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Brendlé C, El Hage R, Clément JL, Rouif S, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B. Flame Retardancy of Short Flax Fibers Modified by Radiation-Induced Grafting of Phosphonated Monomers: Comparison between Pre- and Simultaneous Irradiation Grafting. Molecules 2024; 29:1176. [PMID: 38474687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Short flax fibers have been modified by radiation-induced grafting using methacrylate monomers containing phosphorus to give them a flame-retardant character. Two methodologies, namely pre-irradiation and simultaneous irradiation grafting, were examined. Certain parameters, notably the dose and the irradiation source (e-Beam and γ rays), were evaluated. The grafting efficiency, in terms of phosphorus content (mass percentage), was measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Using simultaneous irradiation, 2.39 wt% phosphorus could be obtained from 10 kGy, compared to 100 kGy in pre-irradiation. Furthermore, for similar phosphorus levels, the location of the grafted polymer chains was different for the two methodologies. The effect of phosphorus content on thermal properties and fire behavior was evaluated on a microscopic scale using a pyrolytic flow combustion calorimeter (PCFC) and on a laboratory scale using a cone calorimeter. It was then pointed out that flammability was linked to the phosphorus content and likely its location, which is associated with the radiation-induced grafting methodology, showing that the grafting conditions influence the final fire properties. Simultaneous irradiation, thus, proved to be more interesting in terms of efficiency and final properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Brendlé
- PCH, IMT-Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- PCH, IMT-Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France
| | | | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380 Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
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Ishak A, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Longuet C. A One-Step Approach for a Durable and Highly Hydrophobic Coating for Flax Fabrics for Self-Cleaning Application. Molecules 2024; 29:829. [PMID: 38398582 PMCID: PMC10891639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly hydrophobic flax fabrics with durable properties were prepared using the "dip-coating" method for self-cleaning application. Flax fabrics were coated with a polysiloxane coating via a hydrosilylation reaction with a Karstedt catalyst at room temperature. The coated fabrics displayed highly and durable hydrophobic properties (contact angle and sliding angle of about 145° and 23°, respectively) with good self-cleaning ability for certain pollutants and excellent durability. Moreover, the influence of the coating process on the mechanical properties of fabrics was investigated. A decrease in E modulus and an increase in tensile stress at maximum force and elongation at maximum force has been observed. Furthermore, this influence of the coating process can be easily controlled by adjusting the proportion of curing agent in the treatment solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- PCH, IMT–Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (A.I.); (R.S.); (C.L.)
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3
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Sonnier R, Dumazert L, Regazzi A, Deborde L, Lanos C. Flammability of Thick but Thermally Thin Materials including Bio-Based Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:5175. [PMID: 37446838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fire reaction of various types of flammable lightweight materials is investigated using a cone calorimeter. The influences of parameters such as sample density, sample mass, effective heat of combustion and heat flux on the mass loss after exposition are discussed. Interpretations of the hemp fibers' tests results lead us to propose a phenomenological model able to calculate the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of such thermally thin materials, with or without flame retardant. A database gathering the whole results of tests performed on a large set of materials including fibers, bio-resources panels, bio-based concretes and fabrics is used to validate the proposed model. Interestingly, the model is found to be relevant also for denser wood specimens. The model is based on the distinction of the contributions of the exposed top layer and the deeper layer to the combustion. Indeed, in such materials, the heat conduction is limited (either by the intrinsic properties of the material or by the formation of an insulating char) and therefore the pHRR only depends on a limited volume of materials directly absorbing the heat flux from the radiant cone. Accuracy and limitations of the model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
| | - Arnaud Regazzi
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University Montpellier, CNRS, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Lily Deborde
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique, University Rennes, 3 rue du Clos Courtel, 35704 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Lanos
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique, University Rennes, 3 rue du Clos Courtel, 35704 Rennes, France
