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Rudawska A, Frigione M, Sarcinella A, Brunella V, Di Lorenzo L, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E. Properties and Performance of Epoxy Resin/Boron Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2092. [PMID: 38730899 PMCID: PMC11084428 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This research study focused on the effect of adding boric acid to epoxy resin in order to obtain a composite material with improved properties and performance. To this end, a fine powder of boric acid (H3BO3) was introduced into epoxy resin in different amounts, i.e., 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. As the matrix of the epoxy composites, styrene-modified epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) (Epidian 53) was used. It was cross-linked with two types of curing agents, i.e., an amine (ET) and a polyamide (PAC). The mechanical properties of the obtained epoxy composites (in terms of compressive strength, compressive modulus, and compressive strain) were determined at room temperature in order to assess the effect of the addition of boron acid and of the type of curing agent employed to cure the epoxy on these characteristics. Calorimetric measurements were made to highlight any changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) as a result of the addition of boric acid to epoxy resin. Finally, flammability tests were performed on both Epidian 53/PAC and Epidian 53/ET epoxy composites to analyze their fire behavior and consequently establish the effectiveness of the selected additive as a flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mariaenrica Frigione
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Antonella Sarcinella
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Ludovica Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (L.D.L.)
| | - Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin 7 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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2
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Wu Y, Yang T, Cheng Y, Huang T, Yu B, Wu Q, Zhu M, Yu H. Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Melt-Spun PA66 Fibers Prepared by End-Group Blocking Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051183. [PMID: 36904424 PMCID: PMC10007604 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing flame-retardant polyamide 66 (PA66) fibers through melt spinning remains one of the biggest challenges nowadays. In this work, dipentaerythritol (Di-PE), an eco-friendly flame retardant, was blended into PA66 to prepare PA66/Di-PE composites and fibers. It was confirmed that Di-PE could significantly improve the flame-retardant properties of PA66 by blocking the terminal carboxyl groups, which was conducive to the formation of a continuous and compact char layer and the reduced production of combustible gas. The combustion results of the composites showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 23.5% to 29.4%, and underwriter laboratories 94 (UL-94) passed the V-0 grade. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 47.3%, 47.8%, and 44.8%, respectively, for the PA66/6 wt% Di-PE composite compared to those recorded for pure PA66. More importantly, the PA66/Di-PE composites possessed excellent spinnability. The prepared fibers still had good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 5.7 ± 0.2 cN/dtex), while maintaining good flame-retardant properties (LOI: 28.6%). This study provides an outstanding industrial production strategy for fabricating flame-retardant PA66 plastics and fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Huang
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qilin Wu
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (B.Y.); (Q.W.)
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3
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Slobodinyuk A, Elchisheva N, Strelnikov V, Chernova G, Slobodinyuk D. Modified oligoether-diamine synthesis for the preparation of crystallizable polymers based on epoxyurethane oligomers. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2022-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A modified synthetic method for amino-terminated oligo tetramethylene oxides is presented. Diamines were synthesized via a three-step route from oligo tetramethylene oxide diol with an average molecular weight of 2000. The final step – oligoether-diphthalimide hydrazinolysis – has been improved. The yield of the target product has been shown to be more than 1.5 times higher when the molar ratio of the reacting components was changed. The oligoether-diamine and the reaction intermediates have been identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that the synthesized amine can be used as a curing agent for epoxy urethane oligomers. It is shown that the glass transition temperature of the cured elastomers is lower than −70 °C. These elastomers can be recommended for the use in the conditions of the Arctic and the Far North or Far South of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Ac. Korolev st., 3, 614130 Perm , Russia
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Perm National Research Polytechnic University , Komsomolsky prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm , Russia
| | - Nadezhda Elchisheva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Ac. Korolev st., 3, 614130 Perm , Russia
| | - Vladimir Strelnikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Ac. Korolev st., 3, 614130 Perm , Russia
| | - Galina Chernova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Ac. Korolev st., 3, 614130 Perm , Russia
