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Park EA, Kim TY, Son JS, Lee SY. Kapok fiber composites minimizing secondary waste and disposal costs for large-scale radioactive liquid treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120851. [PMID: 38581894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Conventional liquid treatments for large-scale, low-level radioactive wastewater, such as ion exchange and waste solidification, face challenges due to the large amounts of secondary waste and high disposal costs. A new large-scale decontamination method is proposed that uses kapok fiber composites for rapid radionuclide adsorption and high volume reduction to minimize secondary waste. The composite consists of natural zeolite and kapok holocellulose, which has high water-soaking ability and low-temperature pyrolysis. The kapok composites, fabricated using a commercial wet-laid nonwoven manufacturing process, absorbs 99% of low-level radioactive cesium in 20 min, reducing the volume by 98% and the weight by 47% at 300 °C. The low-temperature pyrolysis process below 300 °C prevents cesium desorption and gasification by avoiding zeolite destruction. The mass-producible kapok composites can be used for adsorbing various radionuclides in large-scale wastewater by attaching specific adsorbents for target isotopes to the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sik Son
- Korea Textile Development Institute, Kukchaebosang-ro 136, Seo-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yop Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Seo SD, Truong-Lam HS, Jeon C, Han J, Kang KC, Lee S, Lee JD. Simultaneous removal of multi-nuclide (Sr 2+, Co 2+, Cs +, and I -) from aquatic environments using a hydrate-based water purification process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132700. [PMID: 37852133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the removal characteristics of a hydrate-based water purification process used to remove the major radionuclides monitored in nuclear accident areas. The effect of the coexistence of salt ions on the removal of radioactive materials is also evaluated. Previous studies have found existing processes such as ion exchange and membrane separation to be reliable methods for radionuclide removal from contaminated water. However, these processes cannot remove all contaminants at once and cause additional environmental problems by generating secondary wastes. In a previous study, we observed that water purification by the gas hydrate process could simultaneously remove various ions from seawater and hypersaline water in a single step without pre- or post-treatment. Therefore, the removal characteristics of Sr2+, Co2+, Cs+, and I- radionuclides are evaluated in only one context: the hydrate-based water purification process. More than 85% of the total ions were simultaneously removed regardless of the presence or absence of coexisting ions, and the time required for the removal process was about 70 min. In addition, it was observed that most of the contaminant ions were attached to hydrate crystal surfaces. Therefore, an efficient purification process is proposed that includes a hydrate crystal exterior partial dissolution step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Deok Seo
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Son Truong-Lam
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Changsu Jeon
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chan Kang
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Dong Lee
- Offshore Plant Resources R&D Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46744, Republic of Korea.
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Meng X, Désesquelles P, Xu L. Decomposition mechanisms of nuclear-grade cationic exchange resin by advanced oxidation processes: Statistical molecular fragmentation model and DFT calculations. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:433-448. [PMID: 37778817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and disposal of radioactive waste are presently facing great challenges. Spent ion exchange resins have become a focus of attention due to their high production and serious environmental risks. In this paper, a simplified model of cationic exchange resin is proposed, and the degradation processes of cationic resin monomer initiated by hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are clarified by combining statistical molecular fragmentation (SMF) model and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The prediction of active sites indicates that the S-O bonds and the C-S bond of the sulfonic group are more likely to react during the degradation. The meta-position of the sulfonic group on the benzene ring is the most active site, and the benzene ring without the sulfonic group has a certain reactivity. The C11-C14 and C17-C20 bonds, on the carbon skeleton, are the most easily broken. It is also found that dihydroxy addition and elimination reactions play a major role in the process of desulfonation, carbon skeleton cleavage and benzene ring separation. The decomposition mechanisms found through the combination of physical models and chemical calculations, provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Pierre Désesquelles
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Lejin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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4
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Liu L, Liu F, Yan Z, Zhou H, Song W. Transcriptome analysis of damage mechanism of Candida utilis under U(VI) stress. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115650. [PMID: 37839133 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine radioactive pollution has a great impact on Marine microorganisms, but the damage mechanism by hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) exposure has been rarely known. In this study, Candida utilis (C. utilis) were exposed to U(VI) for 50, 100 and 150 mg/L, and then morphologic change and RNA-Seq in C. utilis were determined. U(VI) exposure significantly induced the changes of morphological characteristics of C. utilis. There were 39 DEGs in the 50 mg/L treated group, including 30 up-regulated genes and 9 down-regulated genes. There were 196 DEGs, 31 up-regulated and 165 down-regulated in the 100 mg/L treated group. The 150 mg/L treated group had 272 DEGs, 74 up-regulated and 198 down-regulated, compared with the control group. The results showed that the number of DEGs increased dose-dependently with U(VI) treatment. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of radioactive wastewater damage to Marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei 230011, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Zhuna Yan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Han Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health & Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, PR China.
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Liu Y, Shi FQ, Hao X, Li MY, Cheng L, Wang C, Wang KY. Open-framework hybrid zinc/tin selenide as an ultrafast adsorbent for Cs +, Ba 2+, Co 2+, and Ni 2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132038. [PMID: 37463560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Efficient adsorption of radioactive 137Cs+ and 60Co2+ and their decay products 137Ba2+ and 60Ni2+ bears significance for hazard elimination in case of nuclear emergency, which relies on the adsorption rate enhancement that takes advantages of compositional and structural optimization. Herein, we report a zinc-doped selenidostannate constructed from T2-supertetrahedral clusters, namely K3.4(CH3NH3)0.45(NH4)0.15Zn2Sn3Se10·3.4 H2O (ZnSnSe-1K). The soft Se and micro-porosity synergistically endow this material with a binding affinity to Cs+, Ba2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions and ultrafast kinetics with R > 97.6% in 2-60 min. In particular, ZnSnSe-1K can remove 99.34% of Cs+ in 2 min (KdCs > 1.5 × 105 mL g-1), contributing to a record rate constant k2 of 9.240 g mg-1 min-1 that surpasses all metal chalcogenide adsorbents. ZnSnSe-1K exhibits good acid/base tolerance (pH = 0-12), and the adsorption capacities at neutral are 253.61 ± 9.15, 108.94 ± 25.32, 45.76 ± 14.19 and 38.49 ± 2.99 mg g-1 for Cs+, Ba2+, Co2+, and Ni2+, respectively. The adsorption performances resist well co-existing cations and anions, and the removal rates can keep above or close to 90% even in sea water. ZnSnSe-1K is employed in continuous column and membrane filtration, both of which shows excellent elimination efficiency (R > 99%) for mixed Cs+, Ba2+, Co2+, and Ni2+. Especially, the membrane with an ultrathin (70 µm) ZnSnSe-1K layer can remove 97-100% Cs+ in suction filtration with a short contact time of 0.33 s. Combined with the simple synthesis, facile elution and great irradiation resistance, ZnSnSe-1K emerges as a selenide adsorbent candidate for use in environmental remediation especially that involving nuclear waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Feng-Qi Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xin Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Kai-Yao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
