Intake of Camelina Sativa Oil and Fatty Fish Alter the Plasma Lipid Mediator Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism - A Randomized Controlled Trial

UPLC-HRMS/MS Guided Isolation and NMR Investigation of Major Flavonoids from Enarthrocarpus strangulatus Boissier (Brassicaceae) with In Vitro Enzymes Inhibitory Potential

Various members of the family Brassicaceae are economically important and traditionally used to treat many disorders. Among the family members, Enarthrocarpus strangulatus Boissier is a common Egyptian species that was rarely studied. Consequently, the current study aims to characterize its phytochemical composition and assess its potential bioactivity comprehensively. A metabolomics approach integrating UPLC-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking enabled the dereplication of 91 metabolites, including primary (i. e. organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and phospholipids) and secondary metabolites (i. e. glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and flavonoids). Among the 91 annotated features, 13 major metabolites were fully characterized following their isolation and purification. Exclusive of only three flavonoids, all the detected metabolites are described for the first time within this species. Furthermore, the crude extract and four major isolated flavonoids were subjected to in vitro biological screening, including antioxidant, radical scavenging, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, and anti-inflammatory activities. It was noticed that nobiletin (61) exhibited the highest antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer's activities. At the same time, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucose (51) showed the highest anti-diabetic activity compared to the other isolated flavonoids and the total extract itself. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity, no obvious differences were detected numerically among all studied flavonoids.

Oxylipins Derived from PUFAs in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Mechanism of Actions and Possible Nutritional Interactions

Oxylipins are oxidized fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, formed through pathways that involve singlet oxygen or dioxygen-mediated oxygenation reactions and are primarily produced by enzyme families such as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450. These lipid-based complex bioactive molecules are pivotal signal mediators, acting in a hormone-like manner in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, especially cardiometabolic diseases via modulating plenty of mechanisms. It has been reported that omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins are important novel biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases. Moreover, collected literature has noted that diet and dietary components, especially fatty acids, can modulate these oxygenated lipid products since they are mainly derived from dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or linoleic acid and α-linolenic by elongation and desaturation pathways. This comprehensive review aims to examine their correlations to cardiometabolic diseases and how diets modulate oxylipins. Also, some aspects of developing new biomarkers and therapeutical utilization are detailed in this review.

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity study of Camelina sativa oil in Wistar rats

Objective

The aim of these studies was to ascertain if Camelina sativa oil is harmful in both the acute and subchronic states.

Methods

Wistar rats of both sexes were used in an acute toxicity test, and the fatal dosage (LD50) of oral Camelina sativa oil was greater than 27.6 g/kg bw. Rats were gavaged with Camelina sativa oil at dosages of 0.00, 0.92, 1.84, and 3.68 g/kg bw per day for 90 days. In addition, satellite groups were established in the control and high-dose groups for a 28-day recovery period. The following factors were assessed: mortality, clinical anomalies, body weight, food intake, hematological, serum biochemistry, urine, gross necropsy, and histology.

Results

There were no observable toxicity-related changes in any of the three dosage groups. There is no toxicological relevance to the change in the high-dose hematological indicator PLT at the conclusion of the recovery period because it was within the usual range for this strain in our laboratory. The test material did not result in any pathological alterations, according to a pathological examination.

Conclusion

Since the results of the current study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for Camelina sativa oil in rats has been determined to be greater than 3.68 g/kg bw.

Discriminative Metabolomics Analysis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Flowers, Leaves, and Roots Extracts of Matthiola longipetala subsp. livida

Matthiola longipetala subsp. livida is an annual herb in Brassicaceae that has received little attention despite the family's high reputation for health benefits, particularly cancer prevention. In this study, UPLC-HRMS-MS analysis was used for mapping the chemical constituents of different plant parts (i.e., flowers, leaves, and roots). Also, spectral similarity networks via the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) were employed to visualize their chemical differences and similarities. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity on HCT-116, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines was evaluated. Throughout the current analysis, 154 compounds were annotated, with the prevalence of phenolic acids, glucosinolates, flavonol glucosides, lipids, peptides, and others. Predictably, secondary metabolites (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glucosinolates) were predominant in flowers and leaves, while the roots were characterized by primary metabolites (peptides and fatty acids). Four diacetyl derivatives tentatively assigned as O-acetyl O-malonyl glucoside of quercetin (103), kaempferol (108 and 112), and isorhamnetin (114) were detected for the first time in nature. The flowers and leaves extracts showed significant inhibition of HeLa cell line propagation with LC50 values of 18.1 ± 0.42 and 29.6 ± 0.35 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the flowers extract inhibited HCT-116 with LC50 24.8 ± 0.45 µg/mL, compared to those of Doxorubicin (26.1 ± 0.27 and 37.6 ± 0.21 µg/mL), respectively. In conclusion, the flowers of M. longipetala are responsible for the abundance of bioactive compounds with cytotoxic properties.

The Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from either Flaxseed Oil or Preformed Docosahexaenoic Acid on Fatty Acid Composition, Plasma Oxylipin, and Immune Response of Laying Hens

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of nutrition guidelines for the feeding of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to laying hens. Knowledge as to whether the type and concentrations of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet can make a difference to the birds' immune responses when subjected to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is limited.

OBJECTIVES

The study was designed to determine the potential nutritional and health benefits to laying hens when receiving dietary omega-3 PUFA from either ALA or DHA.

METHODS

A total of 80 Lohmann LSL-Classic (white egg layer, 20 wk old) were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatment diets (10 hens/treatment), provided 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% of total dietary omega-3 PUFA, provided as either ALA-rich flaxseed oil or DHA-enriched algal biomass. After an 8-wk feeding period, the birds were challenged with Escherichia coli-derived LPS (8 mg/kg; i.v. injection), with terminal sample collection 4 h after challenge. Egg yolk, plasma, liver, and spleen samples were collected for subsequent analyses.

RESULTS

Increasing dietary omega-3 supplementation yielded predictable responses in egg yolk, plasma, and liver fatty acid concentrations. Dietary intake of ALA contributed mainly to ALA-derived oxylipins. Meanwhile, eicosapentaenoic acid- and DHA-derived oxylipins were primarily influenced by DHA dietary intake. LPS increased the concentrations of almost all the omega-6 PUFA-, ALA-, and DHA-derived oxylipins in plasma and decreased hepatic mRNA expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX (P < 0.001) involved in the biosynthesis of oxylipins. LPS also increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and receptor TLR-4 (P < 0.001) in the spleen.

CONCLUSIONS

These results revealed that dietary intake of ALA and DHA had unique impacts on fatty acid deposition and their derived oxylipins and inflammatory responses under the administration of LPS in laying hens.

The FADS1 rs174550 Genotype Modifies the n-3 and n-6 PUFA and Lipid Mediator Responses to a High Alpha-Linolenic Acid and High Linoleic Acid Diets

SCOPE

The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, which is associated with biomarkers and risk of non-communicable diseases, is regulated by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS). We investigated the interactions between dietary PUFAs and FADS1 rs174550 variant.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Participants (n = 118), homozygous for FADS1 rs174550 variant (TT and CC) followed a high alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 5 percent of energy (E-%)) or a high linoleic acid (LA, 10 E-%) diet during an 8-week randomized controlled intervention. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids and PUFA-derived lipid mediators were quantified by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. The high-LA diet increased the concentration of plasma LA, but not its lipid mediators. The concentration of plasma arachidonic acid decreased in carriers of CC and remained unchanged in the TT genotype. The high-ALA diet increased the concentration of plasma ALA and its cytochrome P450-derived epoxides and dihydroxys, and cyclooxygenase-derived monohydroxys. Concentrations of plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and its mono- and dihydroxys increased only in TT genotype carriers.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest the potential for genotype-based recommendations for PUFA consumption, resulting in modulation of bioactive lipid mediators which can exert beneficial effects in maintaining health.

Intervention of 4% salmon phospholipid on metabolic syndrome in mice based on colonic lipidomics analysis

BACKGROUND

The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in salmon (Oncorhynchus) phospholipids can effectively reduce the risk of MetS.

