1
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Nasiri-Tabrizi B, Basirun WJ, Walvekar R, Yeong CH, Phang SW. Exploring the potential of intermetallic alloys as implantable biomaterials: A comprehensive review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213854. [PMID: 38703541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the utilization of intermetallic alloys (IMAs) as advanced biomaterials for medical implants, scrutinizing their conceptual framework, fabrication challenges, and diverse manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, and additive manufacturing. Manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and injection molding are discussed, with specific emphasis on achieving optimal grain sizes, surface roughness, and mechanical properties. Post-treatment methods aimed at refining surface quality, dimensional precision, and mechanical properties of IMAs are explored, including the use of heat treatments to enhance biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. The review presents an in-depth examination of IMAs-based implantable biomaterials, covering lab-scale developments and commercial-scale implants. Specific IMAs such as Nickel Titanium, Titanium Aluminides, Iron Aluminides, Magnesium-based IMAs, Zirconium-based IMAs, and High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are highlighted, with detailed discussions on their mechanical properties, including strength, elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance. Future directions are outlined, with an emphasis on the anticipated growth in the orthopedic devices market and the role of IMAs in meeting this demand. The potential of porous IMAs in orthopedics is explored, with emphasis on achieving optimal pore sizes and distributions for enhanced osseointegration. The review concludes by highlighting the ongoing need for research and development efforts in IMAs technologies, including advancements in design and fabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Jefrey Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siew Wei Phang
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Kuo CC, Pan XY. Development of a Rapid Tool for Metal Injection Molding Using Aluminum-Filled Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3513. [PMID: 37688141 PMCID: PMC10490354 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is a near net-shape manufacturing process combining conventional plastic injection molding and powder metallurgy. Two kinds of injections molds for MIM were developed using conventional mold steel and aluminum (Al)-filled epoxy resins in this study. The characteristics of the mold made by rapid tooling technology (RTT) were evaluated and compared with that of the fabricated conventional machining method through the MIM process. It was found that the service life of the injection mold fabricated by Al-filled epoxy resin is about 1300 molding cycles with the average surface roughness of 158 nm. The mold service life of the injection mold fabricated by Al-filled epoxy resin is about 1.3% that of the conventional mold steel. The reduction in manufacturing cost of an injection mold made by Al-filled epoxy resin is about 30.4% compared with that of the fabricated conventional mold steel. The saving in manufacturing time of an injection mold made by RTT is about 30.3% compared with that of the fabricated conventional machining method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chil-Chyuan Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, No. 84, Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- Research Center for Intelligent Medical Devices, Ming Chi University of Technology, No. 84, Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Center for Reliability Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, No. 84, Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Yu Pan
- Shin Zu Shing Co., Ltd., No. 174, Junying Street, Shulin District, New Taipei City 238, Taiwan
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3
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Basir A, Muhamad N, Sulong AB, Jamadon NH, Foudzi FM. Recent Advances in Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys through Metal Injection Molding for Biomedical Applications: 2013-2022. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113991. [PMID: 37297124 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes worldwide as it is a cost-effective way of producing a variety of dental and orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and other important biomedical products. Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are popular modern metallic materials that have revamped the biomedical sector as they have superior biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and high static and fatigue strength. This paper systematically reviews the MIM process parameters that extant studies have used to produce Ti and Ti alloy components between 2013 and 2022 for the medical industry. Moreover, the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the MIM-processed sintered components has been reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that by appropriately selecting and implementing the processing parameters at different stages of the MIM process, defect-free Ti and Ti alloy-based biomedical components can be produced. Therefore, this present study could greatly benefit future studies that examine using MIM to develop products for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Basir
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhamidi Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nashrah Hani Jamadon
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Mohd Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Widiantara IP, Putri RAK, Han DI, Bahanan W, Lee EH, Woo CH, Kang JH, Ryu J, Ko YG. Characterization of Green Part of Steel from Metal Injection Molding: An Analysis Using Moldflow. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2516. [PMID: 36984396 PMCID: PMC10058248 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is a quick manufacturing method that produces elaborate and complex items accurately and repeatably. The success of MIM is highly impacted by green part characteristics. This work characterized the green part of steel produced using MIM from feedstock with a powder/binder ratio of 93:7. Several parameters were used, such as dual gates position, injection temperature of ~150 °C, and injection pressure of ~180 MPa. Analysis using Moldflow revealed that the aformentioned parameters were expected to produce a green part with decent value of confidence to fill. However, particular regions exhibited high pressure drop and low-quality prediction, which may lead to the formation of defects. Scanning electron microscopy, as well as three-dimensional examination using X-ray computed tomography, revealed that only small amounts of pores were formed, and critical defects such as crack, surface wrinkle, and binder separation were absent. Hardness analysis revealed that the green part exhibited decent homogeneity. Therefore, the observed results could be useful to establish guidelines for MIM of steel in order to obtain a high quality green part.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Putu Widiantara
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rosy Amalia Kurnia Putri