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Zhang Z, Xue Y, Yan YD, Li GQ, Xu WD, Ma FQ, Liu X, Zhang QG. The effect of air on oxidation decomposition of uranium-containing cationic exchange resins in Li 2CO 3-Na 2CO 3-K 2CO 3 molten-salt system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18347-18362. [PMID: 37342806 PMCID: PMC10277827 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of nuclear energy, spent cationic exchange resins after purification of radioactive wastewater must be treated. Molten-salt oxidation (MSO) can minimize the disposal content of resins and capture SO2. In this work, the decomposition of uranium-containing resins in carbonate molten salt in N2 and air atmospheres was investigated. Compared to N2 atmosphere, the content of SO2 released from the decomposition of resins was relatively low at 386-454 °C in an air atmosphere. The SEM morphology indicated that the presence of air facilitated the decomposition of the resin cross-linked structure. The decomposition efficiency of resins in an air atmosphere was 82.6% at 800 °C. The XRD analysis revealed that uranium compounds had the reaction paths of UO3 → UO2.92 → U3O8 and UO3 → K2U2O7 → K2UO4 in the carbonate melt, and sulfur elements in resins were fixed in the form of K3Na(SO4)2. The XPS result illustrated that peroxide and superoxide ions accelerated the conversion of sulfone sulfur to thiophene sulfur and further oxidized to CO2 and SO2. Besides, the ion bond formed by uranyl ions on the sulfonic acid group was decomposed at high temperature. Finally, the decomposition of uranium-containing resins in the carbonate melt in an air atmosphere was explained. This study provided more theoretical guidance and technical support for the industrial treatment of uranium-containing resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
- China Institute for Radiation Protection Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi P. R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Yong-De Yan
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- China Institute for Radiation Protection Taiyuan 030006 Shanxi P. R. China
| | - Wen-Da Xu
- Yantai Standard Metrology Inspection & Test Center, National Steam Flowrate Measurement Station Yantai 264000 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Fu-Qiu Ma
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Qing-Guo Zhang
- Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 Heilongjiang P. R. China
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7
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Zhang Z, Xue Y, Wang YL, Xu WD, Yan YD, Zheng YH, Ma FQ, Li GQ. Effect of copper ions on transformation of organic sulfur in cationic exchange resins in Li 2CO 3-Na 2CO 3-K 2CO 3 molten-salt system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138837. [PMID: 37146777 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cationic exchange resins (CERs) were applied for purification and clarifying process of radioactive wastewater in nuclear industry, which was a kind of sulfur-containing organic material. Molten-salt oxidation (MSO) method can be applied for the treatment of spent CERs and the absorption of acid gas (such as SO2). The experiments about the molten salt destruction of the original resin and Cu ions doped resin were conducted. The transformation of organic sulfur in Cu ions doped resin was investigated. Compared with the original resin, the content of tail gas (such as CH4, C2H4, H2S and SO2) released from the decomposition of Cu ions doped resin was relatively high at 323-657 °C. Sulfur elements in the form of sulfates and copper sulfides were fixed in spent salt through XRD analysis. The XPS result revealed that the portion of functional sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H) in Cu ions doped resin was converted into sulfonyl bridges (-SO2-) at 325 °C. With the enhancement of temperature, sulfonyl bridges (-SO2-) were further decomposed to sulfoxides sulfur (-SO-) and organic sulfide sulfur. The destruction of thiophenic sulfur to H2S and CH4 was prompted by copper ions in copper sulfide. Sulfoxide were oxidized to the sulfone sulfur in molten salt. Sulfones sulfur consumed by reduction of Cu ions at 720 °C was more than it produced by oxidation of sulfoxide through XPS analysis, and the relative proportion of sulfone sulfur was 16.51%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China; China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yue-Lin Wang
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Da Xu
- Yantai Standard Metrology Inspection & Test Center, National Steam Flowrate Measurement Station, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yong-De Yan
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yang-Hai Zheng
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fu-Qiu Ma
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
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Wang S, Yu G, Wang J. Treatment of tributyl phosphate by fenton oxidation: Optimization of parameter, degradation kinetics and pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137889. [PMID: 36657574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In nuclear industry, tributyl phosphate (TBP) is used as organic extracting solvent to separate uranium and plutonium. The spent TBP is finally discarded as the radioactive organic waste, which should be treated due to its potential risk. In this study, TBP degradation by Fenton oxidation was investigated in detail, including the optimization of operational conditions, degradation kinetics and degradation products. The optimal conditions for TBP degradation (per 10 ml) by Fenton oxidation was: 95 °C, pH 2, 150 ml 30% H2O2, and 105 ml 0.2 M Fe(II). H2O2 was continuously added with the flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, Fe(II) was intermittently added with the flow rate of 3 ml/10 min. The oil phase volume decreased with time and completely disappeared at the third hour. In contrast, the COD in water phase increased firstly and then decreased. At the end of the experiments, the COD achieved 23.8 g/L. The detection of phosphorus in water phase further confirmed the decomposition of TBP. Mono-butyl phosphate and di-butyl phosphate were identified as the intermediate products of TBP degradation. In addition, other four degradation products with the same m/z of 154 were identified, which may be derived from the hydroxylation of mono-butyl phosphate and di-butyl phosphate. Based on the degradation products, the degradation pathway of TBP was proposed. This study could provide an insight into the TBP degradation by Fenton oxidation, and an potential strategy for treating the spent radioactive organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Energy Science Building, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Guoce Yu
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Energy Science Building, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Xue Y, Wang YL, Zheng YH, Yang YS, Xu WD, Yan YD, Zhao R, Zhang QG, Liu X, Ma FQ, Zhang ML. Effects of oxygen content on gaseous and solid products during molten salt oxidation of cation exchange resins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16729-16740. [PMID: 36525196 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molten salt oxidation (MSO) is an advanced method for waste resins treatment; nevertheless, the research about gas product variations of resins under different stoichiometric air feed coefficient (α) is rare. The optimal working condition of hazardous waste disposal is obtained through thermodynamic equilibrium calculation, and the method to improve the treatment efficiency is found to guide the optimization of the actual experiment. In this paper, Fact Sage was used to calculate the oxidation products of cation exchange resins (CERs) at different temperatures and α, focusing on the similarities and differences through the contents of CO, CH4, CO2, and SO2 during the oxidation of CERs, the MSO of CERs, and the theoretical calculation. The results indicated that the gas products of the calculation and reality of the oxidation process of CERs are quite different, while the CO contents of CERs during MSO are close to the calculated values. The main reason for this consequence is that in the oxidation process of CERs, the S in the sulfonic acid group will form thermally stable C-S with the styrene-divinylbenzene skeleton. Moreover, the introduction of carbonate can promote the destruction of C-S and absorb SO2 as sulfate, weakening the influence of C-S on the oxidation products of CERs. The gas chromatograph results indicated that the SO2 content is reduced from 0.66% in the process of CERs oxidation to 0.28% in MSO of CERs. When 1.25 times stoichiometric air feed coefficient is fed, the sulfate content in the carbonate is the highest at 900 °C, which is 23.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yue-Lin Wang
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yang-Hai Zheng
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Yang
- Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, 014017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wen-Da Xu
- Yantai Standard Metrology Inspection & Test Center, National Steam Flowrate Measurement Station, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yong-De Yan
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China.
