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Fan XZ, Song JQ, Shi XY, Zhou JF, Yuan RJ, Liu T, Kong XQ, Huang YS, Zhang LJ, Liao HB. New sesquiterpenoids with neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo from the Picrasma chinensis. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105908. [PMID: 38479621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Three undescribed sesquiterpenes, designed as pichinenoid A-C (1-3), along with nine known ones (4-12) were isolated from the stems and leaves of Picrasma chinensis. The new isolates including their absolute configurations were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic methods, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments, as well as comparison with literature data. Structurally, compounds 1 and 2 are descending sesquiterpenes, while pichinenoid C (3) is a rare sesquiterpene bearing a 2-methylenebut-3-enoic acid moiety at the C-6 side chain. All the isolated compounds were tested for their neuroprotective effects against the H2O2-induced damage on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and most of them showed moderate neuroprotective activity. Especially, compounds 1, 3-5, and 7 showed a potent neuroprotective effect at 25 or 50 μM. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of compounds 1 and 4 were tested on a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model. Results of western blot and immunofluorescence indicated that compound 4 significantly counteract the toxicity of MPTP, and reversed the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST) of the mouse brain. Interestingly, western blot data suggested compound 4 also enhanced B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expressions in the brain tissues from MPTP damaged mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jia-Qi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xin-Yi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Rui-Juan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Kong
- GuangZhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ya-Si Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China..
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hai-Bing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Liu XJ, Su HG, Peng XR, Bi HC, Qiu MH. An updated review of the genus Rhododendron since 2010: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 217:113899. [PMID: 37866447 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron, the largest genus of Ericaceae, consists of approximately 1000 species that are widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America but mainly exist in Asia. Rhododendron plants have not only good ornamental and economic value but also significant medicinal potential. In China, many Rhododendron plants are used as traditional Chinese medicine or ethnic medicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases, pain, bleeding and inflammation. Rhododendron is known for its abundant metabolites, especially diterpenoids. In the past 13 years, a total of 610 chemical constituents were reported from Rhododendron plants, including 222 diterpenoids, 122 triterpenoids, 103 meroterpenoids, 71 flavonoids and 92 other constituents (lignans, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, coumarins, steroids, fatty acids). Moreover, the bioactivities of various extracts and isolates, both in vitro and in vivo, were also investigated. Our review summarized the research progress of Rhododendron regarding traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology in the past 13 years (2010 to December 2022), which will provide new insight for prompting further research on Rhododendron application and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Guo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Liu T, Dai M, Zhu H, Huang Y, Chen J, Li M, Guo Y, Huang C, La C, Wang Z, Wang Z, Ren Z, Ye C, Zheng X, Wang Y. Activity-guided isolation and identification of antiherpesvirus and antineuroinflammatory active terpenoids from Artemisia vulgaris L. based on the LC-MS/MS molecular network. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 216:113863. [PMID: 37751824 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed terpenoids, comprising two guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones (1-2), one eucalyptol-type sesquiterpene (3), one monolactone (4), and three triterpenoids (5-7), along with 35 known analogues, were isolated from the leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L. Their structures and configurations were analysed by extensive spectroscopy. Compounds 1, 2, 8-10, 13, 17, 19, and 28 showed antineuroinflammatory activity, and compounds 1 and 2 revealed remarkable antineuroinflammatory effects, with an IC50 value of 2.2 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 μM, more potent than the positive control drug dexamethasone. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit the expression of BV-2 inflammatory genes (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) induced by LPS, downregulate the critical inflammatory protein production of iNOS and COX-2. The anti-HSV-1 activity screening revealed that compounds 28, 29 and 38 exhibited inhibitory activity against HSV-1 proliferation. Particularly, compound 28 exhibited a significant anti-HSV-1 effect, inhibiting the proliferation of HSV-1 and acyclovir-resistant strains of HSV-1/153 and HSV-1/Blue. Our research identified compounds 1, 2, and 28 from A. vulgaris., which could potentially serve as lead compounds for antineuroinflammatory and anti-HSV-1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Minghui Dai
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yanling Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Jiming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghe Li
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Rawmaterials, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineArtemisia Argyi Branch Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Caiwenjie La
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Rawmaterials, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineArtemisia Argyi Branch Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Cuifang Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xinglong Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Innovative Technology Research on Natural Products and Cosmetics Rawmaterials, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese MedicineArtemisia Argyi Branch Center, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Fan X, Han Y, Deng L, Song J, Zhu Y, Yang T, Liu T, Zhang L, Liao H. Quassinoids from Picrasma chinensis with Insecticidal Activity against Adults and Larvae of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Neuroprotective Effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:457-468. [PMID: 36542849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new tetracyclic quassinoids, picrachinensin A-K (1-11), along with six known congeners, were isolated from the stems and leaves of Picrasma chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by integrated multiple spectroscopic techniques, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism. Notably, compounds 3 and 4 are a pair of undescribed epimers, and 8 and 9 are unusual quassinoids with a hydroxymethyl group at C-13. Biologically, compound 7 exhibited insecticidal activity on both adults and larvae of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama even more effectively than the positive control (abamectin), with an LD50 of 55.69 mg/L for adults and a corrected mortality rate of 30.42 ± 2.78% for larvae (100 mg/L). According to preliminary structure-activity relationship investigations, the hydroxymethyl at the C-13 position of quassinoids was beneficial for their insecticidal activity. In addition, compounds 1, 4, and 12 exhibited excellent neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative injury on SH-SY5Y cells, with more potent activity than the positive control (Trolox), and all the compounds exhibited no cytotoxicity to SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells at the indicated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmi Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Zhu YL, Deng L, Tang Y, Fan XZ, Han Y, Pan M, Zhang LJ, Liao HB. New polychlorinated bibenzyls from Rhododendron minutiflorum. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:2. [PMID: 36617588 PMCID: PMC9826768 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Five new polychlorinated bibenzyls (1-5) along with 3 known compounds (6-8) were isolated from the stems and leaves of Rhododendron minutiflorum. The chemical structures of all the isolates were determined by spectroscopic methods, and compounds 1 and 2 were further verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compounds 1-5 were halogenated compounds which bear three to five chlorine atoms in their chemical structures. Biologically, compounds 2, 5 and 6 showed varying degrees of toxicity toward the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) with LD50 values 27.15, 17.02 and 16.20 mg/L, respectively. These values were comparable to the positive control matrine (LD50 = 11.86 mg/L), which were calculated using observations on day 6. Meanwhile, compound 4 had α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 17.87 ± 0.74 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Pan
- Guilin Pharma Company, Guilin, 541007, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Bing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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Screening for α-Glucosidase-Inhibiting Saponins from Pressurized Hot Water Extracts of Quinoa Husks. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193026. [PMID: 36230101 PMCID: PMC9563573 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study extracted total saponins from quinoa husks with pressurized hot water extraction and optimized the extraction conditions. The response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of extraction flow rate, extraction temperature and extraction time on the extraction yield of total saponins. A maximal yield of 23.06 mg/g was obtained at conditions of 2 mL/min, 210 °C and 50 min. The constituents of the extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of twenty-three compounds were identified, including five flavonoids, seventeen triterpenoid saponins and a phenolic acid. Moreover, we performed an in vitro assay for the α-glucosidase activity and found a stronger inhibitory effect of the quinoa husk extracts than acarbose, suggesting its potential to be developed into functional products with hypoglycemic effect. Finally, our molecular docking analyses indicated triterpenoid saponins as the main bioactive components.
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