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Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Czerwonka G, Żukowski W, Mirkhodjaev UZ, Żelezik M. Flammability, Toxicity, and Microbiological Properties of Polyurethane Flexible Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3517. [PMID: 39063810 PMCID: PMC11278372 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of calcium phosphinate (HPCA) and aluminum phosphinate (HPAL) in synergistic systems with organophosphorus compounds, i.e., diphenylcresyl phosphate (CDP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), on the thermal stability, flammability, smoke density, and emission of toxic gases during the thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR) foams. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), along with cone calorimetry and microcalorimetry, were used to assess the influence of fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of PUR foams. The analysis of toxic gas products was performed with the use of a coupled TG-gas analyzer system. The optical density of gases was measured with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC). The obtained results showed an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the flammability of the PUR composites. However, the results regarding smoke and gas emissions, as well as toxic combustion by-products, present ambiguity. On one hand, the applied flame retardant systems in the form of PUR-HPCA-CDP and PUR-HPCA-TCPP led to a reduction in the concentration of CO and HCN in the gas by-products. On the other hand, they clearly increased the concentration of CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions. Microbiological studies indicated that the obtained foam material is completely safe for use and does not exhibit biocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Czerwonka
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | | | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
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2
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Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Żelezik M, Mirkhodjaev UZ. Cage Nanofillers' Influence on Fire Hazard and Toxic Gases Emitted during Thermal Decomposition of Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38475328 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR), as an engineering polymer, is widely used in many sectors of industries. However, the high fire risks associated with PUR, including the smoke density, a high heat release rate, and the toxicity of combustion products limit its applications in many fields. This paper presents the influence of silsesquioxane fillers, alone and in a synergistic system with halogen-free flame-retardant compounds, on reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foams. The flammability of PUR composites was determined with the use of a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. The flammability results were supplemented with smoke emission values obtained with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC) and toxicometric indexes. Toxicometric indexes were determined with the use of an innovative method consisting of a thermo-balance connected to a gas analyzer with the use of a heated transfer line. The obtained test results clearly indicate that the used silsesquioxane compounds, especially in combination with organic phosphorus compounds, reduced the fire risk, as expressed by parameters such as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax), the total heat release rate (THR), and the maximum smoke density (SDmax). The flame-retardant non-halogen system also reduced the amounts of toxic gases emitted during the decomposition of PUR, especially NOx, HCN, NH3, CO and CO2. According to the literature review, complex studies on the fire hazard of a system of POSS-phosphorus compounds in the PUR matrix have not been published yet. This article presents the complex results of studies, indicating that the POSS-phosphorous compound system can be treated as an alternative to toxic halogen flame-retardant compounds in order to decrease the fire hazard of PUR foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Lopez-Tellez J, Ibarra IS, Cruz-Borbolla J, Vega M, Rodriguez JA. Retention and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Urban Air Based on Recycled Polyurethane Foam Modified with Expanded Polystyrene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2162931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lopez-Tellez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico
| | - Israel S. Ibarra
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico
| | - Julian Cruz-Borbolla
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico
| | - Marisol Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Area Academica de Quimica, Universidad Autonoma Del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma, Mexico
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Moawed EA, Kiwaan HA, El-Zakzouk SK, El-Sonbati MA, El-Zahed MM. Chemical recycling of polyurethane foam waste and application for antibacterial and removal of anionic and cationic dyes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe large amounts of polyurethane foam wastes (PUFWs) produced in the automobiles, buildings, and furniture industries cause many environmental problems. Therefore, the recycling of PUFWs has acquired great interest worldwide. In this study, the PUFWs were converted to new nanocomposite. The chemical modification of PUFWs was conducted through reflux with potassium permanganate in 0.1 M H2SO4. The produced PUF-COO@MnO2 nanocomposites was characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and Magnetic susceptibility. PUF-COO@MnO2 has been used for the removal of cationic (Methylene blue) and anionic (Trypan blue) dyes from industrial wastewater. The antibacterial effect of PUF-COO@MnO2 was also examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The adsorption capacities of PUF-COO@MnO2 for tested dyes were 277 and 269 mg/g. Moreover, PUF-COO@MnO2 showed a potent antibacterial action against B. cereus (8.8 mm) followed by S. aureus (7.5 mm) and E. coli (7.1 mm). It was concluded that PUF-COO@MnO2 can be employed as antibacterial low-cost material and for the removal of synthetic dyes from industrial effluents.
