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Desroches AJ, Aloui F, Deshayes TA, Goulet EDB. Assessment of the Omius™ cooling headband effectiveness during a 70-min submaximal running effort followed by a 5-km time-trial in hot/humid conditions. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103964. [PMID: 39226790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Exercise performed under hot/humid conditions can hinder endurance performance. The Omius™ headband (OH) is purported to reduce the perception of heat and improve performance. We examined the impact of OH on selected thermal and cardiovascular functions, subjective perceptions and running performance. Using a randomized crossover protocol, 10 trained male athletes (28 ± 4 years) completed two trials (OH and sham headband (SH), 35.0 ± 0.3 °C, 56 ± 3% relative humidity) comprising 70 min of running (60% V˙ O2max) followed by a 5-km running time-trial (TT). Heart rate, perceived exertion and whole-body thermal comfort did not significantly differ between conditions during the submaximal running effort and TT. Rectal temperature was higher with OH (0.11 ± 0.16 °C, p = 0.052) than SH prior to the submaximal running effort, however, no significant differences were observed between conditions regarding the changes in rectal temperature from baseline during the submaximal running effort and TT. Forehead temperature was significantly lower with OH than SH during the submaximal running effort, but no significant differences were observed at the end of the TT. Scores of perceived forehead thermal comfort was only significantly lower with OH than SH during the submaximal running effort. TT performance did not significantly differ between OH (19.8 ± 1.2 min) and SH (20.2 ± 1.0 min). In conclusion, OH improves forehead thermal comfort and reduces forehead temperature but not rectal temperature, heart rate and perceived exertion during, nor 5-km TT performance following, 70 min of submaximal running in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fedi Aloui
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Research Centre on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Gavel EH, Hawke KV, Logan-Sprenger HM. The Effect of Menthol Mouth Rinsing and Fluid Temperature on Male Cycling Performance in Thermoneutral Conditions. Nutrients 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 38613049 PMCID: PMC11013829 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a menthol (MEN) mouth rinse (MR) on cycling time trial (TT) performance in thermoneutral conditions and to explore the impact of fluid temperature (cold water [CW] or thermoneutral water [TNW]) on MEN's effect on performance. METHODS Twelve trained male cyclists (VO2 peak, 61.4 ± 12.1 mL/kg/min) completed a cycling TT in thermoneutral conditions (21 ± 0.2 °C, 40 ± 0.6% relative humidity) with four different mouth rinses: (1) MEN + CW; (2) MEN + TNW; (3) CW; and (4) TNW. The time to complete the TT and the power output (W) were recorded. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg 6-20), thermal sensation (TS), and thermal comfort (TC) were recorded prior to and throughout the TT. The core body temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout. RESULTS The TT duration was not significantly different between trials (MEN + TNW: 38:11 ± 12:48, MEN + CW: 37:21 ± 13:00, CW: 38:12 ± 13:54, TNW: 36:06 ± 14:12 mins:secs, p < 0.05). The mean trial power output did not significantly differ between conditions (>0.05). The Tc, HR, RPE, TS, and TC were not significantly different between trials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that a MEN MR with either CW or TNW does not significantly improve cycling TT performance in trained male cyclists compared to a CW or TNW MR in thermoneutral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
- Departments of Family Medicine and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Tanenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kierstyn V. Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
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Gavel EH, Barreto G, Hawke KV, Stellingwerff T, James LJ, Saunders B, Logan-Sprenger HM. How Cool is That? The Effects of Menthol Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:18. [PMID: 38381237 PMCID: PMC10881929 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menthol (MEN) mouth rinsing (MR) has gained considerable interest in the athletic population for exercise performance; however, the overall magnitude of effect is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of menthol MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. METHODS Three databases were searched with articles screened according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Three-level meta-analyses were used to investigate the overall efficacy of MEN MR and the impact it has on exercise capacity and performance. Meta-regressions were then performed with 1) mean VO2peak, 2) MEN swilling duration; 3) the MEN concentration of MR solution, 4) the number of executed swills throughout a single experiment, 5) the use of flavoured sweetened, non-caloric, or non-flavoured neutral solutions as controls, 6) mean environmental temperature at the time of exercise tests, and 7) exercise type as fixed factors to evaluate their influence on the effects of MEN MR. RESULTS Ten MEN MR studies included sufficient information pertaining to MEN MR and exercise performance and capacity. MR with MEN resulted in no significant change in capacity and performance (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI - 0.08, 0.31; p = 0.23, n = 1, tau21 < 0.0001, tau22 = < 0.0001, I2 = 0%). No significant influence was detected in meta-regressions for VO2peak, (estimate: 0.03; df = 8; 95% CI - 0.03, 0.09; p = 0.27), swilling duration (5 vs. 10 s: 0.00; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.41, 0.41; p = 1.0), MEN concentration (low [0.01%] vs. high [0.1%]: - 0.08; df = 15; 95% CI - 0.49, 0.32; p = 0.67), number of swills (estimate: 0.02; df = 13; 95% CI - 0.05, 0.09; p = 0.56), the use of flavoured sweetener or non-caloric as control (non-flavoured vs. flavoured: 0.12; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.30, 0.55; p = 0.55) or mean room temperature during exercise tests (estimate: 0.01; df = 16; 95% CI - 0.02, 0.04; p = 0.62). CONCLUSION MEN MR did not significantly improve overall exercise capacity and performance, though those involved in endurance exercise may see benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H Gavel