| | - Daria Slobodinyuk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Ac. Korolev st., 3, 614130 Perm , Russia
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4
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Zhou R, Wu X, Bao X, Wu F, Han X, Wang J. The Effect of Polyepoxyphenylsilsesquioxane and Diethyl Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability of Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2077-2084. [PMID: 36687112 PMCID: PMC9850774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyepoxyphenylsilsesquioxane (PEPSQ) and diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethylphosphonate (DBAMP) can improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). In this paper, the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL94 tests exhibited that PEPSQ and DBAMP had good synergistic flame retardancy. The non-isothermal degradation kinetics of EP containing PEPSQ and DBAMP was investigated by the Kissinger and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods. The results of the Kissinger method displayed that the addition of two flame retardants, PEPSQ and DBAMP, can slightly enhance the activation energy of EP, indicating that the additives delayed the thermal degradation of EP. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method further confirmed that the activation energy of EP during the whole thermal degradation process can be significantly increased by addition of the two flame retardants PEPSQ and DBAMP. When the degree of conversion exceeded 80%, the increase was more significant. This illustrated that the flame retardants finally achieved the purpose of improving the flame retardancy of EP by stabilizing the char layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfan Zhou
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiaohui Bao
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Fangyi Wu
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and
Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo
University of Technology, Ningbo315211, China
- Zhejiang
Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo315201, China
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5
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Forchetti Casarino A, Andrés Bortolato S, Casis N, Estenoz D, Spontón M. Novel Polybenzoxazine and Polybenzoxazine/Epoxy Thermosetting Copolymers containing Polysilsesquioxane Nanostructures for High-Performance Thermal Protection Systems. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Livi S, Baudoux J, Gérard JF, Duchet-Rumeau J. Ionic Liquids: A Versatile Platform for the Design of a Multifunctional Epoxy Networks 2.0 Generation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Synergistic Effects of DOPO-Based Derivative and Organo-Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122372. [PMID: 35745948 PMCID: PMC9227306 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP), as a general thermoplastic polymer, is broadly used in different fields. However, the high flammability, melt dripping and poor mechanical properties of PP are a constraint to the expansion of its applications. In this paper, PP composites containing a combination of a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (PN-DOPO) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared via melt blending. The synergistic effects of PN-DOPO and OMMT on the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP composites were investigated systematically. The results showed that 20 wt% addition of PN-DOPO with OMMT improved the flame retardancy of PP composites. In particular, the introduction of 17 wt% PN-DOPO and 3 wt% OMMT increased the LOI values of the PP matrix from 17.2% to 23.6%, and the sample reached the V-0 level and reduced the heat release rate and total heat release. TGA indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of the PP/PN-DOPO blends and promote the char residues of PP systems. Rheological behaviour showed a higher storage modulus, loss modulus and complex viscosity of PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites, suggesting a more effective network structure. In addition, the tensile strength, flexural properties and impact strength of the PP/PN-DOPO/OMMT composites actually increased for a good dispersion effect. Combined with the char layer analysis, the introduction of OMMT promoted more continuous and compact structural layers containing an aluminium-silicon barrier and phosphorus-containing carbonaceous char in the condensed phase. OMMT can improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP, and, thus, PN-DOPO/OMMT blends can serve as an efficient synergistic system for flame-retarded PP composites.
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8
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Synthesis and Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Urethane-Containing Elastomers Based on Epoxyurethane Oligomers with Controlled Crystallinity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112136. [PMID: 35683810 PMCID: PMC9182979 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the molecular weight of oligoamine, oligoether, and the type of diisocyanate on the physical and mechanical properties of elastomers with urethane hydroxyl hard segments was studied. For this purpose, oligoetherdiamines with molecular weights ~1008 and ~1400 g mol−1 were synthesized by a three-stage method. Epoxyurethane oligomers were synthesized according to a two-step route with an oligodiisocyanate as an intermediate product. A series of 12 elastomers with controlled crystallinity were synthesized from these elastomers and amines. The deformation and strength properties of the elastomers were studied.