| | - Ran Zhao
- Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, 014017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qing-Guo Zhang
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-Qiu Ma
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Mi-Lin Zhang
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
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Hamdane H, Oumam M, Mhamdi HS, Bouih A, El Ghailassi T, Boulif R, Alami J, Manoun B, Hannache H. Elaboration of geopolymer package derived from uncalcined phosphate sludge and its solidification performance on nuclear grade resins loaded with 134Cs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159313. [PMID: 36228800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear-grade Spent Organic Resin (SOR) contains high concentrations of radioactive nuclides and metal contaminants, while phosphate sludge contains high amount of fine clayey particles and CO32-, both posing a major threat to the biosphere. In this study, a novel geopolymer package (GP) was proposed to directly solidify SOR loaded with 134Cs by incorporating uncalcined phosphate sludge (UPS) as feedstocks, activated by NaOH/KOH. The results showed that alkali-mixed reagents-activated GP is more advantageous in terms of chemical stability and mechanical properties than NaOH-activated GP, recording compressive strength values greater than the waste acceptance criteria and OPC. The 28-day compressive strength of solidified packages can exceed 31 MPa at the highest amount of 42 wt% UPS. The addition of NaF powder into the solidified packages generates more hybrid type gels, which are more conducive to partial dissolution and bonding UPS particles, thereby producing stable and stronger GP. Leaching results of solidified GP in presence of up to 13 wt% SORs showed that only 0.15 % of total 134Cs was leached, even under aggressive solutions. Solidification mechanism revealed that activation of UPS-MK blend forms N,K-A-S-H, (N,K,C)-A-S-H/C-S-H gels coexisting with unreacted particles, thereby solidify/stabilize metal contaminants and Cs+ by a synergetic immobilization action of hydration products via substitution and encapsulation. This study provides a promising paradigm for effective solidification of nuclear-grade resins and synergetic harmless treatment of industrial/phosphate mine solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Hamdane
- Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Science Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P.7955 Casablanca, Morocco; National Center of Sciences, Technology and Nuclear Energy, B.P.1382 Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Mina Oumam
- Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Science Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P.7955 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hicham Si Mhamdi
- Laboratory of Applied Geology, Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Bouih
- National Center of Sciences, Technology and Nuclear Energy, B.P.1382 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Touria El Ghailassi
- National Center of Sciences, Technology and Nuclear Energy, B.P.1382 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Boulif
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Jones Alami
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Bouchaib Manoun
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco; Univ Hassan(1er), Rayonnement-Matière et Instrumentation, S3M, Faculty of science and Technology, 26000, FST, Settat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Hannache
- Laboratory of Engineering and Materials, Faculty of Science Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P.7955 Casablanca, Morocco; Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Benguerir, Morocco
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11
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Hafeez MA, Singh BK, Yang SH, Kim J, Kim B, Shin Y, Um W. Recent advances in Fenton-like treatment of radioactive ion exchange resins. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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12
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Influence of oxygen equivalent on molten salt oxidation efficiency of mixed resin in Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 melt. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Qi Z, Han Y, Afrane S, Liu X, Zhang M, Crittenden J, Chen JL, Mao G. Patent mining on soil pollution remediation technology from the perspective of technological trajectory. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120661. [PMID: 36403878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a marked growth in soil environmental problems, however, the research & development (R&D) direction of soil pollution remediation technology (SPRT) for addressing related challenges to the global ecosystem is still unclear. Patent is the most effective carrier of technological information. Therefore, this study investigates the status and future direction of SPRT through the analysis and mining of 14,475 patents from 1971 to 2020. In 2006-2020, 14,435 SPRT patents (79% of the total) were published, which is in the development stage. By measuring the proportion of high-value patents, determined by the ratio of the number of patent families containing two or more patents (PF2) to that containing at least one patent (PF1), we found that United States (PF2/PF1 = 0.711), Japan (PF2/PF1 = 0.500), and South Korea (PF2/PF1 = 0.431) hold a monopoly. International patent organizations serve as a bridge for technology transfer. Patent CN101947539-A measured by structural hole index (Effective size = 98.194, Efficiency = 0.926) has the most significant technological influence. Therefore, in order to accomplish the technological transition and improve the soil remediation capacity, more attention should be paid to the microbial-assisted phytoremediation technology related to inorganic pollutants, hyperaccumulators and stabilizers. Additionally, patents CN102834190-A (Effective size = 23.930, Efficiency = 0.855, Constraint = 0.141, Hierarchy = 0.089) and CN105855289 (Effective size = 21.453, Efficiency = 0.795 Constraint = 0.149, Hierarchy = 0.086) are both at the location of structural holes. So, more research should be carried out on green and cost-effective solutions for reducing organic pollutants in soil remediation. The current study identifies opportunities for innovations and breakthroughs in SPRT and offers relevant information on technological development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Center for Green Buildings and Sponge Cities, Georgia Tech Tianjin University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Yixin Han
- Shandong National Standards Technical Review and Assessment Center, Jinan, 250002, China
| | - Sandylove Afrane
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Center for Green Buildings and Sponge Cities, Georgia Tech Tianjin University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Mingqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Center for Green Buildings and Sponge Cities, Georgia Tech Tianjin University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - John Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jian Lin Chen
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Good Shepherd Street, Ho Man Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guozhu Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Center for Green Buildings and Sponge Cities, Georgia Tech Tianjin University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
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14
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Radiological safety analysis of a newly designed spent resin mixture treatment facility during normal and abnormal operational scenarios for the safety of radiation workers. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Pancholi KC, Sen N, Singh K, Vincent T, Kaushik C. Transient heat transfer during startup of a thermal plasma chamber: Numerical insights. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Zheng YH, Yan YD, Xue Y, Wang YL, Liu X, Mi WS, Zhang QG, Li Y, Ma FQ, Zhang ML, Gan ZH, Zhu K. Catalytic effect of cesium on the oxidation behavior of cation exchange resins in Li 2CO 3-Na 2CO 3-K 2CO 3 melt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64215-64224. [PMID: 35882731 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After the treatment of liquid radioactive waste, there is a certain amount of Cs in the waste resin, and these Cs-doped resins are prone to volatilize during the thermal treatment process and cause radionuclide leakage. The molten salt oxidation (MSO) can effectively prevent the volatilization of toxic metal, especially the volatilization of Cs. Under nitrogen and air conditions, it is found that the oxidation behavior between Cs-doped and clean cation exchange resins (CERs) is quite different. In the presence of oxygen and molten carbonate salt, Cs2CO3 is generated by the destruction of functional groups in Cs-doped CERs. The Cs2CO3 in Na2CO3-K2CO3-Li2CO3 reacts with oxygen to form Li2O2, which reduces the content of S in residue from 26.33 to 13.38% in air conditions at 400 °C and promotes the generation of sulfate in the molten carbonate salt. The elements Cs and S in the Cs doped CERs spontaneously form thermally stable Cs2SO4 in the molten carbonate salt.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-De Yan
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China.
