Novel alternative tools for metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas prediction

OBJECTIVE

The existing prediction models for metastasis in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGLs) showed high heterogeneity in different centers. Therefore, this study aimed to establish new prediction models integrating multiple variables based on different algorithms.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Data of patients with PPGLs undergoing surgical resection at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2007 to 2022 were collected retrospectively. Patients were randomly divided into the training and testing sets in a ratio of 7:3. Subsequently, decision trees, random forest, and logistic models were constructed for metastasis prediction with the training set and Cox models for metastasis-free survival (MFS) prediction with the total population. Additionally, Ki-67 index and tumor size were transformed into categorical variables for adjusting models. The testing set was used to assess the discrimination and calibration of models and the optimal models were visualized as nomograms. Clinical characteristics and MFS were compared between patients with and without risk factors.

RESULTS

A total of 198 patients with 59 cases of metastasis were included and classified into the training set (n = 138) and testing set (n = 60). Among all models, the logistic regression model showed the best discrimination for metastasis prediction with an AUC of 0.891 (95% CI, 0.793-0.990), integrating SDHB germline mutations [OR: 96.72 (95% CI, 16.61-940.79)], S-100 (-) [OR: 11.22 (95% CI, 3.04-58.51)], ATRX (-) [OR: 8.42 (95% CI, 2.73-29.24)] and Ki-67 ≥ 3% [OR: 7.98 (95% CI, 2.27-32.24)] evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tumor size ≥ 5 cm [OR: 4.59 (95% CI, 1.34-19.13)]. The multivariate Cox model including the above risk factors also showed a high C-index of 0.860 (95% CI, 0.810-0.911) in predicting MFS after surgery. Furthermore, patients with the above risk factors showed a significantly poorer MFS (P ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Models established in this study provided alternative and reliable tools for clinicians to predict PPGLs patients' metastasis and MFS. More importantly, this study revealed for the first time that IHC of ATRX could act as an independent predictor of metastasis in PPGLs.

DNAJA1‑knockout alleviates heat stroke‑induced endothelial barrier disruption via improving thermal tolerance and suppressing the MLCK‑MLC signaling pathway

Endothelial barrier disruption plays a key role in the pathophysiology of heat stroke (HS). Knockout of DNAJA1 (DNAJA1‑KO) is thought to be protective against HS based on a genome‑wide CRISPR‑Cas9 screen experiment. The present study aimed to illustrate the function of DNAJA1‑KO against HS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. DNAJA1‑KO cells were infected using a lentivirus to investigate the role of DNAJA1‑KO in HS‑induced endothelial barrier disruption. It was shown that DNAJA1‑KO could ameliorate decreased cell viability and increased cell injury, according to the results of Cell Counting Kit‑8 and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Moreover, HS‑induced endothelial cell apoptosis was inhibited by DNAJA1‑KO, as indicated by Annexin V‑FITC/PI staining and cleaved‑caspase‑3 expression using flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, the endothelial barrier function, as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and FITC‑Dextran, was sustained during HS. DNAJA1‑KO was not found to have a significant effect on the expression and distribution of cell junction proteins under normal conditions without HS. However, DNAJA1‑KO could effectively protect the HS‑induced decrease in the expression and distribution of cell junction proteins, including zonula occludens‑1, claudin‑5, junctional adhesion molecule A and occludin. A total of 4,394 proteins were identified using proteomic analysis, of which 102 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were activated in HS‑induced wild‑type cells and inhibited by DNAJA1‑KO. DEPs were investigated by enrichment analysis, which demonstrated significant enrichment in the 'calcium signaling pathway' and associations with vascular‑barrier regulation. Furthermore, the 'myosin light‑chain kinase (MLCK)‑MLC signaling pathway' was proven to be activated by HS and inhibited by DNAJA1‑KO, as expected. Moreover, DNAJA1‑KO mice and a HS mouse model were established to demonstrate the protective effects on endothelial barrier in vivo. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that DNAJA1‑KO alleviates HS‑induced endothelial barrier disruption by improving thermal tolerance and suppressing the MLCK‑MLC signaling pathway.

Development of a Decafluorobiphenyl Cyclized Peptide Targeting the NEMO-IKKα/β Interaction that Enhances Cell Penetration and Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury

Aberrant canonical NF-κB signaling has been implicated in diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer. Direct disruption of the interaction of NEMO and IKKα/β has been developed as a novel way to inhibit the overactivation of NF-κB. Peptides are a potential solution for disrupting protein-protein interactions (PPIs); however, they typically suffer from poor stability in vivo and limited tissue penetration permeability, hampering their widespread use as new chemical biology tools and potential therapeutics. In this work, decafluorobiphenyl-cysteine SNAr chemistry, molecular modeling, and biological validation allowed the development of peptide PPI inhibitors. The resulting cyclic peptide specifically inhibited canonical NF-κB signaling in vitro and in vivo, and presented positive metabolic stability, anti-inflammatory effects, and low cytotoxicity. Importantly, our results also revealed that cyclic peptides had huge potential in acute lung injury (ALI) treatment, and confirmed the role of the decafluorobiphenyl-based cyclization strategy in enhancing the biological activity of peptide NEMO-IKKα/β inhibitors. Moreover, it provided a promising method for the development of peptide-PPI inhibitors.