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Ma J, Li G, Hua X, Liu N, Liu Z, Zhang F, Yu L, Chen X, Shang L, Ao Y. Biodegradable epoxy resin from vanillin with excellent flame-retardant and outstanding mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zhou C, Wang X, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Epoxy resin modified with chitosan derivatives and DOPO: Improved flame retardancy, mechanical properties and transparency. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Xu WH, Yan SJ, Zhao JQ. High performance flame-retardant organic-inorganic hybrid epoxy composites with POSS and DOPO-based co-curing agent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8559-8568. [PMID: 35424791 PMCID: PMC8984817 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09401g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and a highly effective 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based flame retardant co-curing agent (D-bp) were chemically introduced into the 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM)/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy system to create organic–inorganic hybrid epoxy composites with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties. The results revealed that POSS/D-bp/DGEBA hybrid composites exhibited excellent comprehensive performance, in which the V-0 criterion of the UL-94 test was passed and the peak of heat release rate (P-HRR) was significantly decreased from 939 to 371 kW m−2 when the phosphorus content was only 0.25 wt%. The glass transition temperature (Tg) increased by 16.2 °C and obvious improvement in the mechanical properties was also evidenced. This paper introduces flame-retardant organic–inorganic hybrid epoxy composites possessing excellent comprehensive performance, which results from the phosphorus–silicon synergistic flame retardant effect of the glycidyl POSS and DOPO derivative.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning Guangxi 530006 PR China
| | - Shi-Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Materials and Environment, Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning Guangxi 530006 PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 PR China
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12
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Kamalipour J, Beheshty M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M. Novel phosphonated hardeners derived from diamino diphenyl sulfone for epoxy resins: Synthesis and one-pack flame-retardant formulation alongside dicyandiamide. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Slobodinyuk A, Strelnikov V, Senichev VY, Slobodinyuk D. Preparation, Structure and Properties of Urethane-Containing Elastomers Based on Epoxy Terminal Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030524. [PMID: 35160512 PMCID: PMC8839420 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of polyester oligoethylene adipate molecular weight, diisocyanate structure, and chain extender on the properties of epoxyurethane-based oligomer elastomers was studied in this research. Oligoethylene adipates were obtained via polycondensation of adipic acid and ethylene glycol. Epoxyurethane oligomers were synthesized according to a two-step route with an oligodiisocyanate as an intermediate product. The elastomers with hard urethane hydroxyl blocks were synthesized from oligodiisocyanates. The deformation and strength properties of the elastomers were studied.
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14
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Wang J, Zhou H, Pan Z, Wu H, Wang D. Synthesis of low phosphorus flame retardant containing benzimidazole and hydroxyl and its application in reducing combustion smoke for epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hanjun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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15
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Han Y, Zhao H, Chen J, Wang X, Chen L, Ran D, Wang Z, Zeng P. A new phosphorus flame‐retard curing agent for epoxy resin/anhydride system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Jichuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Di Ran
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Panjin Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
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16
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Zou Z, Wang K, Zhang Z, Cao X, Lin J, Yang D, Li J, Zhu Y, Wang X. Preparation of (Fe)
MIL
‐101 on short carbon fibers to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Kangqi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Xi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Jian Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Dangsha Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Jiangen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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17
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Zhang YMZ, Huang MY, Zhou J, Li DZ, Lei Y. Synthesis and characterization of a chalcone-derived epoxy containing pyrazoline ring with excellent flame resistance. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008321993523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional epoxy resins are made by the reaction of petroleum-based bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. The disadvantages of these petroleum-based epoxy including certain biological toxicity and flammability. To solve these problems, we first synthesized a diphenol compound 3,5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrazoline (TPP), which was prepared by condensation reaction of bio-based chalcone with hydrazine hydrate to replace standard petroleum-based bisphenol A. Then it was condensed with epichlorohydrin under alkaline condition to form a fully aromatic pyrazoline ring epoxy (TPP-EP). For further research, we use 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. When compared with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA/DDM), TPP-EP/DDM possessed a higher glass transition temperature (233°C vs. 176°C), and even showed that the residual carbon (in N2) and the storage modulus (at 30°C) increased by 201% and 74%, respectively. What’s more, TPP-EP/DDM system also had good inherent flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index of TPP-EP/DDM was 33.1, reaching the V-0 level tested by UL-94. From the cone test, the THR, p-HRR, p-SPR and TSP values of TPP-EP/DDM systems also showed different degrees of reduction. Since TPP-EP contained tertiary amine active groups that could be used as a kind of catalytic curing agents for epoxy resins, thus the compound had certain self-curing properties. This work was of great significance for the synthesis of pyrazoline bio-based environmentally friendly flame-retardant epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-min-zi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, SiChuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Self-extinguishing and transparent epoxy resin modified by a phosphine oxide-containing bio-based derivative. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Izadi M, Mardani H, Roghani‐Mamaqani H, Salami‐Kalajahi M, Khezri K. Hyperbranched Poly(amidoamine)‐Grafted Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Curing Agent for Epoxy‐Terminated Polyurethane Composites. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Izadi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