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China.
| | - Yun Xue
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Yue-Lin Wang
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wan-Sheng Mi
- No. 703 Research Institute of CSIC, Harbin, 150078, China
| | | | - Yu Li
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fu-Qiu Ma
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Yantai Research Institute & Graduate School, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Mi-Lin Zhang
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Gan
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
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17
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Stala Ł, Ulatowska J, Polowczyk I. Copper(II) ions removal from model galvanic wastewater by green one-pot synthesised amino-hypophosphite polyampholyte. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129047. [PMID: 35533524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The amino-hypophosphite polyampholyte (AHP) obtained from cheap and safe building blocks lacks a typical ion-scavenger matrix derived from crude-oil intermediates like poly(divinylbenzene), which is an advantage to commercial solutions. AHP is characterised by sorption capacity comparable to some ion scavengers available on the market, as it was found that its maximum capacity in the temperature range from 298 K to 328 K varies between 114 and 146 mg Cu(II) g-1 of dry AHP. The possible application of the AHP in the Cu(II) removal process from galvanic effluent was investigated. The results show that it is possible to achieve a good removal rate for model wastewater. The inlet Cu2+ concentrations of model wastewater were 6.4 mg Cu(II) dm-3 and 36,2 mg Cu(II) dm-3, acidic and basic galvanic wastewater respectively. After the removal process concentrations were lowered to 1.3 mg Cu(II) dm-3 and 5.1 mg Cu(II) dm-3, for acidic and basic galvanic wastewater respectively. It was found that the presence of Ca(II) and Na(I) did not significantly influence the Cu(II) removal process. The obtained results indicate that the prepared more environmentally safe ion scavenger can be applicable in a wide range of metal ion removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stala
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymers and Carbon Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Street 27, Wrocław, Lower Silesia 50-370, Poland.
| | - Justyna Ulatowska
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymers and Carbon Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Street 27, Wrocław, Lower Silesia 50-370, Poland
| | - Izabela Polowczyk
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymers and Carbon Materials, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Street 27, Wrocław, Lower Silesia 50-370, Poland
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18
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Kim HJ, Kim SJ, Yang HC, Eun HC, Lee K, Lee JH. Fabrication of for capturing carbon dioxide under mild conditions. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Gandhi TP, Sampath PV, Maliyekkal SM. A critical review of uranium contamination in groundwater: Treatment and sludge disposal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153947. [PMID: 35189244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved uranium in groundwater at high concentrations is an emerging global threat to human and ecological health due to its radioactivity and chemical toxicity. Uranium can enter groundwater by geochemical reactions, natural deposition from minerals, mining, uranium ore processing, and spent fuel disposal. Although much progress has been made in uranium remediation in recent years, most published reviews on uranium treatment have focused on specific methods, particularly adsorption. This article systematically reviews the major treatment technologies, explains their mechanism and progress of uranium removal, and compares their performance under various environmental conditions. Of all treatment methods, adsorption has received much attention due to its ease of use and adaptability under various conditions. However, salinity and competition from other ions limit its application in actual field conditions. Biosorption and bioremediation are also promising methods due to their low-cost and chemical-free operation. Strong base anion exchange resins are more effective at typical groundwater pH conditions. Advanced oxidation processes like photocatalysis produce less sludge and are effective even at low uranium concentrations. Electrocoagulation shows significantly improved performance when organic ligands are added prior to treatment. The significant advantages of membrane filtration are high removal efficiency and the ability to recover uranium. While each technology has its merits and demerits, no single technology is entirely suitable under all conditions. One major area of concern with all technologies is the need to dispose of liquid and solid waste generated after treatment safely. Future research must focus on developing hybrid and state-of-the-art technologies for effective and sustainable uranium removal from groundwater. Developing holistic management strategies for uranium removal will hinge on understanding its speciation, mechanisms of fate and transport, and socio-economic conditions of the affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pushparaj Gandhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu, 517619, India
| | - Prasanna Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu, 517619, India
| | - Shihabudheen M Maliyekkal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu, 517619, India.
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20
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Hafeez MA, Hong SJ, Jeon J, Lee J, Singh BK, Hyatt NC, Walling SA, Heo J, Um W. Co 2+/PMS based sulfate-radical treatment for effective mineralization of spent ion exchange resin. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132351. [PMID: 34592215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical advance oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have attracted a greater attention as a suitable alternative of the hydroxyl radical based advance oxidation process (HR-AOPs). In this study, for the first time we report liquid phase mineralization of nuclear grade cationic IRN-77 resin in Co2+/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based SR-AOPs. After the dissolution of cationic IRN-77 resin, 30 volatile and 15 semi-volatile organic compounds were analyzed/detected using non-targeted GC-MS analysis. The optimal reaction parameters for the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (%) of IRN-77 resin were determined, and the initial pH, PMS dosage, and reaction temperature were found to be the most influential parameters for the resin degradation. We successfully achieved ∼90% COD removal (1000 mg/L; 1000 ppm) of dissolved spent resin for SR-AOPs by optimizing the reaction parameters as initial pH = 9, Co2+ = 4 mM (catalyst), PMS = 60 mM (as oxidant) at 60 °C temperature for 60 min reaction. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) spectra confirmed the presence of SO4∙- and OH∙ as main reactive species in the Co2+/PMS resin system. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses were used for structural characterization of solid and liquid phase resin samples. We believe that this work will offer a robust approach for the effective treatment of spent resin generated from nuclear industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir Hafeez
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ju Hong
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsung Jeon
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeok Lee
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhupendra Kumar Singh
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea; Nuclear Environmental Technology Institute (NETI), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Neil C Hyatt
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A Walling
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Jong Heo
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyong Um
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam- ro, Nam-GU, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Engineering (DESE), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea; Nuclear Environmental Technology Institute (NETI), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Xu T, Wang S, Li Y, Li J, Cai J, Zhang Y, Xu D, Zhang J. Review of the destruction of organic radioactive wastes by supercritical water oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149396. [PMID: 34426331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials, such as ion exchange resins, plastic, oils, and solvents, are widely used in the operation and decommission of nuclear facilities. The generated radioactive organic wastes are both radioactive and organic; therefore, the degradation of such wastes becomes more difficult. Due to delays in the disposal of radioactive organic wastes, potential safety risks are increasing. With the advantages of degrading refractory organics rapidly and thoroughly, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has become a potential alternative way to degrade radioactive organic wastes. This review focused on the degradation characteristics of different radioactive wastes from the perspective of potential practical applications. Some improved methods for facilitating the degradation of radioactive wastes by SCWO are considered and analyzed. Moreover, the kinetics and intermediate pathways of radioactive organic wastes are further analyzed. The distribution, migration and transformation of radionuclides during the SCWO reaction, as well as the further processing of radionuclides in gas-, liquid- and solid-phase products, were summarized and discussed. Furthermore, some fruitful areas for further work were reviewed for the highly efficient degradation of radioactive organic wastes. This review can provide useful information and guidance for the industrial applications of SCWO treatment for radioactive wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Yanhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Jianna Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jianjun Cai
- School of Architecture and Traffic, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yishu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Donghai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
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22
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Li J, Chen L, Wang J. Solidification of radioactive wastes by cement-based materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Robshaw TJ, Turner J, Kearney S, Walkley B, Sharrad CA, Ogden MD. Capture of aqueous radioiodine species by metallated adsorbents from wastestreams of the nuclear power industry: a review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Iodine-129 poses a significant challenge in the drive towards lowering radionuclide emissions from used nuclear fuel recycling operations. Various techniques are employed for capture of gaseous iodine species, but it is also present, mainly as iodide anions, in problematic residual aqueous wastestreams, which have stimulated research interest in technologies for adsorption and retention of the radioiodine. This removal effort requires specialised adsorbents, which use soft metals to create selectivity in the challenging chemical conditions. A review of the literature, at laboratory scale, reveals a number of organic, inorganic and hybrid adsorbent matrices have been investigated for this purpose. They are functionalised principally by Ag metal, but also Bi, Cu and Pb, using numerous synthetic strategies. The iodide capacity of the adsorbents varies from 13 to 430 mg g−1, with ion-exchange resins and titanates displaying the highest maximum uptakes. Kinetics of adsorption are often slow, requiring several days to reach equilibrium, although some ligated metal ion and metal nanoparticle systems can equilibrate in < 1 h. Ag-loaded materials generally exhibit superior selectivity for iodide verses other common anions, but more consideration is required of how these materials would function successfully in industrial operation; specifically their performance in dynamic column experiments and stability of the bound radioiodine in the conversion to final wasteform and subsequent geological storage.
