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Yunos NM, Al-Thiabat MG, Sallehudin NJ, A Wahab H. Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia as Potential Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors: A Computational Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:CPB-EPUB-138868. [PMID: 38425119 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010273336240221101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quassinoids are degraded triterpene compounds that can be obtained from various species of the Simaroubaceae plant family, including Eurycoma longifolia. Quassinoids are the major compounds in E. longifolia, and they are known to have various medicinal potentials, such as anticancer and antimalarial properties. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was reported to be one of the important targets for certain anticancer and antimalarial drugs. Twelve quassinoids from E. longifolia were identified to have anticancer effects based on their IC50 values. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions of these twelve quassinoids with DHFR via Autodock 4.2 software and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualiser. METHODS Twelve quassinoids from E. longifolia and their interactions with DHFR were evaluated via Autodock 4.2 software and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualiser. Their drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were also assessed using the ADMETlab 2.0 program. RESULTS The molecular docking results showed that eleven quassinoids showed better docking scores than methotrexate, in which the binding energy (BE) of these quassinoids ranged from - 7.87 to -9.58 kcal/mol. Their inhibition constant (Ki) ranged from 0.095 to 1.71 μM. At the same time, the BE and Ki values for methotrexate were -7.80 kcal/mol and 1.64 μM, respectively. CONCLUSION From the analysis, 6-dehydrolongilactone and eurycomalide B are among the twelve compounds that showed great potential as hit-to-lead compounds based on the docking score on DHFR, drug-likeness, and ADMET properties. These results suggest a great potential to pursue validation studies via in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhanan Murni Yunos
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nor Jannah Sallehudin
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Yunos NM, Wahab HA, Al-Thiabat MG, Sallehudin NJ, Jauri MH. In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Anticancer Effects of Eurycomanone and Eurycomalactone from Eurycoma longifolia. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2827. [PMID: 37570981 PMCID: PMC10421158 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Eurycomanone and eurycomalactone are known quassinoids present in the roots and stems of Eurycoma longifolia. These compounds had been reported to have cytotoxic effects, however, their mechanism of action in a few cancer cell lines have yet to be elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the anticancer effects and mechanisms of action of eurycomanone and eurycomalactone in cervical (HeLa), colorectal (HT29) and ovarian (A2780) cancer cell lines via Sulforhodamine B assay. Their mechanism of cell death was evaluated based on Hoechst 33342 assay and in silico molecular docking toward DHFR and TNF-α as putative protein targets. Eurycomanone and eurycomalactone exhibited in vitro anticancer effects manifesting IC50 values of 4.58 ± 0.090 µM and 1.60 ± 0.12 µM (HeLa), 1.22 ± 0.11 µM and 2.21 ± 0.049 µM (HT-29), and 1.37 ± 0.13 µM and 2.46 ± 0.081 µM (A2780), respectively. They induced apoptotic cancer cell death in dose- and time-dependent manners. Both eurycomanone and eurycomalactone were also predicted to have good inhibitory potential as demonstrated by the docking into TNF-α with binding affinity of -8.83 and -7.51 kcal/mol, respectively, as well as into DHFR with binding affinity results of -8.05 and -8.87 kcal/mol, respectively. These results support the evidence of eurycomanone and eurycomalactone as anticancer agents via apoptotic cell death mechanism that could be associated with TNF-α and DHFR inhibition as among possible protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhanan Murni Yunos
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.S.); (M.H.J.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Habibah A. Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad G. Al-Thiabat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Jannah Sallehudin
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.S.); (M.H.J.)
| | - Muhamad Haffiz Jauri
- Natural Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.J.S.); (M.H.J.)