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kierstyn V Hawke
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heather M Logan-Sprenger
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
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van de Kerkhof TM, Bongers CCWG, Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH. Performance Benefits of Pre- and Per-cooling on Self-paced Versus Constant Workload Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:447-471. [PMID: 37803106 PMCID: PMC10933154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Exercise in hot environments impairs endurance performance. Cooling interventions can attenuate the impact of heat stress on performance, but the influence of an exercise protocol on the magnitude of performance benefit remains unknown. This meta-analytical review compared the effects of pre- and per-cooling interventions on performance during self-paced and constant workload exercise in the heat. METHODS The study protocol was preregistered at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/wqjb3 ). A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE from inception to 9 June, 2023. We included studies that examined the effects of pre- or per-cooling on exercise performance in male individuals under heat stress (> 30 °C) during self-paced or constant workload exercise in cross-over design studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized trials. RESULTS Fifty-nine studies (n = 563 athletes) were identified from 3300 records, of which 40 (n = 370 athletes) used a self-paced protocol and 19 (n = 193 athletes) used a constant workload protocol. Eighteen studies compared multiple cooling interventions and were included more than once (total n = 86 experiments and n = 832 paired measurements). Sixty-seven experiments used a pre-cooling intervention and 19 used a per-cooling intervention. Average ambient conditions were 34.0 °C [32.3-35.0 °C] and 50.0% [40.0-55.3%] relative humidity. Cooling interventions attenuated the performance decline in hot conditions and were more effective during a constant workload (effect size [ES] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44-0.81) compared with self-paced exercise (ES = 0.30, 95% CI 0.18-0.42, p = 0.004). A difference in performance outcomes between protocols was only observed with pre-cooling (ES = 0.74, 95% CI 0.50-0.98 vs ES = 0.29, 95% CI 0.17-0.42, p = 0.001), but not per-cooling (ES = 0.45, 95% CI 0.16-0.74 vs ES = 0.35, 95% CI 0.01-0.70, p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Cooling interventions attenuated the decline in performance during exercise in the heat, but the magnitude of the effect is dependent on exercise protocol (self-paced vs constant workload) and cooling type (pre- vs per-cooling). Pre-cooling appears to be more effective in attenuating the decline in exercise performance during a constant workload compared with self-paced exercise protocols, whereas no differences were found in the effectiveness of per-cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M van de Kerkhof
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology (392), Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Roriz M, Brito J, Teixeira FJ, Spyrou K, Teixeira VH. Menthol mouth rinsing and performance in elite football referees in the heat: A study protocol for a randomized crossover trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 35:101202. [PMID: 37691850 PMCID: PMC10492210 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Within professional European competitions, matches can be played in extreme environmental temperatures, ranging from -5 °C to +30 °C in different countries. Furthermore, the World Cups are usually played in the summer months, when temperatures can exceed 35 °C, increasing physiological stress. Practical and cost-effective cooling strategies may be implemented to help players and referees to cope with exercising in the heat. No study has evaluated the effect of non-thermal internal cooling techniques regarding performance responses on elite football referees, so far. This study aims to analyse the effects of a menthol mouth rinse regarding physical, physiological, and perceptual performance in elite male football referees, during a 90-min football protocol in the heat. Methods At least thirteen male football referees will be recruited to perform two intermittent football protocols, separated by no less than 7 days. After passing the eligibility criteria, the participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 beverages: (1) intervention - menthol solution 0.01% and (2) placebo - noncaloric berry-flavored solution, both at room temperature. The beverages will be given before warm-up (pre-cooling) and at the half-time (per-cooling). The trials will follow a randomized counterbalanced crossover design, single blinded, and will take place in indoor facilities, with Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) > 30 °C, at the same