Article highlights
Metallated adsorbents for the capture and retention of radioiodine in the nuclear industry are assessed.
The strengths and weaknesses of organic, inorganic and hybrid support matrices and loading mechanisms are discussed.
Pathways for progression of this technology are proposed.
Graphic abstract
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24
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Wang L, Yi L, Wang G, Li L, Lu L, Guo L. Experimental investigation on gasification of cationic ion exchange resin used in nuclear power plants by supercritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126437. [PMID: 34182418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spent ion exchange resins produced by nuclear power plants are radioactive organic waste. Until now, there is no satisfactory industrial treatment. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of cationic ion exchange resin (CIER) used in nuclear power plants was carried out in a batch reactor in this study. Results showed that the gasification efficiency increased with the growth of temperature (550-750 °C), addition of alkali homogeneous catalyst (K2CO3), proper ratio loading of catalyst to CIER (1:1), decrease of feed concentration (2-10 wt%) and extension of residence time (10-60 min). Carbon gasification efficiency was up to 97.98% with K2CO3 added and 30 min at 750 °C in the batch reactor. The gaseous products mainly consist of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The GC-MS analysis showed that the organic component in liquid products was mainly composed of benzene, monocycle arenes, phenol group and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the experimental results, the formation and gasification pathways of CIER in SCW were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Gaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Libo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Liejin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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25
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Kociołek-Balawejder E, Stanisławska E, Jacukowicz-Sobala I, Mucha I. Copper Rich Composite Materials Based on Carboxylic Cation Exchangers and Their Thermal Transformation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3199. [PMID: 34578100 PMCID: PMC8469408 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a cupric deposit (Cu2+, CuO) on the thermal decomposition of carboxylic cation exchangers (CCEs) is not known, and such studies may have practical significance. CCEs have a very high ion exchange capacity, so an exceptionally large amount of CuO (which is a catalyst) can be precipitated inside them. Two CCEs, macroreticular (Amberlite IRC50) and gel-like (Amberlite IRC86), served as a polymeric support to obtain copper-rich hybrid ion exchangers. Composites with CuO particles inside a polyacrylic matrix (up to 35.0 wt% Cu) were obtained. Thermal analyses under air and under N2 were performed for CCEs in the H+ and Cu2+ form with and without a CuO deposit. The results of sixteen experiments are discussed based on the TG/DTG curves and XRD patterns of the solid residues. Under air, the cupric deposit shifted the particular transformations and the ultimate polymeric matter decomposition (combustion) toward lower temperatures (even about 100-150 °C). Under N2, the reduction of the cupric deposit to metallic copper took place. Unique composite materials enriched in carbonaceous matter were obtained, as the products of polymeric matrix decomposition (free radicals and hydrogen) created an additional amount of carbon char due to the utilization of a certain amount of hydrogen to reduce Cu (II) to Cu0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kociołek-Balawejder
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Ewa Stanisławska
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Irena Jacukowicz-Sobala
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland; (E.S.); (I.J.-S.)
| | - Igor Mucha
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
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Characterization of polystyrene and polyacrylic based polymeric materials exposed to oxidative degradation. KERNTECHNIK 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/kern-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The characterization of oxidative degraded polystyrene-based resin (R1) and polyacrylic based resin (R2) resins in H2O2 and HClO4 degradation medium were made based on the kinetics and thermodynamic data obtained for the ion-isotopic exchange reactions using such resins. For the reactions performed by using resins degraded in H2O2 medium, the reaction rate (k) values obtained for the fresh R1 (0.315 min–1) and R2 (0.187 min–1) resins decreases to 0.300 and 0.155 min–1 respectively for the resins degraded in 20% H2O2 medium, which further decreases to 0.289 and 0.142 min–1 respectively for the resins degraded in 30% H2O2 medium. A similar trend in the results were observed for the reactions performed by using the above resins degraded in HClO4 medium. The higher values of k (min–1) and low values of various thermodynamic parameters for the ion-isotopic exchange reactions performed by using fresh and degraded polystyrene-based resin R1 resins suggests superior degradation stability as compared to polyacrylic based R2 resin.