| | - Hanieh Mardani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani‐Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami‐Kalajahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials Sahand University of Technology P.O. Box 51335–1996 Tabriz Iran
| | - Khezrollah Khezri
- School of Chemistry University College of Science, University of Tehran P.O. Box 14155–6455 Tehran Iran
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20
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Wang J, Tang H, Yu X, Xu J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Reactive organophosphorus flame retardant for transparency, low‐flammability, and mechanical reinforcement epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- National Phosphorus Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Yichang China
| | - Jin Xu
- Institue of Pharmaceutical Science King's College London UK
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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21
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Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Compounds Modified with Calcium Carbonate and Carbon after Hygrothermal Exposure. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235439. [PMID: 33260405 PMCID: PMC7730727 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of hygrothermal exposure on the mechanical properties of epoxy compounds modified with calcium carbonate or carbon fillers. In addition, comparative tests were carried out with the same parameters as hygrothermal exposure, but the epoxy compounds were additionally exposed to thermal shocks. The analysis used cylindrical specimens produced from two different epoxy compounds. The specimens were fabricated from compounds of epoxy resins, based on Bisphenol A (one mixture modified, one unmodified) and a polyamide curing agent. Some of the epoxy compounds were modified with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The remainder were modified with activated carbon (C). Each modifying agent, or filler, was added at a rate of 1 g, 2 g, or 3 g per 100 g of epoxy resin. The effect of the hygrothermal exposure (82 °C temperature and 95% RH humidity) was examined. The effects of thermal shocks, achieved by cycling between 82 °C and -40 °C, on selected mechanical properties of the filler-modified epoxy compounds were investigated. Strength tests were carried out on the cured epoxy compound specimens to determine the shear strength, compression modulus, and compressive strain. The analysis of the results led to the conclusion that the type of tested epoxy compounds and the quantity and type of filler determine the effects of climate chamber aging and thermal shock chamber processing on the compressive strength for the tested epoxy compounds. The different filler quantities, 1-3 g of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or activated carbon (C), determined the strength parameters, with results varying from the reference compounds and the compounds exposure in the climate chamber and thermal shock chamber. The epoxy compounds which contained unmodified epoxy resin achieved a higher strength performance than the epoxy compounds made with modified epoxy resin. In most instances, the epoxy compounds modified with CaCO3 had a higher compressive strength than the epoxy compounds modified with C (activated carbon).
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22
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Dai S, Yu X, Chen R, Zhou H, Pan Z. Transparent epoxy resin material with excellent fire retardancy enabled by a P/N/S containing flame retardant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsong Dai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center Hubei China
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23
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Zhao W, Ruan F, Li S, Liu J. Synthesis and characterization of SPDSCD and its flame retardant application on epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28654-28663. [PMID: 35520038 PMCID: PMC9055797 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction. SPDSCD is a chemically expanded phosphorus-containing flame retardant in epoxy resins (EP). The molecular structure of SPDSCD and thermal stability are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and EP/SPDSCD composites were investigated in detail. These properties are associated with the phosphorus-containing spiro structure on the main molecular chain which can promote condensation polymerization into carbon during pyrolysis, the new nitrogen-containing carbon source, and the triazine structure. SPDSCD shows good thermal stability and low flammability, the weight loss from 500 to 800 °C was only 6.1 wt%, and the residual mass at 800 °C was 48.9 wt%. With the addition of SPDSCD, the flame retardant quality of the composites was gradually enhanced, the carbon residue becomes denser, which isolates heat transfer and inhibits the volatilization of flue gas. The addition of 20 wt% SPDSCD in the EP sample was associated with a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 26% and a vertical burning V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter test shows that the peak heat release rate is reduced by 75%; the heat release rate curve enters the heat release platform area with a value lower than the first peak, TSP is reduced by 24%, the ac-CO2Y value reduced by 25.6%, indicating that SPDSCD/EP produced less CO2, which obviously prevented the combustion of volatile gas. SPDSCD exerted a charring and barrier effect in the condensation phase. Using basic characterization and flame retardancy testing, this work determined that SPDSCD has good flame retardancy when added to EP. In this study, a flame retardant agent, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxo-3,9-diphosphospiro[5.5]undecane spirophosphate-4,4-diaminopair benzene disulfone-1,3,5-himetriazine (SPDSCD), is synthesized through a direct polycondensation reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891.,Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Vocational College of Science &Technology Weifang 261053 China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100094 China
| | - Fang Ruan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Shulei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China +86-139-10788891
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24
