1
|
Frost I, Seely C, McCray H, Callero K, Seminara J, Martinez R, Reid A, Wilbur C, Koebel K, McArt J. Effect of postpartum calcium supplementation on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in multiparous Holstein cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:215-219. [PMID: 38646577 PMCID: PMC11026966 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Although postpartum Ca supplementation strategies are often employed to prevent subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows, these strategies have produced a mix of beneficial, neutral, and detrimental results when assessing milk yield and subsequent disease outcomes. Because the mechanisms underlying these differing results are unknown, our objectives were to determine how common postpartum Ca supplementation strategies affect blood Ca concentrations and parathyroid hormone (PTH). We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 74 multiparous dairy cows on a commercial dairy in central New York. Cows were assigned to 1 of 4 supplementation groups immediately after calving: (1) control (CON; no Ca supplementation, n = 15); (2) conventional oral Ca supplementation (BOL-C; 43 g of oral Ca bolus administered immediately after calving and 24 h later, n = 17); (3) delayed oral Ca supplementation (BOL-D; 43 g of oral Ca bolus administered 48 and 72 h after calving, n = 15); or (4) subcutaneous infusion (SQ; 500 mL of 23% Ca borogluconate infused subcutaneously once immediately after calving, n = 15). Blood samples were collected immediately after calving (0 h) and at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 120, and 168 h postpartum for a total of 15 blood samples per cow. Cows were excluded if administered Ca, via any route, by farm employees or if they died or were sold within 96 h following parturition, which left 62 cows for analysis. Linear mixed models, accounting for repeated measures, were created to analyze changes in serum total Ca (tCa) and PTH over the first 168 h after parturition and assess differences between supplementation groups. Serum tCa and PTH concentrations were not different at the time of calving among supplementation groups. There was a supplementation group by hour postcalving interaction for mean tCa concentration in which SQ cows had reduced tCa concentrations from 32 to 64 h compared with CON cows, 32 to 96 h compared with BOL-C cows, and 40 to 64 h compared with BOL-D cows. Mean PTH concentration did not differ among supplementation groups across 168 h after enrollment and was 158.1 pmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] = 148.2 to 168.0) for CON cows, 164.0 pmol/L (95% CI = 154.9 to 173.1) for BOL-C cows, 158.7 pmol/L (95% CI = 149.2 to 168.1) for BOL-D cows, and 153.2 pmol/L (95% CI = 143.6 to 162.8) for SQ cows. Our findings suggest that although serum tCa does not differ between cows that receive conventional or delayed oral Ca bolus supplementation at calving and cows that receive no supplemental Ca, subcutaneous infusion of Ca at calving reduces serum tCa for a substantial period between 32 and 64 h postsupplementation. However, as PTH concentrations did not differ among groups across 168 h postpartum, the mechanism by which tCa is reduced remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.R. Frost
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C.R. Seely
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - H.A. McCray
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - K.R. Callero
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J.A. Seminara
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R.M. Martinez
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A.M. Reid
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C.N. Wilbur
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - K.J. Koebel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J.A.A. McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sargeant J, O'Connor A, O'Sullivan T, Ramirez A. Maximizing value and minimizing waste in clinical trials in swine: Selecting outcomes to build an evidence base. JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 2023. [DOI: 10.54846/jshap/1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Researchers planning clinical trials should identify the primary trial outcome and adequately power the trial to detect clinically meaningful differences in this outcome. All primary and secondary outcomes and their measurement should be comprehensively described, and their results reported. There is evidence that trials on the same subject use different outcomes or measure the same outcome in different ways, making it difficult to compare intervention effectiveness across clinical trials. Consensus development of core outcome sets could improve consistency in outcome measures used across trials and aid in development of an evidence-based body of literature on intervention effectiveness in swine populations.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sargeant J, O'Connor A, O'Sullivan T, Ramirez A. Maximizing value and minimizing waste in clinical trial research in swine: Selecting interventions to build an evidence base. JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 2022. [DOI: 10.54846/jshap/1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Researchers conduct a trial to compare an intervention of interest to a comparison group. Initially, researchers should determine whether a trial is evaluating superiority, equivalence, or noninferiority. This decision will guide the choice of a placebo versus active comparison group. Interventions, as well as baseline management, should be comprehensively reported to allow replication or clinical application. It is necessary to build a body of evidence across multiple trials to apply evidence-based decision-making. To achieve this, at least one intervention in every trial should be an intervention that has been used in at least one previously published trial.
Collapse
|
4
|
Denis-Robichaud J, Buczinski S, Fauteux V, Dubuc J. Randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of a combined treatment of insulin glargine and propylene glycol on the resolution of hyperketonemia and milk production in postpartum dairy cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:348-352. [PMID: 36340901 PMCID: PMC9623678 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cows were enrolled when simultaneously hyperketonemic and hypoglycemic. Treatment with propylene glycol and insulin glargine did not improve overall time-to-hyperketonemia resolution. Treatment with propylene glycol and insulin glargine improved overall milk production after enrollment. For both outcomes, there was a clear effect of treatment in primiparous cows but none in older cows.