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Zhou QT, Yang PY, Yang QY, Pang WH, Li XL, Zhang XJ, Zhang RH, Xiao WL. Chemical Constituents of the Branches and Leaves of Picrasma chinensis P.Y. Chen and Tyrosinase Inhibiting Activity. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201171. [PMID: 36691852 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One new alkaloid, picrasine A, two new quassinoids, picralactones A-B, together with eleven known compounds were isolated from Picrasma chinensis P.Y. Chen. The structures of these compounds were determined using 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and IR spectroscopic data, and by comparison with published data. Some compounds were tested for tyrosinase inhibiting activity, however, none of them exhibited strong inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Research & Development Center for Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, and school of pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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Fan X, Han Y, Deng L, Song J, Zhu Y, Yang T, Liu T, Zhang L, Liao H. Quassinoids from Picrasma chinensis with Insecticidal Activity against Adults and Larvae of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Neuroprotective Effect. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:457-468. [PMID: 36542849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new tetracyclic quassinoids, picrachinensin A-K (1-11), along with six known congeners, were isolated from the stems and leaves of Picrasma chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by integrated multiple spectroscopic techniques, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism. Notably, compounds 3 and 4 are a pair of undescribed epimers, and 8 and 9 are unusual quassinoids with a hydroxymethyl group at C-13. Biologically, compound 7 exhibited insecticidal activity on both adults and larvae of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama even more effectively than the positive control (abamectin), with an LD50 of 55.69 mg/L for adults and a corrected mortality rate of 30.42 ± 2.78% for larvae (100 mg/L). According to preliminary structure-activity relationship investigations, the hydroxymethyl at the C-13 position of quassinoids was beneficial for their insecticidal activity. In addition, compounds 1, 4, and 12 exhibited excellent neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative injury on SH-SY5Y cells, with more potent activity than the positive control (Trolox), and all the compounds exhibited no cytotoxicity to SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells at the indicated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmi Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Chuang L, Liu S, Biedermann D, Franke J. Identification of early quassinoid biosynthesis in the invasive tree of heaven ( Ailanthus altissima) confirms evolutionary origin from protolimonoids. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:958138. [PMID: 36082289 PMCID: PMC9445810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.958138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tree of heaven, Ailanthus altissima (MILL.) SWINGLE, is a globally invasive plant known to secrete allelopathic metabolites called quassinoids. Quassinoids are highly modified triterpenoids. So far, nothing has been known about the biochemical basis of quassinoid biosynthesis. Here, based on transcriptome and metabolome data of Ailanthus altissima, we present the first three steps of quassinoid biosynthesis, which are catalysed by an oxidosqualene cyclase and two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, resulting in the formation of the protolimonoid melianol. Strikingly, these steps are identical to the first steps of the biosynthesis of limonoids, structurally different triterpenoids from sister plant families within the same order Sapindales. Our results are therefore not only important to fully understand the biosynthesis of complex triterpenoids in plants, but also confirm the long-standing hypothesis that quassinoids and limonoids share an evolutionary origin. In addition, our transcriptome data for Ailanthus altissima will be beneficial to other researchers investigating the physiology and ecology of this invasive tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chuang
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Shenyu Liu
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dave Biedermann
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Chua LS, Segaran A, Wong HJ. Identification of Phytochemicals from the Water Extract of Eurycoma longifolia Roots using Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Extraction Based Fractionation Techniques. Acta Chim Slov 2021; 68:765-772. [PMID: 34918749 DOI: 10.17344/acsi.2020.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals in the water extract of Eurycoma longofolia roots were identified using both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction based fractionation techniques. A reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) was used as solid-liquid extraction, whereas solvent partition was applied as liquid-liquid extraction. Total saponin was increased after fractionation. A few known quassinoids; eurycomanone, 13a(21)-epoxyeurycomanone, pasakbumin D, 13β,18-dihydroeurycomanol and 13β,21-dihydroxyeurycomanol were identified from the 40% and 60% methanol fractions of SPE. Solvent partition extract using ethyl acetate was found to have the highest saponin content compared to butanol and chloroform fractions. Subsequent acetone precipitation of the organic fractions recovered a formylated hexose trimer and other saccharide-containing compounds. Ethyl acetate effectively recovered saponins from E. longofolia water extract using liquid-liquid extraction followed by acetone precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia..
