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Warfield AE, Gupta P, Ruhmann MM, Jeffs QL, Guidone GC, Rhymes HW, Thompson MI, Todd WD. A brainstem to circadian system circuit links Tau pathology to sundowning-related disturbances in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5027. [PMID: 37596279 PMCID: PMC10439113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit progressive disruption of entrained circadian rhythms and an aberrant circadian input pathway may underlie such dysfunction. Here we examine AD-related pathology and circadian dysfunction in the APPSwe-Tau (TAPP) model of AD. We show these mice exhibit phase delayed body temperature and locomotor activity with increases around the active-to-rest phase transition. Similar AD-related disruptions are associated with sundowning, characterized by late afternoon and early evening agitation and aggression, and we show TAPP mice exhibit increased aggression around this transition. We show such circadian dysfunction and aggression coincide with hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) development in lateral parabrachial (LPB) neurons, with these disturbances appearing earlier in females. Finally, we show LPB neurons, including those expressing dynorphin (LPBdyn), project to circadian structures and are affected by pTau, and LPBdyn ablations partially recapitulate the hyperthermia of TAPP mice. Altogether we link pTau in a brainstem circadian input pathway to AD-related disturbances relevant to sundowning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Warfield
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Madison M Ruhmann
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Quiana L Jeffs
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Genevieve C Guidone
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Hannah W Rhymes
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - McKenzi I Thompson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William D Todd
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
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2
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Cheng Q, Lu C, Qian R. The circadian clock regulates metabolic responses to physical exercise. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:907-917. [PMID: 35282722 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed for years that physical exercise ameliorates metabolic diseases. Optimal exercise timing in humans and mammals has indicated that circadian clocks play a vital role in exercise and body metabolism. Skeletal muscle metabolism exhibits a robust circadian rhythm under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Clock genes also control the development, differentiation, and function of skeletal muscles. In this review, we aimed to clarify the relationship between exercise, skeletal muscles, and the circadian clock. Health benefits can be attained by the scheduling of exercise at the best circadian time. Exercise therapy for metabolic diseases and cardiovascular health is a key adjuvant method. This review highlights the importance of exercise timing in maintaining healthy metabolism and circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhe Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Liu H, Zheng W, Zhang L, Lin T, Tang Y, Hu L. Effect of Helicobacter pylori-Associated Chronic Gastritis on Autonomous Activity and Sleep Quality in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:785105. [PMID: 35185560 PMCID: PMC8856107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.785105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many reports have shown that patients with Hp-associated chronic gastritis exhibit anxiety and poor sleep quality. However, less is known about the effects and specific manifestations of Hp-associated chronic gastritis on autonomous activity and sleep quality in animals. Here, we investigated the effect of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated chronic gastritis on autonomous activity and sleep quality in mice. To do this, a Hp-associated chronic gastritis mouse model was first established, then analyzed for autonomous activity, relative to controls, for 15 min using an autonomous activity tester. Next, sleep quality of mice was detected by sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep experiment and results compared between groups. The results showed that male mice in the model group exhibited higher activity counts but lower forelimb lift counts, relative to those in the control group, although there were no significant differences (all p > .05). Conversely, female mice in the model group recorded lower activity counts, albeit at no significant difference (p > .05), and significantly lower counts of forelimb lift (p < .05), relative to those in the control group. Notably, male mice in the model group had longer sleep latency and shorter sleep duration than those in the control group, albeit at no significant differences (all p > .05). On the other hand, female mice in the model group recorded significantly longer sleep latency as well as shorter sleep duration compared to those in the control group (all p < .01). We conclude that Hp-associated chronic gastritis exerts certain effects on autonomous activity and sleep quality of mice in a gender-dependent manner. Notably, female mice with Hp-associated chronic gastritis had lower activity and forelimb lift counts, as well as prolonged sleep latency, and shortened sleep duration. These effects were all statistically significant except for activity counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Zheng
- Shangyou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tangtang Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yang Tang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Hu,
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Ledezma C, Coria-Lucero C, Castro A, Leporatti J, Perez M, Delgado S, Anzulovich AC, Navigatore-Fonzo L. Day-night oscillations of cognitive functions, TNF alpha and clock -related factors expression are modified by an intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid beta peptide in rat. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105277. [PMID: 35007657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by a gradual impairment in cognitive functions. Recent research have shown that TNF-α is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Besides cognitive deficit, AD patients show alterations in their circadian rhythms. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of an intracerebroventricular injection of Aß aggregates on temporal patterns of cognitive functions and on daily rhythms of Aβ, TNFα, BMAL1 and RORα protein levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Four-month-old males Holtzman rats were used in this study. Groups were defined as: control and Aβ-injected rats. Rats were maintained under 12h-light:12h-dark throughout the entire experimental period. Prefrontal cortex samples were isolated every 4 h during a 24h period. Our results demonstrated that an intracerebroventricular injection of Aß aggregates impaired learning and memory in rats at ZT 2 and ZT 14 and modified daily patterns of Aβ, TNFα, and clock-related factors in the rat prefrontal cortex. Our findings showed that the increase of Aß altered temporal patterns of TNFα, and, consequently, induced alterations in daily rhythms of clock-related factors, affecting the cognitive performance of animals with Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ledezma
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Cinthia Coria-Lucero
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Andrea Castro
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Jorge Leporatti
- Faculty of Economic, Legal and Social Sciences, National University of San Luis (UNSL), Campus Universitario: Ruta Prov. Nº 55 (Ex. 148) Extremo Norte, Argentina
| | - Mariela Perez
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology of Cordoba (CONICET), 5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Silvia Delgado
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ana Cecilia Anzulovich
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Lorena Navigatore-Fonzo
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, National Council of Science and Technology (CONICET), National University of San Luis (UNSL), Av Ejército de los Andes N° 950, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina.
