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Meenatchi R, Priya S, Shreya C, Gopi S, Rajagopal R, Kaliraj S, Kumaradoss KM, Arockiaraj J. Exploring the Anti-Adherence Potential of Skt35 to Combat Catheter-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Efficacy, Toxicity and Mechanism of Action. Chem Biodivers 2025; 22:e202402087. [PMID: 39832262 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), often caused by biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus, present significant clinical challenges. Skt35, a dioxopiperidinamide derivative of cinnamic acid, was investigated for its potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. aureus biofilms. The antibacterial effect of Skt35 was assessed using the zone of inhibition and microdilution methods, revealing a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 µM. Antibiofilm properties were confirmed through crystal violet assays, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, showing significant biofilm inhibition at the Sub-MIC. In an in vitro bladder model, Skt35-coated silicone catheter tubes exhibited significant antiadhesive effects. Zebrafish embryo tests indicated no toxicity at concentrations up to 125 µM. Molecular docking and simulation analysis revealed strong binding affinities of Skt35 to Accessory Gene Regulator A (-7.9 kcal/mol) and Lux Small protein (-4.96 kcal/mol), suggesting potential disruption of quorum sensing and gene expression in S. aureus, making it a promising candidate for catheter coatings to prevent CAUTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Meenatchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, India
| | - Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, India
| | - Chakraborty Shreya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, India
| | - Sanjay Gopi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Kaliraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Kathiravan Muthu Kumaradoss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, India
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Liu M, Liu C, Zhaxi P, Kou X, Liu Y, Xue Z. Research Progress on Hypoglycemic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoids: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:378. [PMID: 40298635 PMCID: PMC12024137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025] Open
Abstract
As a prevalent metabolic disorder, the increasing incidence of diabetes imposes a significant burden on global healthcare. Flavonoids in natural phytochemical products exhibit notable hypoglycemic properties, making them potential alternatives for diabetes treatment. This article summarizes the hypoglycemic properties of flavonoid subcategories studied in recent years, including flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanols, and others. The relevant targets and signal pathways, such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)/activation transcription factor 4 (ATF4)/C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), etc., are also elaborated. Additionally, flavonoids have also been demonstrated to modulate the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Through the aforementioned mechanisms, flavonoids mainly suppress carbohydrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis; facilitate glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and insulin secretion; and mitigate insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. Notably, several studies have indicated that certain flavonoids displayed synergistic hypoglycemic effects. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive review of the hypoglycemic effects of the flavonoids investigated in recent years, aiming to offer theoretical insights for their further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (M.L.); (X.K.)
- Tianjin Longsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China;
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Tianjin Longsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China;
| | - Puba Zhaxi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Food and Food Quality and Safety, Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850099, China; (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (M.L.); (X.K.)
| | - Yazhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Food and Food Quality and Safety, Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850099, China; (P.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (M.L.); (X.K.)
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Farooq A, Ali S, Ullah H, Khan A, Nawaz F, Farooq S, Sarwar A, Ali S, Khan D, Ullah R, Iqbal S. GC-MS Assisted Determination of 26 Compounds in Phlomis Stewartii Extract Exhibiting Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Properties. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202401068. [PMID: 39140485 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202401068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have long been studied for their therapeutic benifits. The present research aims to unveil complex phytochemical profile and therapeutic properties of ethyl acetate fraction of Phlomis stewartii, an important medicinal plant. In this context, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the fraction identified 26 compounds. Additionally, the fraction exhibited concentration dependent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value lower than the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. The antifungal activity of the fraction examined against F. oxysporum, A. alternate, and R. solani resulted in almost complete inhibition (>90 %) of fungal growth. Furthermore, the fraction exhibited significant antibacterial potential against B. subtilus, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. dysenteriae, with inhibition zones of 18±0.22, 17±0.22, 12±0.11, and 10±0.12, respectively. Briefly, the plant extract was found to be highly potent, particularly in its antifungal action. Further studies, including natural products isolation coupled with bioassays, are recommended for promising drug candidates discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosa Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Samar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Khan
- Department of Microbiology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Science, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Samra Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Aziza Sarwar
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kotli AJ & K, Pakistan
| | - Dilfaraz Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Ullah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