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Da In Han
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Warda Bahanan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Kyerim Metal Co., Ltd., Chilgok 39910, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Woo
- Kyerim Metal Co., Ltd., Chilgok 39910, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Kang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Ryu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gun Ko
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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5
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Chen T, Suryanarayana C, Yang C. Advanced titanium materials processed from titanium hydride powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Gao G, Zhang L, Li Z, Ma S, Ma F. Porous Microneedles for Therapy and Diagnosis: Fabrication and Challenges. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:85-105. [PMID: 36475572 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of microneedles (MNs), an innovative transdermal technology, enables efficient, convenient, painless, and controlled-release drug delivery. Porous microneedles (pMNs), special MNs with abundant interconnected pores that can produce capillary action, are gaining increasing attention as a novel MNs technology. pMNs can actively adsorb bioactive ingredients from solutions of drugs or vaccines for in vivo delivery or from interstitial skin fluids (ISFs) for wearable and point-of-care testing (POCT) products. Different pore sizes and porosities of pMNs can be achieved with different materials and preparation processes, which makes the application of pMNs adaptable to multiple scenarios. In addition, easier and faster detection will be accomplished by the smart combination of pMNs with other detection technologies. This paper aims to summarize the recent research progress of pMNs, focusing on the influence of various materials and their corresponding preparation methods on its structure and function display, discussing the key issues and looking forward to the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Gao
- Laboratory of Biologics and Biomaterials, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing 313216, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Biologics and Biomaterials, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing 313216, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Laboratory of Biologics and Biomaterials, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing 313216, China
| | - Shichao Ma
- Laboratory of Biologics and Biomaterials, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing 313216, China
| | - Fengsen Ma
- Laboratory of Biologics and Biomaterials, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Deqing 313216, China.,The Institute for Frontiers and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
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7
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Su S, Hong Z, Huang Y, Wang P, Li X, Wu J, Wu Y. Integrated Numerical Simulations and Experimental Measurements for the Sintering Process of Injection-Molded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228109. [PMID: 36431595 PMCID: PMC9695473 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) is an advanced manufacturing technology that enables the mass production of high-performance and complex materials, such as the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The determination of the size change and deformation of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy after the sintering process is challenging and critical for quality control. The numerical simulation could be a fast and cost-effective way to predict size change and deformation, given the large degrees of freedom for the sintering process. Herein, a finite element method based on the thermal-elastic-viscoplastic macroscopic model is developed to predict the shrinkage, deformation, relative density, and crack of injection-molded Ti-6Al-4V after sintering, using the Simufact software. Excellent agreements between experimental measurements and numerical simulations of the size and deformation are demonstrated (within a 3% error), confirming the accuracy of the numerical model. This approach can serve as a guideline for the mold design and sintering optimization of the MIM process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Su
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jiangsu Gian Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213016, China
| | - Zijian Hong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Gian Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213016, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- Jiangsu Gian Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213016, China
| | - Junwen Wu
- Jiangsu Gian Technology Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213016, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Zhang H, Hayat MD, Zhang W, Singh H, Hu K, Cao P. Improving an easy-to-debind PEG/PPC/PMMA-based binder. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Electrostatic self-assembly approach in the deposition of bio-functional chitosan-based layers enriched with caffeic acid on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys by alternate immersion. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212791. [PMID: 35929324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring surface properties by layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition directed on the construction of complex multilayer coatings with nanoscale precision enables the development of novel structures and devices with desired functional properties (i.e., osseointegration, bactericidal activity, biocorrosion protection). Herein, electrostatic self-assembly was applied to fabricate biopolymer-based coatings involving chitosan (CSM) and alginate (AL) enriched with caffeic acid (CA) on Ti-6Al-7Nb alloyed surfaces. The method of CA grafting onto the chitosan backbone (CA-g-CSM) as well as all used reagents for implant functionalization were chosen as green and sustainable approach. The final procedure of surface modification of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy consists of three steps: (i) chemical treatment in Piranha solution, (ii) plasma chemical-activation of the Ti alloy surface in a RF CVD (Radio Frequency Chemical Vapour Deposition) reactor using Ar, O2 and NH3 gaseous precursors, and (iii) a multi-step deposition of bio-functional coatings via dip-coating method. Corrosion tests have revealed that the resulting chitosan-based coatings, also these involving CA, block the specimen surface and hinder corrosion of titanium alloy. Furthermore, the antioxidant layers are characterized by beneficial level of roughness (Ra up ca. 350 nm) and moderate hydrophilicity (59°) with the dispersion part of conducive surface energy ca. 30 mJ/m2. Noteworthy, all coatings are biocompatible as the intact morphology of cultured eukaryotic cells ensured proper growth and proliferation, while exhibit bacteriostatic character, particularly in contact with Gram-(-) bacteria (E. coli). The study indicates that the applied simple sustainable strategy has contributed significantly to obtaining homogeneous, stable, and biocompatible while antibacterial biopolymer-based coatings.