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Chi Z, Guo Z, Xu Z, Zhang M, Li M, Shang L, Ao Y. A DOPO-based phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant bio-based epoxy resin from diphenolic acid: Synthesis, flame-retardant behavior and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Pan H, Ma W, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu F, Yu B. Construction of layer‐by‐layer assembled green coating on titanate nanotubes to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Zinan Zhang
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Lu
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Bihao Yu
- Bureau of Emergency Management of Ningbo Daxie Development Zone Ningbo P. R. China
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26
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Li J, Ren C, An D, Ren Y, Moon KS, Wong CP. Systematic evaluation of cyanate ester/ epoxidized cresol novolac copolymer resin system for high temperature power electronic packaging applications. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Qiao H, Liang Y, Xu G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hu J. Preparation of a Novel Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Novolac Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin and flame-retardancy of its cured epoxy resin. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:171-179. [PMID: 31692991 PMCID: PMC6818113 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1678224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, DICY (dicyandiamide)-containing novolac (NN) was first prepared, and then DOPO (9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide) was introduced to react with the unsaturated bonds from DICY to obtain a novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing novolac resin (PNN), which was used as a curing agent for epoxy resins. The curing condition was confirmed by a non-isothermal curing kinetics study. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the cured epoxy resin system were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL-94 test and cone calorimeter. The morphology of the burned chard residues was observed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that epoxy resin cured by the prepared PNN curing system presents excellent flame retardancy. The cured resin system, which contains only 1.31wt% phosphorus and 2.48wt% nitrogen, can achieve UL 94 V-0 rating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiao
- State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.,South China University of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yun Liang
- State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.,South China University of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guilong Xu
- State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.,South China University of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanchong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.,South China University of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Lab of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.,South China University of Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Papermaking and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, PR China
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaworski C. Capricho
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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29
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Ma W, Liang J, Shen Q, Zhu Q, Yang X. Synthesis of CeO
2
‐loaded titania nanotubes and its effect on the flame retardant property of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Zhang
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jieli Liang
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Qi Shen
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Ningbo Conda Art Material Group Co, Ltd Ningbo 315048 China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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30
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Ecochard Y, Decostanzi M, Negrell C, Sonnier R, Caillol S. Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091818. [PMID: 31083463 PMCID: PMC6540237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Ecochard
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mélanie Decostanzi
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- C2MA, IMT ⁻ Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
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31
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Bao Q, Li W, Liu Y, Wang Q. Preparation and properties of phosphorus‐ and silicon‐modified phenolic resin with high ablation resistance. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuru Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials Beijing China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringPolymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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32
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Shi Y, Yu B, Zheng Y, Yang J, Duan Z, Hu Y. Design of reduced graphene oxide decorated with DOPO-phosphanomidate for enhanced fire safety of epoxy resin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Morgan
- Center for Flame Retardant Material Science, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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34
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Deng P, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu C, Wang Q. Preparation of phosphorus-containing phenolic resin and its application in epoxy resin as a curing agent and flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuansen Liu
- Engineering Research Centre of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization; Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Xiamen China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Changan Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization; Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration; Xiamen China
| | - Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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35
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Wu H, Hu R, Zeng B, Yang L, Chen T, Zheng W, Liu X, Luo W, Dai L. Synthesis and application of aminophenyl-s-triazine derivatives as potential flame retardants in the modification of epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37631-37642. [PMID: 35558621 PMCID: PMC9089353 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel DOPO-substituted aminophenyl-s-triazine (TAT-DOPO) compounds with controllable P/N element ratio were synthesized and applied as flame retardants for epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Rong Hu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Birong Zeng
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Li Yang
