin tolerant than the ALFG and Con groups. Our results support the hypothesis that time-restricted liquid calorie restriction aids in reducing the detrimental metabolic effects of sugary drink consumption.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Changes in diet are heavily associated with high mortality rates in several types of cancer. In this paper, a new mathematical model of tumor cells growth is established to dynamically demonstrate the effects of abnormal cell progression on the cells affected by the tumor in terms of the immune system’s functionality and normal cells’ dynamic growth. This model is called the normal-tumor-immune-unhealthy diet model (NTIUNHDM) and governed by a system of ordinary differential equations. In the NTIUNHDM, there are three main populations normal cells, tumor cell and immune cells. The model is discussed analytically and numerically by utilizing a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The dynamic behavior of the NTIUNHDM is discussed by analyzing the stability of the system at various equilibrium points and the Mathematica software is used to simulate the model. From analysis and simulation of the NTIUNHDM, it can be deduced that instability of the response stage, due to a weak immune system, is classified as one of the main reasons for the coexistence of abnormal cells and normal cells. Additionally, it is obvious that the NTIUNHDM has only one stable case when abnormal cells begin progressing into early stages of tumor cells such that the immune cells are generated once. Thus, early boosting of the immune system might contribute to reducing the risk of cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Western diet-induced obesity disrupts the diurnal rhythmicity of hippocampal core clock gene expression in a mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:815-825. [PMID: 32454134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Western diet (WD) feeding disrupts core clock gene expression in peripheral tissues and contributes to WD-induced metabolic disease. The hippocampus, the mammalian center for memory, is also sensitive to WD feeding, but whether the WD disrupts its core clock is unknown. To this end, male mice were maintained on a WD for 16 weeks and diurnal metabolism, gene expression and memory were assessed. WD-induced obesity disrupted the diurnal rhythms of whole-body metabolism, markers of inflammation and hepatic gene expression, but did not disrupt diurnal expression of hypothalamic Bmal1, Npas2 and Per2. However, all measured core clock genes were disrupted in the hippocampus after WD feeding and the expression pattern of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease and synaptic function were altered. Finally, WD feeding disrupted hippocampal memory in a task- and time-dependent fashion. Our results implicate WD-induced alterations in the rhythmicity of hippocampal gene expression in the etiology of diet-induced memory deficits.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nicolas S, Léime CSÓ, Hoban AE, Hueston CM, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Enduring effects of an unhealthy diet during adolescence on systemic but not neurobehavioural measures in adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:657-669. [PMID: 32723167 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1796041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Adolescence is an important stage of maturation for various brain structures. It is during this time therefore that the brain may be more vulnerable to environmental factors such as diet that may influence mood and memory. Diets high in fat and sugar (termed a cafeteria diet) during adolescence have been shown to negatively impact upon cognitive performance, which may be reversed by switching to a standard diet during adulthood. Consumption of a cafeteria diet increases both peripheral and central levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is also implicated in cognitive impairment during the ageing process. It is unknown whether adolescent exposure to a cafeteria diet potentiates the negative effects of IL-1β on cognitive function during adulthood.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a cafeteria diet during adolescence after which time they received a lentivirus injection in the hippocampus to induce chronic low-grade overexpression of IL-1β. After viral integration, metabolic parameters, circulating and central pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and cognitive behaviours were assessed.Results: Our data demonstrate that rats fed the cafeteria diet exhibit metabolic dysregulations in adulthood, which were concomitant with low-grade peripheral and central inflammation. Overexpression of hippocampal IL-1β in adulthood impaired spatial working memory. However, adolescent exposure to a cafeteria diet, combined with or without hippocampal IL-1β in adulthood did not induce any lasting cognitive deficits when the diet was replaced with a standard diet in adulthood. Discussion: These data demonstrate that cafeteria diet consumption during adolescence induces metabolic and inflammatory changes, but not behavioural changes in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicolas
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciarán S Ó Léime
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cara M Hueston
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Teixeira AE, Rocha-Gomes A, Pereira dos Santos T, Amaral BLS, da Silva AA, Malagutti AR, Leite FRF, Stuckert-Seixas SR, Riul TR. Cafeteria diet administered from lactation to adulthood promotes a change in risperidone sensitivity on anxiety, locomotion, memory, and social interaction of Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
20
|