Multiple treatments for hyperketonemia have been studied, and although propylene glycol has been the most constantly reported as successful in mitigating the effects of this condition, a recent study showed that a subpopulation of cows affected by hyperketonemia and hypoglycemia could benefit from a combined treatment of propylene glycol and insulin glargine. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of this combination on the time-to-hyperketonemia resolution, and on milk production following the initial treatment. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 2 commercial farms on which postpartum exams were conducted twice a week. Cows naturally affected by both hyperketonemia [β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) ≥ 1.4 mmol/L] and hypoglycemia (glucose <2.2 mmol/L) were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive 2 mL of placebo (physiological saline) subcutaneously (PBO), or to receive 2 mL of insulin glargine (200 IU) subcutaneously (INS). Cows in both groups also received 300 g of propylene glycol orally for 3 d. Time-to-hyperketonemia resolution (return to BHB <1.4 mmol/L) and daily milk production following the initial treatment were compared between groups using Cox proportional hazard and mixed linear regression models, respectively. A total of 248 cows between 1 and 30 d in milk (median = 16) were enrolled in the trial from January 2018 to February 2022. Cows were of first (32.3%; n = 80/248), second (32.3%; n = 80/248), or third or greater (35.4%; n = 88/248) parity. The overall time-to-hyperketonemia resolution was not different between treatments, but there was a 2-way interaction between treatment group and parity. Primiparous cows had a shorter time-to-resolution in the INS group than in the PBO group; no difference was observed between treatment groups for older cows. The overall milk production of cows in the INS group was 3.4 kg higher than cows in the PBO group during the 14 d after enrollment. There was a 2-way interaction between treatment group and parity. Primiparous cows in the INS group produced 5.3 kg more milk daily than primiparous cows in the PBO group; no effect of treatment was found for older cows. These results suggest that cows affected simultaneously by hyperketonemia and hypoglycemia benefited from a combined treatment of propylene glycol and insulin glargine to improve subsequent milk production and that the effect primarily came from the positive effect in primiparous cows. Time-to-hyperketonemia resolution was also improved in primiparous cows but not in older cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Buczinski
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - V. Fauteux
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - J. Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McMullen CK, Sargeant JM, Kelton DF, O'Connor AM, Reedman CN, Hu D, Glanville J, Wood H, Winder CB. Relative Efficacy of Dry-Off Antimicrobial Treatments in Dairy Cattle to Cure Existing Intramammary Infections: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.726401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to estimate the relative efficacy of dry cow antimicrobial therapies, registered in Canada and/or the United States, to cure existing intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cattle. The controlled trials examining all-cause cures of existing IMI present at dry-off were eligible. Five databases and four conference proceeding platforms were searched. The risk of bias at the level of the outcome was assessed using the Cochrane 2.0 risk of bias instrument (Cochrane, Denmark), and the overall confidence in the findings from the network meta-analysis was assessed using the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) platform. Of 3,743 articles screened for eligibility by the two independent reviewers, 58 trials were included in the Bayesian network meta-analysis for the all-cause cure of existing IMI from dry-off to calving. No antimicrobial treatment (non-active control) was associated with a decreased risk of a cure compared with all other currently labeled antimicrobials in Canada and the United States; however, lack of replication trials for some antimicrobial products created large credibility intervals and, therefore, we were unable to identify meaningful comparisons between the products. Poor reporting of trial features, heterogeneity in outcome measurements, and high risk of bias in some domains further contributed to this inability to compare antimicrobials. Continued improvement in the reporting of animal trials is required to make recommendations for antimicrobial products on the basis of efficacy.Systematic Review Registration:https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/16236/Protocol_NMA_efficacy_dryoff_antibiotics_cure_IMI.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.
Collapse
|
6
|
McMullen CK, Sargeant JM, Kelton DF, Churchill KJ, Cousins KS, Winder CB. Modifiable management practices to improve udder health in dairy cattle during the dry period and early lactation: A scoping review. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10143-10157. [PMID: 34099288 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this scoping review was to characterize all available literature on modifiable management practices used during the dry period that have been evaluated for their effects on udder health in dairy cattle during the dry period and the subsequent lactation. Five databases and two conference proceedings were searched for relevant literature. Articles published in or after 1990 were eligible for inclusion. Eligible interventions or exposures were restricted to modifiable management practices; however, antimicrobial and teat sealant products were enumerated but not further characterized, as systematic reviews have been published on this topic. Other modifiable management practices were reported in 229 articles. Nutrition (n = 79), which included ration formulation and delivery (n = 44) and vitamin and mineral additives (n = 35), was the most commonly reported practice, followed by vaccines (n = 40) and modification of dry period length (n = 27). Risk of clinical mastitis (CM) was the most commonly reported outcome (n = 151); however, reporting of outcome risk periods varied widely between articles. Cure of existing intramammary infections (IMI) over the dry period (n = 40) and prevention of new IMI over the dry period (n = 54) were most commonly reported with a risk period between calving and 30 d in milk. Future systematic reviews with meta-analyses could target management practices such as nutrition, vaccines, and dry period length to quantify their effects on improving udder health during the dry period and early lactation. However, the variation in reporting of time at risk for CM and other outcomes challenges the ability of future synthesis work to inform management decisions on the basis of efficacy to cure or prevent IMI and CM. Consensus on which core outcomes should be evaluated in mastitis research and the selection of consistent risk periods for specific outcomes in animal trials is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K McMullen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David F Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Katheryn J Churchill
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Kineta S Cousins
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Charlotte B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Efficacy of bacterial vaccines to prevent respiratory disease in swine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 20:274-290. [PMID: 32081115 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review and network meta-analysis (MA) was conducted to address the question, 'What is the efficacy of bacterial vaccines to prevent respiratory disease in swine?' Four electronic databases and the grey literature were searched to identify clinical trials in healthy swine where at least one intervention arm was a commercially available vaccine for one or more bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory disease in swine, including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, Actinobacillus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Stretococcus suis, Haemophils parasuis, and Mycoplasma hyorhinis. To be eligible, trials had to measure at least one of the following outcomes: incidence of clinical morbidity, mortality, lung lesions, or total antibiotic use. There were 179 eligible trials identified in 146 publications. Network MA was undertaken for morbidity, mortality, and the presence or absence of non-specific lung lesions. However, there was not a sufficient body of research evaluating the same interventions and outcomes to allow a meaningful synthesis of the comparative efficacy of the vaccines. To build this body of research, additional rigor in trial design and analysis, and detailed reporting of trial methods and results are warranted.
Collapse
|
8
|
The efficacy of litter management strategies to prevent morbidity and mortality in broiler chickens: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 20:247-262. [PMID: 32081127 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) were conducted to address the question, 'What is the efficacy of litter management strategies to reduce morbidity, mortality, condemnation at slaughter, or total antibiotic use in broilers?' Eligible studies were clinical trials published in English evaluating the efficacy of litter management in broilers on morbidity, condemnations at slaughter, mortality, or total antibiotic use. Multiple databases and two conference proceedings were searched for relevant literature. After relevance screening and data extraction, there were 50 trials evaluating litter type, 22 trials evaluating litter additives, 10 trials comparing fresh to re-used litter, and six trials evaluating floor type. NMAs were conducted for mortality (61 trials) and for the presence or absence of footpad lesions (15 trials). There were no differences in mortality among the litter types, floor types, or additives. For footpad lesions, peat moss appeared beneficial compared to straw, based on a small number of comparisons. In a pairwise meta-analysis, there was no association between fresh versus used litter on the risk of mortality, although there was considerable heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 66%). There was poor reporting of key design features in many studies, and analyses rarely accounted for non-independence of observations within flocks.
Collapse
|
9
|
The efficacy of antibiotics to control colibacillosis in broiler poultry: a systematic review. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 20:263-273. [PMID: 32081126 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotics to prevent or control colibacillosis in broilers. Studies found eligible were conducted controlled trials in broilers that evaluated an antibiotic intervention, with at least one of the following outcomes: mortality, feed conversion ratio (FCR), condemnations at slaughter, or total antibiotic use. Four electronic databases plus the gray literature were searched. Abstracts were screened for eligibility and data were extracted from eligible trials. Risk of bias was evaluated.Seven trials reported eligible outcomes in a format that allowed data extraction; all reported results for FCR and one also reported mortality. Due to the heterogeneity in the interventions and outcomes evaluated, it was not feasible to conduct meta-analysis.Qualitatively, for FCR, comparisons between an antibiotic and an alternative product did not show a significant benefit for either. Some of the comparisons between an antibiotic and a no-treatment placebo showed a numerical benefit to antibiotics, but with wide confidence intervals. The risk-of-bias assessment revealed concerns with reporting of key trial features.The results of this review do not provide compelling evidence for or against the efficacy of antibiotics for the control of colibacillosis.