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Weiang Luo
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
| | - Lizong Dai
- College of Materials
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Fire Retardant Materials
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- China 361005
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36
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Hariharan A, Srinivasan K, Murthy C, Alagar M. Synthesis and characterization of a novel class of low temperature cure Benzoxazines. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Azimi R, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Gholipour-Mahmoudalilou M. Grafting poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-modified silica nanoparticles to graphene oxide for preparation of a composite and curing agent for epoxy resin. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Wang W, Kan Y, Pan Y, Yuan Y, Liew KM, Hu Y. Urchinlike Shells of TiO2 Hollow Spheres for Improving the Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kim Meow Liew
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Fang Y, Zhou X, Xing Z, Wu Y. Flame retardant performance of a carbon source containing DOPO derivative in PET and epoxy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Fang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhiqi Xing
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yarong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile (Ministry of Education); Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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40
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Synergistic flame-retardant behavior and mechanisms of aluminum poly-hexamethylenephosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Wang S, Xin F, Chen Y, Qian L, Chen Y. Phosphorus-nitrogen containing polymer wrapped carbon nanotubes and their flame-retardant effect on epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Yi L, Hu G, Li H. Against Overcharring Design of Flame-Retardant Electromagnetic Absorbing Composites with Graphene Nanosheets and Manganese Oxides in Modified Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixi Yi
- School of Mechanical & Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Beijing UCAS Space Technology Co., Ltd. & Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Guoxin Hu
- School of Mechanical & Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hua Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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43
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Saba N, Jawaid M, Paridah MT, Al-othman OY. A review on flammability of epoxy polymer, cellulosic and non-cellulosic fiber reinforced epoxy composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Saba
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP); Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - M. Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP); Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - M. T. Paridah
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP); Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - O. Y. Al-othman
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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44
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Novel crosslinkable epoxy resins containing phenylacetylene and azobenzene groups: From thermal crosslinking to flame retardance. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Tan Y, Shao ZB, Chen XF, Long JW, Chen L, Wang YZ. Novel Multifunctional Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Curing Agent with High Flame-Retardant Efficiency for Epoxy Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:17919-28. [PMID: 26186089 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid was designed and prepared based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by cation exchange with diethylenetriamine (DETA), abbreviated as DETA-APP. Then DETA-APP was used as flame-retardant curing agent for epoxy resin (EP). Curing behavior, including the curing kinetic parameters, was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The flame retardance and burning behavior of DETA-APP cured EP were also evaluated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of DETA-APP/EP was enhanced to 30.5% with only 15 wt % of DETA-APP incorporated; and the UL-94 V-0 rating could be easily passed through with only 10 wt % of the hybrid. Compared with DETA/EP, the peak-heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak-smoke production release (SPR) of DETA-APP/EP (15 wt % addition), obtained from cone calorimetry, were dropped by 68.3, 79.3, 79.0, and 30.0%, respectively, suggesting excellent flame-retardant and smoke suppression efficiency. The flame-retardant mechanism of DETA-APP/EP has been investigated comprehensively. The results of all the aforementioned studies distinctly confirmed that DETA-APP was an effective flame-retardant curing agent for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xue-Fang Chen
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jia-Wei Long
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- ‡National Engineering Research Center of Electronic Circuits Base Material, Guangdong Shengyi Technology Limited Corporation, Dongguan 523039, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- †Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Synthesis of a novel PEPA-substituted polyphosphoramide with high char residues and its performance as an intumescent flame retardant for epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Xu X, Wu Y, Wang C. Synthesis of DOPO-based spiroorthocarbonate and its application in epoxy resin. Des Monomers Polym 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Panjin Vocational and Technical College, Panjin, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Changsong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P.R. China
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Qian L, Qiu Y, Wang J, Xi W. High-performance flame retardancy by char-cage hindering and free radical quenching effects in epoxy thermosets. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Chen X, Liu L, Jiao C. Influence of Iron Oxide Brown on Smoke-Suppression Properties and Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Epoxy Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
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Sakthidharan CP, Sundararajan PR, Sarojadevi M. Odd–even effect on the thermal properties of Schiff base functionalized dicyanate esters and thermo-mechanical properties of their blends with epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An odd–even effect was observed in the case of dicyanate esters described in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Sarojadevi
- Department of Chemistry
- CEG
- Anna University
- Chennai-600 025
- India
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