1
|
Rimmele M, Qiao Z, Panidi J, Furlan F, Lee C, Tan WL, McNeill CR, Kim Y, Gasparini N, Heeney M. A polymer library enables the rapid identification of a highly scalable and efficient donor material for organic solar cells. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4202-4212. [PMID: 37599602 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic improvement of the PCE (power conversion efficiency) of organic photovoltaic devices in the past few years has been driven by the development of new polymer donor materials and non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). In the design of such materials synthetic scalability is often not considered, and hence complicated synthetic protocols are typical for high-performing materials. Here we report an approach to readily introduce a variety of solubilizing groups into a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole acceptor comonomer. This allowed for the ready preparation of a library of eleven donor polymers of varying side chains and comonomers, which facilitated a rapid screening of properties and photovoltaic device performance. Donor FO6-T emerged as the optimal material, exhibiting good solubility in chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents and achieving 15.4% PCE with L8BO as the acceptor (15.2% with Y6) and good device stability. FO6-T was readily prepared on the gram scale, and synthetic complexity (SC) analysis highlighted FO6-T as an attractive donor polymer for potential large scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Zhuoran Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Julianna Panidi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Francesco Furlan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Chulyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Azzawi AGS, Aziz SB, Dannoun EMA, Iraqi A, Nofal MM, Murad AR, M. Hussein A. A Mini Review on the Development of Conjugated Polymers: Steps towards the Commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010164. [PMID: 36616512 PMCID: PMC9853510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article covers the synthesis and design of conjugated polymers for carefully adjusting energy levels and energy band gap (EBG) to achieve the desired photovoltaic performance. The formation of bonds and the delocalization of electrons over conjugated chains are both explained by the molecular orbital theory (MOT). The intrinsic characteristics that classify conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials come from the EBG of organic molecules. A quinoid mesomeric structure (D-A ↔ D+ = A-) forms across the major backbones of the polymer as a result of alternating donor-acceptor segments contributing to the pull-push driving force between neighboring units, resulting in a smaller optical EBG. Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors in achieving excellent performance of the polymer is improving the morphology of the active layer. In order to improve exciton diffusion, dissociation, and charge transport, the nanoscale morphology ensures nanometer phase separation between donor and acceptor components in the active layer. It was demonstrated that because of the exciton's short lifetime, only small diffusion distances (10-20 nm) are needed for all photo-generated excitons to reach the interfacial region where they can separate into free charge carriers. There is a comprehensive explanation of the architecture of organic solar cells using single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices. The short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) all have a significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Since the BHJ concept was first proposed, significant advancement and quick configuration development of these devices have been accomplished. Due to their ability to combine great optical and electronic properties with strong thermal and chemical stability, conjugated polymers are unique semiconducting materials that are used in a wide range of applications. According to the fundamental operating theories of OSCs, unlike inorganic semiconductors such as silicon solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices are unable to produce free carrier charges (holes and electrons). To overcome the Coulombic attraction and separate the excitons into free charges in the interfacial region, organic semiconductors require an additional thermodynamic driving force. From the molecular engineering of conjugated polymers, it was discovered that the most crucial obstacles to achieving the most desirable properties are the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers toward optimal p-type materials. Along with plastic solar cells (PSCs), these materials have extended to a number of different applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Additionally, the topics of fluorene and carbazole as donor units in conjugated polymers are covered. The Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling reactions widely used to synthesize alternating D-A copolymers are also presented. Moreover, conjugated polymers based on anthracene that can be used in solar cells are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. S. Al-Azzawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Mosul, Mosul 00964, Iraq
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- The Development Center for Research and Training (DCRT), University of Human Development, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Elham M. A. Dannoun
- Associate Chair of the Department of Mathematics and Science, Woman Campus, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ary R. Murad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahang M. Hussein
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rimmele M, Glöcklhofer F, Heeney M. Post-polymerisation approaches for the rapid modification of conjugated polymer properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2678-2697. [PMID: 35983884 PMCID: PMC9620492 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-polymerisation functionalisation provides a facile and efficient way for the introduction of functional groups on the backbone of conjugated polymers. Using post-polymerisation functionalisation approaches, the polymer chain length is usually not affected, meaning that the resulting polymers only differ in their attached functional groups or side chains, which makes them particularly interesting for investigating the influence of the different groups on the polymer properties. For such functionalisations, highly efficient and selective reactions are needed to avoid the formation of complex mixtures or permanent defects in the polymer backbone. A variety of suitable synthetic approaches and reactions that fulfil these criteria have been identified and reported. In this review, a thorough overview is given of the post-polymerisation functionalisations reported to date, with the methods grouped based on the type of reaction used: cycloaddition, oxidation/reduction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, or halogenation and subsequent cross-coupling reaction. Instead of modifications on the aliphatic side chains of the conjugated polymers, we focus on modifications directly on the conjugated backbones, as these have the most pronounced effect on the optical and electronic properties. Some of the discussed materials have been used in applications, ranging from solar cells to bioelectronics. By providing an overview of this versatile and expanding field for the first time, we showcase post-polymerisation functionalisation as an exciting pathway for the creation of new conjugated materials for a range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular Tuning in Diaryl-Capped Pyrrolo[2,3- d:5,4- d']bisthiazoles: Effects of Terminal Aryl Unit and Comparison to Dithieno[3,2- b:2',3'- d]pyrrole Analogues. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196638. [PMID: 36235172 PMCID: PMC9571600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of six conjugated oligomers consisting of a central pyrrolo[2,3-d:5,4-d']bisthiazole (PBTz) end-capped with either thienyl, furyl, or phenyl groups have been prepared from N-alkyl-and N-aryl-pyrrolo[2,3-d:5,4-d']bisthiazoles via Stille and Negishi cross-coupling. The full oligomeric series was thoroughly investigated via photophysical and electrochemical studies, in parallel with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to correlate the cumulative effects of both aryl end-groups and N-functionalization on the resulting optical and electronic properties. Through comparison with the analogous dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (DTP) materials, the effect of replacing DTP with PBTz on the material HOMO energy and visible light absorption is quantified.