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Feld L, da Silva VH, Strand J. Characterization of foamed plastic litter on Danish reference beaches - Pollution assessment and multivariate exploratory analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113774. [PMID: 35635884 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foamed litter comprise a significant amount of the pollution at beaches globally. This group represents a variety of foamed items and fragments originating from different applications and sources. Although foamed plastic contributes importantly to the marine environmental pollution, there is generally limited knowledge of the composition of this litter pool. The aim of this study was to characterize item types and polymer materials of foamed litter from six Danish reference beaches during the period 2018-2021. The foamed litter were classified into ten categories, including identifiable items, as well as fragments of foamed PS, or pieces of other foamed polymers of rigid or flexible sponges. Foamed PS (42%) and PUR (49%) were identified as the dominant polymers by FTIR analysis. Multivariate exploratory analysis was performed to investigate PUR foam, and specific spectra features for rigid and flexible foam were demonstrated. Furthermore, we assessed different correlation methods for identification of PUR foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Feld
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Vitor Hugo da Silva
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jakob Strand
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Jalil MJ, Rasnan NHA, Yamin AFM, Zaini MSM, Morad N, Azmi IS, Mahadi MB, Yeop MZ. Optimization of Epoxidation Palm-Based Oleic Acid to Produce Polyols. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht16.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of epoxidation by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-level three-factorial central composite design (CCD) was used. Response percentage of relative oxirane content (%RCO) was studied to determine the optimum reaction condition for production of polyols. The predicted value of model (85 %) was excellent in accordance to experimental value (81 %). All parameters (temperature, molar ratio of formic acid to oleic acid and molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid) were significant in influencing the course of epoxidation reaction (p < 0.05). The interaction between all parameters is also highly significant with p < 0.0001. Optimum reaction conditions obtained from RSM were as follows: the temperature 318 K, molar ratio of formic acid to oleic acid 1.64:1 and molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid 2:1. The epoxidation of palm oleic acid was carried out by using in situ performic acid. FTIR analysis showed the formation of epoxy functional groups at optimum reaction condition at the wavelength of 1340 cm-1. This epoxide group was used to produce polyols by using hydroxylation process and the polyols functional group was detected at the wavelength of 816 cm-1
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He Y, Qiu D, Yu Z. Multiscale investigation on molecular structure and mechanical properties of thermal‐treated rigid polyurethane foam under high temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dacheng Qiu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
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8
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Benavides S, Armanasco F, Cerrutti P, Chiacchiarelli LM. Nanostructured rigid polyurethane foams with improved specific thermo‐mechanical properties using bacterial nanocellulose as a hard segment. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Benavides
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Franco Armanasco
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricia Cerrutti
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leonel Matías Chiacchiarelli
- Instituto de Tecnología de Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), CONICET‐UBA Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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9
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Jeong SH, Heo JH, Lee JW, Kim MJ, Park CH, Lee JH. Bioinspired Adenosine Triphosphate as an "All-In-One" Green Flame Retardant via Extremely Intumescent Char Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22935-22945. [PMID: 33949843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly flame retardants is crucial due to the hazardous properties of most conventional flame retardants. Herein, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reported to be a highly efficient "all-in-one" green flame retardant as it consists of three essential groups, which lead to the formation of char with extreme intumescence, namely, three phosphate groups, providing an acid source; one ribose sugar, working as a char source; and one adenine, acting as a blowing agent. Polyurethane foam was used as a model flammable material to demonstrate the exceptional flame retardancy of ATP. The direct flammability tests have clearly shown that the ATP-coated polyurethane (PU) foam almost did not burn upon exposure to the torch flame. Importantly, ATP exhibits an extreme volume increase, whereas general phosphorus-based flame retardants show a negligible increase in volume. The PU foam coated with 30 wt % of ATP (PU-ATP 30 wt %) exhibits a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (94.3%) with a significant increase in the ignition time, compared to bare PU. In addition, PU-ATP 30 wt % exhibits a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31% and HF-1 rating in the UL94 horizontal burning foamed material test. Additionally, we demonstrated that ATP's flame retardancy is sufficient for other types of matrices such as cotton, as confirmed from the results of the standardized ASTM D6413 test; cotton-ATP 30 wt % exhibits an LOI value of 32% and passes the vertical flame test. These results strongly suggest that ATP has great potential to be used as an "all-in-one" green flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