Heese AJ, Roberts CK, Hofheins JC, Brown JD, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG, Booth FW. Rats Selectively Bred for High Voluntary Physical Activity Behavior are Not Protected from the Deleterious Metabolic Effects of a Western Diet When Sedentary. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz017. [PMID: 31111117 PMCID: PMC6517781 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity and diet are well-established modifiable factors that influence chronic disease risk. We developed a selectively bred, polygenic model for high and low voluntary running (HVR and LVR, respectively) distances. After 8 generations, large differences in running distance were noted. Despite these inherent behavioral differences in physical activity levels, it is unknown whether HVR rats would be inherently protected from diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether HVR rats without voluntary running wheels would be inherently protected from diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. METHODS Young HVR, LVR, and a wild-type (WT) control group were housed with no running wheel access and fed either a normal diet (ND) or a high-sugar/fat Western diet (WD) for 8 wk. Body weight, percentage body fat (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan), blood lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), nonesterified fatty acids], and hepatic TG content were measured, and indices of insulin sensitivity were determined via an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Additionally, weekly energy intake and feed efficiency were calculated. RESULTS After 8 wk, significant differences in body weight and body fat percentage were noted in all WD animals compared with ND animals, with the LVR-WD exhibiting the greatest increase due, in part, to their enhanced feed efficiency. Lipid dysregulation was present in all WD rat lines compared with ND counterparts. Furthermore, LVR-WD rats had higher total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG concentrations, and higher areas under the curve (AUC) for insulin than HVR-WD and WT-WD, although HVR-WD animals had higher AUCglucose than both LVR-WD and WT-WD and higher LDL than WT-WD. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of high voluntary running behavior, the genetic predisposition for high running in HVR did not largely protect them from the deleterious effects of a WD compared with LVR, suggesting genetic factors influencing physical activity levels may, in part, be independent from genes influencing metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Heese
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John C Hofheins
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jacob D Brown
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Frank W Booth
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Dynamic Simulation of the Immune System Response to Inhibit And Eliminate Abnormal Cells. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet has long been considered a risk factor related to an increased risk of cancer. This challenges us to understand the relationship between the immune system and diet when abnormal cells appear in a tissue. In this paper, we propose and analyze a model from the point of view of a person who follows a healthy diet, i.e., one correlated to the food pyramid, and a person who follows an unhealthy diet. Normal cells and immune cells are used in the design of the model, which aims to describe how the immune system functions when abnormal cells appear in a tissue. The results show that the immune system is able to inhibit and eliminate abnormal cells through the three following stages: the response stage, the interaction stage, and the recovery stage. Specifically, the failure of the immune system to accomplish the interaction stage occurs when a person follows an unhealthy diet. According to the analysis and simulation of our model, we can deduce that dietary pattern has a significant impact on the functioning of the immune system.
Collapse
|
22
|
Testosterone-Associated Dietary Pattern Predicts Low Testosterone Levels and Hypogonadism. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111786. [PMID: 30453566 PMCID: PMC6266690 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and low serum testosterone (T) levels are interrelated and strongly influenced by dietary factors, and their alteration entails a great risk of hypogonadism. Substantial evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between nutrient metabolism (e.g., glucose, lipids, and iron) and T levels in men; however, T-related dietary patterns remain unclear. This study investigated the dietary patterns associated with serum total T levels and its predictive effect on hypogonadism and the body composition. Anthropometry, blood biochemistry, and food frequency questionnaires were collected for 125 adult men. Dietary patterns were derived using a reduced rank regression from 32 food groups. Overall prevalence rates of central obesity and hypogonadism were 48.0% and 15.7%, respectively. An adjusted linear regression showed that age, insulin, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, and transferrin saturation independently predicted serum total T levels (all p < 0.01). The total T-related dietary pattern (a high consumption of bread and pastries, dairy products, and desserts, eating out, and a low intake of homemade foods, noodles, and dark green vegetables) independently predicted hypogonadism (odds ratio: 5.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.11‒29.51, p < 0.05) for those with the highest dietary pattern scores (Q4) compared to those with the lowest (Q1). Scores were also negatively correlated with the skeletal muscle mass (p for trend = 0.002) but positively correlated with the total body fat mass (p for trend = 0.002), visceral fat mass (p for trend = 0.001), and to a lesser extent, subcutaneous fat mass (p for trend = 0.035) after adjusting for age. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm that improvement in dietary pattern can improve T levels and reduce hypogonadism.