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Abstract
Endogenous biological clocks, orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, time the circadian rhythms that synchronize physiological and behavioural functions in humans. The circadian system influences most physiological processes, including sleep, alertness and cognitive performance. Disruption of circadian homeostasis has deleterious effects on human health. Neurodegenerative disorders involve a wide range of symptoms, many of which exhibit diurnal variations in frequency and intensity. These disorders also disrupt circadian homeostasis, which in turn has negative effects on symptoms and quality of life. Emerging evidence points to a bidirectional relationship between circadian homeostasis and neurodegeneration, suggesting that circadian function might have an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the circadian system has become an attractive target for research and clinical care innovations. Studying circadian disruption in neurodegenerative disorders could expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration and facilitate the development of novel, circadian-based interventions for these disabling disorders. In this Review, we discuss the alterations to the circadian system that occur in movement (Parkinson disease and Huntington disease) and cognitive (Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementia) neurodegenerative disorders and provide directions for future investigations in this field.
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Filon MJ, Wallace E, Wright S, Douglas DJ, Steinberg LI, Verkuilen CL, Westmark PR, Maganti RK, Westmark CJ. Sleep and diurnal rest-activity rhythm disturbances in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sleep 2021; 43:5830779. [PMID: 32369586 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence suggests a strong association between sleep, amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine if (1) deficits in rest-activity rhythms and sleep are significant phenotypes in J20 AD mice, (2) metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 inhibitors (mGluR5) could rescue deficits in rest-activity rhythms and sleep, and (3) Aβ levels are responsive to treatment with mGluR5 inhibitors. METHODS Diurnal rest-activity levels were measured by actigraphy and sleep-wake patterns by electroencephalography, while animals were chronically treated with mGluR5 inhibitors. Behavioral tests were performed, and Aβ levels measured in brain lysates. RESULTS J20 mice exhibited a 4.5-h delay in the acrophase of activity levels compared to wild-type littermates and spent less time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the second half of the light period. J20 mice also exhibited decreased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) delta power but increased NREM sigma power. The mGluR5 inhibitor CTEP rescued the REM sleep deficit and improved NREM delta and sigma power but did not correct rest-activity rhythms. No statistically significant differences were observed in Aβ levels, rotarod performance, or the passive avoidance task following chronic mGluR5 inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS J20 mice have disruptions in rest-activity rhythms and reduced homeostatic sleep pressure (reduced NREM delta power). NREM delta power was increased following treatment with a mGluR5 inhibitor. Drug bioavailability was poor. Further work is necessary to determine if mGluR5 is a viable target for treating sleep phenotypes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj J Filon
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Eli Wallace
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Samantha Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Dylan J Douglas
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Pamela R Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Rama K Maganti
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Cara J Westmark
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Lippi SLP, Kakalec PA, Smith ML, Flinn JM. Wheel-Running Behavior Is Negatively Impacted by Zinc Administration in a Novel Dual Transgenic Mouse Model of AD. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:854. [PMID: 32922260 PMCID: PMC7456872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurocognitive disorder that impacts both the brain and behavior. Metal ions, including zinc (Zn), have been seen to play an important role in AD-related pathology. In this study, we show alterations in wheel-running behavior both early and late in disease progression in a novel dual Tg mouse model of AD. This mouse includes both amyloid and tau pathology through its cross with the J20 (hAPP) and P301L (Tau) parentage. Animals were given either lab water or water that had been supplemented with 10 ppm Zn. Wheel running was assessed through individually housing mice and measuring wheel-running activity in both the light and dark cycles. Dual Tg mice showed significantly less activity in the first part of the dark cycle than WT mice at both 3.5 and 7 months of age (p < 0.05). Dual Tg mice given Zn water showed less activity compared to dual Tg mice on lab water, tau mice on Zn water, or WT mice given either lab or Zn water (p < 0.05) at 7 months. Female mice in this study consistently showed higher activity compared to male mice in all groups whereas Zn led to reduced activity. Daily activity rhythm was altered in both the tau and dual Tg mice, and Zn impacted this alteration through effects on amyloid, tau, and through circadian pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jane M Flinn
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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8