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10
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Sasidharan V, Sachan D, Chauhan D, Talreja N, Ashfaq M. Three-dimensional (3D) polymer-metal-carbon framework for efficient removal of chemical and biological contaminants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7708. [PMID: 33833269 PMCID: PMC8032700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86661-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuously increased existence of contaminants such as chemical and biological mainly dye, bacteria, and heavy metals ions (HMI) in water bodies has increased environmental concern due to their hostile effects on living things. Therefore, there is necessity to be developed newer materials that skirmishes such environmental menace. The present works focus on the synthesis of a novel three-dimensional (3D) polymer-metal-carbon (3D-PMC) framework for the exclusion of contaminants (chemical and biological) from water bodies. Initially, polyurethane (PU) foam was treated with nitric acid and used as a framework for the development of 3D-PMC materials. The copper nanosheet (Cu-NS) was deposited onto the functionalized PU foam to produce Cu-NS-PU material. The mechanically exfoliated graphene was mixed with chitosan to produce a graphene-chitosan homogenous suspension. The produce homogenous suspension was deposited Cu-NS-PU for the development of the 3D-PMC framework. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-rays diffraction (XRD) analysis. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was subjected to various adsorption parameters to assess the sorption ability of the material. The prepared 3D-PMC framework was effectively used for the removal of chromium (Cr) metal ions and Congo-red (CR) dye from the water system. The synthesis of the 3D-PMC framework is simple, novel, cost-effective, and economically viable. Therefore, the prepared 3D-PMC framework has the potential to be used as a filter assembly in water treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sasidharan
- School of Life Science, BS Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Deepa Sachan
- Center for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Divya Chauhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Neetu Talreja
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute for Science and Technology, IIMCT, University of La Serena, 1015 Juan Cisternas St., La Serena, Chile
| | - Mohammad Ashfaq
- School of Life Science, BS Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.
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Li T, Zhang X, Wang Z, Ren H, Peng H, Shiu B, Lou C, Lin J. Study on melamine/bentonite polyurethane porous composite foam: Pb
2+
adsorption and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Zhike Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Hai‐Tao Ren
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Hao‐Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials Tiangong University Tianjin China
| | - Bing‐Chiuan Shiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials Minjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College Minjiang University Fuzhou China
| | - Ching‐Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials Minjiang University Fuzhou China
- College of Textile and Clothing Qingdao University Qingdao China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering Asia University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jia‐Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite Materials Tiangong University Tianjin China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean College Minjiang University Fuzhou China
- College of Textile and Clothing Qingdao University Qingdao China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials Feng Chia University Taichung Taiwan
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12
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Zanini NC, de Souza AG, Barbosa RFS, Rosa DS, Mulinari DR. Eco-friendly composites of polyurethane and sheath palm residues. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20987150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work prepared eco-friendly biocomposites of polyurethane (PU) and sheath palm residues, using castor oil as a polyol. PU composites filled with natural fibers were prepared at different loading rates: 0 to 20 wt.%. Results indicated that the sheath palm was hydrogen-bonded to PU chains and increased the foams' density. Pore size decreased with an increase in fiber content, from 256 to 116 µm. The fiber's addition improved the ductility of PU foams (compressive modulus from 4.74 to 0.26 MPa) and the foams' crystallinity index (from 5.4 to 15.4%). Compared to pristine PU, the composites showed high hydrophobicity (reaching 123° of contact angle for PU-15%) and thermal stability (Tonset from 96 to 96.3°), and high density (from 41 to 60 kg.m−3), making the developed composites an excellent option for environmental applications, such as oil removal and contaminant adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle C Zanini
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
| | - Alana G de Souza
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Rennan FS Barbosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Derval S Rosa
- Center for Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Daniella R Mulinari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Resende, Brazil
