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Role of Glycation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Prevention through Nymphaea Species. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7240046. [PMID: 34746307 PMCID: PMC8566071 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7240046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of glucose metabolism that includes the modification of biomolecules with the help of glycation reaction results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation of AGEs may activate receptors for advanced glycation end products which induce intracellular signaling, ultimately enhancing oxidative stress, a well-known contributor to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, AGEs are possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review article highlights the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the Nymphaea species, and the screening of such aquatic plants for antiglycation activity may provide a safer alternative to the adverse effects related to glucotoxicity. Since oxidation and glycation are relatively similar to each other, therefore, there is a possibility that the Nymphaea species may also have antiglycating properties because of its powerful antioxidant properties. Herbal products and their derivatives are the preeminent resources showing prominent medicinal properties for most of the chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among these, the Nymphaea species has also shown elevated activity in scavenging free radicals. This species has a load of phytochemical constituents which shows various therapeutic and nutritional value including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profiles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article highlighting the possibility of an antiglycation value of the Nymphaea species by inhibiting AGEs in mediation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hope that in the next few years, the clinical and therapeutic potential may be explored and highlight a better perspective on the Nymphaea species in the inhibition of AGEs and its associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Miettinen K, Pollier J, Buyst D, Arendt P, Csuk R, Sommerwerk S, Moses T, Mertens J, Sonawane PD, Pauwels L, Aharoni A, Martins J, Nelson DR, Goossens A. The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14153. [PMID: 28165039 PMCID: PMC5303825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widespread bioactive plant defence compounds with potential use as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other high-value products. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family have an essential role in creating the immense structural diversity of triterpenoids across the plant kingdom. However, for many triterpenoid oxidation reactions, the corresponding enzyme remains unknown. Here we characterize CYP716 enzymes from different medicinal plant species by heterologous expression in engineered yeasts and report ten hitherto unreported triterpenoid oxidation activities, including a cyclization reaction, leading to a triterpenoid lactone. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of over 400 CYP716s from over 200 plant species reveals details of their evolution and suggests that in eudicots the CYP716s evolved specifically towards triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the great potential of CYP716s as a source for generating triterpenoid structural diversity and expand the toolbox available for synthetic biology programmes for sustainable production of bioactive plant triterpenoids. Cytochrome P450 family enzymes have an essential role in the creation of triterpenoid diversity in plants. Here, the authors describe triterpenoid synthesis as mediated by CYP716 enzymes in medicinal plant species, and perform phylogenetic analysis to describe CYP716 molecular evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - José Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Hsu CL, Fang SC, Yen GC. Anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the flowers of Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. Food Funct 2014; 4:1216-22. [PMID: 23727892 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. is an aquatic plant species which belongs to the family Nymphaea and is commonly known as the yellow water lily. The aim of this work was to study the in vitro antiinflammatory effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the flowers of Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. Seven phenolic compounds including vanillic acid, 4-methoxy-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, (2R,3R)-3,7-dihydroxyflavanone, naringenin (4), kaempferol 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside), kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside), and quercetin 3-(30 0-acetylrhamnoside) (7) were isolated from the flowers of Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. These results revealed that compound 4 has the most prominent inhibitory effect on the LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, compound 4 also inhibited LPS-mediated induction of protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and phospho-ERK in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Thus, compound 4 from the flowers of Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Hsu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University and Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Zhu M, Zheng X, Shu Q, Li H, Zhong P, Zhang H, Xu Y, Wang L, Wang L. Relationship between the composition of flavonoids and flower colors variation in tropical water lily (Nymphaea) cultivars. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34335. [PMID: 22485167 PMCID: PMC3317528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. Despite its limited researches on flower color variations and formation mechanism, water lily has background of blue flowers and displays an exceptionally wide diversity of flower colors from purple, red, blue to yellow, in nature. In this study, 34 flavonoids were identified among 35 tropical cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Among them, four anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-rhamnosyl-5-O-galactoside (Dp3Rh5Ga), delphinidin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl-6"-O-oxalyl-rhamnoside) (Dp3galloyl-oxalylRh), delphinidin 3-O-(6"-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranoside) (Dp3acetylG) and cyanidin 3- O-(2"-O-galloyl-galactopyranoside)-5-O-rhamnoside (Cy3galloylGa5Rh), one chalcone: chalcononaringenin 2'-O-galactoside (Chal2'Ga) and twelve flavonols: myricetin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (My7RhRh), quercetin 7-O-galactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Qu7GaRh), quercetin 7-O-galactoside (Qu7Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Km7GaRh), myricetin 3-O-galactoside (My3Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galloylgalactosyl-(1 → 2)-rhamnoside (Km7galloylGaRh), myricetin 3-O-galloylrhamnoside (My3galloylRh), kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (Km3Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-galactoside (Is7Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-xyloside (Is7Xy), kaempferol 3-O-(3"-acetylrhamnoside) (Km3-3"acetylRh) and quercetin 3-O-acetylgalactoside (Qu3acetylGa) were identified in the petals of tropic water lily for the first time. Meanwhile a multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between pigments and flower color. By comparing, the cultivars which were detected delphinidin 3-galactoside (Dp3Ga) presented amaranth, and detected delphinidin 3'-galactoside (Dp3'Ga) presented blue. However, the derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin were more complicated in red group. No anthocyanins were detected within white and yellow group. At the same time a possible flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tropical water lily was presumed putatively. These studies will help to elucidate the evolution mechanism on the formation of flower colors and provide theoretical basis for outcross breeding and developing health care products from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlan Zhu