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kopp W. Diet-Induced Hyperinsulinemia as a Key Factor in the Etiology of Both Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Essential Hypertension? Nutr Metab Insights 2018; 11:1178638818773072. [PMID: 30455570 PMCID: PMC6238249 DOI: 10.1177/1178638818773072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension are common age-related comorbidities. Although the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is still largely unresolved and poorly understood, a significant age-independent association was found between BPH and hypertension, indicating a common pathophysiological factor for both diseases. It has previously been suggested that the development of essential hypertension may be related to diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. This study follows the question, whether BPH may develop due to the same mechanism, thereby explaining the well-known comorbidity of these 2 disorders. The scientific evidence presented shows that BPH and hypertension share the same pathophysiological changes, with hyperinsulinemia as the driving force. It further shows that significant dietary changes during human history cause disruption of a finely tuned metabolic balance that has evolved over millions of years of evolution: high-insulinemic food, typical of current “Western” diets, has the potential to cause hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as an abnormally increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, alterations that play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of BPH and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kopp
- Former head of the Diagnostikzentrum Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Hsueh J, Le A, Quizon K, Ostlund SB, Maidment NT, Murphy NP. Pattern of access determines influence of junk food diet on cue sensitivity and palatability. Appetite 2018; 123:135-145. [PMID: 29248689 PMCID: PMC5817006 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Like drug addiction, cues associated with palatable foods can trigger food-seeking, even when sated. However, whether susceptibility to the motivating influence of food-related cues is a predisposing factor in overeating or a consequence of poor diet is difficult to determine in humans. Using a rodent model, we explored whether a highly palatable 'junk food' diet impacts responses to reward-paired cues in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer test, using sweetened condensed milk (SCM) as the reward. The hedonic impact of SCM consumption was also assessed by analyzing licking microstructure. METHODS To probe the effects of pattern and duration of junk food exposure, we provided rats with either regular chow ad libitum (controls) or chow plus access to junk food for either 2 or 24 h per day for 1, 3, or 6 weeks. We also examined how individual susceptibility to weight gain related to these measures. RESULTS Rats provided 24 h access to the junk food diet were insensitive to the motivational effects of a SCM-paired cue when tested sated even though their hedonic experience upon reward consumption was similar to controls. In contrast, rats provided restricted, 2 h access to junk food exhibited a cue generalization phenotype under sated conditions, lever-pressing with increased vigor in response to both a SCM-paired cue, and a cue not previously paired with reward. Hedonic response was also significantly higher in these animals relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the pattern of junk food exposure differentially alters the hedonic impact of palatable foods and susceptibility to the motivating influence of cues in the environment to promote food-seeking actions when sated, which may be consequential for understanding overeating and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Hsueh
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin Quizon
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, 3111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility 837 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 675 Charles E Young Dr. South, MRL #2762, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kosheleff AR, Araki J, Tsan L, Chen G, Murphy NP, Maidment NT, Ostlund SB. Junk Food Exposure Disrupts Selection of Food-Seeking Actions in Rats. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:350. [PMID: 30166974 PMCID: PMC6106797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that repeated consumption of highly palatable, nutritionally poor "junk food" diets can produce deficits in cognition and behavioral control. We explored whether long-term junk-food diet exposure disrupts rats' ability to make adaptive choices about which foods to pursue based on (1) expected reward value (outcome devaluation test) and (2) cue-evoked reward expectations (Pavlovian-to-instrumental test). Rats were initially food restricted and trained on two distinct response-outcome contingencies (e.g., left press chocolate pellets, and right press sweetened condensed milk) and stimulus-outcome contingencies (e.g., white noise chocolate pellets, and clicker sweetened condensed milk). They were then given 6 weeks of unrestricted access to regular chow alone (controls) or chow and either 1 or 24 h access to junk food per day. Subsequent tests of decision making revealed that rats in both junk-food diet groups were impaired in selecting actions based on either expected food value or the presence of food-paired cues. These data demonstrate that chronic junk food consumption can disrupt the processes underlying adaptive control over food-seeking behavior. We suggest that the resulting dysregulation of food seeking may contribute to overeating and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa R Kosheleff
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jingwen Araki
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda Tsan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gancheva S, Galunska B, Zhelyazkova-Savova M. Diets rich in saturated fat and fructose induce anxiety and depression-like behaviours in the rat: is there a role for lipid peroxidation? Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:296-306. [PMID: 29210119 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal associations between obesity/metabolic syndrome and mood disorders. We assessed behavioural changes in rats fed diets enriched in fat and fructose in different proportions and correlated the observed alterations with biochemical changes induced by the diets. Three groups of rats were used as follows: control (C) animals fed regular rat chow, rats fed high-fat diet (HF) and rats fed high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF). HF and HFHF animals were also given a 10% fructose solution as drinking water. Behavioural and biochemical parameters were determined. Anxiety was measured by the open-field and the social interaction test. Depression-like behaviour was evaluated by the forced swimming test. The object recognition test was utilized to assess effects on memory. Diet-exposed animals displayed signs of anxiety in the open-field (HF rats had reduced central time; HFHF rats had reduced number of central entries) and in the social interaction test (decreased time of interaction in HF group). In the forced swimming test, the immobility time was prolonged in the HFHF group. While different measures of anxiety scores correlated with visceral adiposity and dyslipidemia, results from both social interaction and forced swimming tests were significantly associated with lipid peroxidation, which in turn also correlated with the metabolic parameters. The experimental diets did not affect the object recognition memory. Both experimental diets induced metabolic derangements in rats and provoked similar anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. Lipid peroxidation seems to play a role in translating diet-induced metabolic alterations into behavioural disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gancheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Bistra Galunska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Zhelyazkova-Savova
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sarfert KS, Knabe ML, Gunawansa NS, Blythe SN. Western-style diet induces object recognition deficits and alters complexity of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:344-353. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1388557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Sarfert
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Melina L. Knabe
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Nicole S. Gunawansa
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Sarah N. Blythe
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA 24450, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Woodie L, Blythe S. The differential effects of high-fat and high-fructose diets on physiology and behavior in male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:328-336. [PMID: 28195006 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1287834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study is to directly compare a diet high in fat with a diet high in fructose. This side-by-side comparison will allow us to determine the physiological and behavioral effects resulting from the consumption of a diet dominated by one macronutrient. METHODS Rats were fed pelletized food containing either 60% fat or 55% fructose diet, or control chow (5.8% kcal of fat, 44.3% kcal carb) for 9 weeks. Animals performed a classic Morris Water Maze (MWM) and a reversal MWM to assess spatial and working memory near the end of the feeding period. At termination, tissue samples were collected including trunk blood, livers, fat pads, and brain punches. RESULTS Animals maintained on the high-fat diet weighed more by the end of the feeding period, had a higher percent body weight change and had higher fat pad weight than the high-fructose and control group. The high-fructose group had higher serum insulin levels than the high-fat group and higher total triglycerides than control or high-fat groups. Additionally, the high-fructose group entered the target quadrant significantly less than high-fat fed animals in the reverse MWM task. DISCUSSION These data suggest that fat accumulation and weight gain are influenced by the high-fat component of the Western-style diet. However, insulin resistance and elevated serum triglycerides are impacted more by high levels of fructose in the diet. Comparative data between a high-fat and high-fructose diet in a single study are novel and shed light on two of the individual components of a Western-style diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Woodie
- a Department of Biology , Washington & Lee University , Lexington , VA
| | - Sarah Blythe
- a Department of Biology , Washington & Lee University , Lexington , VA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pillidge K, Heal DJ, Stanford SC. The NK1R-/- mouse phenotype suggests that small body size, with a sex- and diet-dependent excess in body mass and fat, are physical biomarkers for a human endophenotype with vulnerability to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:848-55. [PMID: 27462087 PMCID: PMC4994703 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116658992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal behaviour of NK1R-/- mice (locomotor hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsivity in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Test) is arguably analogous to that of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence suggests that small body size and increased body weight are risk factors for ADHD. Here, we compared the body size, body mass and body composition of male and female NK1R-/- mice and their wildtypes that had been fed either standard laboratory chow or a high-fat (45%: 'Western') diet. Male NK1R-/- mice from both cohorts were approximately 7% shorter than wildtypes. A similar trend was evident in females. Male NK1R-/- mice fed the normal diet weighed less than wildtypes but the 'body mass index' ('mBMI': weight (mg)/length (cm)(2)) of female NK1R-/- mice was higher than wildtypes. When given the high-fat diet, the mBMI of both male and female NK1R-/- mice was higher than wildtypes. There were no consistent genotype or sex differences in protein, ash or water content of mice from the two cohorts. However, the fat content of male NK1R-/- mice on the Western diet was considerably (35%) higher than wildtypes and resembled that of females from both genotypes. We conclude that a lack of functional NK1R is associated with small body size but increases vulnerability to an increase in mBMI and fat content, especially in males. This phenotype could also be evident in ADHD patients with polymorphism(s) of the TACR1 gene (the human equivalent of Nk1r).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Pillidge
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - S Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|