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10
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An Overview of Highly Porous Titanium Processed via Metal Injection Molding in Combination with the Space Holder Method. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, titanium foams have attracted greater interest from the biomedical industry due to their excellent chemical and mechanical biocompatibility when used as biomimetic implants. The porous structure plays an important role in bone adhesion to an implant, allowing its growth into the component. Moreover, the voids reduce the elastic modulus, promoting greater compatibility with the bone, avoiding the stress shielding effect. In this regard, metal injection molding is an attractive process for titanium foams manufacturing due to the high microstructural control and the possibility of producing, on a large scale, parts with complex near-net-shaped structures. In this review, recent discoveries and advantages regarding the processing of titanium powders and alloys via metal injection molding combined with the space holder method are presented. This approach can be used to obtain foams with high biocompatibility with the human body at a microstructural, chemical, and mechanical level.
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11
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Pascu CI, Nicolicescu C, Cioateră N, Gheorghe Ș, Geonea I, Didu A. Characterization of Titanium Alloy Obtained by Powder Metallurgy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062057. [PMID: 35329509 PMCID: PMC8950171 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ti-based alloys are an important class of materials suitable especially for medical applications, but they are also used in the industrial sector. Due to their low tribological properties it is necessary to find optimal technologies and alloying elements in order to develop new alloys with improved properties. In this paper, a study on the influence of sintering treatments on the final properties of a titanium alloy is presented. The alloy of interest was obtained using the powders in following weight ratio: 80% wt Ti, 8% wt Mn, 3% wt Sn, 6% wt Aluminix123, 2% wt Zr and 1% wt graphite. Two sintering methods were used, namely two-step sintering (TSS) and multiple-step sintering (MSS), as alternatives to conventional sintering which uses a single sintering dwell time. Evolution of sample morphology, composition and crystalline structure with sintering method was evidenced. The lower values for the friction coefficient and for the wear rate was attained in the case of the sample obtained by TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ileana Pascu
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania; (C.I.P.); (Ș.G.); (I.G.)
| | - Claudiu Nicolicescu
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania; (C.I.P.); (Ș.G.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Nicoleta Cioateră
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ștefan Gheorghe
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania; (C.I.P.); (Ș.G.); (I.G.)
| | - Ionuț Geonea
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania; (C.I.P.); (Ș.G.); (I.G.)
| | - Anca Didu
- Faculty of Mechanics, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania; (C.I.P.); (Ș.G.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.N.); (A.D.)
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12
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Fatigue Assessment of Inconel 625 Produced by Directed Energy Deposition from Miniaturized Specimens. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the industrial application of Inconel 625 has grown significantly. This material is a nickel-base alloy, which is well known for its chemical resistance and mechanical properties, especially in high-temperature environments. The fatigue performance of parts produced via Metallic Additive Manufacturing (MAM) heavily rely on their manufacturing parameters. Therefore, it is important to characterize the properties of alloys produced by a given set of parameters. The present work proposes a methodology for characterization of the mechanical properties of MAM parts, including the material production parametrization by Laser Directed Energy Deposition (DED). The methodology consists of the testing of miniaturized specimens, after their production in DED, supported by a numerical model developed and validated by experimental data for stress calculation. An extensive mechanical characterization, with emphasis on high-cycle fatigue, of Inconel 625 produced via DED is herein discussed. The results obtained using miniaturized specimens were in good agreement with standard-sized specimens, therefore validating the applied methodology even in the case of some plastic effects. Regarding the high-cycle fatigue properties, the samples produced via DED presented good fatigue performance, comparable with other competing Metallic Additive Manufactured (MAMed) and conventionally manufactured materials.