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuchen Zheng
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyan Shu
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixing Zhong
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijin Zhang
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijin Wang
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Beijing Botanical Garden/ The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhao J, Liu T, Ma L, Yan M, Gu Z, Huang Y, Xu F, Zhao Y. Antioxidant and preventive effects of extract from nymphaea Candida flower on in vitro immunological liver injury of rat primary hepatocyte cultures. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:497673. [PMID: 19196740 PMCID: PMC3136535 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nymphaea candida is traditional Uighur medicine that is commonly used to treat head pains, cough, hepatitis and hypertension in Xinjiang of China. In this article, the extract of N. candida was measured for antioxidant activity, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging assay and reducing power determination, and compared with those of the positive controls of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and gallic acid (GA). The active extract was further purified by liquid-liquid partition to afford four fractions, of which the ethyl acetate-soluble (EA) fraction (NCE) exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity with IC50 value of 12.6 μg/mL for DPPH. Thirteen phenolic compounds were isolated from this fraction, and they all showed significant antioxidant activities in DPPH model system. Furthermore, NCE showed potent antioxidant capacity with IC50 value of 59.32 μg/mL, 24.48 μg/mL and 86.85 μg/mL, for O2−, ·OH and H2O2 radicals, respectively. Moreover, NCE on BCG plus LPS-induced immunological liver injury was evaluated using primary cultured rat hepatocytes. NCE produced significant hepatoprotective effects as evidenced by decreased supernatant enzyme activities (AST—aspartate transaminase, P < .01; ALT—alanine transferase, P < .01) and nitric oxide (NO, P < .01) production. These results revealed the in vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of NCE against immunological liver injury. Further investigations are necessary to verify these activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Lo YH, Lin RD, Lin YP, Liu YL, Lee MH. Active constituents from Sophora japonica exhibiting cellular tyrosinase inhibition in human epidermal melanocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:625-629. [PMID: 19422905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY There is greater consumer awareness of plant-based skin-care products. Sophora japonica L. (Fabaceae) has been used traditionally as a hemostatic agent and also has skin-care and whitening benefits. The effect of the isolated active compounds of Sophora japonica L. (Fabaceae) that inhibits tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn) was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory assay to isolate active constituents from the extracts. The structures of these constituents were characterized by physical and spectroscopic analyses. Cellular tyrosinase kinetics were analyzed and showed by Lineweaver-Burk plot. RESULTS A new compound, N-feruloyl-N'-cis-feruloyl-putrescine (8), together with four flavonoids and three putrescine derivatives were obtained after assay-guided isolation of S. japonica. In HEMn, compound 8 was minimally cytotoxic (cell viability >90% at 100 microM) and the IC(50) value for suppression of cellular tyrosinase activity was estimated as 85.0 microM. Zymography analysis demonstrated the compound's concentration-dependent effects and the kinetic analysis indicated the compound's mixed-inhibitory action. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the new compound 8 is the most potent component of S. japonica yet discovered. Its pigment inhibition activity may be exploitable cosmetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hsin Lo
- Department of Dermatology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan
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Vincken JP, Heng L, de Groot A, Gruppen H. Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:275-97. [PMID: 17141815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides, or into triterpenoid, spirostanol, and furostanol saponins. In this study, the structures of saponins are reviewed and classified based on their carbon skeletons, the formation of which follows the main pathways for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and steroids. In this way, 11 main classes of saponins were distinguished: dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes, and steroids. The dammaranes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, ursanes, and steroids are further divided into 16 subclasses, because their carbon skeletons are subjected to fragmentation, homologation, and degradation reactions. With this systematic classification, the relationship between the type of skeleton and the plant origin was investigated. Up to five main classes of skeletons could exist within one plant order, but the distribution of skeletons in the plant kingdom did not seem to be order- or subclass-specific. The oleanane skeleton was the most common skeleton and is present in most orders of the plant kingdom. For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. -OH, =O, monosaccharide residues, etc.) and their position of attachment to the skeleton were reviewed. Carbohydrate chains of 18 monosaccharide residues can be attached to the oleanane skeleton, most commonly at the C3 and/or C17 atom. The kind and positions of the substituents did not seem to be plant order-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Mackova Z, Koblovska R, Lapcik O. Distribution of isoflavonoids in non-leguminous taxa - an update. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:849-55. [PMID: 16499937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Common emphasis of the fact that isoflavonoids are characteristic metabolites of leguminous plants sometimes leads to overlooking that the presence of isoflavonoids has been reported in several dozen other families. The spectrum of isoflavonoid producing taxa includes the representatives of four classes of multicellular plants, namely the Bryopsida, the Pinopsida, the Magnoliopsida and the Liliopsida. A review, recently published by Reynaud et al. [Reynaud, J., Guilet D., Terreux R., Lussignol M., Walchshofer N., 2005. Isoflavonoids in non-leguminous families: an update. Nat. Prod. Rep. 22, 504-515], provided listing of 164 isoflavonoids altogether reported in 31 non-leguminous angiosperm families. In this contribution we complement the abovementioned inventory bringing the references on further 17 isoflavonoid producing families and on additional 49 isoflavonoids reported to occur in non-leguminous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mackova
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
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