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Brendlé C, El Hage R, Clément JL, Rouif S, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B. Flame Retardancy of Short Flax Fibers Modified by Radiation-Induced Grafting of Phosphonated Monomers: Comparison between Pre- and Simultaneous Irradiation Grafting. Molecules 2024; 29:1176. [PMID: 38474687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Short flax fibers have been modified by radiation-induced grafting using methacrylate monomers containing phosphorus to give them a flame-retardant character. Two methodologies, namely pre-irradiation and simultaneous irradiation grafting, were examined. Certain parameters, notably the dose and the irradiation source (e-Beam and γ rays), were evaluated. The grafting efficiency, in terms of phosphorus content (mass percentage), was measured by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Using simultaneous irradiation, 2.39 wt% phosphorus could be obtained from 10 kGy, compared to 100 kGy in pre-irradiation. Furthermore, for similar phosphorus levels, the location of the grafted polymer chains was different for the two methodologies. The effect of phosphorus content on thermal properties and fire behavior was evaluated on a microscopic scale using a pyrolytic flow combustion calorimeter (PCFC) and on a laboratory scale using a cone calorimeter. It was then pointed out that flammability was linked to the phosphorus content and likely its location, which is associated with the radiation-induced grafting methodology, showing that the grafting conditions influence the final fire properties. Simultaneous irradiation, thus, proved to be more interesting in terms of efficiency and final properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Brendlé
- PCH, IMT-Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France
| | - Roland El Hage
- PCH, IMT-Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France
| | | | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380 Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
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Taibi J, Rouif S, Améduri B, Sonnier R, Otazaghine B. One-Step Multifunctionalization of Flax Fabrics for Simultaneous Flame-Retardant and Hydro-Oleophobic Properties Using Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092169. [PMID: 37177315 PMCID: PMC10180769 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study concerns the one-step radiografting of flax fabrics with phosphonated and fluorinated polymer chains using (meth)acrylic monomers: dimethyl(methacryloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAPC1), 2-(perfluorobutyl)ethyl methacrylate (M4), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl acrylate (AC6) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate (M8). The multifunctionalization of flax fabrics using a pre-irradiation procedure at 20 and 100 kGy allows simultaneously providing them with flame retardancy and hydro- and oleophobicity properties. The successful grafting of flax fibers is first confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the treated fabrics, the regioselectivity of grafting and the distribution of the fluorine and phosphorus elements are assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The flame retardancy is evaluated using pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and cone calorimetry. The hydro- and oleophobicity and water repellency of the treated fabrics is established by contact angle and sliding angle measurements, respectively. The grafting treatment of flax irradiated at 100 KGy, using M8 and MAPC1 monomers (50:50) for 24 h, allows achieving fluorine and phosphorus contents of 8.04 wt% and 0.77 wt%, respectively. The modified fabrics display excellent hydro-oleophobic and flame-retardant properties with water and diiodomethane contact angles of 151° and 131°, respectively, and a large decrease in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) compared to pristine flax (from 230 W/g to 53 W/g). Relevant results are also obtained for M4 and AC6 monomers in combination with MAPC1. For the flame retardancy feature, the presence of fluorinated groups does not disturb the effect of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Taibi
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
| | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380 Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- ICGM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France
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Alcaraz JP, Le Coq L, Pourchez J, Thomas D, Chazelet S, Boudry I, Barbado M, Silvent S, Dessale C, Antoine F, Guimier-Pingault C, Cortella L, Rouif S, Bardin-Monnier N, Charvet A, Dufaud O, Leclerc L, Montigaud Y, Laurent C, Verhoeven P, Joubert A, Bouhanguel A, Andres Y, Gaffé J, Martin DK, Huet C, Boisset S, Maurin M, Rumeau P, Charlot F, Richaud E, Moreau-Gaudry A, Bonneterre V, Cinquin P, Landelle C. Reuse of medical face masks in domestic and community settings without sacrificing safety: Ecological and economical lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132364. [PMID: 34600007 PMCID: PMC8491628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The need for personal protective equipment increased exponentially in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. To cope with the mask shortage during springtime 2020, a French consortium was created to find ways to reuse medical and respiratory masks in healthcare departments. The consortium addressed the complex context of the balance between cleaning medical masks in a way that maintains their safety and functionality for reuse, with the environmental advantage to manage medical disposable waste despite the current mask designation as single-use by the regulatory frameworks. We report a Workflow that provides a quantitative basis to determine the safety and efficacy of a medical mask that is decontaminated for reuse. The type IIR polypropylene medical masks can be washed up to 10 times, washed 5 times and autoclaved 5 times, or washed then sterilized with radiations or ethylene oxide, without any degradation of their filtration or breathability properties. There is loss of the anti-projection properties. The Workflow rendered the medical masks to comply to the AFNOR S76-001 standard as "type 1 non-sanitory usage masks". This qualification gives a legal status to the Workflow-treated masks and allows recommendation for the reuse of washed medical masks by the general population, with the significant public health advantage of providing better protection than cloth-tissue masks. Additionally, such a legal status provides a basis to perform a clinical trial to test the masks in real conditions, with full compliance with EN 14683 norm, for collective reuse. The rational reuse of medical mask and their end-of-life management is critical, particularly in pandemic periods when decisive turns can be taken. The reuse of masks in the general population, in industries, or in hospitals (but not for surgery) has significant advantages for the management of waste without degrading the safety of individuals wearing reused masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Alcaraz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Le Coq
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Chazelet
- INRS Département Ingénierie des Procédés, 1 rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Maud Barbado
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Silvent
- Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Dessale
- CIC Inserm 1433 Innovation Technologiques, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fabienne Antoine
- CIC Inserm 1433 Innovation Technologiques, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurent Cortella
- ARC-Nucleart, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, Cedex 9, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Rouif
- Ionisos SAS, 13 Chemin du Pontet, 69380, Civrieux-d'Azergues, France
| | | | - Augustin Charvet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Dufaud
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274 LRGP, 54001, Nancy, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Yoann Montigaud
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Coralie Laurent
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Verhoeven
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Equipe GIMAP (team 15), INSERM U1111, CNRS, ENS, UCBL1, Université Jean Monnet, Université de Lyon, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France; Service des Agents Infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de St-Etienne, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aurélie Joubert
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Ala Bouhanguel
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Andres
- IMT Atlantique, GEPEA, CNRS UMR 6144, CS 20722, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Joël Gaffé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Huet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Sandrine Boisset
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Pascal Rumeau
- Institut Français Textile Et Habillement, 93 Chemin des Mouilles, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - Frédéric Charlot
- CMTC, Grenoble INP, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Richaud
- Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Laboratoire de Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (PIMM), CNRS, CNAM, UMR, 8006, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Moreau-Gaudry
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Clinical Investigation Center-Technological Innovation 1406 (CIC-IT), Department of Public Health, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Bonneterre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Philippe Cinquin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - Caroline Landelle
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000, Grenoble, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38700, La Tronche, France.
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