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Kairytė A. Application of Walnut Shells-Derived Biopolyol in the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2687. [PMID: 32545580 PMCID: PMC7345166 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam properties that were synthesized from walnut shells (WS)-based polyol. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the liquefaction of walnut shells was successfully performed. The three types of polyurethane (PUR) foams were synthesized by replacement of 10, 20, and 30 wt% of a petrochemical polyol with WS-based polyol. The impact of WS-based polyol on the cellular morphology, mechanical, thermal, and insulating characteristics of PUR foams was examined. The produced PUR foams had apparent densities from 37 to 39 kg m-3, depending on the weight ratio of WS-based polyol. PUR foams that were obtained from WS-based polyol exhibited improved mechanical characteristics when compared with PUR foams that were derived from the petrochemical polyol. PUR foams produced from WS-based polyol showed compressive strength from 255 to 310 kPa, flexural strength from 420 to 458 kPa, and impact strength from 340 to 368 kPa. The foams that were produced from WS-based polyol exhibited less uniform cell structure than foams derived from the petrochemical polyol. The thermal conductivity of the PUR foams ranged between 0.026 and 0.032 W m-1K-1, depending on the concentration of WS-based polyol. The addition of WS-based polyol had no significant influence on the thermal degradation characteristics of PUR foams. The maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was observed for PUR foams with the highest loading of WS-based polyol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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14
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Batool S, Gill R, Ma C, Reddy GCS, Guo W, Hu Y. Epoxy‐based multilayers for flame resistant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Batool
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Rohama Gill
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | | | - Wenwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
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15
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Chen Y, Luo Y, Guo X, Chen L, Xu T, Jia D. Structure and Flame-Retardant Actions of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E686. [PMID: 30988268 PMCID: PMC6523558 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, rigid polyurethane foams that were filled with expandable graphite (RPUF/EG) composites were prepared by the liquid blending method, and then the structure and flame retardancy performance of materials were investigated through optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, limit oxygen index, cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis coupled to fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that a large number of EG could be good to the exhibition of flame retardancy of RPUF, where the optimal material was found at loading 15 phr EG that showed an increased limit oxygen index value and a decreased calorific or fuming value. TGA coupled FTIR and XPS revealed that EG could disassembled before RPUF under heating treatment, and it could form a pyknotic and enahnced residual carbon layer on RPUF surface after the fire, which restricted the transfer of gas, like oxygen or heat into PU matrix, finally resulting in the promotion of flame retardancy of RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, Department of Polymeric Material and Engineering, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiwen Xu
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Ge X. Study on fire performance and pyrolysis of polyurethane foam material containing DMMP/TCPP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1387024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Fire Resistant Department, Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Chengdu, China
| | - Zejiang Zhang
- Fire Resistant Department, Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinguo Ge
- Fire Resistant Department, Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Chengdu, China
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17
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Mourão M, Silva I, Almeida C, Neng N, Nogueira J. Application of polyurethane-based devices as sorption-desorption phases for microextraction analysis – The all-in-one microextraction concept. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Liu W, Li F, Ge XG, Zhang ZJ, He J, Gao N. Effect of DMMP on the pyrolysis products of polyurethane foam materials in the gaseous phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/137/1/012037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Hatchett DW, Kinyanjui JM, Sapochak L. FTIR Analysis of Chemical Gradients in Thermally Processed Molded Polyurethane Foam. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x07076665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermally processed PU foams are examined as a function of processing temperatures (25, 45, 65, and 85°C) at the side, middle, and center of a simple cylindrical mold. The PU foams show both chemical and morphological differences as a function of the processing temperature and radial position within the mold. Thermal degradation of uretoneimine structures, the emergence of carbodiimide structures, and extent of reaction of isocyanate groups are measured using photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopy. Chemical gradients and morphology differences between the side, middle, and center of the molded foam are observed for all processing temperatures. The data indicate that thermal activation at the center of the mold is important for samples regardless of processing temperature. Furthermore, in spite of thermal processing at temperatures well above the decomposition of uretoneimine structures (40°C), chemical gradients remain within the simple molded foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Hatchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA,