Collapse
|
10
|
A systematic review of the efficacy of antibiotics for the prevention of swine respiratory disease. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 20:291-304. [PMID: 32081119 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prevention and control of respiratory disease is a major contributor to antibiotic use in swine. A systematic review was conducted to address the question, 'What is the comparative efficacy of antimicrobials for the prevention of swine respiratory disease?' Eligible studies were controlled trials published in English evaluating prophylactic antibiotics in swine, where clinical morbidity, mortality, or total antibiotic use was assessed. Four databases and the gray literature were searched for relevant articles. Two reviewers working independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility followed by full-text articles, and then extracted data and evaluated risk of bias for eligible trials. There were 44 eligible trials from 36 publications. Clinical morbidity was evaluated in eight trials where antibiotics were used in nursery pigs and 10 trials where antibiotics were used in grower pigs. Mortality was measured in 22 trials in nursery pigs and 12 trials in grower pigs. There was heterogeneity in the antibiotic interventions and comparisons published in the literature; thus, there was insufficient evidence to allow quantification of the efficacy, or relative efficacy, of antibiotic interventions. Concerns related to statistical non-independence and quality of reporting were noted in the included trials.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cazer CL, Eldermire ERB, Lhermie G, Murray SA, Scott HM, Gröhn YT. The effect of tylosin on antimicrobial resistance in beef cattle enteric bacteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104934. [PMID: 32109782 PMCID: PMC7197392 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tylosin is a commonly used in-feed antimicrobial and is approved in several countries to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses in beef cattle. Macrolides are critically important antimicrobials in human health and used to treat some foodborne bacterial diseases, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella. Feeding tylosin could select for resistant enteric bacteria in cattle, which could contaminate beef products at slaughter and potentially cause foodborne illness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of feeding tylosin to cattle on phenotypic and genotypic resistance in several potential zoonotic enteric bacteria: Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, and Campylobacter species. This review was registered with PROSPERO (#CRD42018085949). RESULTS Eleven databases were searched for primary research studies that fed tylosin at approved doses to feedlot cattle and tested bacteria of interest for phenotypic or genotypic resistance. We screened 1,626 citations and identified 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Enterococcus species were tested in seven studies, Escherichia coli was isolated in five studies, three studies reported on Salmonella, and two studies reported on Campylobacter species. Most studies relied on phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and seven also reported resistance gene testing. A random-effects meta-analyses of erythromycin-resistant enterococci from four studies had significant residual heterogeneity. Only two studies were available for a meta-analysis of tylosin-resistant enterococci. A semi-quantitative analysis demonstrated an increase in macrolide-resistant enterococci after long durations of tylosin administration (>100 days). Semi-quantitative analyses of other bacteria-antimicrobial combinations revealed mixed results, but many comparisons found no effect of tylosin administration. However, about half of these no-effect comparisons did not record the cumulative days of tylosin administration or the time since the last dose. CONCLUSIONS When fed at approved dosages for typical durations, tylosin increases the proportion of macrolide-resistant enterococci in the cattle gastrointestinal tract, which could pose a zoonotic risk to human beef consumers. Feeding tylosin for short durations may mitigate the impact on macrolide-resistant enterococci and further studies are encouraged to determine the effect of minimizing or eliminating tylosin use in beef cattle. There may also be an impact on other bacteria and other antimicrobial resistances but additional details or data are needed to strengthen these comparisons. We encourage authors of antimicrobial-resistance studies to follow reporting guidelines and publish details of all comparisons to strengthen future meta-analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey L Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Erin R B Eldermire
- Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Sarah A Murray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Winder CB, Churchill KJ, Sargeant JM, LeBlanc SJ, O'Connor AM, Renaud DL. Invited review: Completeness of reporting of experiments: REFLECTing on a year of animal trials in the Journal of Dairy Science. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4759-4771. [PMID: 31005322 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproducibility is an essential element of the scientific process, and it requires clear and complete reporting of study design, conduct, and analysis. In the human and animal health literature, incomplete reporting is associated with biased effect estimates. Moreover, incomplete reporting precludes knowledge synthesis and undervalues the resources allocated to the primary research. The Reporting Guidelines for Randomized Controlled Trials for Livestock and Food Safety (REFLECT) statement, published in 2010, is a checklist developed by expert consensus to provide guidance on what study elements should be reported in any intervention trial (designed experiment) involving livestock. The Journal of Dairy Science (JDS) has recently endorsed the use of reporting guidelines. To assess the status of reporting of controlled experiments in JDS and to provide a baseline for future comparison, we evaluated the reporting of 18 items from the REFLECT statement checklist in a sample of 137 controlled trials published in JDS in 2017. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance and then evaluated a sample of 120 papers reporting controlled trials (experimental studies involving at least one intervention and one comparison or control group), using yes or no questions. Although some items, such as treatment details and statistical analysis, were well reported, other areas, including sample size justification, allocation concealment, blinding, study flow, baseline data, and ancillary analyses, were often not reported or were incompletely described. This work highlights the need for authors and reviewers to take advantage of guidelines and checklists for reporting. Adherence to reporting guidelines can help improve the completeness of reporting of research, expedite and better inform the peer-review process, increase clarity for the reader, and allow for knowledge synthesis, such as meta-analysis, all of which serve to increase the value of the work conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Katheryn J Churchill
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3619
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baptiste KE, Kyvsgaard NC. Do antimicrobial mass medications work? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials investigating antimicrobial prophylaxis or metaphylaxis against naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3983177. [PMID: 28830074 PMCID: PMC7108556 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinct difference between veterinary and human medicine is the routine use of antimicrobial mass medications (prophylaxis, metaphylaxis) to healthy individuals. The need for antimicrobial mass medications is based on beliefs that group/s of animals will contract a bacterial disease (i.e. morbidity) and/or die (i.e. mortality). Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) represents the major indication for cattle antimicrobials worldwide. The objectives were to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) for naturally occurring BRD investigating antimicrobial prophylaxis/metaphylaxis to prevent morbidity/mortality. In total, 58 publications met the inclusion criteria summarizing 169 individual RCTs, spanning 50 years (1966–2016). Antimicrobial prophylaxis and metaphylaxis demonstrated moderate, yet highly variable relative risk reductions in BRD morbidity. These were dependent on the antimicrobial classes used, dependent on metaphylaxis definition, BRD attack rates and duration of the RCTs. Best relative risk reductions were from broad-spectrum critically important antimicrobials, or combinations. BRD prophylaxis/metaphylaxis represents major antimicrobial consumption for highly variable short-term gains in absolute risk reduction of morbidity/mortality. Despite widespread use of prevention products, the need for antimicrobial mass medications should be re-evaluated since the underlying problem is more likely the segmented infrastructure of the feedlot and veal calf industries compared to the disease itself.