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Taibi J, Rouif S, Améduri B, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B. One-Step Multifunctionalization of Flax Fabrics for Simultaneous Flame-Retardant and Hydro-Oleophobic Properties Using Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092169. [PMID: 37177315 PMCID: PMC10180769 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study concerns the one-step radiografting of flax fabrics with phosphonated and fluorinated polymer chains using (meth)acrylic monomers: dimethyl(methacryloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAPC1), 2-(perfluorobutyl)ethyl methacrylate (M4), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (AC6) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate (M8). The multifunctionalization of flax fabrics using a pre-irradiation procedure at 20 and 100 kGy allows simultaneously providing them with flame retardancy and hydro- and oleophobicity properties. The successful grafting of flax fibers is first confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the treated fabrics, the regioselectivity of grafting and the distribution of the fluorine and phosphorus elements are assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The flame retardancy is evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. The hydro- and oleophobicity and water repellency of the treated fabrics is established by contact angle and sliding angle measurements, respectively. The grafting treatment of flax irradiated at 100 KGy, using M8 and MAPC1 monomers (50:50) for 24 h, allows achieving fluorine and phosphorus contents of 8.04 wt% and 0.77 wt%, respectively. The modified fabrics display excellent hydro-oleophobic and flame-retardant properties with water and diiodomethane contact angles of 151° and 131°, respectively, and a large decrease in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) compared to pristine flax (from 230 W/g to 53 W/g). Relevant results are also obtained for M4 and AC6 monomers in combination with MAPC1. For the flame retardancy feature, the presence of fluorinated groups does not disturb the effect of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Taibi
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
| | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380 Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
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Ehsanimehr S, Sonnier R, Badawi M, Ducos F, Kadi N, Skrifvars M, Saeb MR, Vahabi H. Sustainable Flame-Retardant Flax Fabrics by Engineered Layer-by-Layer Surface Functionalization with Phytic Acid and Polyethylenimine. Fire Technol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37360675 PMCID: PMC10042673 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-023-01387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
New generation of mission-oriented fabrics meets advanced requirements; such as electrical conductivity, flame retardancy, and anti-bacterial properties. However, sustainability concerns still are on-demand in fabrication of multi-functional fabrics. In this work, we used a bio-based phosphorus molecule (phytic acid, PA) to reinforce flax fabrics against flame via layer-by-layer consecutive surface modification. First, the flax fabric was treated with PA. Then, polyethylenimine (PEI) was localized above it to create negative charges, and finally PA was deposited as top-layer. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) proved successful chemical treatment. Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) showed significant drop by about 77% in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) from 215 W/g for untreated to 50 W/g for treated flax fabric. Likewise, the total heat release (THR) decreased by more than three times from 11 to 3.2 kJ/g. Mechanical behavior of the treated flax fabric was completely different from untreated flax fabrics, changing from almost highly-strengthened behavior with short elongation at break to a rubber-like behavior with significantly higher elongation at break. Surface friction resistance was also improved, such that the abrasion resistance of the modified fabrics increased up to 30,000 rub cycles without rupture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10694-023-01387-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ehsanimehr
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - R. Sonnier
- IMT – Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - M. Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - F. Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, 57000 Metz, France
| | - N. Kadi
- Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - M. Skrifvars
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - M. R. Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - H. Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, 57000 Metz, France
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Dziuba K, Wnuczek K, Wojtachnio P, Sonnier R, Podkościelna B. New Polymer Composites with Aluminum Phosphates as Hybrid Flame Retardants. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16010426. [PMID: 36614763 PMCID: PMC9822171 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric aluminum organophosphates are a class of nanostructured aluminum-based compounds that can be considered organic and inorganic hybrid materials. Aluminum phosphates have attracted considerable interest due to their ability to enhance composite materials' mechanical characteristics, lightweight, and thermal properties. Extensive studies have shown the potential of aluminum organophosphates as a component in the development of fire-retardant materials. Aluminum-organophosphorus hybrid (APH) materials have been prepared by reacting aluminum oxide hydroxide (boehmite) with alkyl and aryl phosphoric acids and used to prepare composites with epoxy resin. Boehmite is an aluminum oxide hydroxide (γ-AlO(OH)) mineral, a component of the aluminum ore bauxite. In this work, the composites based on epoxy resin Epidian 601 and commercial curing agent IDA were obtained. Pure boehmite and APH hybrids were added as flame retardants. FTIR and TGA analysis showed that obtained APH possesses a hybrid structure, high thermostability, and various morphologies. These new APH were incorporated into epoxy resin. The infrared spectroscopy confirmed the structure of hybrids and composites. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimeter analyses were performed to assess the flame retardant properties of the composites. The results showed that the incorporation of 17 wt% APH allows a reduction of heat release rate but to a limited extent in comparison to pure boehmite, which is due to the different decomposition mechanisms of both boehmite and hybrids. The cone calorimetry test showed that residue contents correspond quite well to the mineral fraction from boehmite only. The hybrid APHs appear no more efficient than pure boehmite because the mineral fraction in APH is reduced while phosphate fraction cannot promote significant charring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (B.P.)
| | - Patryk Wojtachnio
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers, Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France
| | - Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (B.P.)