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Priya PS, Murugan R, Srileka R, Ramya Ranjan Nayak SP, Margesan T, Rajagopal R, Pasupuleti M, Kumarodoss KM, Arockiaraj J. Synergistic defense: Quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combat bacterial trigger of rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus mirabilis through in-vitro and in-vivo mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2024; 197:107086. [PMID: 39490596 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation, is thought to be exacerbated by bacterial infections, notably Proteus mirabilis. This study explores the combined effects of quercetin, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, and chondroitin sulfate, known for its cartilage-protective properties, as a potential therapeutic approach. Molecular docking analyses revealed favourable interactions between these compounds and key pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, suggesting their potential to disrupt inflammation-related signaling pathways. In vitro assays demonstrated that the quercetin-chondroitin sulfate combination (1:1 ratio) significantly inhibited oxidative stress and hemolysis, highlighting its enhanced anti-inflammatory and membrane-protective effects. The free radical scavenging assays further confirmed the antioxidant potential of this combination, which demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity. Antimicrobial assays showed notable antibacterial effects, with an increased inhibition zone against P. mirabilis when quercetin and chondroitin sulfate were combined, suggesting a synergistic antimicrobial action. In vivo, zebrafish subjected to bacterial stress showed improved survival rates with the quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combination treatment, along with enhanced mineralization and significant modulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities, indicating its protective role in maintaining joint health. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed a substantial reduction in pro-inflammatory markers, including TNF-α and IL-6, demonstrating the quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combination's ability to mitigate inflammation. Together, these findings suggest that the quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combination hold significant therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and microbial-induced RA exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Srileka
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S P Ramya Ranjan Nayak
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumal Margesan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kathiravan Muthu Kumarodoss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Priya PS, Nayak SPRR, Margesan T, Chitra V, Almutairi MH, Almutairi BO, Kumaradoss KM, Namasivayam SKR, Arockiaraj J. Investigating the osteoprotective effects of quercetin and rutin from Terminalia chebula in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vitro cell line and in vivo zebrafish model. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 175:712-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
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Madesh S, Sudhakaran G, Meenatchi R, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Interconnected environmental challenges: heavy metal-drug interactions and their impacts on ecosystems. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:1282-1299. [PMID: 38658397 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2342956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Industrial expansion and inadequate environmental safety measures are major contributors to environmental contamination, with heavy metals (HMs) and pharmaceutical waste playing crucial roles. Their negative effects are most noticeable in aquatic species and vegetation, where they accumulate in tissues and cause harmful results. Interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical molecules result in the production of metal-drug complexes (MDCs), which have the potential to disturb diverse ecosystems and their interdependence. However, present studies frequently focus on individual pollutants and their effects on specific environmental parameters, leaving out the cumulative effects of pollutants and their processes across several environmental domains. To address this gap, this review emphasizes the environmental sources of HMs, elucidates their emission pathways during anthropogenic activities, investigates the interactions between HMs and pharmaceutical substances, and defines the mechanisms underlying the formation of MDCs across various ecosystems. Furthermore, this review underscores the simultaneous occurrence of HMs and pharmaceutical waste across diverse ecosystems, including the atmosphere, soil, and water resources, and their incorporation into biotic organisms across trophic levels. It is important to note that these complex compounds represent a higher risk than individual contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Snega Priya P, Surisetti R, Gopi S, Pachaiappan R, Pasupuleti M, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Chitosan-chondroitin sulfate-daidzein nanoconjugate ameliorates glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135662. [PMID: 39284477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology and polymer-based carriers in osteoporosis treatment offers promising avenues for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we developed a novel nanoconjugate composed of Chitosan (CH), Chondroitin Sulfate (CS), and Daidzein (DZ) to treat glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in an in vivo zebrafish model. The CH-CS-DZ nanoconjugate were synthesized using the ionic gelation method, with a CH: CS ratio of 1:1 and a 3 % DZ concentration was identified as optimal for further analysis. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited a particle size of 401.2 ± 0.87 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of nanoconjugate were of 0.147 ± 0.04 and 43.55 ± 0.68 mV respectively. Drug release studies demonstrated that 79.66 ± 4.04 % of DZ was released under physiological conditions (pH 7.5) after 96 h, indicating a sustained release profile beneficial for prolonged therapeutic effects. In vivo, studies using zebrafish larvae revealed a significant reduction in oxidative stress and apoptosis in the CH-CS-DZ treated group compared to the glucorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) treated group. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were reduced, and lipid peroxidation was markedly decreased (p < 0.001) in the CH-CS-DZ treated group. Additionally, the survival and hatching rates of CH-CS-DZ-treated larvae were 94 % and 95 %, respectively, significantly higher than those in the Dex-treated group. The CH-CS-DZ nanoconjugate also restored bone mineralization, as evidenced by a significant increase in calcium deposition (p < 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (122 ± 0.4 U/L), compared to the Dex group (84 ± 0.7 U/L). Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of OPG and ALP and downregulation of RANKL and RUNX2b, further indicating the anti-osteoporotic potential of the CH-CS-DZ nanoconjugates. These findings suggest that polymer-based nanoconjugates like CH-CS-DZ can effectively mitigate osteoporosis through targeted delivery and sustained release, offering a potent strategy for bone health restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Snega Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rachitha Surisetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Pachaiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Division of Molecular Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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