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13
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The preparation of spherical tin bronze alloy powder via the flash remelting spheroidization method. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Wermuth DP, Paim TC, Bertaco I, Zanatelli C, Naasani LIS, Slaviero M, Driemeier D, Tavares AC, Martins V, Escobar CF, Dos Santos LAL, Schaeffer L, Wink MR. Mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility analysis of pure iron porous implant produced by metal injection molding: A new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112532. [PMID: 34857310 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metal injection molding (MIM) has become an important manufacturing technology for biodegradable medical devices. As a biodegradable metal, pure iron is a promising biomaterial due to its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In light of this, we performed the first study that manufactured and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of samples of iron porous implants produced by MIM with a new eco-friendly feedstock from natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), a promisor binder that provides elastic property in the green parts. The iron samples were submitted to tests to determine density, microhardness, hardness, yield strength, and stretching. The biocompatibility of the samples was studied in vitro with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) and erythrocytes, and in vivo on a preclinical model with Wistar rats, testing the iron samples after subcutaneous implant. Results showed that the manufactured samples have adequate physical, and mechanical characteristics to biomedical devices and they are cytocompatible with ADSCs, hemocompatible and biocompatible with Wistars rats. Therefore, pure iron produced by MIM can be considered a promising material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pacheco Wermuth
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Casagrande Paim
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Bertaco
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Zanatelli
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Liliana Ivet Sous Naasani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mônica Slaviero
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, 91540-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Carvalho Tavares
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Martins
- Laboratório de Metalurgia do Pó, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense Campus Sapucaia do Sul, Av. Copacabana 100, 93216-120 Sapucaia do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Ferreira Escobar
- Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Av. Centenário 697, 44.085-132 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Loureiro Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biomateriais & Cerâmicas Avançadas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lirio Schaeffer
- Laboratório de Transformação Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Singh P, Balla VK, Atre SV, German RM, Kate KH. Factors affecting properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy additive manufactured by metal fused filament fabrication. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Fabrication of TiAl alloys turbocharger turbine wheel for engines by metal injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hayat MD, Zhang H, Karumbaiah KM, Singh H, Xu Y, Zou L, Qu X, Ray S, Cao P. A novel PEG/PMMA based binder composition for void-free metal injection moulding of Ti components. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Côté R, Azzouni M, Demers V. Impact of binder constituents on the moldability of titanium-based feedstocks used in low-pressure powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Dziaduszewska M, Zieliński A. Structural and Material Determinants Influencing the Behavior of Porous Ti and Its Alloys Made by Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:712. [PMID: 33546358 PMCID: PMC7913507 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in tissue engineering is the manufacturing of porous structures that are customized in size and shape and that mimic natural bone structure. Additive manufacturing is known as a sufficient method to produce 3D porous structures used as bone substitutes in large segmental bone defects. The literature indicates that the mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds highly depend on geometrical features of structure (pore size, pore shape, porosity), surface morphology, and chemistry. The objective of this review is to present the latest advances and trends in the development of titanium scaffolds concerning the relationships between applied materials, manufacturing methods, and interior architecture determined by porosity, pore shape, and size, and the mechanical, biological, chemical, and physical properties. Such a review is assumed to show the real achievements and, on the other side, shortages in so far research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Dziaduszewska
- Biomaterials Technology Division, Institute of Machines Technology and Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Building, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Moghadam MS, Fayyaz A, Ardestani M. Fabrication of titanium components by low-pressure powder injection moulding using hydride-dehydride titanium powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Processing of Highly Filled Polymer-Metal Feedstocks for Fused Filament Fabrication and the Production of Metallic Implants. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194413. [PMID: 33022989 PMCID: PMC7579466 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a new procedure for the production of plastic parts, particularly if the parts have a complex geometry and are only needed in a limited quantity, e.g., in specific medical applications. In addition to the production of parts which are purely composed of polymers, fused filament fabrication can be successfully applied for the preparation of green bodies for sintering of metallic implant materials in medical applications. In this case, highly filled polymer–metal feedstocks, which contain a variety of polymeric components, are used. In this study, we focus on various polymer-metal feedstocks, investigate the rheological properties of these materials, and relate them to our results of FFF experiments. Small amplitudes of shear oscillations reveal that the linear range of the polymer–metal feedstocks under investigation is very small, which is caused by elastic and viscous interactions between the metallic particles. These interactions strongly influence or even dominate the flow properties of the feedstock depending on the applied shear stress. The magnitude of the complex viscosity strongly increases with decreasing angular frequency, which indicates the existence of an apparent yield stress. The viscosity increase caused by the high powder loading needed for sintering limits the maximum printing velocity and the minimum layer height. The apparent yield stress hinders the formation of smooth surfaces in the FFF process and slows down the welding of deposited layers. The influence of composition on the processing parameters (suitable temperature range) and part properties (e.g., surface roughness) is discussed on the basis of rheological data.