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Lee J, Gong YX, Jeong H, Seo H, Xie DP, Sun HN, Kwon T. Pharmacological effects of Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn for inflammation, cancer and neuroprotection (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1357. [PMID: 34659503 PMCID: PMC8515544 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn is an Asian shrub with a considerable history of traditional medicinal use. P. quassioides and its extracts exhibit good therapeutic properties against several diseases, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer effects. However, the composition of compounds contained in P. quassioides is complex; although various studies have examined mixtures or individual compounds extracted from it, studies on the application of P. quassioides extracts remain limited. In the present review, the structures and functions of the compounds identified from P. quassioides and their utility in anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotectant therapies was discussed. The present review provided up-to-date information on pharmacological activities and clinical applications for P. quassioides extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaihyung Lee
- Epigenetics Drug Discovery Center, Hwalmyeong Convalescence Hospital, Gapyeong, Gyeonggi 12458, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Center, Hwalmyeong Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul 03790, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Xi Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hyunjeong Jeong
- Epigenetics Drug Discovery Center, Hwalmyeong Convalescence Hospital, Gapyeong, Gyeonggi 12458, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Center, Hwalmyeong Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul 03790, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Seo
- Epigenetics Drug Discovery Center, Hwalmyeong Convalescence Hospital, Gapyeong, Gyeonggi 12458, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Center, Hwalmyeong Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul 03790, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan-Ping Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
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Yang WQ, Tang W, Huang XJ, Song JG, Li YY, Xiong Y, Fan CL, Wu ZL, Wang Y, Ye WC. Quassinoids from the Roots of Eurycoma longifolia and Their Anti-Proliferation Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195939. [PMID: 34641483 PMCID: PMC8512324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the roots of medicinal plant Eurycoma longifolia resulted in the isolation of 10 new highly oxygenated C20 quassinoids longifolactones G‒P (1–10), along with four known ones (11–14). Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and X-ray crystallographic data. Notably, compound 1 is a rare pentacyclic C20 quassinoid featuring a densely functionalized 2,5-dioxatricyclo[5.2.2.04,8]undecane core. Compound 4 represents the first example of quassinoids containing a 14,15-epoxy functionality, and 7 features an unusual α-oriented hydroxyl group at C-14. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-proliferation activities on human leukemia cells. Among the isolates, compounds 5, 12, 13, and 14 potently inhibited the in vitro proliferation of K562 and HL-60 cells with IC50 values ranging from 2.90 to 8.20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Guo Song
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue-Yue Li
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen-Long Wu
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-L.W.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8522-1559 (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-L.W.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8522-1559 (Y.W.)
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.T.); (X.-J.H.); (J.-G.S.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.X.); (C.-L.F.); (W.-C.Y.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Chung WJ, Chan KL, Lee CY. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of 13α,21-dihydroeurycomanone and eurycomanone exclusively enriched in Eurycoma longifolia extracts and their spermatogenesis enhancement in andrographolide-induced oligospermia in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:161-168. [PMID: 33793798 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The quassinoids eurycomanone (EN) and 13α,21-dihydroeurycomanone (DHY) of Eurycoma longifolia Jack are reported to enhance spermatogenesis. This study aims to profile the pharmacokinetics of DHY, a minor and hitherto unstudied constituent, evaluate its spermatogenesis enhancement property and compare these attributes with that of the predominant EN. METHODS Crude Eurycoma longifolia extract was chromatographed into a DHY-enriched extract (DHY-F) and an EN-enriched extract (EN-F). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intravenously and orally with both extracts and their plasma levels of both quassinoids were determined. The extracts were then tested for their spermatogenesis augmentation ability in normal rats and an andrographolide-induced oligospermia model. KEY FINDINGS Chromatographic enrichment resulted in a 28-fold increase of DHY in DHY-F and a 5-fold increase of EN in EN-F compared with non-chromatographed crude extracts. DHY showed better oral bioavailability (1.04 ± 0.58%) than EN (0.31 ± 0.19%). At 5 mg/kg, EN exhibited higher efficacy in spermatogenesis enhancement in normal rats and restoration of oligospermia to normal sperm profile versus DHY. CONCLUSIONS Despite the better pharmacokinetic profile of DHY, EN remains the main chemical contributor to plant bioactivity. DHY-F and EN-F represent improvements in developing Eurycoma longifolia as a potential phytomedicine for male infertility particularly oligospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jie Chung