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Sheehan PW, Musiek ES. Evaluating Circadian Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Where Do We Stand? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:703. [PMID: 32733196 PMCID: PMC7358444 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian dysfunction has been described in patients with symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as in presymptomatic phases of the disease. Modeling this circadian dysfunction in mouse models would provide an optimal platform for understanding mechanisms and developing therapies. While numerous studies have examined behavioral circadian function, and in some cases clock gene oscillation, in mouse models of AD, the results are variable and inconsistent across models, ages, and conditions. Ultimately, circadian changes observed in APP/PS1 models are inconsistent across studies and do not always replicate circadian phenotypes observed in human AD. Other models, including the 3xTG mouse, tau transgenic lines, and the accelerated aging SAMP8 line, show circadian phenotypes more consistent with human AD, although the literature is either inconsistent or minimal. We summarize these data and provide some recommendations to improve and standardize future studies of circadian function in AD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Sheehan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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9
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Li X, Guan J, Sun T, Yang J, Yu H, Yao J, Wang Z. Circadian learning and memory changes in Aβ1-42 induced Alzheimer's mice. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:463-471. [PMID: 31728887 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a growing health problem globally, which causes a progressive decline in learning and memory and multiple disturbances of circadian rhythms. Six Alzheimer's mice and six wild type (WT) mice were involved in this study. Morris Water Maze (MWM) tasks were conducted hourly to evaluate their circadian learning and memory performance. We used a single cosinor-based method to evaluate the circadian learning and memory of Alzheimer's mice and WT mice, respectively. An area sensor was used to record locomotor activity for 2 weeks continuously, including 7 days of 12 h light/12 h dark (LD) conditions and 7 days of 12 h dark/12 h dark (DD) conditions. All WT mice showed circadian rhythm presence in learning and memory, and the peak of escape latency appeared at circadian time (CT) 12. Only one in six Alzheimer's mice showed a circadian rhythm, but the peak of escape latency was postponed to CT20. Alzheimer's mice showed rhythm absence under LD or DD conditions. Under LD conditions, the WT mice activity was higher than that in the Alzheimer's mice during ZT0-5 (p = 0.007) and ZT18-23 (p = 0.353) but lower during ZT6-11 (p < 0.001) and ZT12-17 (p < 0.001). Learning and memory of wild type mice is proved to have a circadian variation throughout a day. In Alzheimer's mice, rhythmic locomotor activity and circadian learning and memory performance were disrupted. Understanding the role of rhythmic disturbances in the process of AD may assist to identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepei Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Junwen Guan
- Neurosurgery Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Tong Sun
- Neurosurgery Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Jingguo Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Hang Yu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, PR China
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Third Hostipal, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 410000, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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10
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Duncan MJ. Interacting influences of aging and Alzheimer's disease on circadian rhythms. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:310-325. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J. Duncan
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Kentucky Medical School Lexington Kentucky
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11
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Wu M, Zhou F, Cao X, Yang J, Bai Y, Yan X, Cao J, Qi J. Abnormal circadian locomotor rhythms and Per gene expression in six-month-old triple transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:13-18. [PMID: 29626648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbance (CRD) is one of the iconic manifestations in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease tightly associated with age, but the characteristics and gender difference of CRD occurred in AD have not been well demonstrated. Using 6-month-old triple transgenic AD mouse model (3xTg-AD) without obvious brain pathological changes, we demonstrated the gender difference of CRD at this age. We further showed abnormal Per gene expression in the central clock suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the 3xTg-AD mice. Specifically, compared with the wide type (WT) mice, the 3xTg-AD mice showed disrupted circadian locomotor rhythms both at LD (light-dark 12 h:12 h) and DD (constant dark) conditions, such as increased activities in the resting phase, decreased and scattered activities in the active phase, decreased overall activity intensities, amplitude, robustness, and increased intradaily variability. We further observed that 3xTg-AD female mice showed obviously less CRD compared with the 3xTg-AD male mice, and female mice of both WT and 3xTg-AD were more active in locomotor activity. Accordingly, 3xTg-AD mice showed a phase delay in the expression of Per1 and Per2 mRNA in the SCN, with the levels of Per1 and Per2 mRNA were significantly lower than that of WT mice at specific time points. We conclude that 3xTg-AD mice exhibit behavioral CRD at the age of six months with male gender preference, and these phenomena are at least partly associated with the alteration of Per1 and Per2 transcription patterns in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiuli Cao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Junting Yang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xudong Yan
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jinshun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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