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Campana C, Léger R, Sonnier R, Ienny P, Ferry L. Effect of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Mechanical and Fire Properties of a Flame Retardant Flax Fiber/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193962. [PMID: 36235910 PMCID: PMC9573111 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In engineering applications, natural fiber composites must comply with fire requirements including the use of flame retardant. Furthermore, biocomposites are known to be water sensitive. Whether flame retardants affect the water sensitivity and whether water absorption affects the fire behavior and the mechanical performance of biocomposites are the two main topics addressed in this work. In this study, a flax fiber/epoxy composite flame retardant with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) or aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) was aged in humid atmosphere or by immersion in water. Water absorption kinetics revealed that DOPO induces an increase in equilibrium water content by approximately a factor of 2 due to its intrinsic hygroscopicity and/or its plasticizing effect on the epoxy matrix. In contrast, AlPi does not significantly change the water sensitivity of the biocomposite. Mechanical testing highlighted that, whatever the FR, the evolution of mechanical properties with ageing is governed by the moisture content. The drop of elastic modulus was attributed to a decrease in fiber rigidity due to plasticization, while the increase in tensile strength was assigned to an increase in fiber/matrix friction due to fiber swelling. As regards flame retardancy, only the highest water contents modified the fire behavior. For the AlPi containing biocomposite, the water release resulted in an increase by 50% of the time to ignition, while for the DOPO flame retardant biocomposite the water release was mainly postponed after ignition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Campana
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Romain Léger
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Patrick Ienny
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
- Correspondence:
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Coste G, Denis M, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Negrell C. Synthesis of reactive phosphorus-based carbonate for flame retardant polyhydroxyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Denis M, Le Borgne D, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Totee C, Negrell C. Phosphorus Modified Cardanol: A Greener Route to Reduce VolaTile Organic Compounds and Impart Flame Retardant Properties to Alkyd Resin Coatings. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154880. [PMID: 35956832 PMCID: PMC9369946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphorylated cardanol molecules based on phosphonate (PO3CR) and phosphate (PO4CR) functions were synthetized. Those molecules have two main actions which are described in this article: the reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the development of flame retardant (FR) properties conferred on alkyd resins used as coatings for wood specimen. Phosphorylated cardanol compounds have been successfully grafted by covalent bonds to alkyd resins thanks to an auto-oxidative reaction. The impact of the introduction of PO3CR and PO4CR on the film properties such as drying time and flexibility has been studied and the thermal and flame retardant properties through differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter. These studies underscored an increase in the thermal stability and FR properties of the alkyd resins. In the cone calorimeter test, the lowest pHRR was obtained with 3 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol and exhibited a value of 170 KW.m−2, which represented a decrease of almost 46% compared to the POxCR-free alkyd resins. Moreover, a difference in the mode of action between phosphonate and phosphate compounds has been highlighted. The most effective coating which combined excellent FR properties and good coating properties has been obtained with 2 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol. Indeed, the film properties were closed to the POxCR-free alkyd resin and the pHRR decreased by 41% compared to the reference alkyd resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxinne Denis
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Damien Le Borgne
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France;
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Cédric Totee
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Claire Negrell
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Ehsanimehr S, Sonnier R, Najafi P, Ducos F, Badawi M, Formela K, Saeb M, Vahabi H. Layer-by-layer polymer deposited fabrics with superior flame retardancy and electrical conductivity. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mastori H, Sonnier R, Ferry L, Coutin M. Fire behavior of lead-containing PMMA based Kyowaglas. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Baguian AF, Ouiminga SK, Longuet C, Caro-Bretelle AS, Corn S, Bere A, Sonnier R. Correction: Sonnier, R., et al. Influence of Density on Foam Collapse under Burning. Polymers 2020, 13, 13. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040554. [PMID: 33668686 PMCID: PMC7917695 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Fayçal Baguian
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Salifou Koucka Ouiminga
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Claire Longuet
- IMT-Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France
| | | | - Stéphane Corn
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Université Montpellier, CNRS, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France
| | - Antoine Bere
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l'Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT-Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue de Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France