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22
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Hu K, Zou L, Shi Q, Hu K, Liu X, Duan B. Effect of titanium hydride powder addition on microstructure and properties of titanium powder injection molding. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Chen L, Luo J, Wang Q, Xiong L, Gong H. First-principles study of cohesion strength and stability of titanium-carbon interfaces using vdW interaction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:145001. [PMID: 31855858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab63e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interface adhesion and stability between titanium and carbon materials have been investigated by first-principles calculation, in which three different DFT-PBE, DFT-LDA and optB88-vdW approaches are considered. Our calculation reveals that the formation of carbon vacancy in graphene would enhance the interface stability and increase interfacial strength, which may be due to a strong hybridization between titanium atom and the sp2 dangling bonds of the carbons near the vacancy. It is also found that the van der Waals interaction has less effects on cohesion properties of the titanium/graphite interfaces, and the Ti-C bond of titanium-carbon interfaces is weaker than that of the TiC bulk. The derived results are discussed in depth by means of electron distribution and Bader transfer analysis, and could be used as a guiding parameter for exploring the fundamental properties of titanium-carbon products as well as various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, People's Republic of China. Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Surface Technology of Aeronautical Materials, Nanchang Hangkong University, Jiangxi 330063, People's Republic of China
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24
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, Yu P, Dargusch M, StJohn D, Qian M. Metal injection moulding of surgical tools, biomaterials and medical devices: A review. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, StJohn DH, Dargusch MS. Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Biodegradable Iron⁻Manganese Scaffolds Produced by Powder Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1572. [PMID: 31091657 PMCID: PMC6566156 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Powder sintering at 1200 °C for 180 min was used to produce Fe-Mn based alloys with tensile properties and an elastic modulus suitable for biodegradable implant applications. The effect of the addition of manganese on the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the Fe-Mn alloys was investigated. The Fe-35Mn alloy with a microstructure dominated by the Austenite phase showed the best set of tensile properties, including ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus, suitable for orthopaedic implant applications. The fracture surface of the Fe-35Mn alloy showed signs of complex multimode fracture behaviour, consisting of interconnected pores and large segments with signs of ductile fracture, including the presence of dimples as well as micro-voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dehghan-Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - D H StJohn
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - M S Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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26
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The Technological Design of Geometrically Complex Ti-6Al-4V Parts by Metal Injection Molding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9071339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the metal injection molding (MIM) process is applied to produce Ti-6Al-4V parts using blended and prealloyed powders, respectively. The feedstocks are prepared from a polyformaldehyde-based binder system with a powder loading of 60 vol%, exhibiting a low viscosity. The decomposition behavior of the binders is investigated and the thermal debinding procedure is designed accordingly. The debound parts are subsequently sintered at 1200 and 1300 °C. The results show the mechanical properties of the sintered samples prepared from blended powder are comparable to those prepared from prealloyed powder, with yield strength of 810 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 927 MPa, and elongation of 4.6%. The density of the as-sintered samples can reach 4.26 g/cm3 while oxygen content is ~0.3%. Based on the results, watch cases with complex shapes are successfully produced from Ti-6Al-4V blended powder. The case gives a good example of applying metal injection molding to mass production of precise Ti-6Al-4V parts with complex shapes in a cost-effective way.