RESULTS

Under the intervention of 4% salmon phospholipid, the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly reduced in the plasma of MetS mice, whereas adiponectin was significantly increased. By screening, we found that the 18 differential metabolites, consisting of seven triglycerides (TGs), six diglycerides (DGs), one phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), three sphingomyelins (SMs) and one eicosanoid, could be the key differential metabolites, and two metabolic pathways were significantly affected: glycerolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

4% salmon phospholipids could affect MetS by inhibiting insulin resistance, reducing inflammatory factors and promoting the synthesis of PE, yet the mechanism required further study. Our results could help in the treatment of MetS. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Camelina sativa Oil Treatment Alleviates Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea in ICR Mice by Regulating Intestinal Flora Composition

Diarrhea, occurring due to intestinal flora disturbance, is potentially lethal, and its current treatments have adverse effects such as constipation and vomiting. Camelina sativa oil (CSO) is a cooking ingredient and natural remedy used in several countries; however, its pharmacological effects on intestinal health remain unknown. Here, we explored the CSO treatment effects on intestinal flora in male ICR mice with castor oil-induced diarrhea. The rate and degree of loose stools, the diarrhea index, serum inflammatory indices, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora were measured. Castor oil-administered mice experienced diarrhea, reduced intestinal flora diversity and fecal SCFAs concentrations, altered intestinal flora composition, and increased serum proinflammatory indices. In contrast, CSO treatment relieved diarrhea, improved intestinal flora composition, and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae. Additionally, CSO significantly increased the concentrations of fecal propionic acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and serum sIgA, while it reduced those of serum interleukin-17. These findings suggest that CSO could be a promising preventive agent against diarrhea.

Nutritional Metabolomics and the Classification of Dietary Biomarker Candidates: A Critical Review

Recent advances in metabolomics allow for more objective assessment of contemporary food exposures, which have been proposed as an alternative or complement to self-reporting of food intake. However, the quality of evidence supporting the utility of dietary biomarkers as valid measures of habitual intake of foods or complex dietary patterns in diverse populations has not been systematically evaluated. We reviewed nutritional metabolomics studies reporting metabolites associated with specific foods or food groups; evaluated the interstudy repeatability of dietary biomarker candidates; and reported study design, metabolomic approach, analytical technique(s), and type of biofluid analyzed. A comprehensive literature search of 5 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and CINAHL) was conducted from inception through December 2020. This review included 244 studies, 169 (69%) of which were interventional studies (9 of these were replicated in free-living participants) and 151 (62%) of which measured the metabolomic profile of serum and/or plasma. Food-based metabolites identified in ≥1 study and/or biofluid were associated with 11 food-specific categories or dietary patterns: 1) fruits; 2) vegetables; 3) high-fiber foods (grain-rich); 4) meats; 5) seafood; 6) pulses, legumes, and nuts; 7) alcohol; 8) caffeinated beverages, teas, and cocoas; 9) dairy and soya; 10) sweet and sugary foods; and 11) complex dietary patterns and other foods. We conclude that 69 metabolites represent good candidate biomarkers of food intake. Quantitative measurement of these metabolites will advance our understanding of the relation between diet and chronic disease risk and support evidence-based dietary guidelines for global health.

Omega 3-rich Camelina sativa oil in the context of a weight loss program improves glucose homeostasis, inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with NAFLD: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Over the past few years, the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids have been reported in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) complications.This study evaluated the effects of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) supplementation as one of the richest dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids on glucose homeostasis,inflammation, metabolic endotoxemia, and oxidative stress in NAFLD patients.

METHODS

A total of 46 patients with NAFLD were allocated to either an intervention (20 g/d CSO) or placebo (20 g/d sunflower oil) group receiving a calorie-restricted diet for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma levels of glycemic indices, hs-CRP, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), antioxidant enzymes activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), and uric acid were measured at baseline and post-intervention.

RESULTS

The CSO supplementation led to significant differences in insulin concentration, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hs-CRP, LPS, TAC, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α between the two groups at end of the study (ANCOVA, P < .05). Hs-CRP decreased significantly in both groups (pair-t-test, P < .05). Insulin concentration, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, LPS, TAC, SOD, glutathione peroxidase activity, MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α changed significantly only in CSO group (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that CSO may improve glycemia, inflammation, metabolic endotoxemia, and oxidative stress status in patients with NAFLD.

Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles.

OBJECTIVE

We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet.

METHODS

Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis.

CONCLUSION

Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation.

Oils Rich in α-Linolenic Acid or Docosahexaenoic Acid Have Distinct Effects on Plasma Oxylipin and Adiponectin Concentrations and on Monocyte Bioenergetics in Women with Obesity

BACKGROUND

Omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA and α-linolenic acid (ALA), are proposed to improve metabolic health by reducing obesity-associated inflammation. Their effects are mediated in part by conversion to oxylipins. ALA is relatively understudied, and direct comparisons to other omega-3 fatty acids are limited.