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Baguian AF, Ouiminga SK, Longuet C, Caro-Bretelle AS, Corn S, Bere A, Sonnier R. Influence of Density on Foam Collapse under Burning. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E13. [PMID: 33375196 PMCID: PMC7793110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fire behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams was studied using a cone calorimeter, with a special emphasis on the collapse step. Only one peak of heat release rate, ranging from 200 to 450 kW/m2, is observed for thin foams, depending on the foam density and the heat flux. On the contrary, heat release rate (HRR) curves exhibit two peaks for 10 cm-thick foams, the second one corresponding to the pool fire formed after foam collapse. In all cases, the collapse occurs at a constant rate through the whole thickness. The rate of the recession of the front was calculated using digital and infrared cameras. Interestingly, its value is relatively constant whatever the heat flux (especially between 25 and 35 kW/m2), probably because of the very low heat conductivity preventing heat transfer through the thickness. The rate increases for the lightest foam but the fraction of burnt polymer during collapse is constant. Therefore, the pool fire is more intense for the densest foam. A simple macroscopic model taking into account only the heat transfer into the foam leads to much lower front recession rates, evidencing that the collapse is piloted by the cell walls' rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Fayçal Baguian
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Salifou Koucka Ouiminga
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Claire Longuet
- IMT—Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Caro-Bretelle
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Université Montpellier, CNRS, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France; (A.-S.C.-B.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Corn
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Université Montpellier, CNRS, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France; (A.-S.C.-B.); (S.C.)
| | - Antoine Bere
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT—Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France;
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Vincent T, Vincent C, Dumazert L, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, Guibal E. Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116910. [PMID: 33049885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire protection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m-2. At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m-2), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Chloë Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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15
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of lignocellulosic substrate and phosphorus flame retardant type on grafting yield and flame retardancy. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Gibier M, Lacoste C, Corn S, Pucci MF, Tran QK, Haurie L, Sonnier R. Flame retardancy of wood-plastic composites by radiation-curing phosphorus-containing resins. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Al Hokayem K, El Hage R, Svecova L, Otazaghine B, Le Moigne N, Sonnier R. Flame Retardant-Functionalized Cotton Cellulose Using Phosphonate-Based Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071629. [PMID: 32252261 PMCID: PMC7181116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose from cotton fibers was functionalized through a dissolution-regeneration process with phosphonate-based ionic liquids (ILs): 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylphosphonate [DIMIM][(MeO)(H)PO2] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphoshonate [EMIM][(MeO)(H)PO2]. The chemical modification of cellulose occurred through a transesterification reaction between the methyl phosphonate function of ILs and the primary alcohol functions of cellulose. The resulting cellulose structure and the amount of grafted phosphorus were then investigated by X-ray diffraction, ICP-AES, and ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Depending on the IL type and initial cotton / IL ratio in the solution, regenerated cellulose contained up to 4.5% of phosphorus. The rheological behavior of cotton cellulose/ILs solutions and the microscale fire performances of modified cellulose were studied in order to ultimately prepare flame retardant cellulosic materials. Significant improvement in the flame retardancy of regenerated cellulose was obtained with a reduction of THR values down to about 5-6 kJ/g and an increase of char up to about 35 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Al Hokayem
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
- LCPM, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O.B. 90656, Lebanon;
| | - Roland El Hage
- LCPM, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O.B. 90656, Lebanon;
| | - Lenka Svecova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33(0)4-66-78-53-58
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Mangin R, Vahabi H, Sonnier R, Chivas-Joly C, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Cochez M. Assessment of the protective effect of PMMA on water immersion ageing of flame retarded PLA/PMMA blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gebke S, Thümmler K, Sonnier R, Tech S, Wagenführ A, Fischer S. Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch. Molecules 2020; 25:E335. [PMID: 31947576 PMCID: PMC7024314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gebke
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Katrin Thümmler
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- C2MA, IMT—Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France;
| | - Sören Tech
- Wood and Fibre Material Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.T.); (A.W.)
| | - André Wagenführ
- Wood and Fibre Material Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.T.); (A.W.)