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27
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Comparison of deoxidation capability on the specific surface area of irregular titanium powder using calcium reductant. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Oxygen scavenging, grain refinement and mechanical properties improvement in powder metallurgy titanium and titanium alloys with CaB6. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Sintering properties of Ti-27Nb alloys prepared by using Ti/TiH2 powders under argon and hydrogen sintering processes. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dehghan-Manshadi A, Chen Y, Shi Z, Bermingham M, StJohn D, Dargusch M, Qian M. Porous Titanium Scaffolds Fabricated by Metal Injection Moulding for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1573. [PMID: 30200402 PMCID: PMC6163891 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible titanium scaffolds with up to 40% interconnected porosity were manufactured through the metal injection moulding process and the space holder technique. The mechanical properties of the manufactured scaffold showed a high level of compatibility with those of the cortical human bone. Sintering at 1250 °C produced scaffolds with 36% porosity and more than 90% interconnected pores, a compressive yield stress of 220 MPa and a Young's modulus of 7.80 GPa, all suitable for bone tissue engineering. Increasing the sintering temperature to 1300 °C increased the Young's modulus to 22.0 GPa due to reduced porosity, while reducing the sintering temperature to 1150 °C lowered the yield stress to 120 MPa, indicative of insufficient sintering. Electrochemical studies revealed that samples sintered at 1150 °C have a higher corrosion rate compared with those at a sintering temperature of 1250 °C. Overall, it was concluded that sintering at 1250 °C yielded the most desirable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dehghan-Manshadi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yunhui Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Zhiming Shi
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael Bermingham
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David StJohn
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Queensland Centre for Advanced Materials Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ma Qian
- School of Engineering, Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Elkaseer A, Mueller T, Azcarate S, Philipp-Pichler M, Wilfinger T, Wittner W, Prantl M, Sampaio D, Hagenmeyer V, Scholz S. Replication of Overmolded Orthopedic Implants with a Functionalized Thin Layer of Biodegradable Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070707. [PMID: 30960631 PMCID: PMC6403714 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reports on the development of a biodegradable overmolded orthopedic implant: a metal bone fixing screw, which has been overmolded with a functionalized thin layer of biodegradable polymer to enhance cell adhesion during the healing process. The main challenges were to integrate precise, high-throughput and repeatable solutions to achieve a thin, defect-free structured polymer layer and to ensure a high and consistent implant quality. The work carried out entailed determining proper materials (Purasorb PDLG 5010) for the biodegradable overmolding layer and its economical substitute (NaKu PLA 100HF) to be used during initial tool and process development, designing the surface structure of the overmolded polymer layer, development of injection molding tools, as well as feeding and handling procedures. The injection overmolding process of Purasorb PDLG 5010 polymer was controlled, and the process parameters were optimized. In particular, the dominant process parameters for the overmolding, namely injection pressure, barrel temperature and mold temperature, were experimentally examined using a circumscribed three-factor central composite design and two quality marks; overmolding roughness and mass of polymer. The analysis of the experimental results shows that the mass of the overmolding is not feasible for use as the quality mark. However, the optimal parameters for the overmolding of a metallic implant screw with a thin, micro-structured polymer layer with a predefined roughness of the surface texture have been identified successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkaseer
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt.
| | - Tobias Mueller
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Sampaio
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil.
| | - Veit Hagenmeyer
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Steffen Scholz
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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32
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Oh JM, Koo JG, Lim JW. Variation in lattice parameters and strain of sintered titanium powder by advanced hydrogen sintering process. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Harun W, Kamariah M, Muhamad N, Ghani S, Ahmad F, Mohamed Z. A review of powder additive manufacturing processes for metallic biomaterials. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Yan X, Wang C, Xiong W, Hou T, Hao L, Tang D. Thermal debinding mass transfer mechanism and dynamics of copper green parts fabricated by an innovative 3D printing method. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10355-10360. [PMID: 35540457 PMCID: PMC9078878 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal debinding mass transfer mechanism and dynamics of copper green parts fabricated by an innovative 3D printing method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Yan
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- Chian
| | - Chao Wang
- Zhengzhou Vocational University of Information and Technology
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- Chian
| | - Tongwei Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Liang Hao
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- Chian
| | - Danna Tang
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- Chian
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36
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Yan X, Hao L, Xiong W, Tang D. Research on influencing factors and its optimization of metal powder injection molding without mold via an innovative 3D printing method. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work makes it possible to carry out metal powder injection molding without a mold to manufacture metal and alloy components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Yan
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center for Jewelry
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Liang Hao
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center for Jewelry
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center for Jewelry
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Danna Tang
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Center for Jewelry
- Gemological Institute
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan
- China
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