Collapse
|
14
|
Winder CB, Miltenburg CL, Sargeant JM, LeBlanc SJ, Haley DB, Lissemore KD, Godkin MA, Duffield TF. Effects of local anesthetic or systemic analgesia on pain associated with cautery disbudding in calves: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5411-5427. [PMID: 29550129 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disbudding is a common management procedure performed on dairy farms and, when done without pain mitigation, is viewed as a key welfare issue. Use of pain control has increased in recent years, but full adoption of anesthesia and analgesia by veterinarians or dairy producers has not been achieved. This may in part be due to the lack of a consistent recommendations of treatment protocols between studies examining pain control methods for disbudding. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effects of these pain control practices for the most common method of disbudding, cautery, on outcomes associated with disbudding pain in calves. The outcomes were plasma cortisol concentrations, pressure sensitivity of the horn bud area, and validated pain behaviors (ear flick, head shake, head rub, foot stamp, and vocalization). Intervention studies describing cautery disbudding in calves 12 wk of age or younger were eligible, provided they compared local anesthesia, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or local anesthesia and NSAID to 1 or more of local anesthesia, NSAID, or no pain control. The search strategy used the Agricola, Medline (via OvidSP), and Web of Science databases, as well as the Searchable Proceedings of Animal Conferences (S-PAC), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations. Meta-analysis was performed for all outcomes measured at similar time points with more than 2 studies. Local anesthetic was associated with reduced plasma cortisol until 2 h postdisbudding; however, a rise in cortisol was observed in the meta-analysis of studies reporting at 4 h postdisbudding. Heterogeneity was present in several of the analyses for this comparison. The addition of NSAID to local anesthetic showed reduction in plasma cortisol at 4 h, and a reduction in pressure sensitivity and pain behaviors in some analyses between 3 and 6 h postdisbudding. Heterogeneity was present in some meta-analyses, including several using pain behavior outcomes. This may reflect the variation in measurement time periods for behavioral measures between studies, as well as differences among NSAID treatments. Overall, a protective effect of local anesthetic was seen for the acute pain of cautery disbudding, and the delayed rise in cortisol was mitigated by the addition of an NSAID, which also reduced other signs of pain, including pressure sensitivity and pain behaviors. Based on these findings, we recommend use of local anesthetic and an NSAID as best practices for pain mitigation for cautery disbudding of calves 12 wk of age or less. The magnitude and duration of the effect of NSAID treatment was not possible to deduce from the literature because wide variation existed between studies. We recommend consideration of more standardized outcome measurements, especially for pain behaviors. Adherence to reporting guidelines by authors would help ensure more transparent and complete information is available to end users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| | - Cynthia L Miltenburg
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Stephen J LeBlanc
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Derek B Haley
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Kerry D Lissemore
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - M Ann Godkin
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Elora, Ontario, N0B 1S0 Canada
| | - Todd F Duffield
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Skoulikas S, Dufour S, Haine D, Perreault JY, Roy JP. Early-lactation extended pirlimycin therapy against naturally acquired Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in heifers: A randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1419-1427. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Totton SC, Cullen JN, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM. The reporting characteristics of bovine respiratory disease clinical intervention trials published prior to and following publication of the REFLECT statement. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:117-125. [PMID: 29406078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the REFLECT Statement (Reporting guidElines For randomized controLled trials in livEstoCk and food safeTy) (published in 2010) was to provide the veterinary research community with reporting guidelines tailored for randomized controlled trials for livestock and food safety. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of REFLECT Statement reporting of items 1-19 in controlled trials published in journals between 1970 and 2017 examining the comparative efficacy of FDA-registered antimicrobials against naturally acquired BRD (bovine respiratory disease) in weaned beef calves in Canada or the USA, and to compare the prevalence of reporting before and after 2010, when REFLECT was published. We divided REFLECT Statement, items 3, 5, 10, and 11 into subitems, because each dealt with multiple elements requiring separate assessment. As a result, 28 different items or subitems were evaluated independently. We searched MEDLINE® and CABI (CAB Abstracts® and Global Health®) (Web of Science™) in April 2017 and screened 2327 references. Two reviewers independently assessed the reporting of each item and subitem. Ninety-five references were eligible for the study. The reporting of the REFLECT items showed a point estimate for the prevalence ratio >1 (i.e. a higher proportion of studies published post-2010 reported this item compared to studies published pre-2010), apart from items 10.3, i.e., item 10, subitem 3 (who assigned study units to the interventions), 13 (the flow of study units through the study), 16 (number of study units in analysis), 18 (multiplicity), and 19 (adverse effects). Fifty-three (79%) of 67 studies published before 2010 and all 28 (100%) papers published after 2010 reported using a random allocation method in either the title, abstract, or methods (Prevalence ratio = 1.25; 95% CI (1.09,1.43)). However, 8 studies published prior to 2010 and 7 studies published post-2010 reported the term "systematic randomization" or variations of this term (which is not true randomization) to describe the allocation procedure. Fifty-five percent (37/67) of studies published pre-2010 reported blinding status (blinded/not blinded) of outcome assessors, compared to 24/28 (86%) of studies published post-2010 (Prevalence ratio = 1.5, 95% CI (1.19, 2.02)). The reporting of recommended items in journal articles in this body of work is generally improving; however, there is also evidence of confusion about what constitutes a random allocation procedure, and this suggests an educational need. As this study is observational, this precludes concluding that the publication of the REFLECT Statement was the cause of this trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Totton
- 63 College Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 1S1, Canada.