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
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Hajj R, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, El Hage R, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Influence of monomer reactivity on radiation grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Ecochard Y, Decostanzi M, Negrell C, Sonnier R, Caillol S. Cardanol and Eugenol Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Monomers for Thermostable Networks. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091818. [PMID: 31083463 PMCID: PMC6540237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy materials have attracted attention for many applications that require fireproof performance; however, the utilization of hazardous reagents brings about potential damage to human health. Eugenol and cardanol are renewable, harmless resources (according to ECHA) that allow the achievement of synthesis of novel phosphorylated epoxy monomers to be used as reactive flame retardants. These epoxy building blocks are characterized by 1H NMR and 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and reacted with a benzylic diamine to give bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. Compared to DGEBA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether)-based material, these biobased thermosets differ by their cross-linking ratio, the nature of the phosphorylated function and the presence of an aliphatic chain. Eugenol has led to thermosets with higher glass transition temperatures due to a higher aromatic density. The flame-retardant properties were tested by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. These analyses demonstrated the efficiency of phosphorus by reducing significantly the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the effective heat of combustion (EHC). Moreover, the cone calorimeter test exhibited an intumescent phenomenon with the residues of phosphorylated eugenol thermosets. Lastly, the higher flame inhibition potential was highlighted for the phosphonate thermoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Ecochard
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mélanie Decostanzi
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claire Negrell
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- C2MA, IMT ⁻ Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, UMR 5253⁻CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 240 Avenue Emile Jeanbrau 34296 Montpellier, France.
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22
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa El Kassis
- LCPM, Faculty of SciencesLebanese University Fanar Lebanon
- C2MA, IMT Mines Alés 6, Avenue de Clavières 30100 Alès France
| | | | - Roland El Hage
- LCPM, Faculty of SciencesLebanese University Fanar Lebanon
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24
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Teixeira M, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Ferry L, Aubert M, Tirri T, Wilén CE, Rouif S. Radiation-grafting of flame retardants on flax fabrics – A comparison between different flame retardant structures. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Meinier R, Sonnier R, Zavaleta P, Suard S, Ferry L. Fire behavior of halogen-free flame retardant electrical cables with the cone calorimeter. J Hazard Mater 2018; 342:306-316. [PMID: 28846917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fires involving electrical cables are one of the main hazards in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Cables are complex assemblies including several polymeric parts (insulation, bedding, sheath) constituting fuel sources. This study provides an in-depth characterization of the fire behavior of two halogen-free flame retardant cables used in NPPs using the cone calorimeter. The influence of two key parameters, namely the external heat flux and the spacing between cables, on the cable fire characteristics is especially investigated. The prominent role of the outer sheath material on the ignition and the burning at early times was highlighted. A parameter of utmost importance called transition heat flux, was identified and depends on the composition and the structure of the cable. Below this heat flux, the decomposition is limited and concerns only the sheath. Above it, fire hazard is greatly enhanced because most often non-flame retarded insulation part contributes to heat release. The influence of spacing appears complex, and depends on the considered fire property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Meinier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès - Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès - Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France.
| | - Pascal Zavaleta
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SA2I, LEF, Cadarache, St Paul-Lez-Durance Cedex, 13115, France
| | - Sylvain Suard
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SA2I, LEF, Cadarache, St Paul-Lez-Durance Cedex, 13115, France
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès - Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès Cedex, France
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26
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Hajj R, El Hage R, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Gallard B, Rouif S, Nakhl M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Grafting of phosphorus flame retardants on flax fabrics: Comparison between two routes. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Dumazert L, Sonnier R. An Insight into the Flammability of Some Bio-Based Polyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E706. [PMID: 30966004 PMCID: PMC6418667 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat release capacity of polymers can be generally predicted using a method based on the additivity of group contributions (the Van Krevelen approach). Nevertheless, there are some exceptions, evidencing that this approach is insufficient and must be completed. In this study, the kinetic triplet accounting for the description of pyrolysis is identified for 11 polymers. Activation energy and the frequency factor are calculated using Kissinger's method. Reaction models are chosen among the Avrami⁻Erofeev functions. The high flammability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and the underestimation of its heat release capacity using the Van Krevelen approach are explained from these parameters. The results highlight the possibility of improving the model, using additional but easily accessible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dumazert
- Ecole des Mines d' Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d' Alès-Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d' Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d' Alès-Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès CEDEX, France.