Collapse
|
5
|
4,7-Di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D)-type molecules are considered as a promising class of NIR fluorescence materials. In this communication, 4,7-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine was obtained by dehydrogenation of 4,7-bis(1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in toluene. The structure of the synthesized compound was established by elemental analysis; high-resolution mass spectrometry; 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy; and mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties of the title compound were studied and compared with spectral data of the [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine analogue.
Collapse
|
6
|
Diketo-Pyrrolo Pyrrole-Based Acceptor-Acceptor Copolymers with Deep HOMO and LUMO Levels Absorbing in the Near Infrared. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of acceptor-acceptor (A-A’) alternated copolymers based on dithienodiketopyrrolo pyrrole were synthesized by copolymerizing it with itself and other different electron-poor monomers. The experimental and computed optoelectronic properties of four DPP-based copolymers, P(DPP-DPP) (with linear and branched chains), copolymer with diazapentalene P(DPP-DAP) and also with dioxothienopyrrolebenzodifurandione P(DPP-BTPBF), as well as thermal characterizations were described. UV-visible spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to estimate the optical and electrochemical bandgaps, and were found as very small: 1.3, 1.0, and 0.9 eV for P(DPP-DPP), P(DPP-DAP), and P(DPP-BTPBF), respectively. The BTPBF unit allowed a strong reduction of the bandgap, leading to a broad absorption in the visible and near infra-red regions from 650 to 1450 nm. These results were compared to analogous donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers previously reported, in which DPP is replaced by DTS, P(DTS-DPP), P(DTS-DAP), and P(DTS-BTPBF). The same trend was observed. By comparing A-A’ to D-A’ copolymers analogues, it was shown that the bandgap remained the same while both HOMO and LUMO levels were lowered by roughly 0.2 eV.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kurioka T, Komamura T, Shida N, Hayakawa T, Tomita I, Inagi S. Ordered‐Structure‐Induced Electrochemical Post‐Functionalization of Poly(3‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
| | - Takahiro Komamura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152–8552 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yokohama National University 79‐5 Tokiwadai Hodogaya‐ku Yokohama 240–8501 Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2‐12‐1 Ookayama Meguro‐ku Tokyo 152–8552 Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐ku Yokohama 226–8502 Japan
- PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4‐1‐8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332‐0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anderson TE, Culver EW, Badía-Domínguez I, Wilcox WD, Buysse CE, Ruiz Delgado MC, Rasmussen SC. Probing the nature of donor-acceptor effects in conjugated materials: a joint experimental and computational study of model conjugated oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26534-26546. [PMID: 34807964 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of model oligomers consisting of combinations of a traditional strong donor unit (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), a traditional strong acceptor unit (benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole), and the ambipolar unit thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine were synthesized via cross-coupling methods. The prepared oligomers include all six possible dimeric combinations in order to characterize the extent and nature of donor-acceptor effects commonly used in the design of conjugated materials, with particular focus on understanding how the inclusion of ambipolar units influences donor-acceptor frameworks. The full oligomeric series was thoroughly investigated via photophysical and electrochemical studies, in parallel with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to correlate the nature and extent of donor-acceptor effects on both frontier orbital energies and the desired narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. The corresponding relationships revealed should then provide a deeper understanding of donor-acceptor interactions and their application to conjugated materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Evan W Culver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain.
| | - Wyatt D Wilcox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Claire E Buysse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain.
