1
|
Oleszkiewicz A, Rokosz M, Gargula L, Marek D, Nawrocka P, Reichert A, Zienkiewicz K, Zyzelewicz B, Sorokowska A. Olfactory training and metacognitive aspects of olfaction in children aged 6-9 years: a preliminary study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2025; 89:100. [PMID: 40392298 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
People differ in terms of olfactory abilities and awareness of ambient odors. Olfactory training (OT), a method primarily devoted to the rehabilitation of the sense of smell, has been found to have a positive effect on various olfactory and cognitive abilities. Here, addressing an important gap in the literature, we tested experimentally whether odor awareness and significance in young children can be enhanced through standardized OT. Additionally, we explored whether OT can improve odor identification skills and verbal fluency. A sample of 101 children (52 girls) aged between 6 and 9 years (M = 7.62 ± 0.61) took part in a 12-week OT, preceded and followed by psychophysical and questionnaire testing. Of these, 57 children were assigned to the experimental group who bi-daily smelled four odors (rose, eucalyptus, lemon and cloves), and 44 children to the placebo group who received odorless samples. Odor significance and awareness score slightly increased, and this improvement was more pronounced in the experimental group. The effect was present in the group that presented lower odor awareness at baseline, suggesting that OT may be particularly effective in children who have lesser experience with odors. OT affected neither the odor identification nor the verbal fluency. We conclude that in children, especially those who have less experience with odors, OT procedure might have certain effects on metacognitive aspects of olfaction. More studies are needed to assess the exact effects of OT on metacognitive olfactory development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland.
| | - Marta Rokosz
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Lukasz Gargula
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Daniel Marek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | - Paulina Nawrocka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-527, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finell E, Tolvanen A, Ikonen R, Pekkanen J, Ståhl T. Students' school-level symptoms mediate the relationship between a school's observed moisture problems and students' subjective perceptions of indoor air quality. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:40-50. [PMID: 32619333 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Moisture damage can influence the subjective assessment of indoor air quality (subjective IAQ) in various ways. We studied whether the frequency of symptoms reported across students at school level mediates the relationship between observed mold and dampness in a school building and students' subjective IAQ. To answer this research question, we tested a multilevel path model. The analyzed data were created by merging two nationwide data sets: (a) survey data from students, including information on subjective IAQ (N = 24,786 students); (b) data from schools, including information on mold and dampness in a school building (N = 222). After the background variables were adjusted, schools' observed mold and dampness were directly and significantly related to poor subjective IAQ (standardized beta (β)= 0.22, P = .002). In addition, in schools with mold and dampness, students reported significantly more symptoms (β = 0.22, P = .023) than in schools without; the higher the prevalence of symptoms at school level, the worse the students' subjective IAQ (β = 0.60, P < .001). This indirect path was significant (P = .023). In total, schools' observed mold and dampness and student-reported symptoms explained 52% of the between-school variance in subjective IAQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eerika Finell
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskyla, Finland
| | - Riikka Ikonen
- Department of Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Ståhl
- Department of Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|