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Lam Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Mohd Jamil MDH, Taher M, Susanti D, Rahman MA, Zakaria ZA. Phytochemistry, Traditional Use and Pharmacological Activity of Picrasma quassioides: A Critical Reviews. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092584. [PMID: 32858812 PMCID: PMC7551903 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Picrasma quassioides is a member of the Simaroubaceae family commonly grown in the regions of Asia, the Himalayas, and India and has been used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat various illnesses such as fever, gastric discomfort, and pediculosis. This study aims to critically review the presence of phytochemicals in P. quassioides and correlate their pharmacological activities with the significance of its use as traditional medicine. Data were collected by reviewing numerous scientific articles from several journal databases on the pharmacological activities of P. quassioides using certain keywords. As a result, approximately 94 phytochemicals extracted from P. quassioides were found to be associated with quassinoids, β-carbolines and canthinones. These molecules exhibited various pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-parasitic activities which help to treat different diseases. However, P. quassioides were also found to have several toxicity effects in high doses, although the evidence regarding these effects is limited in proving its safe use and efficacy as herbal medicine. Accordingly, while it can be concluded that P. quassioides may have many potential pharmacological benefits with more phytochemistry discoveries, further research is required to determine its real value in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Daniel Hakim Mohd Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (D.S.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +60-(09)-5704842 (M.T.); +60-(19)-2117090 (Z.A.Z.)
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (D.S.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +60-(09)-5704842 (M.T.); +60-(19)-2117090 (Z.A.Z.)
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh;
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (D.S.); (Z.A.Z.); Tel.: +60-(09)-5704842 (M.T.); +60-(19)-2117090 (Z.A.Z.)
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Mendez B, Reyes J, Conde I, Ramos Z, Lozada E, Cruz AM, Asencio G, Carvajal A, Dharmawardhane S, Piñero-Cruz DM, Hernández E, Vivas P, Ospina CA. Simalikalactone D, a Potential Anticancer Compound from Simarouba tulae, an Endemic Plant of Puerto Rico. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9010093. [PMID: 31940804 PMCID: PMC7020415 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of the genus Simarouba have been studied because of their antimalarial and antileukemic activities. A group of oxygenated terpenes called quassinoids have been isolated from species of the Simarouba genus, and are responsible for its therapeutic properties. We hypothesized that Simarouba tulae, an endemic plant from Puerto Rico, is a natural source rich in quassinoid compounds with anticancer activity. The leaves were processed and extracted with solvents of different polarities. The extracts were screened for their antiproliferative activity, and it was shown that the chloroform extract was the most active extract. This extract was purified using different chromatographic techniques to afford the quassinoid simalikalactone D (SKD). This compound was further characterized using NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis. A reassessment of original structural assignments for SKD is proposed. SKD showed high cytotoxicity activity, with an IC50 of 55, 58, and 65 nM in A2780CP20 (ovarian), MDA-MB-435 (breast), and MDA-MB-231 (breast) cell lines, respectively. Exposure to SKD led to 15% inhibition of the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belmari Mendez
- Natural Sciences Program, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey 00736, Puerto Rico; (B.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Jeyshka Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (J.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.C.); (S.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Isabel Conde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (J.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.C.); (S.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Zulma Ramos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (Z.R.); (G.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Eunice Lozada