| | - Seth C Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao XY, Pang CM, Xiao Y, Xiao WQ, Luo SH, He JP, Wang ZY. Preparation of Large Conjugated Polybenzimidazole Fluorescent Materials and Their Application in Metal Ion Detection. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183091. [PMID: 34577993 PMCID: PMC8472194 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new type of conjugated polybenzimidazole (CPBI) was synthesized through a simple polycondensation reaction without metal catalysis, and N-alkylation modification was carried out to solve the problems of solubility and fluorescence properties. A series of nano-microsphere polymers CPBIn with large conjugation, good solubility, and strong fluorescence has been successfully used as “turn-off” fluorescent probes for the first time. The results show that, under suitable N-alkylation conditions, the obtained CPBIn can be used as a highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for the detection of Cu2+ and Zn2+ at the same time, and their detection limits are both nM levels. In addition, CPBI2 can be designed as an ultra-sensitive IMPLICATION logic gate at the molecular level, cyclically detecting Cu2+. With the test paper containing CPBI2, easy and quick on-site detection can be achieved. This research provides a new idea for the brief synthesis of multifunctional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ying Cao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Chu-Ming Pang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
- School of Health Medicine, Guangzhou Huashang College, Guangzhou 511300, China
- Correspondence: (C.-M.P.); (S.-H.L.); (Z.-Y.W)
| | - Ying Xiao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Wan-Qing Xiao
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-M.P.); (S.-H.L.); (Z.-Y.W)
| | - Jin-Ping He
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-Y.C.); (Y.X.); (W.-Q.X.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (C.-M.P.); (S.-H.L.); (Z.-Y.W)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doat O, Barboza BH, Batagin‐Neto A, Bégué D, Hiorns RC. Review: materials and modelling for organic photovoltaic devices. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Doat
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico‐Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254 Pau France
| | - Bruno H Barboza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences, POSMAT Bauru Brazil
| | | | - Didier Bégué
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico‐Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254 Pau France
| | - Roger C Hiorns
- CNRS/Univ Pau & Pays Adour, Institut des Science Analytiques et Physico‐Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254 Pau France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang X, Balooch Qarai M, Spano FC. HJ-aggregates of donor-acceptor-donor oligomers and polymers. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034905. [PMID: 34293903 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A vibronic exciton model is developed to account for the spectral signatures of HJ-aggregates of oligomers and polymers containing donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) repeat units. In (DAD)N π-stacks, J-aggregate-promoting intrachain interactions compete with H-aggregate-promoting interchain interactions. The latter includes Coulombic coupling, which arises from "side-by-side" fragment transition dipole moments as well as intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), which is enhanced in geometries with substantial overlap between donors on one chain and acceptors on a neighboring chain. J-behavior is dominant in single (DAD)N chains with enhanced intrachain order as evidenced by an increased red-shift in the low-energy absorption band along with a heightened A1/A2 peak ratio, where A1 and A2 are the oscillator strengths of the first two vibronic peaks in the progression sourced by the symmetric quinoidal-aromatic vibration. By contrast, the positive H-promoting interchain Coulomb interactions operative in aggregates cause the vibronic ratio to attenuate, similar to what has been established in H-aggregates of homopolymers such as P3HT. An attenuated A1/A2 ratio can also be caused by H-promoting ICT which occurs when the electron and hole transfer integrals are out-of-phase. In this case, the A1 peak is red-shifted, in contrast to conventional Kasha H-aggregates. With slight modifications, the ratio formula derived previously for P3HT aggregates is shown to apply to (DAD)N aggregates as well, allowing one to determine the effective free-exciton interchain coupling from the A1/A2 ratio. Applications are made to polymers based on 2T-DPP-2T and 2T-BT-2T repeat units, where the importance of the admixture of the excited acceptor state in the lowest energy band is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | | | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lewinska G, Sanetra J, Marszalek KW. Application of quinoline derivatives in third-generation photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN ELECTRONICS 2021; 32:18451-18465. [PMID: 38624760 PMCID: PMC8267773 DOI: 10.1007/s10854-021-06225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among many chemical compounds synthesized for third-generation photovoltaic applications, quinoline derivatives have recently gained popularity. This work reviews the latest developments in the quinoline derivatives (metal complexes) for applications in the photovoltaic cells. Their properties for photovoltaic applications are detailed: absorption spectra, energy levels, and other achievements presented by the authors. We have also outlined various methods for testing the compounds for application. Finally, we present the implementation of quinoline derivatives in photovoltaic cells. Their architecture and design are described, and also, the performance for polymer solar cells and dye-synthesized solar cells was highlighted. We have described their performance and characteristics. We have also pointed out other, non-photovoltaic applications for quinoline derivatives. It has been demonstrated and described that quinoline derivatives are good materials for the emission layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and are also used in transistors. The compounds are also being considered as materials for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lewinska
- Institute of Electronics, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sanetra
- The author Jerzy Sanetra is retired from Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 30-035, Kraków, Poland
| | - Konstanty W. Marszalek
- Institute of Electronics, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chao JB, Duan YX, Zhang YB, Yin CX, Zhao MG, Sun JY, Huo FJ. A ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapid detection of extremely acidic and alkaline pH in aqueous solution. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Kurioka T, Shida N, Tomita I, Inagi S. Post-Functionalization of Aromatic C–H Bonds at the Main Chains of π-Conjugated Polymers via Anodic Chlorination Facilitated by Lewis Acids. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ignashevich AN, Shavrina TV, Shklyaeva EV, Abashev GG. Synthesis and Optical Properties of New Chalcones Containing a 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Quinoidal π-Conjugated polymers with open shell character represent an intriguing class of macromolecules in terms of both fundamental research and practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Ji
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Balooch Qarai M, Chang X, Spano FC. Vibronic exciton model for low bandgap donor–acceptor polymers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0029193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - F. C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Preparation and Characterization of Quinoxaline-Pyrene-Based Conjugated Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaic Devices. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two novel conjugated polymers, poly(4,5,9,10-tetrakis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy]pyrene-alt-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)-5,8-di(2-thienyl)-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline) (PPyQxff) and poly(4,5,9,10-tetrakis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)pyren-alt-2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)-5,8-di(2-thienyl)quinoxaline) (PPyQx), consisting of quinoxaline units with and without fluorine substituents, as electron-accepting moieties and pyrene flanked with dithienyl units as electron-donating moieties were prepared via Stille polymerization reactions for use as electron donor materials in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. PPyQxff and PPyQx were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV−VIS absorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PPyQxff and PPyQx revealed excellent solution processability in common organic solvents. PPyQxff and PPyQx presented decomposition temperatures above 300 °C. The inclusion of F atoms to the quinoxaline moiety made a slight reduction in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, relative to the unfluorinated polymer, but had no impact on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level. PPyQxff and PPyQx exhibited similar physical properties with strong and broad absorbance from 400 to 700 nm and an optical band-gap energy of 1.77 eV. The X-ray powder diffraction study indicated that PPyQxff possessed a reduced π–π stacking distance relative to PPyQx.