| | - John M. Kinyanjui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Linda Sapochak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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20
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Sung G, Gwon JG, Kim JH. Characteristics of polyurethane adhesives with various uretonimine contents in isocyanate and average alcohol functionalities. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giwook Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
| | - Jae Gyoung Gwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
| | - Jung Hyeun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Seoul; Seoul 130-743 Korea
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21
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Yuan J, Li H, Gao Y, Yang D, Liu Y, Li H, Lu S. Well-defined polyurethane-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) copolymer with a controlled graft density and grafted chain length: synthesis and its application as a Pickering emulsion. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined PU-g-PDMA graft copolymers with controlled graft densities and grafted chain lengths could be facilely synthesized by combining the polyaddition reaction with the RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Heng Li
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Yong Gao
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province
| | | | - Yijiang Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
| | - Huaming Li
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials & Application Technology of Hunan Province
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
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22
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Research on properties of rigid polyurethane foam with heteroaromatic and brominated benzyl polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Chen MJ, Chen CR, Tan Y, Huang JQ, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. Inherently Flame-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foam with Low Content of Phosphorus-Containing Cross-Linking Agent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4036753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chun-Rong Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jian-Qian Huang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Tang Q, Ai Q, He J, Li X, Yang R. Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable poly(urethane–imide)s based on novel diols-containing imide and alkynyl groups. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008313486280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two novel diols having both imide and aromatic groups in main chains, including N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester glycol (PBDCG) and N, N-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-phenylalanine diacid ester butynediol (PBDCB), were synthesized. Then, the novel thermoplastic-segmented poly(urethane–imide)s (PUIs), in which 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and the diols as the hard segments and poly(tetrahydrofuran) as the soft segments, were prepared via two-step polymerization. The prepared polymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography, tensile tests and UL 94 vertical burn test. TGA result indicates that the novel PUIs with the rigid hard segments have slower degradation rates than the conventional polyurethanes, and PBDCB-based PUIs are more thermally stable than PBDCG-based PUIs. DSC and x-ray diffraction results confirm that they are amorphous structures. Moreover, DSC analysis indicates that the glass transition temperature of PUIs increases by increasing the contents of hard segments. The weight-average molecular weights of PUIs are in the range of 1.12–4.19 × 104. The UL 94 vertical burn test according to the ASTDM D3801 test method indicates that the PUIs are classified under vertical ranking V-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiheng Tang
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Ai
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyu He
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zheng Z, Yan J, Sun H, Cheng Z, Li W, Wang H, Cui X. Preparation and characterization of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its synergistic flame-retarded polyurethane rigid foams with expandable graphite. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihang Zheng
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Juntao Yan
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering; Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan 430023 PR China
| | - Huimin Sun
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment; Jilin Agricultural University; Changchun 130118 PR China
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Xuejun Cui
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
