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Shi ZZ, Yin XL, Song YP, Ji NY. A New Harziane Diterpene, Harziaketal A, and a New Sterol, Trichosterol A, from the Marine-Alga-Epiphytic Trichoderma sp. Z43. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301099. [PMID: 37679301 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
One new diterpene, harziaketal A (1), and one new highly degraded sterol, trichosterol A (2), along with three known compounds, including one diterpene, harzianone (3), and two steroids, (22E,24R)-5α,6α-epoxy-ergosta-8(14),22-dien-3β,7α-diol (4) and isoergokonin B (5), were isolated from the culture of the marine-alga-epiphytic fungus Trichoderma sp. Z43 by silica gel column chromatography (CC), Sephadex LH-20 CC, and preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Their structures and relative configurations were assigned by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 features a hemiketal unit situated at the four-membered ring of harziane-type diterpenes for the first time, while 2 represents the rare occurrence of sterols with rings A and B being degraded. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed weak inhibition against the tested phytoplankton (Amphidinium carterae, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Prorocentrum donghaiense) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) ranging from 14 to 53 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Shi
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Ping Song
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, P. R. China
- Shandong Saline-Alkaline Land Modern Agriculture Company, 257345, Dongying, P. R. China
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Zhu MZ, Li Y, Zhou JC, Lv DX, Fu XJ, Liang Z, Yuan SZ, Han JJ, Zhang JZ, Xu ZJ, Chang WQ, Lou HX. Ent-eudesmane sesquiterpenoids from the Chinese liverwort Chiloscyphus polyanthus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113796. [PMID: 37499849 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
- Seven previously undescribed ent-eudesmane sesquiterpenoids (1-7), as well as seven known analogs (8-14), were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Chiloscyphus polyanthus var. rivularis. Their structures were established based on comprehensive spectroscopy analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, as well as biosynthetic considerations. The cytotoxicity against HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinomas) cancer cell line, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 of all isolated ent-eudesmane sesquiterpenoids were preliminarily tested, results showed that the tested compounds did not display obvious cytotoxicity and antifungal activities under the tested concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jin-Chuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Dong-Xue Lv
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Fu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuang-Zhi Yuan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing-Jing Han
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ze-Jun Xu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Zhang FL, Feng T. Diterpenes Specially Produced by Fungi: Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthesis (2010–2020). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030244. [PMID: 35330246 PMCID: PMC8951520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have traditionally been a very rewarding source of biologically active natural products, while diterpenoids from fungi, such as the cyathane-type diterpenoids from Cyathus and Hericium sp., the fusicoccane-type diterpenoids from Fusicoccum and Alternaria sp., the guanacastane-type diterpenoids from Coprinus and Cercospora sp., and the harziene-type diterpenoids from Trichoderma sp., often represent unique carbon skeletons as well as diverse biological functions. The abundances of novel skeletons, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways present new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology. In addition, diterpenoids peculiar to fungi also reveal the possibility of differing biological evolution, although they have similar biosynthetic pathways. In this review, we provide an overview about the structures, biological activities, evolution, organic synthesis, and biosynthesis of diterpenoids that have been specially produced by fungi from 2010 to 2020. We hope this review provides timely illumination and beneficial guidance for future research works of scholars who are interested in this area.
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Zhu M, Li Y, Zhou J, Wang T, Li X, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Han J, Xu Z, Lou H. Pinguisane Sesquiterpenoids from the Chinese Liverwort Trocholejeunea sandvicensis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:205-214. [PMID: 34961313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nine new pinguisane sesquiterpenoid compounds, 1-9, including a highly oxygenated compound (1) and two amides (7 and 8), along with three known compounds (10, 11, and 12), were isolated from the Chinese liverwort Trocholejeunea sandvicensis Mizut (Lejeuneaceae). The structures of these compounds were determined by analysis of IR, UV, HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Inhibitory effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages indicated that the maximum inhibition rates of NO production of compounds 1, 9, and 10 were 83.15%, 83.54%, and 96.28% under the nontoxic tested concentration, respectively. Compound 9 also displayed moderate anti-inflammatory activity in vivo in a CuSO4-induced transgenic zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 27600, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Qiao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Xu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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Li H, Liu X, Li X, Hu Z, Wang L. Novel Harziane Diterpenes from Deep-Sea Sediment Fungus Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21 and Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120689. [PMID: 34940688 PMCID: PMC8705903 DOI: 10.3390/md19120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Five undescribed harziane-type diterpene derivatives, namely harzianol K (1), harzianol L (4), harzianol M (5), harzianol N (6), harzianol O (7), along with two known compounds, hazianol J (2) and harzianol A (3) were isolated from the deep-sea sediment-derived fungus Trichoderma sp. SCSIOW21. The relative configurations were determined by meticulous spectroscopic methods including 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and HR-ESI-MS. The absolute configurations were established by the ECD curve calculations and the X-ray crystallographic analysis. These compounds (1, and 4–7) contributed to increasing the diversity of the caged harziane type diterpenes with highly congested skeleton characteristics. Harzianol J (2) exhibited a weak anti-inflammatory effect with 81.8% NO inhibition at 100 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2601-2653 (L.W.)
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (H.L.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-755-2601-2653 (L.W.)