Collapse
|
19
|
R. Murad A, Iraqi A, Aziz SB, N. Abdullah S, Brza MA. Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2627. [PMID: 33182241 PMCID: PMC7695322 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ary R. Murad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Medical and Applied Sciences, Charmo University, Chamchamal, Sulaimani 46023, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Iraqi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK;
| | - Shujahadeen B. Aziz
- Hameed Majid Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Lab., Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
- Department of Civil engineering, College of Engineering, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq
| | - Sozan N. Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Qlyasan Street, Kurdistan Regional Government, Sulaimani 46001, Iraq;
| | - Mohamad A. Brza
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Gombak 53100, Malaysia;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nair SS, Mishra SK, Kumar D. Review – polymeric materials for energy harvesting and storage applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1826519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita S Nair
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | | | - D. Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer Technology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Dong B, Shi T, Lu Y. Multicolor conjugated polymers containing thiophene/indole moieties and the influence of structures on their photophysical properties. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Evenson SJ, Mulholland ME, Anderson TE, Rasmussen SC. Minimizing Polymer Band Gap via Donor‐Acceptor Frameworks: Poly(dithieno[3,2‐
b
:2′,3′‐
d
]pyrrole‐
alt
‐thieno[3,4‐
b
]pyrazine)s as Illustrative Examples of Challenges and Misconceptions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Evenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050 Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Michael E. Mulholland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050 Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Trent E. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050 Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Seth C. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050 Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Becker D, Biswal BP, Kaleńczuk P, Chandrasekhar N, Giebeler L, Addicoat M, Paasch S, Brunner E, Leo K, Dianat A, Cuniberti G, Berger R, Feng X. Fully sp
2
‐Carbon‐Linked Crystalline Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: Insight into 2D Poly(phenylenecyanovinylene) Formation and its Optoelectronic Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:6562-6568. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Biswal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Paula Kaleńczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Naisa Chandrasekhar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Lars Giebeler
- Department of Chemistry of Functional MaterialsLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden Helmholtzstr. 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent University Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Chair of Bioanalytical ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair of Bioanalytical ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) Nöthnitzer Str. 61 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Berger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zaugg K, Velasco J, Robins KA, Lee DC. Understanding the Electronic Properties of Acceptor-Acceptor'-Acceptor Triads. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5434-5441. [PMID: 31459708 PMCID: PMC6648786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop new organic materials for optoelectronic applications, a fundamental understanding of the electronic properties of specific chromophore combinations must be realized. To that end, we report "model" acceptor (A)-acceptor' (A')-acceptor (A) triads in which the pendants (A') we selected are well-known components of organic optoelectronic applications. Our pendants are sandwiched between two dialkoxyphenazine (A) through an alkyne bond. The A' was systematically increased in electron-deficiency from benzothiadiazole (BTD-P) to naphthalene diimide with octyl (NDI-O-P) or ethylhexyl groups (NDI-EH-P) to perylene diimide with ethylhexyl (PTCDI-EH-P) to assess changes in the electronic properties of the resultant molecules. Characterizations were performed using both experimental and theoretical methods. From optical and cyclic voltammetry, we found that the electron deficiency of each pendant was directly correlated to the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E LUMO). When examining the simple molecular orbital diagrams produced at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory, the LUMOs were, as expected, primarily localized on the more electron-deficient pendants. In terms of the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital (E HOMO), the numerical values obtained experimentally also correlated with values obtained computationally. Attempting to construct a simplified model that would explain these correlated values was not as readily apparent, given the disparate physical characteristics of these compounds. For example, BTD-P and NDI-O-P/NDI-EH-P achieved planarity when computationally optimized, but PTCDI-EH-P adapted a "buckled" geometry on the central PTCDI, consequently forcing the attached phenazines out-of-plane. The title compounds showed solvent polarity-dependent fluorescence, which is indicative of intramolecular charge transfer. In conjunction with our theoretical study, the current system can be viewed as an extension of donor-acceptor-donor systems. Thermal properties characterized by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that reversible phase transitions were only observed for BTD-P. In addition, BTD-P was found to be an efficient gelator in 1,1,1-trichloroethane and toluene. The other compounds in this study did not form gels in any of the solvents tested, which may have been a result of the alkyl groups on the pendants hampering the fibrillation process.