| | - Jonah N Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada; Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph ,50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-3619, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wareham KJ, Hyde RM, Grindlay D, Brennan ML, Dean RS. Sample size and number of outcome measures of veterinary randomised controlled trials of pharmaceutical interventions funded by different sources, a cross-sectional study. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:295. [PMID: 28978314 PMCID: PMC5628436 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are a key component of the veterinary evidence base. Sample sizes and defined outcome measures are crucial components of RCTs. To describe the sample size and number of outcome measures of veterinary RCTs either funded by the pharmaceutical industry or not, published in 2011. Methods A structured search of PubMed identified RCTs examining the efficacy of pharmaceutical interventions. Number of outcome measures, number of animals enrolled per trial, whether a primary outcome was identified, and the presence of a sample size calculation were extracted from the RCTs. The source of funding was identified for each trial and groups compared on the above parameters. Results Literature searches returned 972 papers; 86 papers comprising 126 individual trials were analysed. The median number of outcomes per trial was 5.0; there were no significant differences across funding groups (p = 0.133). The median number of animals enrolled per trial was 30.0; this was similar across funding groups (p = 0.302). A primary outcome was identified in 40.5% of trials and was significantly more likely to be stated in trials funded by a pharmaceutical company. A very low percentage of trials reported a sample size calculation (14.3%). Conclusions Failure to report primary outcomes, justify sample sizes and the reporting of multiple outcome measures was a common feature in all of the clinical trials examined in this study. It is possible some of these factors may be affected by the source of funding of the studies, but the influence of funding needs to be explored with a larger number of trials. Some veterinary RCTs provide a weak evidence base and targeted strategies are required to improve the quality of veterinary RCTs to ensure there is reliable evidence on which to base clinical decisions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1207-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Wareham
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R M Hyde
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - D Grindlay
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, The University of Nottingham, King's Meadow Campus Lenton Lane, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, UK
| | - M L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R S Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heak C, Sukon P, Kongpechr S, Tengjaroen B, Chuachan K. Effect of Direct-fed Microbials on Intestinal Villus Height in Broiler Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2017.403.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
19
|
Wareham KJ, Hyde RM, Grindlay D, Brennan ML, Dean RS. Sponsorship bias and quality of randomised controlled trials in veterinary medicine. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:234. [PMID: 28807033 PMCID: PMC5557072 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard form of evidence for assessing treatment efficacy, but many factors can influence their reliability including methodological quality, reporting quality and funding source. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between funding source and positive outcome reporting in veterinary RCTs published in 2011 and to assess the risk of bias in the RCTs identified. METHODS A structured search of PubMed was used to identify feline, canine, equine, bovine and ovine clinical trials examining the efficacy of pharmaceutical interventions published in 2011. Funding source and outcomes were extracted from each RCT and an assessment of risk of bias made using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS Literature searches returned 972 papers, with 86 papers (comprising 126 individual RCTs) included in the analysis. There was found to be a significantly higher proportion of positive outcomes reported in the pharmaceutical funding group (P) compared to the non-pharmaceutical (NP) and 'no funding source stated' (NF) groups (P = 56.9%, NP = 34.9%, NF = 29.1%, p < 0.05). A high proportion of trials had an unclear risk of bias across the five criteria examined. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that veterinary RCTs were more likely to report positive outcomes if they have pharmaceutical industry funding or involvement. Consistently poor reporting of trials, including non-identification of funding source, was found which hinders the use of the available evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Wareham
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R M Hyde
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - D Grindlay
- Centre of Evidence-based Dermatology, University ofNottingham, Kings Meadow campus, Lenton Lane, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, UK
| | - M L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R S Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the antibiotic treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: an update. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 17:60-75. [PMID: 27427193 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common and important disease of calves. Without effective vaccines, antibiotic therapy is often implemented to minimize the impact of IBK. This review updates a previously published systematic review regarding comparative efficacy for antibiotic treatments of IBK. Available years of Centre for Biosciences and Agriculture International and MEDLINE databases were searched, including non-English results. Also searched were the American Association of Bovine Practitioners and World Buiatrics Congress conference proceedings from 1996 to 2016, reviews since 2013, reference lists from relevant trials, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration New Animal Drug Application summaries. Eligible studies assessed antibiotic treatment of naturally-occurring IBK in calves randomly allocated to group at the individual level. Outcomes of interest were clinical score, healing time, unhealed ulcer risk, and ulcer surface area. A mixed-effects model comparing active drug with placebo was employed for all outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed visually and using Cochran's Q-test. Thirteen trials assessing nine treatments were included. Compared with placebo, most antibiotic treatments were effective. There was evidence that the treatment effect differed by day of outcome measurement. Visually, the largest differences were observed 7-14 days post-treatment. These results indicate improved IBK healing with many antibiotics and suggest the need for randomized trials comparing different antibiotic treatments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Access to litter during rearing and environmental enrichment during production reduce fearfulness in adult laying hens. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Tahamtani FM, Brantsæter M, Nordgreen J, Sandberg E, Hansen TB, Nødtvedt A, Rodenburg TB, Moe RO, Janczak AM. Effects of litter provision during early rearing and environmental enrichment during the production phase on feather pecking and feather damage in laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2747-2756. [PMID: 27566727 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather pecking is a multi-factorial behavioral disorder and a serious welfare issue in the poultry industry. Several studies report early life experience with litter to be a major determinant in the development of feather pecking. The current study aimed to test the large-scale on-farm efficiency of a simple and cheap husbandry procedure applied during the rearing period with the ultimate goal of reducing the incidence of feather pecking and plumage damage during the production stage in laying hens. Five laying hen-rearing farmers from across Norway participated in the study. These farmers were asked to create divisions within their hen rearing houses and to separate their chicks into 2 groups: one reared with access to a paper substrate from the first d of age, the other a control group without access to paper substrate during rearing. All flocks were visited at the production farms at 30 wk of age and observed for pecking behavior and feather damage. Birds in the control group had higher odds of having more feather damage compared to the birds from the treatment group. In addition, flocks provided with environmental enrichment at the production farms had a reduced incidence of feather pecking, irrespective of the treatment. These results indicate that husbandry procedures during both rearing and production stages have the potential to alleviate feather pecking and increase laying hen welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Tahamtani
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - M Brantsæter
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - J Nordgreen
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - E Sandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - T B Hansen
- Animalia, Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Nødtvedt
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - T B Rodenburg
- Behavioral Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R O Moe
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - A M Janczak
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Systematic review of the magnitude of change in prevalence and quantity of Salmonella after administration of pathogen reduction treatments on pork carcasses. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 17:39-59. [PMID: 27427192 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, we summarized change in Salmonella prevalence and/or quantity associated with pathogen reduction treatments (washes, sprays, steam) on pork carcasses or skin-on carcass parts in comparative designs (natural or artificial contamination). METHODS In January 2015, CAB Abstracts (1910-2015), SCI and CPCI-Science (1900-2015), Medline® and Medline® In-Process (1946-2015) (OVIDSP), Science.gov, and Safe Pork (1996-2012) were searched with no language or publication type restrictions. Reference lists of 24 review articles were checked. Two independent reviewers screened 4001 titles/abstracts and assessed 122 full-text articles for eligibility. Only English-language records were extracted. RESULTS Fourteen studies (5 in commercial abattoirs) were extracted and risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers independently. Risk of bias due to systematic error was moderate; a major source of bias was the potential differential recovery of Salmonella from treated carcasses due to knowledge of the intervention. The most consistently observed association was a positive effect of acid washes on categorical measures of Salmonella; however, this was based on individual results, not a summary effect measure. CONCLUSION There was no strong evidence that any one intervention protocol (acid temperature, acid concentration, water temperature) was clearly superior to others for Salmonella control.
