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Marcioni M, Zhao M, Maddalena L, Pettersson T, Avolio R, Castaldo R, Wågberg L, Carosio F. Layer-by-Layer-Coated Cellulose Fibers Enable the Production of Porous, Flame-Retardant, and Lightweight Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37467121 PMCID: PMC10401563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
New sustainable materials produced by green processing routes are required in order to meet the concepts of circular economy. The replacement of insulating materials comprising flammable synthetic polymers by bio-based materials represents a potential opportunity to achieve this task. In this paper, low-density and flame-retardant (FR) porous fiber networks are prepared by assembling Layer-by-Layer (LbL)-functionalized cellulose fibers by means of freeze-drying. The LbL coating, encompassing chitosan and sodium hexametaphosphate, enables the formation of a self-sustained porous structure by enhancing fiber-fiber interactions during the freeze-drying process. Fiber networks prepared from 3 Bi-Layer (BL)-coated fibers contain 80% wt of cellulose and can easily self-extinguish the flame during flammability tests in vertical configuration while displaying extremely low combustion rates in forced combustion tests. Smoke release is 1 order of magnitude lower than that of commercially available polyurethane foams. Such high FR efficiency is ascribed to the homogeneity of the deposited assembly, which produces a protective exoskeleton at the air/cellulose interface. The results reported in this paper represent an excellent opportunity for the development of fire-safe materials, encompassing natural components where sustainability and performance are maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marcioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mengxiao Zhao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenza Maddalena
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Torbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Avolio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Italian National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Castaldo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Italian National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly Coating for Multi-Functionalized Fabrics: A Scientometric Analysis in CiteSpace (2005-2021). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196767. [PMID: 36235299 PMCID: PMC9573603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-engineered coatings have been increasingly applied to functionalize fabrics due to the ease of deposition of the coatings and their effectiveness in endowing the fabric with abundant properties. Among the surface modification methods, layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly has emerged as an important approach for creating multifunctional surfaces on fabrics. In this review, bibliometric analysis with the visualization analysis of LbL self-assembly coatings on fabrics was performed on publications extracted from the Web of Science (WOS) from 2005 to 2021 based on the CiteSpace software. The analysis results showed that research on LbL self-assembly coatings on fabrics has attracted much attention, and this technique has plentiful and flexible applications. Moreover, research on the LbL self-assembly method in the field of functionalization of fabrics has been summarized, which include flame retardant fabric, antibacterial fabric, ultraviolet resistant fabric, hydrophobic fabric and electromagnetic shielding fabric. It was found that the functionalization of the fabric has been changing from singularity to diversification. Based on the review, several future research directions can be proposed. The weatherability, comfort, cost and environmental friendliness should be considered when the multifunctional coatings are designed.
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Zhu Y, Wu W, Xu T, Xu H, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Ma Y, Sui X, Wang B, Feng X, Mao Z. Preparation and characterization of polyphosphazene-based flame retardants with different functional groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Development of Advanced Textile Finishes Using Nano-Emulsions from Herbal Extracts for Organic Cotton Fabrics. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11080939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of textile finishing with improved functional properties has been a growing interest among industry and scientists worldwide. The recent global pandemic also enhanced the awareness amongst many toward improved hygiene and the use of antimicrobial textiles. Generally, natural herbal components are known to possess antimicrobial properties which are green and eco-friendly. This research reports a novel and innovative method of developing and optimising nano-emulsions using two combinations of herbal extracts produced from Moringa Oleifera, curry leaf, coconut oil (nano-emulsion 1) and other using Aegle marmelos with curry leaf and coconut oil (nano-emulsion 2). Nano-emulsions were optimised for their pH, thermal stability, and particle size, and percentage add-on. Organic cotton fabrics (20 and 60 gsm) were finished with nano-emulsions using continuous and batch processes and characterised for their surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The finished fabrics were evaluated for their Whiteness Index, assessed for antimicrobial resistance against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) using AATCC 100 and 147 methods. In addition, fabrics were assessed for their antifungal efficacy (AATCC 30), tensile strength and air permeability. Results suggested that finished organic fabrics with nano-emulsions had antimicrobial resistance, antifungal, wash fastness after 20 washing cycles, and sufficient strength. This novel finishing method suggests that organic cotton fabrics treated with nano-emulsions can be used as a durable antimicrobial textile for healthcare and hygiene textiles.
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PET Foams Surface Treated with Graphene Nanoplatelets: Evaluation of Thermal Resistance and Flame Retardancy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040501. [PMID: 33561979 PMCID: PMC7914555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, fire-retardant systems consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and dispersant agents were designed and applied on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam. Manual deposition from three different liquid solutions was performed in order to create a protective coating on the specimen’s surface. A very low amount of coating, between 1.5 and 3.5 wt%, was chosen for the preparation of coated samples. Flammability, flame penetration, and combustion tests demonstrated the improvement provided to the foam via coating. In particular, specimens with PSS/GNPs coating, compared to neat foam, were able to interrupt the flame during horizontal and vertical flammability tests and led to longer endurance times during the flame penetration test. Furthermore, during cone calorimetry tests, the time to ignition (TTI) increased and the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) was drastically reduced by up to 60% compared to that of the uncoated PET foam. Finally, ageing for 48 and 115 h at 160 °C was performed on coated specimens to evaluate the effect on flammability and combustion behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved the morphological effect of the heat treatment on the surface, showing that the coating was uniformly distributed. In this case, fire-retardant properties were enhanced, even if fewer GNPs were used.