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Allan D, Daly J, Liggat J. Thermal volatilisation analysis of TDI-based flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Gu R, Konar S, Sain M. Preparation and Characterization of Sustainable Polyurethane Foams from Soybean Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Parsons N, Lam M, Hamilton S, Hui F. A preliminary investigation into the comparison of dissolution/digestion techniques for the chemical characterization of polyurethane foam. Sci Justice 2010; 50:177-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Kinyanjui JM, Hatchett DW. Thermally Induced Changes in the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Foam. J CELL PLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x10381103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of thermal treatment on the chemistry, physical, and mechanical properties of epoxy foam was evaluated. The foam was subjected to repeated thermal cycles (25—95°C), encompassing the temperature regime in which the forward and the retro Diels—Alder reaction occurs. Changes in the chemistry of the foam were evaluated using in situ FTIR spectroscopy during thermal exposure. In addition, the structural siloxane units within the epoxy foam were identified and evaluated using FTIR analysis. Thermal analysis was used to evaluate expansion, degradation, and mass loss during thermal exposure. Finally, the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated to determine how thermal cycling influences the density and modulus of the epoxy foam. Thermal exposure below the temperature required for the breakage of conjugated double bonds via Diels—Alder mechanism increases thermal expansion influencing the structural integrity and packing of siloxane chains. The data indicates that the chemical changes and the thermal expansion of the foam are irreversible. The combination of thermal expansion and the change in chemistry for the system strongly diminished the structural rigidity of the foam lowering the density and modulus of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Kinyanjui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - David W. Hatchett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas NV 89154-4003, USA,
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31
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Khan A, Ahmed Z, Edirisinghe M, Wong F, Rehman I. Preparation and characterization of a novel bioactive restorative composite based on covalently coupled polyurethane-nanohydroxyapatite fibres. Acta Biomater 2008; 4:1275-87. [PMID: 18522875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanohydroxyapatite (n-HAp) was prepared using a sol-gel method. n-HAp powder was obtained from the gel form by heat treatment followed by grinding using ball milling. A novel polyurethane composite material was prepared by chemically binding the hydroxyapatite to the diisocyanate component in the polyurethane backbone through solvent polymerization. The procedure involved the stepwise addition of monomeric units of the polyurethane and optimizing the reagent concentrations. The resultant composite material was electrospun to form fibre mats. The fibres were less than 1mum in thickness and contained no beads or irregularities. Chemical structural characterization of both the ceramics and the novel polymers were carried out by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis were also employed to observe the crystal lattice and size and surface area of the n-HAp. Further characterization (by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and SEM) of the spun fibres revealed the presence of elements associated with hydroxyapatite and polyurethane without the presence of any loose particles of hydroxyapatite, indicating the formation of the covalent bond between the ceramics and the polymer backbone.
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32
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Bian XC, Tang JH, Li ZM. Flame retardancy of hollow glass microsphere/rigid polyurethane foams in the presence of expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Nagle DJ, Celina M, Rintoul L, Fredericks PM. Infrared microspectroscopic study of the thermo-oxidative degradation of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene/isophorone diisocyanate polyurethane rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Haugen HJ, Brunner M, Pellkofer F, Aigner J, Will J, Wintermantel E. Effect of different gamma-irradiation doses on cytotoxicity and material properties of porous polyether-urethane polymer. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 80:415-23. [PMID: 16850461 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials respond to sterilization methods differently. Steam sterilization might decrease the performance of thermoplastic polyether-urethane (TPU); however, the effect of different gamma-radiation doses on this polymer is contradictory in present literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between irradiative doses in comparison with steam sterilization on a porous TPU scaffold produced by a new processing method. No significant differences in the surface chemical structure were found with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis when comparing with the sterilization methods. The molecular weight (M(w)) had a net increase from 11.5 +/- 0.039 to 13.2 +/- 0.072 kDa by gamma-sterilization from 10 to 60 kGy. The samples that were irradiated (>60 kGy) had also an increase in polydispersity index (PDI; 1.45 +/- 0.007) in comparison with the nonsterile ones (1.31 +/- 0.017), which indicate branching. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) analysis showed that there was a correlation between the concentration of the breakdown product, methyl dianiline, and cytotoxicity. The concentration of this compound was found to be four times higher in steam-sterilized sample (1.3 +/- 0.01 ppb) compared with that of the polymer sample gamma-sterilized at 10 kGy (0.3 +/- 0.01 ppb). The cytotoxicity of TPU was found to decrease with higher radiation doses, and was significantly higher for the steam-sterilized samples. It is recommended that TPU produced with the described foaming method should be sterilized by gamma-irradiation at 25 kGy or higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Bian XC, Tang JH, Li ZM, Lu ZY, Lu A. Dependence of flame-retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Li XB, Cao HB, Zhang Y. Thermal degradation kinetics of rigid polyurethane foams blown with water. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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