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico;
| | - Ailed M. Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (J.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.C.); (S.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Gabriela Asencio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (Z.R.); (G.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Augusto Carvajal
- Natural Sciences Program, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey 00736, Puerto Rico; (B.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (J.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.C.); (S.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Dalice M. Piñero-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico;
| | - Eliud Hernández
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, School of Pharmacy, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (Z.R.); (G.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Pablo Vivas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico; (J.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.C.); (S.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Claudia A. Ospina
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Universidad Ana G Mendez, Gurabo 00778, Puerto Rico
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-787-743-7979 (ext. 4891)
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12
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He C, Wang Y, Yang T, Wang H, Liao H, Liang D. Quassinoids with Insecticidal Activity against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and Neuroprotective Activities from Picrasma quassioides. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:117-127. [PMID: 31820963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Six new quassinoids, named kumulactone F (1), kumulactone G (2), kumulactone H (4), kumulactone I (5), kumulactone J (6), and kumulactone K (7), a pair of undescribed epimers α- and β-nigakihemiacetal G (3), 15 known quassinoids (8-22), and a mixture of the known compounds α- and β-neoquassin (23) were separated from the dried stems of the medical plants Picrasma quassioides. The chemical structures of all of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic data analyses (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD)). Biologically, compounds 9 and 21 showed toxicity toward the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama with potent activity even equal to that of the positive control (Abamectin), compound 11 exhibited an excellent neuroprotective effect against SH-SY5Y cells which were pretreated by H2O2 with potent activity equal to that of the positive control (Trolox), and none of them showed cytotoxic activity toward the HeLa or A549 cell lines (IC50 > 100 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui He
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmi Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology , Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hengshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haibing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
An investigation on seeds of Brucea javanica led to the acquisition of a new quassinoid, 20-hydroxyyadanzigan (1), along with five known quassinoids (2-6). The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analysis. All of the compounds were assayed for their anticomplement activities through classical and alternative pathways. Compounds 1-6 exhibited potent anticomplement activity with CH50 and AP50 values of 0.032-0.075 mg/mL and 0.061-0.118 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships of these compounds are discussed.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Zhan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Qian
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
| | - Yulin Feng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang, China
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Tan QW, Ni JC, Zheng LP, Fang PH, Shi JT, Chen QJ. Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Quassinoids from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:7347-7357. [PMID: 29953225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quassinoids are bitter constituents characteristic of the family Simaroubaceae. A total of 18 C20 quassinoids, including nine new quassinoid glycosides, named chuglycosides A-I (1-6 and 8-10), were identified from the samara of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. All of the quassinoids showed potent anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity. A preliminary structure-anti-TMV activity relationship of quassinoids was discussed. The effects of three quassinoids, including chaparrinone (12), glaucarubinone (15), and ailanthone (16), on the accumulation of TMV coat protein (CP) were studied by western blot analysis. Ailanthone (16) was further investigated for its influence on TMV spread in the Nicotiana benthamiana plant.