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Vincent T, Dumazert L, Dufourg L, Cucherat C, Sonnier R, Guibal E. New alginate foams: Box-Behnken design of their manufacturing; fire retardant and thermal insulating properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Ludivine Dufourg
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Claire Cucherat
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
| | - Eric Guibal
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès; Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès; MPA, 6 Avenue de Clavières, Alès Cedex F-30319 France
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Courtat J, Mélis F, Taulemesse JM, Bounor-Legaré V, Sonnier R, Ferry L, Cassagnau P. Effect of phosphorous-modified silica on the flame retardancy of polybutylene terephthalate based nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vahabi H, Raveshtian A, Fasihi M, Sonnier R, Saeb MR, Dumazert L, Kandola BK. Competitiveness and synergy between three flame retardants in poly(ethylene- co -vinyl acetate). Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sonnier R, Dumazert L, Livi S, Nguyen TKL, Duchet-Rumeau J, Vahabi H, Laheurte P. Flame retardancy of phosphorus-containing ionic liquid based epoxy networks. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sonnier R, Viretto A, Otazaghine B, Dumazert L, Evstratov A, Roux JC, Heruijing C, Presti C, Alauzun JG, Mutin PH, Vahabi H. Studying the thermo-oxidative stability of chars using pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Sonnier R, Viretto A, Dumazert L, Longerey M, Buonomo S, Gallard B, Longuet C, Cavodeau F, Lamy R, Freitag A. Fire retardant benefits of combining aluminum hydroxide and silica in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Sonnier R, Ferry L, Gallard B, Boudenne A, Lavaud F. Controlled Emissivity Coatings to Delay Ignition of Polyethylene. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:6935-6949. [PMID: 28793609 PMCID: PMC5455362 DOI: 10.3390/ma8105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Semi-opaque to opaque films containing small amounts of various aluminium particles to decrease emissivity were easily prepared and coated onto low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets. The thermal-radiative properties (reflectivity, transmissivity and absorptivity) of the films were measured and related to the aluminum particles’ content, size and nature. Time-to-ignition of samples was assessed using a cone calorimeter at different heat flux values (35, 50 and 75 kW/m2). The coatings allowed significant ignition delay and, in some cases, changed the material behaviour from thermally thin to thick behaviour. These effects are related both to their emissivity and transmissivity. A lower emissivity, which decreases during the degradation, and a lower transmissivity are the key points to ensure an optimal reaction-to-fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Sonnier
- MA-Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, Alès 30100, France.
| | - Laurent Ferry
- MA-Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, Alès 30100, France.
| | - Benjamin Gallard
- MA-Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, Alès 30100, France.
| | - Abderrahim Boudenne
- CERTES, Université Paris-Est, Créteil Val de Marne, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil cedex, France.
| | - François Lavaud
- Toyal Europe S.A.S.U., Route de Lescun, 64490 Accous, France.