Collapse
|
26
|
Spiliopoulos IK. Optical and electrochemical properties and sensing application for iron(II) and mercury(II) ions of polyfluorenes with imidazole in the main chain. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
27
|
Lee H, Kim Y, Fukuta S, Kim H, Kim Y, Higashihara T, Ree M. Nanoscale Film Morphology and n-Type Digital Memory Characteristics of π-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Alternating Copolymer Based on Thiophene and Thiadiazole Units. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900005. [PMID: 30779392 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Various molecular weight π-conjugated donor-acceptor polymers based on thiadiazole and thiophene units are investigated with respect to nanoscale film morphology and digital memory performance. Interestingly, all polymers reveal excellent n-type digital permanent memory characteristics, which are governed by the combination of Ohmic and trap-limited space charge limited conductions via a hopping process using thiadiazole and thiophene units as charge traps and stepping stones. The digital memory performance is significantly influenced by the film morphology details that vary with the polymer molecular weight as well as the film thickness. A higher population of face-on structure formation, as well as higher molecular weight, provides a wider film thickness window of digital memory operation. Overall, π-conjugated PBTDzTV polymers are suitable for the production of high-performance, programmable n-type permanent memory devices with very low power consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seijiro Fukuta
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jo-nan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, University Road 80, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, University Road 80, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jo-nan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Moonhor Ree
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhou X, Zhang Z, Hendsbee AD, Ngai JHL, Kumar P, Ye S, Seferos DS, Li Y. [2,2′-Bithiophene]-4,4′-dicarboxamide: a novel building block for semiconducting polymers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30496-30502. [PMID: 35530252 PMCID: PMC9072092 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06909g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel electron deficient building block [2,2′-bithiophene]-4,4′-dicarboxamide (BTDCA) was designed to lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of polythiophenes in order to achieve a higher open circuit voltage (Voc) and thus a higher power conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells (PSCs). BTDCA dibromo monomers were conveniently synthesized in four steps, and were used to prepare three thiophene-based D-A polymers, P(BTDCA66-BT) (66BT), P(BTDCA44-BT) (44BT) and P(BTDCA44-TT) (44TT). All the polymers exhibited unipolar hole transport properties, exhibiting mobilities in the range of ∼10−4 to 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 with the highest hole mobility of up to 1.43 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 achieved for 44BT in bottom-gate bottom-contact organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). In PSCs, these polymers achieved high Voc's of 0.81–0.87 V when PCBM or ITIC was used as acceptor. When 44TT was used as donor and ITIC was used as acceptor, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 4.5% was obtained, a significant improvement when compared with the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):ITIC devices, which showed the highest PCE of merely 0.92%. A new electron acceptor building block, [2,2′-bithiophene]-4,4′-dicarboxamide, is synthesized and used to develop donor polymers for organic solar cells.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Arthur D. Hendsbee
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Jenner H. L. Ngai
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | - Shuyang Ye
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Yuning Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering/Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN)
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tatsi E, Spanos M, Katsouras A, Squeo BM, Ibraikulov OA, Zimmermann N, Heiser T, Lévêque P, Gregoriou VG, Avgeropoulos A, Leclerc N, Chochos CL. Effect of Aryl Substituents and Fluorine Addition on the Optoelectronic Properties and Organic Solar Cell Performance of a High Efficiency Indacenodithienothiophene-alt
-Quinoxaline π-Conjugated Polymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Tatsi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Michael Spanos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Benedetta M. Squeo
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
| | - Olzhas A. Ibraikulov
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Nicolas Zimmermann
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas Heiser
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Vasilis G. Gregoriou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie; l’Environnement et la Santé; Université de Strasbourg; Ecole Européenne de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Christos L. Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; Institute of Biology; Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A focus on polystyrene tacticity in synthesized conductive PEDOT:PSS thin films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
31
|
Culver EW, Anderson TE, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Rasmussen SC. Poly(thieno[3,4- b]pyrazine- alt-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)s: A New Design Paradigm in Low Band Gap Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1215-1219. [PMID: 35651257 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new design paradigm for the production of low band gap polymers is reported, in which an ambipolar unit exhibiting both donor and acceptor properties is combined with a conventional acceptor. As initial examples of this approach, the synthesis of two alternating copolymers of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole via direct arylation polymerization is reported to give soluble, processable materials with band gaps of 0.97 and 1.05 eV. Although direct arylation polymerization has been previously used to synthesize donor-acceptor materials with band gaps below 1.5 eV, this represents only the second material generated by this polymerization method with a band gap below 1.0 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan W. Culver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Trent E. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Seth C. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chochos CL, Chávez P, Bulut I, Lévêque P, Spanos M, Tatsi E, Katsouras A, Avgeropoulos A, Gregoriou VG, Leclerc N. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the optical and electrochemical properties of π-conjugated donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) compounds toward a universal model. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:124902. [PMID: 30278667 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nine (9) donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) π-conjugated small molecules were synthesized via palladium catalyzed Stille aromatic cross-coupling reactions by the combination of six (6) heterocycle building blocks (thiophene, furan, thiazole, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 2,1,3-pyridinothiadiazole, thienothiadiazole) acting as electron donating (thiazole, furan, thiophene) and electron deficient (benzothiadiazole, pyridinethiadiazole, thienothiadiazole) units. These model compounds enable determining the correspondence between the theoretical and experimental optical and electrochemical properties for the first time, via Density Functional Theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, accordingly. The obtained theoretical models can be utilized for the design and synthesis of new DAD structures with precise optical bandgaps, absorption maxima, and energy levels suitable for different optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos L Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Patricia Chávez