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Palamarchuk M, Egorin A, Golikov A, Trukhin I, Bratskaya S. Hydrothermal oxidation of pre-dissolved resorcinol-formaldehyde resins as a new approach to safe processing of spent cesium-selective organic ion-exchangers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125880. [PMID: 34492820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a new approach to predisposal processing of spent resorcinol-formaldehyde resins (RFR) selective to cesium radionuclides via dissolution and hydrothermal oxidation (HTO) with the mineralization efficiency above 85%. Using a combination of potentiometric and colloid titration, we have shown that dissolution of RFR by consecutive treatment with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions at optimal concentrations of 3-5 mol/L and 1 mol/L, respectively, yields colloid solutions of partially depolymerized and oxidized RFR. The efficiency of HTO of resorcinol and RFR solutions with hydrogen peroxide was investigated in a flow-type stainless steel reactor in the temperature range 165-250 °С and at linear flow rates of 1-3 cm/min. It was demonstrated that HTO allowed efficient resorcinol mineralization using hydrogen peroxide at H2O2: resorcinol molar ratios above 10 at 195 °С and a linear flow rate of 2 cm/min. Due to the colloidal nature of organics in RFR solution, its efficient decomposition occurred at higher temperature or molar excess of the oxidizer as compared to resorcinol, but in both cases HTO was the most efficient in acidic media yielding acetic acid as the main oxidation resistant product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Palamarchuk
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Andrey Egorin
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Alexey Golikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Ivan Trukhin
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Bratskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, Prosp. 100-letya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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28
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Tao S, Wang T, Wu Y, Wang C, Wang G. Removal of extremely low concentration cobalt by intercalation composite material of carbon nitride/titanium dioxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125680. [PMID: 33774361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high toxicity and the great harm of radioactive cobalt to the human body and the environment, the removal of heavy metal cobalt ions from radioactive wastewater had attracted more and more scientific researchers. In this paper, the intercalation composite material of carbon nitride itanium dioxide (g-C3N4/TiO2) composite material which combined the advantages of the two materials was prepared and its actual effect of removing Co (Ⅱ) from wastewater was evaluated. Batch experimental method was employed for the investigation of the impact of solution pH during adsorption, adsorption kinetics, adsorption thermodynamics and adsorption isotherms. In this experiment, the saturation adsorption capacity of the composite material to Co (Ⅱ) was 91.55 mg/g, while the bulk g-C3N4 was only 13.2 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics showed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption thermodynamic showed that the adsorption of Co (Ⅱ) was a spontaneous endothermic process. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption model was more consistent with the adsorption isotherm than the Freundlich model. The experimental results proved that g-C3N4/TiO2 composite material had a good adsorption and removal effect on extremely low concentration of Co (II) and was a promising adsorbent for removal radioactive Co (II) from nuclear industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxuan Tao
- Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Yanghao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jilin Province 130022, China.
| | - Chengyin Wang
- Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Shen H, Sun P, Meng X, Wang J, Liu H, Xu L. Nanoscale Fe 0/Cu 0 bimetallic catalysts for Fenton-like oxidation of the mixture of nuclear-grade cationic and anionic exchange resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128763. [PMID: 33168287 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spent resins generated from the nuclear industrial processes are still difficult to be treated and disposed. Fenton-like processes have great application potential in the treatment of spent resins, but the Fenton reaction mechanisms and resin degradation pathways remain challenging. In this study, nanoscale Fe0/Cu0 bimetallic catalysts were prepared and characterized for the Fenton-like degradation of the mixture of cationic and anionic resins. High catalytic property of Fe0/Cu0 bimetallic nanoparticles activated by H2O2 was evaluated, according to the effects of various nanoparticles, temperature, catalyst amount, H2O2 concentration and the mixing ratio of cationic and anionic resins. Combined the shape and color changes of mixed resins with the experimental and calculated characterization results, different degradation difficulty of cationic and anionic resins and their degradation mechanisms were studied. According to the density functional theory calculations of the optimized resin molecules with the Fe0/Cu0 catalyst, the mechanisms of Fenton-like reactions and the degradation of mixed resins through the synergistic effect of Fe and Cu species were proposed. The comprehensive Fenton-like reactions and degradation mechanisms provide new insights to advance the treatment of spent resins and organic polymers by Fenton-like processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Shen
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Peijie Sun
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Datang Environment Industry Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100097, PR China
| | - Lejin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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Weakly Hydrated Anion Exchangers Doped with Cu 2O and Cu 0 Particles-Thermogravimetric Studies. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040925. [PMID: 33672076 PMCID: PMC7919690 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid ion exchangers (HIXs) containing fine Cu2O and Cu0 particles were subjected to thermal analysis in order to determine their hygroscopic water content (with regard to their anomalously low porosity) and to determine the effect of the oxidation state of the copper atom in the deposit on the thermal properties of composite materials. Commercially available anion exchangers, Amberlite IRA 900Cl (macroreticular, M) and Amberlite IRA 402OH (gel-like, G), were used as supporting materials. M/Cu2O, G/Cu2O, M/Cu and G/Cu, containing 4.3–8.4 wt% Cu, were subjected to thermal analysis under respectively air and N2. TG/DTG curves revealed that dry M/Cu and G/Cu contained as little as 7.2% and 4.3% hygroscopic water, while M/Cu2O and G/Cu2O contained respectively 10.6% and 9.4% (Cu0 was a stronger water repellent than Cu2O). The oxidation state of the copper atom in the deposit was found to affect the amount of the forming char, and also Cu0 was found to contribute to the formation of more char than in the pyrolysis of the pure resin (the anion exchanger with no copper deposit). Under air the two kinds of particles transformed into CuO, while under N2 metallic copper and char (from the resin phase) made up the solid residue. This means that in the pyrolysis of the HIXs the inorganic phase participated in char formation and it also transformed itself (undergoing reduction when possible). The above findings provide a basis for in-depth research aimed at the innovative use of copper-containing HIXs and at obtaining usable composite materials with a designed (organic-inorganic) composition.
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31
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Development of Carbonization and a Relatively High-Temperature Halogenation Process for the Removal of Radionuclides from Spent Ion Exchange Resins. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated a two-step thermochemical treatment process consisting of carbonization and halogenation for the removal of radionuclides from spent cation-exchange resin (CER). Based on a thermal analysis of cation-exchange resins, we propose a two-step thermochemical treatment process involving the conversion of spent CER into pyrocarbon and then the removal of radioactive elements from the carbonized CER by converting them volatile halides at very high temperatures. The proposed process mainly consists of a carbonization and halogenation reactor, a UHC (unburned hydrocarbon) combustor, and wet scrubber. A step-by-step experimental and numerical optimization study was conducted with the carbonization and halogenation reactor and the UHC combustor. The optimum operating conditions could be established based on the results of a thermal analysis of the CER, a nonisothermal kinetic analysis, a numerical modeling study of a plug flow reactor (PFR)-type combustor, and a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of a system consisting of a mix of carbonized CER and halogenation gas. The results of this study present detailed design of a novel multifunctional reactor and operating conditions of a bench-scale carbonization and halogenation process. Basic performance tests using CER doped with nonradioactive Co and Cs, indicated as Cs-137/134 and Co-60/58, were conducted under the optimized conditions. The results of these tests showed that the novel thermochemical process proposed in this study is a viable process that effectively removes radioactive elements from spent CER.