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Ménard R, Negrell C, Ferry L, Sonnier R, David G. Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets comparison of additive and reactive approaches. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cavodeau F, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Delaite C. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/aluminium trihydroxide composites: A new method to predict the barrier effect during cone calorimeter tests. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Courtat J, Melis F, Taulemesse JM, Bounor-Legare V, Sonnier R, Ferry L, Cassagnau P. Effect of phosphorous-modified silica on the flame retardancy of polypropylene based nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Rinawa K, Maiti SN, Sonnier R, Lopez Cuesta JM. Dynamic rheological studies and applicability of time–temperature superposition principle for PA12/SEBS-g-MA blends. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Sonnier R, Otazaghine B, Viretto A, Apolinario G, Ienny P. Improving the flame retardancy of flax fabrics by radiation grafting of phosphorus compounds. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sahyoun J, Bounor-Legaré V, Ferry L, Sonnier R, Da Cruz-Boisson F, Melis F, Bonhommé A, Cassagnau P. Synthesis of a new organophosphorous alkoxysilane precursor and its effect on the thermal and fire behavior of a PA66/PA6 copolymer. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sahyoun J, Bounor-Legaré V, Ferry L, Sonnier R, Bonhommé A, Cassagnau P. Influence of organophosphorous silica precursor on the thermal and fire behaviour of a PA66/PA6 copolymer. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ménard R, Negrell C, Fache M, Ferry L, Sonnier R, David G. From a bio-based phosphorus-containing epoxy monomer to fully bio-based flame-retardant thermosets. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, phloroglucinol was used as a renewable resource to prepare an epoxy monomer and phosphorus containing reactive flame retardant (FR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Ménard
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Montpellier
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Claire Negrell
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Montpellier
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Maxence Fache
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Montpellier
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès – Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés
- 30319 Alès Cedex
- France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès – Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés
- 30319 Alès Cedex
- France
| | - Ghislain David
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Montpellier
- UMR CNRS 5253
- Equipe Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine; Laboratoire MOPS EA 4423 F-57070 Metz France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux (C2MA); 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Ecole des Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux (C2MA); 6 Avenue de Clavières 30319 Alès Cedex France
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Abstract
Abstract
An approach to prepare some biobased flame retardant (FR) compounds is presented. The adopted strategy consists in functionalizing an aromatic biobased phenolic compound, the phloroglucinol, with different phosphate groups in order to promote a charring effect. Different chlorophosphates were grafted onto phloroglucinol hydroxy groups and the functionalization of the hydroxy groups was quantitative. The synthesized biobased FR were incorporated into an epoxy matrix as additive to estimate their flame retardant properties. The influence of different parameters was studied such as the phosphorus content of the thermoset or the nature of the R group of the used phosphate P-O-R. MEB/EDX observations proved the influence of this R group on the compatibility between the FR and the matrix and its importance to obtain homogeneous thermoset. Thermogravimetric analyses of the phosphorus-containing thermosets showed a small decrease in thermal stability accompanied by a char yield almost tripled for a 3 %wP-containing thermoset compared to that of the thermoset without any FR. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry was also used to evaluate the flammability of the modified epoxy thermoset. A significant decrease in peak of heat release rate and total heat released was observed compared to thermoset without FR. These results demonstrate the good flame retardant properties of these biobased phosphates in an epoxy matrix. In addition these results show the potential of the biobased phenolic compounds as raw material for flame retardants syntheses.
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El Hage R, Viretto A, Sonnier R, Ferry L, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) using new aluminum-based fillers. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Parpaite T, Sosson F, Sonnier R, Clerc L, Bergeret A. Incorporation of elastomer into poly(ether ether ketone): an attempt to improve the damping factor. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314536592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of an elastomer phase into a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) matrix was carried out using two different processing methods (melt blending (MB) and dry blending) to improve the damping factor (tan δ) of the composite with a minimal change in the PEEK stiffness. A cross-linked fluoroelastomer (CFE) was carefully chosen according to its high glass transition temperature ( Tα), high thermal stability and high modulus. The blends were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), modified Oberst test, flexural test and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter. According to SEM micrographs, an original well-dispersed PEEK-elastomer composite was obtained. The tan δ of the materials was evaluated using DMTA and modified Oberst test. Both techniques indicate that the incorporation of 5–20 wt% of CFE fine powders only slightly increased the tan δ of the material. Moreover, a decrease in flexural modulus and thermal stability of the blends was detected when there was an increase in the CFE content. Even if the properties are not yet significantly improved, it was well ascribed that the MB method was suitable to mix elastomer particles within a PEEK matrix. Poor interfacial adhesion has been identified as the main key parameter, which should be improved in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Parpaite
- Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès, Alès Cedex, France
- SMAC, La Garde Cedex, France
| | | | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès, Alès Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Clerc
- Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès, Alès Cedex, France
| | - Anne Bergeret
- Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d’Alès, Alès Cedex, France
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Parpaite T, Otazaghine B, Taguet A, Sonnier R, Caro A, Lopez-Cuesta J. Incorporation of modified Stöber silica nanoparticles in polystyrene/polyamide-6 blends: Coalescence inhibition and modification of the thermal degradation via controlled dispersion at the interface. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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