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7357, 23 Rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Spanos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Elisavet Tatsi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang X, Tang A, Chen F, Zhou E. Ring Fusion of Thiophene–Vinylene–Thiophene (TVT) Benefits Both Fullerene and Non-Fullerene Polymer Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ailing Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Erjun Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jaglarz J, Małek A, Sanetra J. Thermal Dependence of Optical Parameters of Thin Polythiophene Films Blended with PCBM. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040454. [PMID: 30966489 PMCID: PMC6415214 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this work is to show the thermal dependence of the refractive and extinction indices of conjugated polymer films used in optoelectronics devices. Herein, we present the results of optical investigations performed for the following polymers: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT), and their blends with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). For our analysis, we chose well-known polythiophenes such P3HT and P3OT, often used in photovoltaic cells. Our addition of PCMB to the polythiophenes allows their conversion efficiency to be increased. This paper presents the results of our investigation determining the spectral dispersion of optical constants in a wavelength range of 190–1700 nm by using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Furthermore, we show the temperature dependence of the refractive indices of polythiophene films for a heating and a cooling process in the temperature range 25–130 °C. Additionally, thermo-optic coefficients and an optical gap were established and are presented in the paper, followed by a discussion on the conditions of the thermal stability of polythiophene blends and reversibility issues in thermal processes. Our paper presents a new and fresh analysis of depolarization beams after their reflection from the studied films. The paper presents the results of thermo-optical studies of polymer blends which have not been included in previously published works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Jaglarz
- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Department, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37 str., 31-867 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Małek
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Sanetra
- Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 str., 30-841 Cracow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benavides CM, Murto P, Chochos CL, Gregoriou VG, Avgeropoulos A, Xu X, Bini K, Sharma A, Andersson MR, Schmidt O, Brabec CJ, Wang E, Tedde SF. High-Performance Organic Photodetectors from a High-Bandgap Indacenodithiophene-Based π-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12937-12946. [PMID: 29589432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A conjugated donor-acceptor polymer, poly[4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydro- s-indaceno[1,2- b:5,6- b']dithiophene-2,7-diyl- alt-5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4 H-thieno[3,4- c]pyrrole-4,6(5 H)-dione-1,3-diyl] (PIDT-TPD), is blended with the fullerene derivative [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) for the fabrication of thin and solution-processed organic photodetectors (OPDs). Systematic screening of the concentration ratio of the blend and the molecular weight of the polymer is performed to optimize the active layer morphology and the OPD performance. The device comprising a medium molecular weight polymer (27.0 kg/mol) in a PIDT-TPD:PC61BM 1:1 ratio exhibits an external quantum efficiency of 52% at 610 nm, a dark current density of 1 nA/cm2, a detectivity of 1.44 × 1013 Jones, and a maximum 3 dB cutoff frequency of 100 kHz at -5 V bias. These results are remarkable among the state-of-the-art red photodetectors based on conjugated polymers. As such, this work presents a functional organic active material for high-speed OPDs with a linear photoresponse at different light intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Montenegro Benavides
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH , Günther-Scharowsky-Street 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Department für Material Science, i-MEET , Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Petri Murto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Flinders University , Sturt Road , Bedford Park, Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | - Christos L Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patra , Greece
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patra , Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Kim Bini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Flinders University , Sturt Road , Bedford Park, Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology , Flinders University , Sturt Road , Bedford Park, Adelaide , South Australia 5042 , Australia
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH , Günther-Scharowsky-Street 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Department für Material Science, i-MEET , Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Sandro F Tedde
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH , Günther-Scharowsky-Street 1 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chochos CL, Singh R, Gregoriou VG, Kim M, Katsouras A, Serpetzoglou E, Konidakis I, Stratakis E, Cho K, Avgeropoulos A. Enhancement of the Power-Conversion Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells via Unveiling an Appropriate Rational Design Strategy in Indacenodithiophene- alt-quinoxaline π-Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10236-10245. [PMID: 29508996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the photovoltaic parameters, photophysical properties, optoelectronic properties, self-assembly, and morphology variations in a series of high-performance donor-acceptor (D-A) π-conjugated polymers based on indacenodithiophene and quinoxaline moieties as a function of the number-average molecular weight ([Formula: see text]), the nature of aryl substituents, and the enlargement of the polymer backbone. One of the most important outcome is that from the three optimization approaches followed to tune the chemical structure toward enhanced photovoltaic performance in bulk heterojunction solar cell devices with the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as the electron acceptor, the choice of the aryl substituent is the most efficient rational design strategy. Incorporation of thienyl rings as substituents versus phenyl rings accelerates the electron-hole extraction process to the respective electrode, despite the slightly lower recombination lifetime and, thus, improves the electrical performance of the device. Single-junction solar cells based on ThIDT-TQxT feature a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 7.26%. This study provides significant insights toward understanding of the structure-properties-performance relationship for D-A π-conjugated polymers in solid state, which provide helpful inputs for the design of next-generation polymeric semiconductors for organic solar cells with enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos L Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