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Fungal Biofilms as a Valuable Target for the Discovery of Natural Products That Cope with the Resistance of Medically Important Fungi-Latest Findings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091053. [PMID: 34572635 PMCID: PMC8471798 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antifungal agents that target biofilms is an urgent need. Natural products, mainly from the plant kingdom, represent an invaluable source of these entities. The present review provides an update (2017-May 2021) on the available information on essential oils, propolis, extracts from plants, algae, lichens and microorganisms, compounds from different natural sources and nanosystems containing natural products with the capacity to in vitro or in vivo modulate fungal biofilms. The search yielded 42 articles; seven involved essential oils, two Brazilian propolis, six plant extracts and one of each, extracts from lichens and algae/cyanobacteria. Twenty articles deal with the antibiofilm effect of pure natural compounds, with 10 of them including studies of the mechanism of action and five dealing with natural compounds included in nanosystems. Thirty-seven manuscripts evaluated Candida spp. biofilms and two tested Fusarium and Cryptococcus spp. Only one manuscript involved Aspergillus fumigatus. From the data presented here, it is clear that the search of natural products with activity against fungal biofilms has been a highly active area of research in recent years. However, it also reveals the necessity of deepening the studies by (i) evaluating the effect of natural products on biofilms formed by the newly emerged and worrisome health-care associated fungi, C. auris, as well as on other non-albicans Candida spp., Cryptococcus sp. and filamentous fungi; (ii) elucidating the mechanisms of action of the most active natural products; (iii) increasing the in vivo testing.
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7
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Sun FJ, Li M, Gu L, Wang ML, Yang MH. Recent progress on anti-Candida natural products. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:561-579. [PMID: 34419257 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida is an intractable life-threatening pathogen. Candida infection is extremely difficult to eradicate, and thus is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Morevover, the rapid spread of drug-resistant fungi has led to significant decreases in the therapeutic effects of clinical drugs. New anti-Candida agents are urgently needed to solve the complicated medical problem. Natural products with intricate structures have attracted great attention of researchers who make every endeavor to discover leading compounds for antifungal agents. Their novel mechanisms and diverse modes of action expand the variety of fungistatic agents and reduce the emergence of drug resistance. In recent decades, considerable effort has been devoted to finding unique antifungal agents from nature and revealing their unusual mechanisms, which results in important progress on the development of new antifungals, such as the novel cell wall inhibitors YW3548 and SCY-078 which are being tested in clinical trials. This review will present a brief summary on the landscape of anti-Candida natural products within the last decade. We will also discuss in-depth the research progress on diverse natural fungistatic agents along with their novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Brito LSDO, Pinto FDCL, de Filho MOM, Rocha DD, Mendoza MFM, Ayala AP, Bezerra BP, Loiola MIB, Canuto KM, Silveira ER, Pessoa ODL. Tropane alkaloids from the stem bark of Erythroxylum bezerrae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 178:112458. [PMID: 32888670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six previously undescribed tropane alkaloids, designated as erythrobezerrines A-F, were isolated from the EtOH extract from the stem bark of Erythroxylum bezerrae Plowman. Their structures were elucidated based on the interpretation of the NMR and MS data and in some instances, confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against the cancer cell lines L929, PC-3, HCT-116, SNB-19 and NCI-H460, but only erythrobezerrine C showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 3.38 and 5.43 μM for HCT-116 and NCI-H460, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana San de O Brito
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco das Chagas L Pinto
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico M de Filho
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danilo D Rocha
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda M Mendoza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Pedro Ayala
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Iracema B Loiola
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kirley M Canuto
- Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, R. Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Otilia Deusdenia L Pessoa
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Zhan G, Miao R, Zhang F, Chang G, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhang H, Guo Z. Monoterpene indole alkaloids with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from the leaves of Rauvolfia vomitoria. Bioorg Chem 2020; 102:104136. [PMID: 32738570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen monoterpene indole alkaloids, including seven new alkaloids (1-7) and ten known analogues (8-17), were isolated and identified from the leaves of R. vomitoria. The structures of new alkaloids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Rauvomitorine I (1) represents the first example of an unprecedented C22 yohimbine-type monoterpene indole alkaloid featuring a carboxymethyl at C-14. The exceedingly rare vobasenal (2-3) and affinisine oxindole (5-6) framework type alkaloids are first reported from the Rauvolfia genus. Most notably, the structure of vobasenal-type alkaloids (2-3) were first determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Alkaloids 1-17 were tested their cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines, however, none of them showed significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of 40 μM. All the isolated alkaloids were evaluated their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. Alkaloid 3 exhibited significant anti-AChE activity with an IC50 value of 16.39 ± 1.41 μM and alkaloids 8 and 10 showed moderate anti-AChE activities whereas the others (2, 9, 13, and 17) were weak inhibitors. This is the first report of vobasenal-type alkaloids as AChE inhibitors, indicating this type of alkaloids may be important sources for the discovery of new AChE inhibitors. A preliminary structure-activity relationship for AChE inhibitory activities showed the presence of the N-methyl group in vobasenal-type alkaloids may be essential for anti-AChE activity. Further molecular docking studies of vobasenal-type alkaloids revealed that interaction with Trp133 and Trp86 residues at hydrophobic subsite are necessary for the AChE inhibitory activities. This study not only enriches the chemical diversity of alkaloids in Apocynaceae plants but also provides new potential leading compounds and versatile scaffolds for the design and development of new AChE inhibitors to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Rongkun Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Fuxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Gang Chang
- Instrumental Analysis Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Zengjun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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