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32
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Kim J, Singh BK, Um W. Effect of ion exchange resin particle size on homogeneity and leachability of Cs and Co in polymer waste form. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2729-2732. [PMID: 35424231 PMCID: PMC8693867 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ball mill ground IER waste form resulted in relatively better homogeneous waste distribution and displayed superior Cs leachability compared with the same polymer waste form prepared with non-ground IER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Kim
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Bhupendra Kumar Singh
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Environmental Technology Institute (NETI)
| | - Wooyong Um
- Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE)
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (DESE)
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33
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Kozlova MM, Markov VF, Maskaeva LN, Smol’nikov MI, Savinykh SD. Kinetics of the Oxidative Degradation of KU-2×8 Cation-Exchange Resin Using Hydrogen Peroxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Fenton oxidative degradation of spent organic solvents from nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Xu T, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang Y, Yang C. Optimization and Mechanism Study on Destruction of the Simulated Waste Ion-Exchange Resin from the Nuclear Industry in Supercritical Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianna Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
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36
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Huang CP, Tsai MT, Li YJ, Huang YH, Chung TY. Oxidative dissolution of cation ion exchange resin by the Fenton process using a fluidized bed reactor. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Xu L, Sun P, Meng X, Shen H, Li W, Wang J, Yang J. Enhanced heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of nuclear-grade cationic exchange resin by nanoscale zero-valent iron: experiments and DFT calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13773-13789. [PMID: 32034596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was prepared and used as a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of nuclear-grade cationic exchange resin. The properties of nZVI before and after reaction were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The results showed that nZVI-H2O2 system exhibited the enhanced degradation of cationic resins, compared with Fe2+-H2O2, Cu0-H2O2, and Fe0/Cu0-H2O2 systems. The effects of initial temperature, nZVI dose, and H2O2 concentration were studied, and the higher temperature and nZVI dose with relatively low H2O2 concentration brought faster degradation rate. The degradation of cationic resins followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with the apparent activation energy of 53.29 kJ/mol. According to the experimental and calculated infrared and UV-visible spectra, the carbon skeleton of cationic resins was broken with the detachment of benzene ring and the desulfonation of resin polymer by hydroxyl radicals (•OH), generating long-chain alkenes. These intermediates were further oxidized through the hydroxyl substitution, hydrogen abstraction, ring cleavage, or carbonylation reactions, finally forming carboxylic acids remained in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijie Sun
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyi Shen
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuyang Li
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Kim M, Kim HG, Kim S, Yoon JH, Sung JY, Jin JS, Lee MH, Kim CW, Heo J, Hong KS. Leaching behaviors and mechanisms of vitrified forms for the low-level radioactive solid wastes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121296. [PMID: 31574387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaching behaviors and mechanisms of commercialized glass wasteforms to sequester low-level solid-wastes were investigated: SG glass for resin waste and DG-2 glass for dry active waste. After ANS 16.1 leaching test, leachabilities of the nuclides, Co, Cs, and Sr, were all lager than 14, which met the requirement of the US-Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Holes of diameters 5-10 μm remained on the surface of the SG and crevices of lengths 10-50 μm were observed on the surface of the DG-2. We analyzed elemental compositions of the SG and the DG-2 with depths. For the SG, Si, Al, Ca, and Mg were accumulated and Na was depleted up to nearly 1.5 μm compared to an internal glass. For the DG-2, concentrations of B, Na, Al, Ca and Sr started to decrease from 2.5 μm even though other minor elements are still remained their concentrations. We suggested leaching mechanisms: alkali elements including H would diffuse through the holes on the SG, while most of the elements including Si and Al would diffuse through the crevices on the DG-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miae Kim
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Gyu Kim
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Sung
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Jin
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Lee
- Central Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Daejeon, 34101, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Woo Kim
- Central Research Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Daejeon, 34101, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Heo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Soo Hong
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea.
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Choi WN, Lee U, Kim HR. Radiological assessment on spent resin treatment facility and transportation for radioactive waste disposal. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Arroyo J, Akieh-Pirkanniemi M, Lisak G, Latonen RM, Bobacka J. Electrochemically controlled transport of anions across polypyrrole-based membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Lee U, Choi WN, Kim HR. Radiological impact assessment for workers on treatment of radioactive spent resin from heavy water reactors. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2019; 39:422-442. [PMID: 30703752 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In heavy water reactors, radionuclides are generated, then removed and treated by ion exchange resin. The disposal cost of spent resin is expected to increase because of the saturation of the existing storage capacity. In this study, a spent resin treatment process using microwaves is proposed, and a radiological safety assessment and cost evaluation of the spent resin treatment process are performed. A dose assessment was conducted by using the established exposure scenarios and the RESRAD-Build software. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the main contributory radionuclide of the dose according to each exposure pathway because a spent resin consists of various radionuclides. The main exposure pathway was identified, and sensitivity analysis was applied to the working time and radioactivity concentrations of 14C, 60Co and 137Cs to confirm their effect on the dose. Finally, an optimal shielding system for a safe work environment was proposed. The disposal cost of the spent resin is reduced by lowering its radioactivity level via a treatment process using microwaves. The treatment process can reduce the radioactivity level through the desorption of 14C and can also recycle the 14C nuclide. These characteristics have great economic advantages from the viewpoint of the entire nuclear energy cycle. Thus, this study evaluates the radiological safety of the spent resin treatment process for actual application in a heavy water reactor power plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- UkJae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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42
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Lee WH, Cheng TW, Ding YC, Lin KL, Tsao SW, Huang CP. Geopolymer technology for the solidification of simulated ion exchange resins with radionuclides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 235:19-27. [PMID: 30669089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, geopolymer was applied to convert ion exchange resins contaminated with radionuclides into a solid waste form. Geopolymer has superior properties to enable the encapsulation of spent resins. The allowable limit of resin content in the converted waste form was analyzed to evaluate the solidification capability of geopolymer. The encapsulation of ion exchange resins into solid waste form was conducted using geopolymer prepared with ground granulated blast furnace slag and alkaline solution in an ambient atmosphere, with the addition of wollastonite powder to adjust its mechanical properties. The physical and mechanical properties of the converted solid wastes prepared using different resin content ratios and various SiO2/Na2O molar ratios were tested. The results indicate the wet ion exchange resin (the moisture content in the resin is 51%) content and the compressive strength of the solid resin waste were measured as 45 wt% and 8.5 MPa, respectively. The morphology and mineral phases of the formed solid wastes were characterized using SEM and EDS. The mechanical performance test results proved the formed solid wastes could comply with the fuel cycle and material administration standards ruled by the Atomic Energy Council of Taiwan. These results suggest that this blast furnace slag-based geopolymer is a promising matrix material for the solidification of radioactive wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Lee
- Institute of Mineral Resource Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ta-Wui Cheng
- Institute of Mineral Resource Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Chin Ding
- Institute of Mineral Resource Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kae-Long Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Ilan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Wei Tsao
- Institute of Mineral Resource Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Lung-Tan, Taiwan, ROC
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43