| | - Ranbir Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF) , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Efthymis Serpetzoglou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Ioannis Konidakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Synthesis of Highly Regioregular, Head-to-Tail Coupled Poly(3-octylesterthiophene) via C—H/C—H Coupling Polycondensation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
38
|
Chung CL, Chen HC, Yang YS, Tung WY, Chen JW, Chen WC, Wu CG, Wong KT. S,N-Heteroacene-Based Copolymers for Highly Efficient Organic Field Effect Transistors and Organic Solar Cells: Critical Impact of Aromatic Subunits in the Ladder π-System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6471-6483. [PMID: 29377665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three novel donor-acceptor alternating polymers containing ladder-type pentacyclic heteroacenes (PBo, PBi, and PT) are synthesized, characterized, and further applied to organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and polymer solar cells. Significant aspects of quinoidal characters, electrochemical properties, optical absorption, frontier orbitals, backbone coplanarity, molecular orientation, charge carrier mobilities, morphology discrepancies, and the corresponding device performances are notably different with various heteroarenes. PT exhibits a stronger quinoidal mesomeric structure, linear and coplanar conformation, smooth surface morphology, and better bimodal crystalline structures, which is beneficial to extend the π-conjugation and promotes charge transport via 3-D transport pathways and in consequence improves overall device performances. Organic photovoltaics based on the PT polymer achieve a power conversion efficiency of 6.04% along with a high short-circuit current density (JSC) of 14.68 mA cm-2, and a high hole mobility of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 is fulfilled in an OFET, which is superior to those of its counterparts, PBi and PBo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsieh-Chih Chen
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University , Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Siou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | | | - Jian-Wei Chen
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University , Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Guey Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University , Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Q, Chang M, Lu Y, Sun Y, Li C, Yang X, Zhang M, Chen Y. A Direct C–H Coupling Method for Preparing π-Conjugated Functional Polymers with High Regioregularity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Meijia Chang
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Display Materials & Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yanna Sun
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinlin Yang
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- The Centre
of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional
Polymer Materials, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sambathkumar B, Varathan E, Subramanian V, Somanathan N. Two-acceptor one-donor random terpolymers comprising thiophene- and phenyl-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole for organic photovoltaics. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of random terpolymers comprising two electron deficient phenyl (PDPP) and thiophene (ThDPP)-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) in conjugation with the electron-donating thiophene moiety are synthesised using Stille coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Sambathkumar
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy
- India
| | - E. Varathan
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy
- India
| | - V. Subramanian
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy
- India
| | - N. Somanathan
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600020
- India
- CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy
- India
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bildirir H, Di Carlo Rasi D, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ, Avgeropoulos A, Gregoriou VG, Allard S, Scherf U, Chochos CL. New n-Type Solution Processable All Conjugated Polymer Network: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Characterization, and Application in Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Bildirir
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park; Stadiou Street Platani-Rio 26504 Patra Greece
| | - Dario Di Carlo Rasi
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research; De Zaale; 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P. O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research; De Zaale; 20 5612 AJ Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Vasilis G. Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park; Stadiou Street Platani-Rio 26504 Patra Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF); 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Sybille Allard
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 D-42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Christos L. Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park; Stadiou Street Platani-Rio 26504 Patra Greece
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Adaikalaraj C, Manivarman S. “Synthesis, Spectral Characterisation, Theoretical Investigations and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Ethyl 4-(3-(1, 3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamido)phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methyl-2-oxopyrimidine-5-carboxylate”. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Chochos CL, Katsouras A, Drakopoulou S, Miskaki C, Krassas M, Tzourmpakis P, Kakavelakis G, Sprau C, Colsmann A, Squeo BM, Gregoriou VG, Kymakis E, Avgeropoulos A. Effects of alkyl side chains positioning and presence of fused aromatic units in the backbone of low-bandgap diketopyrrolopyrrole copolymers on the optoelectronic properties of organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos L. Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Greece
- Advent Technologies SA, Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street; Platani-Rio Patra Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Greece
| | - Sofia Drakopoulou
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Greece
| | - Christina Miskaki
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Greece
| | - Miron Krassas
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, School of Applied Technology; Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete; Heraklion 71004 Greece
| | - Pavlos Tzourmpakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, School of Applied Technology; Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete; Heraklion 71004 Greece
| | - George Kakavelakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, School of Applied Technology; Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete; Heraklion 71004 Greece
| | - Christian Sprau