time of the day to control for circadian variations. Impact of the project The results of this study are expected to determine whether mouth rinsing a menthol solution before and during a football exercise protocol performed in the heat will alter perceptual measures and help ease physiological strain and attenuate performance decrements in elite male football referees, comparing to a non-cooling strategy. Thus, we can be closer to defining nutritional strategies of internal cooling that may be an advantage for the performance of the football referees in the heat. Trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05632692 registered on 20 November 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, 2730-036, Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4150-180, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Vogel RM, Varone N, Clark C, Ramirez K, Ross MLR, Swann C, Stevens CJ. A Menthol-Enhanced "Cooling" Energy Gel Does Not Influence Laboratory Time Trial Performance in Trained Runners. Nutrients 2023; 15:3379. [PMID: 37571316 PMCID: PMC10420894 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
l-menthol (menthol) is an organic compound derived from peppermint which imparts a refreshing mint flavor and aroma to oral hygiene products, chewing gum, and topical analgesics. Menthol has been identified as a non-thermal sensory cooling strategy for athletes when ingested or mouth-rinsed during exercise in hot environments. Therefore, sports nutrition products delivering a controlled concentration of menthol could be beneficial for athletes exercising in the heat. We sought to test the performance and perceptual outcomes of a novel menthol energy gel during treadmill running in the heat (33 °C, 49% RH). Fourteen trained runners (mean ± SD; age: 31 ± 6 years, VO2max: 56.5 ± 10.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, BMI: 23.2 ± 2.4 kg/m2; six female) participated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. A menthol-enhanced energy gel (0.5% concentration; MEN) or flavor-matched placebo (PLA) was ingested 5 min before and again at 20 and 40 min of a 40 min treadmill exercise preload at 60% VO2max, followed by a 20 min self-paced time trial. The total distance, vertical distance, perceptual measures (thermal comfort, thermal sensation, rating of perceived exertion, and affect), and cognitive performance via computerized neurocognitive assessment were measured. No difference between 20 min self-paced time trial total distance (MEN: 4.22 ± 0.54 km, PLA: 4.22 ± 0.55 km, p = 0.867), vertical distance (MEN: 49.2 ± 24.6 m, PLA: 44.4 ± 11.4 m, p = 0.516), or any perceptual measures was observed (all p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was not different between the trials (all p > 0.05). These results suggest that a menthol energy gel is not superior to a non-menthol gel in terms of performance or perception during treadmill running in the heat. More research is needed to confirm whether these findings translate to ecologically valid settings, including outdoor exercise in ambient heat and during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne M. Vogel
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research (PASER) Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
- GU Energy Labs, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Nicole Varone
- School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76201, USA (K.R.)
| | - Cayla Clark
- School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76201, USA (K.R.)
| | - Kyndall Ramirez
- School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76201, USA (K.R.)
| | | | - Christian Swann
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research (PASER) Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Stevens
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Research (PASER) Theme, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia
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Greenfield AM, Alba BK, Giersch GEW, Seeley AD. Sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception: Implications for behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114126. [PMID: 36787810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sensitive receptors in the skin and deep body enable the detection of the external and internal environment, including the perception of thermal stimuli. Changes in heat balance require autonomic (e.g., sweating) and behavioral (e.g., seeking shade) thermoeffector initiation to maintain thermal homeostasis. Sex differences in body morphology can largely, but not entirely, account for divergent responses in thermoeffector and perceptual responses to environmental stress between men and women. Thus, it has been suggested that innate differences in thermosensation may exist between men and women. Our goal in this review is to summarize the existing literature that investigates localized and whole-body cold and heat exposure pertaining to sex differences in thermal sensitivity and perception, and the interplay between autonomic and behavioral thermoeffector responses. Overall, it appears that local differences in thermal sensitivity and perception are minimized, yet still apparent, when morphological characteristics are well-controlled. Sex differences in the early vasomotor response to environmental stress and subsequent changes in blood flow likely contribute to the heightened thermal awareness observed in women. However, the contribution of thermoreceptors to observed sex differences in thermal perception and thermoeffector function is unclear, as human studies investigating these questions have not been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Greenfield
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States of America.