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Ebrahimi F, Ibrahim B, Teh CH, Murugaiyah V, Chan KL. NMR-based plasma metabolomic discrimination for male fertility assessment of rats treated with Eurycoma longifolia extracts. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 63:179-191. [PMID: 28306342 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1295332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility is one of the leading causes of infertility which affects many couples worldwide. Semen analysis is a routine examination of male fertility status which is usually performed on semen samples obtained through masturbation that may be inconvenient to patients. Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali, TA), native to Malaysia, has been traditionally used as a remedy to boost male fertility. In our recent studies in rats, upon the administration of high-quassinoid content extracts of TA including TA water (TAW), quassinoid-rich TA (TAQR) extracts, and a low-quassinoid content extract including quassinoid-poor TA (TAQP) extract, sperm count (SC) increased in TAW- and TAQR-treated rats when compared to the TAQP-treated and control groups. Consequently, the rats were divided into normal- (control and TAQP-treated) and high- (TAW- and TAQR-treated) SC groups [Ebrahimi et al. 2016]. Post-treatment rat plasma was collected. An optimized plasma sample preparation method was developed with respect to the internal standards sodium 3- (trimethylsilyl) propionate- 2,2,3,3- d4 (TSP) and deuterated 4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-ammonium trifluoroacetate (DSA). Carr-Purcell-Meibum-Gill (CPMG) experiments combined with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed to evaluate plasma metabolomic changes in normal- and high-SC rats. The potential biomarkers associated with SC increase were investigated to assess fertility by capturing the metabolomic profile of plasma. DSA was selected as the optimized internal standard for plasma analysis due to its significantly smaller half-height line width (W h/2) compared to that of TSP. The validated OPLS-DA model clearly discriminated the CPMG profiles in regard to the SC level. Plasma profiles of the high-SC group contained higher levels of alanine, lactate, and histidine, while ethanol concentration was significantly higher in the normal-SC group. This approach might be a new alternative applicable to the fertility assessment in humans through the quantitative metabolomic analysis of plasma without requiring semen. ABBREVIATIONS TA: Tongkat Ali; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; HPLC-UV: high performance liquid chromatography-ultrviolet; PDA: photodiode array; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; FID: free induction decay; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HSQC: heteronuclear single quantum coherence; CPMG: Carr-Purcell-Meibum-Gill; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; ANOVA: analysis of variance; AMIX: analysis of mixtures; SIMCA: soft independent modeling of class analogy; PCA: principal components analysis; OPLS-DA: orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis; VIP: variable importance plot; AUROC: area under the receiver operating characteristic; TSP: sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl) propionate- 2,2,3,3- d4; DSA: deuterated 4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-ammonium trifluoroacetate; ESI: electrospray ionization; TCA: trichloroacetic acid; ACN: acetonitrile; dd H2O: distilled deionized water; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Ebrahimi
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
| | | | | | - Kit-Lam Chan
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia
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Rehman SU, Choe K, Yoo HH. Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology. Molecules 2016; 21:331. [PMID: 26978330 PMCID: PMC6274257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (known as tongkat ali), a popular traditional herbal medicine, is a flowering plant of the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam and also Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. E. longifolia, is one of the well-known folk medicines for aphrodisiac effects as well as intermittent fever (malaria) in Asia. Decoctions of E. longifolia leaves are used for washing itches, while its fruits are used in curing dysentery. Its bark is mostly used as a vermifuge, while the taproots are used to treat high blood pressure, and the root bark is used for the treatment of diarrhea and fever. Mostly, the roots extract of E. longifolia are used as folk medicine for sexual dysfunction, aging, malaria, cancer, diabetes, anxiety, aches, constipation, exercise recovery, fever, increased energy, increased strength, leukemia, osteoporosis, stress, syphilis and glandular swelling. The roots are also used as an aphrodisiac, antibiotic, appetite stimulant and health supplement. The plant is reported to be rich in various classes of bioactive compounds such as quassinoids, canthin-6-one alkaloids, β-carboline alkaloids, triterpene tirucallane type, squalene derivatives and biphenyl neolignan, eurycolactone, laurycolactone, and eurycomalactone, and bioactive steroids. Among these phytoconstituents, quassinoids account for a major portion of the E. longifolia root phytochemicals. An acute toxicity study has found that the oral Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of the alcoholic extract of E. longifolia in mice is between 1500-2000 mg/kg, while the oral LD50 of the aqueous extract form is more than 3000 mg/kg. Liver and renal function tests showed no adverse changes at normal daily dose and chronic use of E. longifolia. Based on established literature on health benefits of E. longifolia, it is important to focus attention on its more active constituents and the constituents' identification, determination, further development and most importantly, the standardization. Besides the available data, more evidence is required regarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety, so it can be considered a rich herbal source of new drug candidates. It is very important to conserve this valuable medicinal plant for the health benefit of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Ur Rehman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