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13; Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13; Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
| | - Benedetta M. Squeo
- Advent Technologies SA, Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street; Platani-Rio Patra Greece
| | - Vasilis G. Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA, Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street; Platani-Rio Patra Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue; Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, School of Applied Technology; Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete; Heraklion 71004 Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jiang H, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhong A, Liu X, Pan F, Cai W, Inganäs O, Liu Y, Chen J, Cao Y. A Highly Crystalline Wide-Band-Gap Conjugated Polymer toward High-Performance As-Cast Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36061-36069. [PMID: 28945335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new wide-band-gap conjugated polymer PBODT was successfully synthesized that showed high crystallinity and was utilized as the active material in nonfullerene bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs). The photovoltaic devices based on the as-cast blend films of PBODT with ITIC and IDIC acceptors showed notable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.06% and 9.09%, with high open-circuit voltages of 1.00 and 0.93 V that correspond to low energy losses of 0.59 and 0.69 eV, respectively. In the case of PBODT:ITIC, lower exciton quenching efficiency and monomolecular recombination are found for devices with small driving force. On the other hand, the relatively higher driving force and suppressed monomolecular recombination for PBODT:IDIC devices are identified to be the reason for their higher short-circuit current density (Jsc) and higher PCEs. In addition, when processed with the nonchlorinated solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, a good PCE of 8.19% was still achieved for the IDIC-based device. Our work shows that such wide-band-gap polymers have great potential for the environmentally friendly fabrication of highly efficient PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lianjie Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Anxing Zhong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Pan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wanzhu Cai
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junwu Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qu S, Wang H, Mo D, Chao P, Yang Z, Li L, Tian L, Chen W, He F. Fine Tuning of Open-Circuit Voltage by Chlorination in Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene–Benzodithiophene Terpolymers toward Enhanced Solar Energy Conversion. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Chen
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 South
Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Viswanathan VN, Rao AD, Pandey UK, Kesavan AV, Ramamurthy PC. Molecular-level architectural design using benzothiadiazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:863-873. [PMID: 28546844 PMCID: PMC5433161 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of low band gap, planar conjugated polymers, P1 (PFDTBT), P2 (PFDTDFBT) and P3 (PFDTTBT), based on fluorene and benzothiadiazole, was synthesized. The effect of fluorine substitution and fused aromatic spacers on the optoelectronic and photovoltaic performance was studied. The polymer, derived from dithienylated benzothiodiazole and fluorene, P1, exhibited a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level at -5.48 eV. Density functional theory (DFT) studies as well as experimental measurements suggested that upon substitution of the acceptor with fluorine, both the HOMO and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of the resulting polymer, P2, were lowered, leading to a higher open circuit voltage and short circuit current with an overall improvement of more than 110% for the photovoltaic devices. Moreover, a decrease in the torsion angle between the units was also observed for the fluorinated polymer P2 due to the enhanced electrostatic interaction between the fluorine substituents and sulfur atoms, leading to a high hole mobility. The use of a fused π-bridge in polymer P3 for the enhancement of the planarity as compared to the P1 backbone was also studied. This enhanced planarity led to the highest observed mobility among the reported three polymers as well as to an improvement in the device efficiency by more than 40% for P3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinila N Viswanathan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun D Rao
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Upendra K Pandey
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arul Varman Kesavan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Beyond Donor-Acceptor (D-A) Approach: Structure-Optoelectronic Properties-Organic Photovoltaic Performance Correlation in New D-A1-D-A2Low-Bandgap Conjugated Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
48
|
Selvam R, Subramanian K. Benzimidazole-indole-chalcone connected methacrylate-based side chain D-π-A polymer and its application in organic photovoltaics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Selvam
- Department of Chemistry; Anna University; Guindy, Chennai 600 025 India
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fukuta S, Seo J, Lee H, Kim H, Kim Y, Ree M, Higashihara T. 2,2′-Bis(1,3,4-thiadiazole)-Based π-Conjugated Copolymers for Organic Photovoltaics with Exceeding 8% and Its Molecular Weight Dependence of Device Performance. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seijiro Fukuta
- Department
of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials
Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jo-nan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jooyeok Seo
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School
of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, University Road 80, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajeong Kim
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School
of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, University Road 80, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic
Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, School
of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, University Road 80, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhor Ree
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Polymer Research Institute, and Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department
of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials
Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jo-nan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Van Den Eede MP, Bedi A, Delabie J, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Koeckelberghs G. The influence of the end-group on the chiral self-assembly of all-conjugated block copolymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This research demonstrates the influence of the end-group on the self-assembly of conjugated polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Bedi
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - J. Delabie
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - J. De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | - P. Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry
- University of Mons-UMONS
- 7000 Mons
- Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|