Collapse
|
24
|
Thomas HJ, Remnant JG, Bollard NJ, Burrows A, Whay HR, Bell NJ, Mason C, Huxley JN. Recovery of chronically lame dairy cows following treatment for claw horn lesions: a randomised controlled trial. Vet Rec 2016; 178:116. [PMID: 26811441 PMCID: PMC4752658 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A positively controlled, randomised controlled trial (RCT) was undertaken to test recovery of cows with claw horn lesions resulting in lameness of greater than two weeks duration. Cows on seven commercial farms were mobility scored fortnightly and selected by lameness severity and chronicity. Study cows all received a therapeutic trim then random allocation of: no further treatment (trim only (TRM)), plastic shoe (TS) or plastic shoe and NSAID (TSN). Recovery was assessed by mobility score at 42 (±4) days post treatment by an observer blind to treatment group. Multivariable analysis showed no significant effect of treatment with an almost identical, low response rate to treatment across all groups (Percentage non-lame at outcome: TRM – 15 per cent, TS – 15 per cent, TSN – 16 per cent). When compared with results of a similar RCT on acutely lame cows, where response rates to treatment were substantially higher, it can be concluded that any delay in treatment is likely to reduce the rate of recovery, suggesting early identification and treatment is key. Thirty-eight per cent of animals treated in this study were lame on the contralateral limb at outcome suggesting that both hindlimbs should be examined and a preventive or if necessary a therapeutic foot trim performed when lameness is identified particularly if the duration of lameness is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Thomas
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J G Remnant
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - N J Bollard
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - A Burrows
- Formerly of: Farm and Equine Department, Scarsdale Veterinary Group, Markeaton Lane, Derby, DE22 4NH, UK
| | - H R Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - N J Bell
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C Mason
- Scotlands Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - J N Huxley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lean IJ, Lucy MC, McNamara JP, Bradford BJ, Block E, Thomson JM, Morton JM, Celi P, Rabiee AR, Santos JE, Thatcher WW, LeBlanc SJ. Invited review: Recommendations for reporting intervention studies on reproductive performance in dairy cattle: Improving design, analysis, and interpretation of research on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Dixon LM, Sparks NHC, Rutherford KMD. Early experiences matter: a review of the effects of prenatal environment on offspring characteristics in poultry. Poult Sci 2015; 95:489-99. [PMID: 26614679 PMCID: PMC4957487 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences can be important in determining offspring phenotypes and may influence interaction with the environment and hence health, welfare, and productivity. The prenatal environment of poultry can be divided into the pre-lay environment and the egg storage/incubation environment, both of which can affect offspring outcomes. The ability to separate maternal and egg/incubation effects makes birds well suited to this type of research. There are many factors, including feeding and nutrition, environmental conditions, husbandry practices, housing system, social environment, infectious environment, and maternal health status, that can influence both the health and performance and behavior and cognition of the offspring. There are some aspects of the environments that can be changed to produce beneficial effects in the offspring, like addition of certain additives to feed or short changes in incubation temperatures, while other aspects should be avoided to reduce negative effects, such as unpredictable feeding and lighting regimens. Measures of offspring characteristics may prove to be a useful method of assessing parent stock welfare if known stressors result in predictable offspring outcomes. This has the advantage of assessing the parent environment without interfering with the animals and possibly affecting their responses and could lead to improved welfare for the animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Dixon
- Animal Behavior and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - N H C Sparks
- Avian Science Research Center, Animal and Veterinary Science, Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - K M D Rutherford
- Animal Behavior and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smith DR. Investigating Outbreaks of Disease or Impaired Productivity in Feedlot Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2015. [PMID: 26210769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cattle move through cattle feeding and finishing systems without health problems or impairment of productivity, but some cattle do become ill or unproductive. When cattle get sick, understanding what has gone wrong and how to remedy the situation is important. An orderly, systematic approach to investigating disease outbreaks is more likely to lead to a solution. The solution may come from identifying and modifying human decisions or behaviors that may be far removed in time or place from the immediate problem. Veterinarians can help cattle feeders recognize and correct the system dynamics factors affecting cattle health and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thomas H, Miguel-Pacheco G, Bollard N, Archer S, Bell N, Mason C, Maxwell O, Remnant J, Sleeman P, Whay H, Huxley J. Evaluation of treatments for claw horn lesions in dairy cows in a randomized controlled trial. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:4477-86. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Maxwell OJR, Hudson CD, Huxley JN. Effect of early lactation foot trimming in lame and non-lame dairy heifers: a randomised controlled trial. Vet Rec 2015; 177:100. [PMID: 26116268 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Foot trimming is a common management intervention in prevention of lameness in dairy cattle. Despite this, there is surprisingly limited experimental evidence on its efficacy, especially in regard to primiparous heifers. A randomised, negatively controlled trial was conducted to investigate the association between an early lactation foot trim on primiparous animals and production outcomes. 282 heifers were enrolled from eight farms in the UK, and randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Milk yield (305-day-adjusted whole-milk yield) was not significantly different between groups (trimmed 7727 litres, untrimmed 7646 litres). However, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that this relationship was confounded by lameness state. Animals that were lame at the time of trimming gave significantly more milk (734 litres, P=0.02) than those that were non-lame and untrimmed. The present results suggest that, based on milk production alone, it would not have been cost beneficial to trim all heifers; however, a targeted intervention aimed at lame animals would have delivered a substantial return on investment. As a very minimum, the authors recommend heifers should be regularly assessed in early lactation, and treated as soon as they are identifiably lame. The high prevalence of lesions identified suggests routine trimming for all heifers may be justifiable on welfare grounds even if the milk-yield benefits are marginal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O J R Maxwell
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - C D Hudson
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J N Huxley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, Leics, LE12 5RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Assessment of documentation provided on the use of rubber slats in the flooring of pig holdings. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
31
|
Falzon LC, O'Neill TJ, Menzies PI, Peregrine AS, Jones-Bitton A, vanLeeuwen J, Mederos A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:388-402. [PMID: 25059197 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthelmintic drugs have been widely used in sheep as a cost-effective means for gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) control. However, growing anthelmintic resistance (AHR) has created a compelling need to identify evidence-based management recommendations that reduce the risk of further development and impact of AHR. OBJECTIVE To identify, critically assess, and synthesize available data from primary research on factors associated with AHR in sheep. METHODS Publications reporting original observational or experimental research on selected factors associated with AHR in sheep GINs and published after 1974, were identified through two processes. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Agricola, CAB) and Web of Science (a collection of databases) were searched for potentially relevant publications. Additional publications were identified through consultation with experts, manual search of references of included publications and conference proceedings, and information solicited from small ruminant practitioner list-serves. Two independent investigators screened abstracts for relevance. Relevant publications were assessed for risk of systematic bias. Where sufficient data were available, random-effects Meta-Analyses (MAs) were performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of AHR for factors reported in ≥2 publications. RESULTS Of the 1712 abstracts screened for eligibility, 131 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirty publications describing 25 individual studies (15 observational studies, 7 challenge trials, and 3 controlled trials) were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Unclear (i.e. not reported, or unable to assess) or high risk of selection bias and confounding bias was found in 93% (14/15) and 60% (9/15) of the observational studies, respectively, while unclear risk of selection bias was identified in all of the trials. Ten independent studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and MAs were performed for five factors. Only high frequency of treatment was a significant risk factor (OR=4.39; 95% CI=1.59, 12.14), while the remaining 4 variables were marginally significant: mixed-species grazing (OR=1.63; 95% CI=0.66, 4.07); flock size (OR=1.02; 95% CI=0.97, 1.07); use of long-acting drug formulations (OR=2.85; 95% CI=0.79, 10.24); and drench-and-shift pasture management (OR=4.08; 95% CI=0.75, 22.16). CONCLUSIONS While there is abundant literature on the topic of AHR in sheep GINs, few studies have explicitly investigated the association between putative risk or protective factors and AHR. Consequently, several of the current recommendations on parasite management are not evidence-based. Moreover, many of the studies included in this review had a high or unclear risk of systematic bias, highlighting the need to improve study design and/or reporting of future research carried out in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Falzon
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - T J O'Neill
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P I Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J vanLeeuwen
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - A Mederos
- National Institute of Agricultural Research of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. Improving Bioscience Research Reporting: The ARRIVE Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. Animals (Basel) 2014. [PMCID: PMC4494303 DOI: 10.3390/ani4010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade the number of bioscience journals has increased enormously, with many filling specialised niches reflecting new disciplines and technologies. The emergence of open-access journals has revolutionised the publication process, maximising the availability of research data. Nevertheless, a wealth of evidence shows that across many areas, the reporting of biomedical research is often inadequate, leading to the view that even if the science is sound, in many cases the publications themselves are not “fit for purpose”, meaning that incomplete reporting of relevant information effectively renders many publications of limited value as instruments to inform policy or clinical and scientific practice [1–21]. A recent review of clinical research showed that there is considerable cumulative waste of financial resources at all stages of the research process, including as a result of publications that are unusable due to poor reporting [22]. It is unlikely that this issue is confined to clinical research [2–14,16–20].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kilkenny
- The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, UK
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | | | - Innes C. Cuthill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Emerson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
O'Neill TJ, Sargeant JM, Poljak Z. A systematic review and meta-analysis of phase I inactivated vaccines to reduce shedding of Coxiella burnetii from sheep and goats from routes of public health importance. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:519-33. [PMID: 24251777 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in livestock are both caused by Coxiella burnetii. The public health importance of vaccination against C. burnetii shedding from sheep and goats was evaluated using systematic review and meta-analysis to provide evidence for policy direction to prevent potential zoonotic spread. Publications reporting shedding of C. burnetii in vaginal and uterine secretions, milk, placenta and faeces were included. A single observational (one goat) and seven experimental (four goat and three sheep) vaccine studies were included in the review. No relevant publications on other interventions were identified. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for the risk of shedding in individuals in the control and vaccinated groups and for the mean difference in the level of bacterial shedding in sheep and goats stratified by age and previous exposure status. Limited data were available for further analytic evaluation. From the pooled analysis, an inactivated phase I vaccine significantly reduced the risk of shedding from uterine (RR = 0.10; 95%CI 0.05-0.20) secretions in previously sensitized goats. Individual studies reported significant risk reduction in milk (RR = 0.03; 95%CI 0.01-0.26), vaginal secretions (RR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.22-0.75) and faeces (RR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.63-0.97) from naïve goats. The pooled mean levels of bacteria shed from placental [mean difference (MD = -5.24 Log10 ; 95%CI -6.75 to -3.7)] and vaginal (MD = -1.78 Log10 ; 95%CI -2.19 to -1.38) routes were significantly decreased in vaccinated naïve goats compared with controls. Shedding through all other routes from vaccinated goats was not significantly different than shedding from control goats. No effect of vaccination was found on the risk of shedding or the mean level of shedding in vaccinated sheep compared with control sheep. Our conclusions are based on a limited amount of data with variable risk of systematic error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J O'Neill
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Health Science Building, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wisener LV, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Faires MC, Glass-Kaastra SK. The Evidentiary Value of Challenge Trials for Three Pre-harvest Food Safety Topics: A Systematic Assessment. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:449-76. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Wisener
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA Canada
| | - M. C. Faires
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM. Issues of reporting in observational studies in veterinary medicine. Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:323-30. [PMID: 24139690 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies are common in veterinary medicine; the results may be used to inform decision-making, future research, or as inputs to systematic reviews or risk assessment. To be of use, the results must be published, all of the outcomes that were assessed must be included in the publication, and the research (methods and results) must be reported in sufficient detail that the reader can evaluate the internal and external validity. In human healthcare, concerns about the completeness of reporting - and evidence that poor reporting is associated with study results - have led to the creation of reporting guidelines; these include the STROBE statement for observational studies. There is evidence from a limited body of research that there also are reporting inadequacies in veterinary observational studies. There are differences between human and veterinary observational studies that might be relevant to recommendations for reporting. Such differences include: the use of observational studies in animal populations for simultaneously estimating disease frequency and risk-factor identification; the distinction between the animal owners who consent to participate and the animals that are the study subjects; and the complexity of organizational levels inherent in animal research (in particular, for studies in livestock species). In veterinary medicine, it is common to have clustering within outcomes (due to animal grouping) and clustering of predictor variables. We argue that there is a compelling need for the scientific community involved in veterinary observational studies to use the STROBE statement, use an amended version of STROBE, or to develop and use reporting guidelines that are specific to veterinary medicine to improve reporting of these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses and Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kerr AK, Farrar AM, Waddell LA, Wilkins W, Wilhelm BJ, Bucher O, Wills RW, Bailey RH, Varga C, McEwen SA, Rajić A. A systematic review-meta-analysis and meta-regression on the effect of selected competitive exclusion products on Salmonella spp. prevalence and concentration in broiler chickens. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:112-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
38
|
Predicting the effect of anthelmintic treatment on milk production of dairy cattle in Canada using an Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA from individual milk samples. Prev Vet Med 2013; 111:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
39
|