OBJECTIVES

We compared the effects of equal doses of ALA and DHA on plasma oxylipins and markers of metabolic health in women with obesity.

METHODS

We carried out a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial where women aged 20-51 with a BMI of 30-51 kg/m2 were supplemented with 4 g/day of ALA or DHA for 4 weeks in the form of ALA-rich flaxseed oil or DHA-rich fish oil. The primary outcome, the plasma oxylipin profile, was assessed at Days 0 and 28 of each phase by HPLC-MS/MS. Plasma fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and the monocyte glucose metabolism were key secondary outcomes. Data were analyzed using a mixed model.

RESULTS

Compared to the baseline visit, there were higher plasma levels of nearly all oxylipins derived from DHA (3.8-fold overall; P < 0.001) and EPA (2.7-fold overall; P < 0.05) after 28 days of fish-oil supplementation, while there were no changes to oxylipins after flaxseed-oil supplementation. Neither supplement altered plasma cytokines; however, adiponectin was increased (1.1-fold; P < 0.05) at the end of the fish-oil phase. Compared to the baseline visit, 28 days of flaxseed-oil supplementation reduced ATP-linked oxygen consumption (0.75-fold; P < 0.05) and increased spare respiratory capacity (1.4-fold; P < 0.05) in monocytes, and countered the shift in oxygen consumption induced by LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

Flaxseed oil and fish oil each had unique effects on metabolic parameters in women with obesity. The supplementation regimens were insufficient to reduce inflammatory markers but adequate to elicit increases in omega-3 oxylipins and adiponectin in response to fish oil and to alter monocyte bioenergetics in response to flaxseed oil. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03583281.

Rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of marine- and plant-sourced omega-3 fatty acid supplements on octadecanoid profiles and inflammation in females with obesity (OXBIO trial)

INTRODUCTION

Consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has been reported to provide health benefits, but it remains unknown whether the fatty acids themselves or their oxygenated metabolites, oxylipins, are responsible for the beneficial effects.

PURPOSE

This paper describes the design and rationale of a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study comparing the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich flax oil and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil supplementation on circulating oxylipin profiles in females with obesity, in relation to obesity-induced inflammation.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Pre-menopausal females (n = 24) aged 20-55 with a BMI ≥30, will consume capsules containing flaxseed oil (4 g ALA/day) or fish oil (4 g DHA + 0.8 g EPA/day) during 4-week supplementation phases, with a minimum 4-week washout. The primary outcome is alterations in plasma oxylipin profiles. Secondary outcomes include effects of supplementation on circulating markers of inflammation, adipokines, plasma fatty acid composition, blood lipid profile, anthropometrics, oxylipin and cytokine profiles of stimulated immune cells, monocyte glucose metabolism, blood pressure and pulse wave velocity.

ETHICS AND SIGNIFICANCE

This trial has been approved by the University of Manitoba Biomedical Research Ethics Board and the St. Boniface Hospital Research Review Committee. The study will provide information regarding the effects of ALA and DHA supplementation on oxylipin profiles in obese but otherwise healthy females. Additionally, it will improve our understanding of the response of circulating inflammatory mediators originating from immune cells, adipose tissue and the liver to n-3 PUFA supplementation in relation to the metabolic features of obesity.

Bioactive Compounds for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: Evidence From Clinical Trials and Putative Action Targets

Hypertriglyceridemia refers to the presence of elevated concentrations of triglycerides (TG) in the bloodstream (TG >200 mg/dL). This lipid alteration is known to be associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, contributing overall to the onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Guidelines for the management of hypertriglyceridemia are based on both lifestyle intervention and pharmacological treatment, but poor adherence, medication-related costs and side effects can limit the success of these interventions. For this reason, the search for natural alternative approaches to reduce plasma TG levels currently represents a hot research field. This review article summarizes the most relevant clinical trials reporting the TG-reducing effect of different food-derived bioactive compounds. Furthermore, based on the evidence obtained from in vitro studies, we provide a description and classification of putative targets of action through which several bioactive compounds can exert a TG-lowering effect. Future research may lead to investigations of the efficacy of novel nutraceutical formulations consisting in a combination of bioactive compounds which contribute to the management of plasma TG levels through different action targets.