| | - Billie K Alba
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Afton D Seeley
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States of America
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Heydenreich J, Koehler K, Braun H, Grosshauser M, Heseker H, Koenig D, Lampen A, Mosler S, Niess A, Schek A, Carlsohn A. Effects of internal cooling on physical performance, physiological and perceptional parameters when exercising in the heat: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1125969. [PMID: 37113693 PMCID: PMC10126464 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An elevated core temperature (Tcore) increases the risk of performance impairments and heat-related illness. Internal cooling (IC) has the potential to lower Tcore when exercising in the heat. The aim of the review was to systematically analyze the effects of IC on performance, physiological, and perceptional parameters. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed database on 17 December 2021. Intervention studies were included assessing the effects of IC on performance, physiological, or perceptional outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted for the included literature. The standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using the inverse-variance method and a random-effects model. Results: 47 intervention studies involving 486 active subjects (13.7% female; mean age 20-42 years) were included in the meta-analysis. IC resulted in significant positive effects on time to exhaustion [SMD (95% CI) 0.40 (0.13; 0.67), p < 0.01]. IC significantly reduced Tcore [-0.19 (22120.34; -0.05), p < 0.05], sweat rate [-0.20 (-0.34; -0.06), p < 0.01], thermal sensation [-0.17 (-0.33; -0.01), p < 0.05], whereas no effects were found on skin temperature, blood lactate, and thermal comfort (p > 0.05). IC resulted in a borderline significant reduction in time trial performance [0.31 (-0.60; -0.02), p = 0.06], heart rate [-0.13 (-0.27; 0.01), p = 0.06], rate of perceived exertion [-0.16 (-0.31; -0.00), p = 0.05] and borderline increased mean power output [0.22 (0.00; 0.44), p = 0.05]. Discussion: IC has the potential to affect endurance performance and selected physiological and perceptional parameters positively. However, its effectiveness depends on the method used and the time point of administration. Future research should confirm the laboratory-based results in the field setting and involve non-endurance activities and female athletes. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022336623.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Juliane Heydenreich,
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mareike Grosshauser
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Helmut Heseker
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Center for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Mosler
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Olympic Center Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Niess
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schek
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Editorial Team of the Journal Leistungssport, German Olympic Sports Confederation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Carlsohn
- Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, University of Applied Science Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Vogel RM, Ross MLR, Swann C, Rothwell JE, Stevens CJ. Athlete perceptions of flavored, menthol-enhanced energy gels ingested prior to endurance exercise in the heat. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:580-592. [DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2117995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne M Vogel
- Southern Cross University, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Coffs Harbour, Australia
- GU Energy Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Megan LR Ross
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Swann
- Southern Cross University, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Jessica E Rothwell
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - Christopher J Stevens
- Southern Cross University, Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Coffs Harbour, Australia
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Roriz M, Brito P, Teixeira FJ, Brito J, Teixeira VH. Performance effects of internal pre- and per-cooling across different exercise and environmental conditions: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:959516. [PMID: 36337635 PMCID: PMC9632747 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.959516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise in a hot and humid environment may endanger athlete's health and affect physical performance. This systematic review aimed to examine whether internal administration of ice, cold beverages or menthol solutions may be beneficial for physical performance when exercising in different environmental conditions and sports backgrounds. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases, from inception to April 2022, to identify studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: healthy male and female physically active individuals or athletes (aged ≥18 years); an intervention consisting in the internal administration (i.e., ingestion or mouth rinse) of ice slush, ice slurry or crushed ice and/or cold beverages and/or menthol solutions before and/or during exercise; a randomized crossover design with a control or placebo condition; the report of at least one physical performance outcome; and to be written in English. Our search retrieved 2,714 articles in total; after selection, 43 studies were considered, including 472 participants, 408 men and 64 women, aged 18-42 years, with a VO2max ranging from 46.2 to 67.2 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1. Average ambient temperature and relative humidity during the exercise tasks were 32.4 ± 3.5°C (ranging from 22°C to 38°C) and 50.8 ± 13.4% (varying from 20.0% to 80.0%), respectively. Across the 43 studies, 7 exclusively included a menthol solution mouth rinse, 30 exclusively involved ice slurry/ice slush/crushed ice/cold beverages intake, and 6 examined both the effect of thermal and non-thermal internal techniques in the same protocol. Rinsing a menthol solution (0.01%) improved physical performance during continuous endurance exercise in the heat. Conversely, the ingestion of ice or cold beverages did not seem to consistently increase performance, being more likely to improve performance in continuous endurance trials, especially when consumed during exercises. Co-administration of menthol with or within ice beverages seems to exert a synergistic effect by improving physical performance. Even in environmental conditions that are not extreme, internal cooling strategies may have an ergogenic effect. Further studies exploring both intermittent and outdoor exercise protocols, involving elite male and female athletes and performed under not extreme environmental conditions are warranted. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021268197], identifier [CRD42021268197].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roriz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Barcarena, Portugal
- Bettery Lifelab, Bettery S.A., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto (FCNAUP), Porto, Portugal
- Futebol Clube do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto (FADEUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Podlogar T, Bolčič T, Cirnski S, Verdel N, Debevec T. Commercially available carbohydrate drink with menthol fails to improve thermal perception or cycling exercise capacity in males. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1705-1713. [PMID: 34559601 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1986140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this double-blinded, crossover randomized and counterbalanced study was to compare the effects of ingesting a tepid commercially available carbohydrate-menthol-containing sports drink (menthol) and an isocaloric carbohydrate-containing sports drink (placebo) on thermal perception and cycling endurance capacity "in a simulated home virtual cycling environment". It was hypothesized that the addition of menthol would improve indicators of thermal perception and improve endurance exercise capacity. Twelve healthy, endurance-trained males (age 29 ± 5 years, height 181 ± 6 cm, body mass 79 ± 2 kg and V̇O2max 57.3 ± 6.4 mL kg-1 min-1) completed two experimental trials on a stationary bicycle without external air flow. Each trial consisted of (1) cycling for 60 min at 90% of the first ventilatory threshold while receiving a fixed amount of menthol or placebo every 10 min followed immediately by (2) cycling until volitional exhaustion (TTE) at 105% of the intensity corresponding to the respiratory compensation point. TTE did not differ between both conditions (541 ± 177 and 566 ± 150 s for menthol and placebo; p > 0.05) and neither did ratings of perceived thermal comfort or thermal sensation (p > 0.05). Also, the rectal temperature at the end of TTE was comparable between menthol and placebo trials (38.7 ± 0.2°C and 38.7 ± 0.3°C, respectively; p > 0.05). The present results demonstrate that the addition of menthol to commercially available sports drink does not improve thermal comfort or endurance exercise capacity during ∼65 min of intense virtual cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Podlogar
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Tina Bolčič
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nina Verdel
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Dilution Method of Menthol Solutions Affects Subsequent Perceptual Thermal Responses during Passive Heat Exposure in Non-Heat Acclimated Participants. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its volatility, the qualitative experience of menthol may be modulated by its preparation and combination with other compounds. One such method of preparation is dilution, with two dilution methods existing within the sport and exercise science literature, where menthol is used to impart feelings of oral cooling and improve thermal comfort and sensation during heat exposure. This study compared these two dilution methods; one using a solvent the other using temperature, via a randomized counterbalanced repeated measures design (n = 12; Height: 174.0 ± 8.5 cm Mass: 73.4 ± 13.3 kg Age: 28.7 ± 8.4 y; two exposures to each solution) to assess the effect of solution and heat exposure, upon thermal comfort, thermal sensation and associated physiological parameters in non-heat acclimated participants. Thermal comfort was significantly affected by solution (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.017) and time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.228), whereas thermal sensation was significantly affected by time only (p = 0.012; η2 = 0.133), as was tympanic temperature (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.277). Small to moderate clear differences between solutions at matched time points were also observed. These trends and effects suggest that, depending upon the dilution method employed, the resultant perceptual effects are likely impacted; this also likely depends upon the timing of menthol administration within a heat exposure session.
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The effects of pre- and per-cooling interventions used in isolation and combination on subsequent 15-minute time-trial cycling performance in the heat. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:800-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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