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Meng W, Wu H, Wu R, Wang T, Wang A, Ma J, Xu J, Qu H. Fabrication of surface-modified magnesium hydroxide using Ni2+ chelation method and layer-by-layer assembly strategy: Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ur Rehman Z, Niaz AK, Song JI, Heun Koo B. Excellent Fire Retardant Properties of CNF/VMT Based LBL Coatings Deposited on Polypropylene and Wood-Ply. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:303. [PMID: 33477966 PMCID: PMC7844820 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, layer by layer (LBL) fire retardant coatings were produced on wood ply and Polypropylene Homopolymer/Flax fiber composites. FE-SEM and EDAX analysis was carried out to analyze the surface morphology, thickness, growth rate and elemental composition of the samples. Coatings with a high degree of uniformity were formed on Polypropylene composite (PP/flax), while coatings with highest thickness were obtained on wood ply (wood). FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were further used for the molecular identifications of the coatings, which confirmed the maximum deposition of the solution components on the wood substrate. A physiochemical analysis and model was proposed to explain the forces of adhesion between the substrate and solution molecules. Fire protection and thermal properties were studied using TGA and UL-94 tests. It was explored, that the degradation of the coated substrates was highly protected by the coatings as follows: wood > PP/flax > PP. From the UL-94 test, it was further discovered that more than 83% of the coated wood substrate was protected from burning, compared to the 0% of the uncoated substrate. The flammability resistance of the samples was ranked as wood > PP/flax > PP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bon Heun Koo
- College of Mechatronic Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Korea; (Z.U.R.); (A.K.N.); (J.-I.S.)
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8
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Improving the flame retardant properties of polyester‐cotton blend fabrics by introducing an intumescent coating via layer by layer assembly. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Biomacromolecules and Bio-Sourced Products for the Design of Flame Retarded Fabrics: Current State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203774. [PMID: 31635143 PMCID: PMC6833018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for possible alternatives to traditional flame retardants (FRs) is pushing the academic and industrial communities towards the design of new products that exhibit low environmental impact and toxicity, notwithstanding high performances, when put in contact with a flame or exposed to an irradiative heat flux. In this context, in the last five to ten years, the suitability and effectiveness of some biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products with a specific chemical structure and composition as effective flame retardants for natural or synthetic textiles has been thoroughly explored at the lab-scale level. In particular, different proteins (such as whey proteins, caseins, and hydrophobins), nucleic acids and extracts from natural sources, even wastes and crops, have been selected and exploited for designing flame retardant finishing treatments for several fibers and fabrics. It was found that these biomacromolecules and bio-sourced products, which usually bear key elements (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur) can be easily applied to textiles using standard impregnation/exhaustion methods or even the layer-by-layer technique; moreover, these “green” products are mostly responsible for the formation of a stable protective char (i.e., a carbonaceous residue), as a result of the exposure of the textile substrate to a heat flux or a flame. This review is aimed at summarizing the development and the recent progress concerning the utilization of biomacromolecules/bio-sourced products as effective flame retardants for different textile materials. Furthermore, the existing drawbacks and limitations of the proposed finishing approaches as well as some possible further advances will be considered.
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10
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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11
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Massella D, Argenziano M, Ferri A, Guan J, Giraud S, Cavalli R, Barresi AA, Salaün F. Bio-Functional Textiles: Combining Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers with Fibrous Materials for Innovative Dermatological Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E403. [PMID: 31405229 PMCID: PMC6723157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of pharmaceutical technology, significant attention has been paid on exploiting skin as a drug administration route. Considering the structural and chemical complexity of the skin barrier, many research works focused on developing an innovative way to enhance skin drug permeation. In this context, a new class of materials called bio-functional textiles has been developed. Such materials consist of the combination of advanced pharmaceutical carriers with textile materials. Therefore, they own the possibility of providing a wearable platform for continuous and controlled drug release. Notwithstanding the great potential of these materials, their large-scale application still faces some challenges. The present review provides a state-of-the-art perspective on the bio-functional textile technology analyzing the several issues involved. Firstly, the skin physiology, together with the dermatological delivery strategy, is keenly described in order to provide an overview of the problems tackled by bio-functional textiles technology. Secondly, an overview of the main dermatological nanocarriers is provided; thereafter the application of these nanomaterial to textiles is presented. Finally, the bio-functional textile technology is framed in the context of the different dermatological administration strategies; a comparative analysis that also considers how pharmaceutical regulation is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Massella
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy.