O'Connor AM, Coetzee JF, da Silva N, Wang C. A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of antibiotic treatments for bovine respiratory disease. Prev Vet Med 2012; 110:77-87. [PMID: 23276402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this publication we use mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of antibiotic treatments for bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle. Studies were eligible for the meta-analysis if they were publically available and reported the assessment of antibiotic protocols registered for use in the United States (US) for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle and were conducted in North America. Three electronic databases, the proceedings of two bovine specific conferences, pharmaceutical company web sites and the US Food and Drug Administration website were searched to identify relevant trials. The network of evidence used in the analysis contained 194 trial arms from 93 trials. Of the 93 trials there were 8 with three arms. The network of evidence contained information for 12 antibiotics. The output from the analysis provided information about the risk ratio comparing all possible treatments for BRD including comparisons based only on indirect data. The output also included a relative ranking of the treatments and estimates of the probability that an antibiotic protocol was the worst treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arnott G, Roberts D, Rooke JA, Turner SP, Lawrence AB, Rutherford KMD. Board invited review: The importance of the gestation period for welfare of calves: maternal stressors and difficult births. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:5021-34. [PMID: 22952359 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenatal period is of critical importance in defining how individuals respond to their environment throughout life. Stress experienced by pregnant females has been shown to have detrimental effects on offspring biology in humans and a variety of other species. It also is becoming increasingly apparent that prenatal events can have important consequences for the behavior, health, and productivity of offspring in farmed species. Pregnant cattle may experience many potentially important stressors, for instance, relating to their social environment, housing system and physical environment, interactions with humans and husbandry procedures, and their state of health. We examined the available literature to provide a review of the implications of prenatal stress for offspring welfare in cattle. The long-term effects of dystocia on cattle offspring also are reviewed. To ensure a transparent and repeatable selection process, a systematic review approach was adopted. The research literature clearly demonstrates that prenatal stress and difficult births in beef and dairy cattle both have implications for offspring welfare and performance. Common husbandry practices, such as transport, were shown to influence offspring biology and the importance of environmental variables, including thermal stress and drought, also were highlighted. Maternal disease during pregnancy was shown to negatively impact offspring welfare. Moreover, dystocia-affected calves suffer increased mortality and morbidity, decreased transfer of passive immunity, and important physiological and behavioral changes. This review also identified considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the effects of prenatal stress in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Arnott
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Relun A, Lehebel A, Bareille N, Guatteo R. Effectiveness of different regimens of a collective topical treatment using a solution of copper and zinc chelates in the cure of digital dermatitis in dairy farms under field conditions. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3722-35. [PMID: 22720929 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A controlled field trial was conducted to evaluate in dairy cattle the benefit provided by different regimens of a collective topical treatment using a solution of copper and zinc chelates to cure digital dermatitis (DD) compared with individual treatment alone, and further to investigate factors that could explain variations in the clinical cure of DD lesions over 6 mo. The study was conducted between November 2009 and October 2010 and involved 4,677 dairy cows from 52 French dairy farms on which DD was endemic. The farms were quasi-randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment regimens for 6 mo: no collective treatment (control), walk-through footbath during 4 consecutive milkings every 4 wk (FB/4W) or every 2 wk (FB/2W) and collective spraying during 2 milkings every 2 wk (CS/2W). For ethical and welfare reasons, all farmers also had to treat all detected active DD lesions with individual topical spraying of oxytetracycline. Digital dermatitis and leg hygiene were scored on all lactating cows during milking 7 times every 4 wk by 14 trained investigators. During these farm visits, data related to farm management were also collected. The curative effectiveness of collective treatments was assessed through a Cox survival frailty model as the probability of cure of an active DD lesion during at least 2 consecutive visits. The model was adjusted for farm and cow risk factors as well as initial DD prevalence. Monthly DD cure rates were 58, 55, 76, and 76% in the control, FB/4W, FB/2W, and CS/2W regimens, respectively. The spontaneous monthly cure rate for untreated active DD lesions was 61%. Hazard of cure of DD was increased by 1.28 and 1.41 when walk-through footbath and collective spraying, respectively, were applied over 2 d every 2 wk compared with the control regimen. Applying a walk-through footbath 2 d every 4 wk was not sufficient to improve the cure of DD compared with individual treatments alone. Three main factors were identified as speeding DD healing: cleanliness of the feet, initial small size of the DD lesion, and additional individual topical treatment. Grazing tended to speed DD healing. These results highlight the need of combining several control measures, including individual and collective topical treatments, and improving foot hygiene and the early detection of DD lesions to ensure a high cure rate and rapid curing of digital dermatitis on endemically affected farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Relun
- UMT Cattle Herd Health Control, F-44307 Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kalil JA, Halperin SA, Langley JM. Human challenge studies: a review of adequacy of reporting methods and results. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:481-95. [PMID: 22439725 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1940s, researchers have purposefully infected healthy adult humans with pathogenic organisms to study how these pathogens cause disease and can be treated and prevented. 'Challenge studies' can be safe, ethical, extremely informative and an efficient use of resources during the clinical development of vaccines, but knowledge of this form of clinical research trial is not widespread. A review of the human challenge literature was performed to determine whether common elements of challenge studies can be identified in the articles published to date. The review demonstrated incomplete reporting of study characteristics deemed necessary for the correct interpretation and application of human challenge study results and for the accurate replication of study methodology. An unofficial extension of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Kalil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Sanofi Pasteur Vaccine Challenge Unit, Dalhousie University & IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
A systematic review-meta-analysis of primary research investigating the effect of selected alternative treatments on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Snedeker KG, Canning P, Totton SC, Sargeant JM. Completeness of reporting in abstracts from clinical trials of pre-harvest interventions against foodborne pathogens. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:256-60. [PMID: 22424462 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
46
|
Vandeweerd JM, Clegg P, Buczinski S. How Can Veterinarians Base Their Medical Decisions on the Best Available Scientific Evidence? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:1-11, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
|
47
|
Bucher O, Farrar AM, Totton SC, Wilkins W, Waddell LA, Wilhelm BJ, McEwen SA, Fazil A, Rajić A. A systematic review-meta-analysis of chilling interventions and a meta-regression of various processing interventions for Salmonella contamination of chicken. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
48
|
Ilic S, Rajić A, Britton CJ, Grasso E, Wilkins W, Totton S, Wilhelm B, Waddell L, LeJeune JT. A scoping study characterizing prevalence, risk factor and intervention research, published between 1990 and 2010, for microbial hazards in leafy green vegetables. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
49
|
Vandeweerd JM, Kirschvink N, Clegg P, Vandenput S, Gustin P, Saegerman C. Is evidence-based medicine so evident in veterinary research and practice? History, obstacles and perspectives. Vet J 2012; 191:28-34. [PMID: 21620746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Vandeweerd
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (IRVU), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Evidence is at the core of scientific method: a challenge for clinicians. Vet J 2011; 191:11-2. [PMID: 22018660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|