| | - Kevin Choe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an infection caused by mosquitoes in human beings which can be dangerous if untreated. A well known plant product, quassinoids are known to have antimalarial activity. These bioactive phytochemicals belong to the triterpene family. Quassinoids are used in the present study to act against malarial dihydrofolate reductase (Pf-DHFR), a potential antimalarial target. Nevertheless, viṣama jvara (~malaria) has been treated with the bark of Cinchona since a long time. AIM The aim of the present experiment is to perform the protein-ligand docking for Pf- DHFR and Quassinoids and study their binding affinities. SETTING AND DESIGN The software used for the present study is the discovery studio (Accelrys 2.1), Protein Data Bank (PDB), and Chemsketch. MATERIALS AND METHODS The protein for the present study was imported from protein data bank with the PDB Id, 4dpd and was prepared for docking. The ligands used for the study are the quassinoids. They were drawn using chemsketch and the 3D structures were generated. The docking was done subsequently. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Molecular modeling technique was used for the protein-ligand docking analysis. RESULTS The docking results showed that the Quassinoids Model_1 showed the highest dock score of 40.728. CONCLUSION The present study proves the promising potential of quassinoids as novel drugs against malaria. The dock results conclude that the quassinoids can be adopted as an alternative drug against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cachet Labs, Yousufguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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18
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Le HL, Jullian V, Claparols C, Vansteelandt M, Haddad M, Cabou C, Deharo E, Fabre N. Development and validation of liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of simalikalactone E in extracts of Quassia amara L. and in mouse blood. Phytochem Anal 2015; 26:111-118. [PMID: 25431121 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simalikalactone E (SkE) from Quassia amara, has been proved to be a valuable anti-malarial and anti-cancer compound. As SkE is very scarce, methods of quantitation are needed in order to optimise its isolation process and to determine pharmacokinetic data. OBJECTIVE To validate methods using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the quantitation of SkE in plant extracts and in biological fluids. METHODS High- and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring detection and to triple quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring detection methods were developed. Validation procedure was realised according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guideline. Methanol extracts of dried Quassia amara leaves, and mouse-blood samples obtained after various routes of administration, were analysed for SkE. RESULTS Methods were validated and gave similar results regarding the content of SkE expressed per kilogram of dry leaves in the traditional decoction (160 ± 12 mg/kg) and in the methanol extract (93 ± 2 mg/kg). The recovery of the analyte from mouse blood ranged from 80.7 to 119.8%. Simalikalactone E was only detected using UHPLC-MS/MS (0.2 ± 0.03 mg/L) in mouse blood after intravenous injection: none was detected following intraperitoneal or oral gavage administration of SkE. CONCLUSION The LC-MS methods were used for the quantitation of SkE in plant extracts and in mouse blood. These methods open the way for further protocol optimisation of SkE extraction and the determination of its pharmacokinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luyen Le
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Université Toulouse 3, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31062, Toulouse cedex 09, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062, Toulouse cedex 09, France
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Low BS, Das PK, Chan KL. Acute, reproductive toxicity and two-generation teratology studies of a standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother Res 2013; 28:1022-9. [PMID: 24318772 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack are popularly sought as herbal medicinal supplements to improve libido and general health amongst the local ethnic population. The major quassinoids of E. longifolia improved spermatogenesis and fertility but toxicity studies have not been well documented. The reproductive toxicity, two generation of foetus teratology and the up-and-down acute toxicity were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats orally treated with quassinoid-rich E. longifolia extract (TAF273). The results showed that the median lethal dose (LD50 ) of TAF273 for female and male rats was 1293 and >2000 mg/kg, respectively. Fertility index and litter size of the TAF273 treated were significantly increased when compared with those of the non-treated animals. The TAF273-treated dams decreased in percentage of pre-implantation loss, post-implantation loss and late resorption. No toxic symptoms were observed on the TAF273-treated pregnant female rats and their foetuses were normal. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) obtained from reproductive toxicity and teratology studies of TAF273 in rats was 100 mg/kg body weight/day, being more than 10-fold lower than the LD50 value. Thus, any human dose derived from converting the rat doses of 100 mg/kg and below may be considered as safe for further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Seng Low
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia; School of Medicine, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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