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ada Ferri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonello A Barresi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France
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Carosio F, Ghanadpour M, Alongi J, Wågberg L. Layer-by-layer-assembled chitosan/phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils as a bio-based and flame protecting nano-exoskeleton on PU foams. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:479-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Pan D, Wu Y, Wu B, Kui C, Ji L, Zhu J. A Novel Approach for Water-Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detao Pan
- Materials Genome Institute; Shanghai University; Shangda Road 99 Shanghai 200444 P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Chen Kui
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Meilong Road 130 Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
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14
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Carosio F, Di Pierro A, Alongi J, Fina A, Saracco G. Controlling the melt dripping of polyester fabrics by tuning the ionic strength of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and sodium montmorillonite coatings assembled through Layer by Layer. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 510:142-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Wei H, Zhu Z, Sun H, Mu P, Liang W, Li A. Graphene and poly(ionic liquid) modified polyurethane sponges with enhanced flame-retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wei
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhu
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxue Sun
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Mu
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Liang
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
| | - An Li
- College of Petrochemical Technology; Lanzhou University of Technology; 287 Langongping Road Lanzhou 730050 People's Republic of China
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Carosio F, Alongi J, Paravidino C, Frache A. Improving the Flame Retardant Efficiency of Layer by Layer Coatings Containing Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Post-Diffusion of Hydrotalcite Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E709. [PMID: 28773071 PMCID: PMC5551752 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with the use of hydrotalcite nanoparticle post-diffusion in layer by layer (LbL) coatings with the aim of improving their flame retardant action on cotton. The selected LbL components, which encompass polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride and deoxyribonucleic acid, aim at the deposition of an intumescent coating. Infrared spectra pointed out a super-linear growth of the investigated assembly, indicating the ability to deposit thick coatings while maintaining a relatively low deposition number. A post-diffusion process, performed by exposing the LbL-treated fabrics to two different concentrations of hydrotalcite water suspensions (0.1 or 1 wt %), was carried out to improve the fireproofing efficiency of these coatings. Coatings treated with the lowest concentration suspension partially swelled as a consequence of their structural rearrangements while the use of the highest concentration led to nanoparticle aggregates. Horizontal flame spread tests were used for assessing the achieved flame retardant properties. The post-diffusion performed at the lowest hydrotalcite concentration lowers the minimum number of Bi-Layers required for obtaining cotton self-extinguishment while samples treated with the highest concentration showed detrimental effects on the performances of treated fabrics. This behavior is ascribed to the effects of hydrotalcite particles on the intumescence of LbL coatings, as evidenced by the morphological analyses of post-combustion residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Paravidino
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Alberto Frache
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Campus, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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17
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Alongi J, Carosio F. All-Inorganic Intumescent Nanocoating Containing Montmorillonite Nanoplatelets in Ammonium Polyphosphate Matrix Capable of Preventing Cotton Ignition. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E430. [PMID: 30974707 PMCID: PMC6432209 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present manuscript a new concept of completely inorganic intumescent flame retardant nanocoating comprised of sodium montmorillonite nanoplatelets embedded in an ammonium polyphosphate matrix has been investigated using cotton as model substrate. The coating, deposited by multistep adsorption from diluted water-based suspensions/solutions, homogenously cover each cotton fibers with average thicknesses below 50 nm and add-on up to 5% in weight. Combustion characterization evidences the interesting properties: indeed, the so-treated fabrics reached self-extinguishing during horizontal flame spread tests. Furthermore, when the coating add-on reaches 5%, no ignition has been observed during cone calorimetry tests under 35 kW/m² heat flux. Residue analyses pointed out the formation of an expanded all-inorganic coating capable of greatly improving char formation by exerting barrier function towards volatile release and heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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18
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Wang Y, Yang X, Peng H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang Y, Hao J. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Multifunctional Flame Retardant Based on Brucite, 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and Alginate and Its Applications in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9925-9935. [PMID: 27002922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and multifunctional brucite/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)/nickel alginate/APTES (B/A/Nia/A) hybrid flame retardant was fabricated via the layer-by-layer assembly technique with brucite, silane coupling agents, nickel chloride, and sodium alginate. The morphology, chemical composition, and structure of the hybrid flame retardant were characterized. The results confirmed the multilayer structure and indicated that the assembled driving forces were electrostatic interactions, dehydration condensation, hydrogen bonds, and coordination bonds. When used in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) resin, the multifunctional flame retardant had better performance than brucite in improving the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties. With 130 phr loading, the multifunctional flame retardant achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 32.3% and a UL 94 V-0 rating, whereas the brucite achieved only 31.1% and a V-2 rating, respectively. The peak heat release rate and total heat released decreased by 41.5% and 8.9%, respectively. The multifunctional flame retardant had an excellent performance in reducing the smoke, CO, and CO2 production rates. These improvements could be attributed to the catalyzing carbonization of nickel compounds and the formation of more protective char layers. Moreover, the elongation at break increased by 97.5%, which benefited from the improved compatibility and the sacrificial bonds in the nickel alginate. The mechanism of flame retardant, smoke suppression, and toughening is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Peng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiu Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yunguo Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, PR China
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