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Castro HA, Rodríguez RA, Luca V, Bianchi HL. Pyrolysis and High Performance Plasma Treatment Applied to Spent Ion Exchange Resins. JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Treatment and conditioning of spent ion exchange resins from nuclear facilities is a complex process that not only should contemplate obtaining a stable product suitable for long-term storage and/or disposal, but also have to take into account the treatment of secondary currents generated during the process. The combination of low temperature pyrolysis treatment and high performance plasma treatment (HPPT) of the off-gas generated could be a novel solution for organic matrix nuclear wastes with economic and safety advantages. In the present work, results of lab scale studies associated with the pyrolysis off-gas characterization and the performance and operating parameters influence on the removal of model compounds in a laboratory-scale flow reactor, using inductively coupled plasma under subatmospheric conditions, are shown. The pyrolysis off-gas stream was largely characterized and the evolution of main compounds of interest as function of temperature process was established. The results of plasma assays with the model compound demonstrate a high destruction and removal efficiency (>99.990%) and a good control over the final gas products. First results of a bench scale arrangement combining both processes are presented and bode well for the application of this combined technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Ariel Castro
- Programa Nacional de Gestión de Residuos Radiactivos, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Campus Miguelete, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail:
| | - Raúl Ariel Rodríguez
- Gerencia de Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail:
| | - Vittorio Luca
- Programa Nacional de Gestión de Residuos Radiactivos, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail:
| | - Hugo Luis Bianchi
- Gerencia de Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Campus Miguelete, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail:
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Yang F, Fan X, Zhang M, Wang C, Zhao W, Zhao C. A template-hatched method towards poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel spheres with ultrahigh ion exchange capacity and robust adsorption of environmental toxins. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kasap S, Nostar Aslan E, Öztürk İ. Investigation of MnO2 nanoparticles-anchored 3D-graphene foam composites (3DGF-MnO2) as an adsorbent for strontium using the central composite design (CCD) method. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Strontium-90 is one of the dangerous fission products generated during electricity production in nuclear reactors and the separation of this radionuclide from contaminated water is an important step in safeguarding human health and minimizing the impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kasap
- Sabanci University
- Nanotechnology Research Center (SUNUM)
- Tuzla
- İstanbul
- Turkey
| | | | - İbrahim Öztürk
- Ege University, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Bornova
- İzmir
- Turkey
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Zhang X, Gu P, Liu Y. Decontamination of radioactive wastewater: State of the art and challenges forward. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:543-553. [PMID: 30342399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive substances have been widely used in many industrial sectors, e.g. nuclear power station, biomedical engineering, etc. With increasing applications of nuclear technology, more and more radioactive wastewater is being generated via different channels, which indeed is posing an emerging challenge and threat to the environment and human health. Given such a situation, this review attempts to offer a holistic view with regard to the state of the art of technology for decontamination of radioactive wastewater as well as shed lights on the challenges forward. Different from reclamation of other types of wastewaters, the most challenging issue in decontamination of radioactive wastewater is the effective stabilization and solidification of soluble radioactive nuclides present in wastewater, which are critical for final disposal. Moreover, the potential risk of human exposure to wastewater radiation needs to be carefully assessed, and this issue should also be taken into consideration in the selection, design and operation of the radioactive wastewater treatment process. These clearly differentiate the treatment principle of radioactive wastewater from those of traditional industrial and municipal wastewaters. Lastly, the challenges from the perspectives of technology development, environmental and human health impacts and possible solutions forward are also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ping Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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Fabrication of Functional Carbon/Magnetic Nanocomposites as A Promising Model of Utilization of Used Crosslinked Polymers. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122595. [PMID: 30572682 PMCID: PMC6316096 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of used crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) applied as sorbents or ion-exchangers is a great challenge arising from the need to protect the environment. In this paper we report a very promising way of obtaining carbon/magnetic composites based on metal (Co2+; Ni2+; Fe3+) derivatives of butadiene rubber-based phosphorus-containing polymer, which were treated as the model used CFP. We proposed a facile one-step thermal degradation approach to transform used CFP into carbon/magnetic composites (CMC). The obtained CMCs contained a mixture of metal phosphates and metal phosphides that exhibited strong magnetic properties due to the presence of nanosized metal derivatives with diameters of 100⁻140 nm. Structural and morphological changes of CFP and CMC after thermal degradation were investigated by the FTIR technique, X-ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Atomic Force Microscope⁻Magnetic Force Microscope. Moreover, thermal degradation kinetics parameters were determined to optimize the efficiency of the process.
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Abstract
One of the most common treatment methods for spent ion exchange resins is their immobilization in cement, which reduces the release of radionuclides into the environment. Although this method is efficient, it considerably increases the final volume of the waste due to its low incorporation capacity. This work aims to evaluate the degradation of ion exchange resins by the Fenton process (H2O2/Fe2+). The resin evaluated was a mixture of cationic and anionic resins, both non-radioactive. The reactions were conducted by varying the catalyst concentration (25, 50, 100, and 150 mmol L−1) and the volume of hydrogen peroxide. Three different temperatures were evaluated by varying the flow of reactants, which were 50, 60, and 70 °C. Cement specimens were prepared from the treated solutions and two parameters were assessed—namely, final setting time and axial compressive strength. The results showed that the experimental conditions were suitable to dissolve the resins, and the Fe3+ produced as precipitate during the experiments increased the resistance of the final product. The immobilized product complied with the limits established by regulation.
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Huang CP, Wu JY, Li YJ. Treatment of spent nuclear fuel debris contaminated water in the Taiwan Research Reactor spent fuel pool. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Castro HA, Luca V, Bianchi HL. Study of plasma off-gas treatment from spent ion exchange resin pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21403-21410. [PMID: 28337628 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene divinylbenzene-based ion exchange resins are employed extensively within nuclear power plants (NPPs) and research reactors for purification and chemical control of the cooling water system. To maintain the highest possible water quality, the resins are regularly replaced as they become contaminated with a range of isotopes derived from compromised fuel elements as well as corrosion and activation products including 14C, 60Co, 90Sr, 129I, and 137Cs. Such spent resins constitute a major proportion (in volume terms) of the solid radioactive waste generated by the nuclear industry. Several treatment and conditioning techniques have been developed with a view toward reducing the spent resin volume and generating a stable waste product suitable for long-term storage and disposal. Between them, pyrolysis emerges as an attractive option. Previous work of our group suggests that the pyrolysis treatment of the resins at low temperatures between 300 and 350 °C resulted in a stable waste product with a significant volume reduction (>50%) and characteristics suitable for long-term storage and/or disposal. However, another important issue to take into account is the complexity of the off-gas generated during the process and the different technical alternatives for its conditioning. Ongoing work addresses the characterization of the ion exchange resin treatment's off-gas. Additionally, the application of plasma technology for the treatment of the off-gas current was studied as an alternative to more conventional processes utilizing oil- or gas-fired post-combustion chambers operating at temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. A laboratory-scale flow reactor, using inductively coupled plasma, operating under sub-atmospheric conditions was developed. Fundamental experiments using model compounds have been performed, demonstrating a high destruction and removal ratio (>99.99%) for different reaction media, at low reactor temperatures and moderate power consumption. The role of H2O as an important participant of the oxidation mechanisms in plasma conditions was established. The combination of both processes could represent a simple, safe, and effective alternative for treating spent ion exchange resins with a large reduction of generated gaseous byproducts in fuel cycle facilities where processes that utilize open flames are undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Ariel Castro
- Programa Nacional de Gestión de Residuos Radiactivos, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Argentina
| | - Vittorio Luca
- Programa Nacional de Gestión de Residuos Radiactivos, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Luis Bianchi
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Campus Miguelete, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Argentina.
- Gerencia de Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Av. General Paz 1499, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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