A new model for dynamic mapping of effective connectivity in task fMRI

Whole-brain dynamic functional connectivity is a growing area in neuroimaging research, encompassing data-driven methods for investigating how large-scale brain networks dynamically reorganize during resting states. However, this approach has been rarely applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired during task performance. In this study, we first combined the psychophysiological interactions (PPI) and sliding-window methods to analyze dynamic effective connectivity of fMRI data obtained from subjects performing the N-back task within the Human Connectome Project dataset. We then proposed a hypothetical model called Condition Activated Specific Trajectory (CAST) to represent a series of spatiotemporal synchronous changes in significantly activated connections across time windows, which we refer to as a trajectory. Our finding demonstrate that the CAST model outperforms other models in terms of intra-group consistency of individual spatial pattern of PPI connectivity, overall representational ability of temporal variability and hierarchy for individual task performance and cognitive traits. This dynamic view afforded by the CAST model reflects the intrinsic nature of coherent brain activities.

Boosting Sodium Compensation Efficiency via a CNT/MnO2 Catalyst toward High-Performance Na-Ion Batteries

The formation of a solid electrolyte interphase on carbon anodes causes irreversible loss of Na+ ions, significantly compromising the energy density of Na-ion full cells. Sodium compensation additives can effectively address the irreversible sodium loss but suffer from high decomposition voltage induced by low electrochemical activity. Herein, we propose a universal electrocatalytic sodium compensation strategy by introducing a carbon nanotube (CNT)/MnO2 catalyst to realize full utilization of sodium compensation additives at a much-reduced decomposition voltage. The well-organized CNT/MnO2 composite with high catalytic activity, good electronic conductivity, and abundant reaction sites enables sodium compensation additives to decompose at significantly reduced voltages (from 4.40 to 3.90 V vs Na+/Na for sodium oxalate, 3.88 V for sodium carbonate, and even 3.80 V for sodium citrate). As a result, sodium oxalate as the optimal additive achieves a specific capacity of 394 mAh g-1, almost reaching its theoretical capacity in the first charge, increasing the energy density of the Na-ion full cell from 111 to 158 Wh kg-1 with improved cycle stability and rate capability. This work offers a valuable approach to enhance sodium compensation efficiency, promising high-performance energy storage devices in the future.

Tensile Strain-Mediated Bimetallene Nanozyme for Enhanced Photothermal Tumor Catalytic Therapy

Nanozymes have demonstrated significant potential in combating malignant tumor proliferation through catalytic therapy. However, the therapeutic effect is often limited by insufficient catalytic performance. In this study, we propose the utilization of strain engineering in metallenes to fully expose the active regions due to their ultrathin nature. Here, we present the first report on a novel tensile strain-mediated local amorphous RhRu (la-RhRu) bimetallene with exceptional intrinsic photothermal effect and photo-enhanced multiple enzyme-like activities. Through geometric phase analysis, electron diffraction profile, and X-ray diffraction, it is revealed that crystalline-amorphous heterophase boundaries can generate approximately 2% tensile strain in the bimetallene. The ultrathin structure and in-plane strain of the bimetallene induce an amplified strain effect. Both experimental and theoretical evidence support the notion that tensile strain promotes multiple enzyme-like activities. Functioning as a tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive nanozyme, la-RhRu exhibits remarkable therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This work highlights the tremendous potential of atomic-scale tensile strain engineering strategy in enhancing tumor catalytic therapy.

Ancient genome of the Chinese Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou

Emperor Wu (, Wudi) of the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty, named Yuwen Yong (, 543-578 CE), was a highly influential emperor who reformed the system of regional troops, pacified the Turks, and unified the northern part of the country. His genetic profile and physical characteristics, including his appearance and potential diseases, have garnered significant interest from the academic community and the public. In this study, we have successfully generated a 0.343×-coverage genome of Wudi with 1,011,419 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the 1240k panel. By analyzing pigmentation-relevant SNPs and conducting cranial CT-based facial reconstruction, we have determined that Wudi possessed a typical East or Northeast Asian appearance. Furthermore, pathogenic SNPs suggest Wudi faced an increased susceptibility to certain diseases, such as stroke. Wudi shared the closest genetic relationship with ancient Khitan and Heishui Mohe samples and modern Daur and Mongolian populations but also showed additional affinity with Yellow River (YR) farmers. We estimated that Wudi derived 61% of his ancestry from ancient Northeast Asians (ANAs) and nearly one-third from YR farmer-related groups. This can likely be attributed to continuous intermarriage between Xianbei royal families, and local Han aristocrats.1,2 Furthermore, our study has revealed genetic diversities among available ancient Xianbei individuals from different regions, suggesting that the formation of the Xianbei was a dynamic process influenced by admixture with surrounding populations.

Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Axillary Artery Cannulation for Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and its Effect on the Recovery of Spontaneous Heartbeat in Patients with ECPR

Objective

The measurement of the right and left axillary arteries and aortic arch and their vessels by multi-row spiral CT angiography provides the basis for clinical catheter selection and depth for axillary artery placement. This study reported the clinical experience of 7 patients who successfully underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous axillary artery cannulation for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO).

Methods

Patients who had CT angiography of the thoracic aorta at our institution between January 2020 and March 2022 were assessed for eligibility and included. The diameters of the cephalic trunk (D1), right common carotid artery (D2), right axillary artery (D3), left common carotid artery (D4), left axillary artery opening (D5), right axillary artery cannulation length (L1), and left axillary artery cannulation length (L2) were measured. The tangential angles α, β, and γ of the cephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian and aorta was measured using an automatic angle-forming tool. The decision to use a 15F cannula for ultrasound-guided percutaneous axillary artery cannulation in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) aims to achieve optimal vascular access. This cannula size strikes a balance, providing sufficient blood flow rates for ECMO support while minimizing the risk of complications associated with larger cannulas. Precise measurements of arterial dimensions, including the cephalic trunk, common carotid arteries, and axillary arteries, play a crucial role in guiding catheter selection and determining the depth of axillary artery placement. These measurements allow for tailored approaches based on individual patient characteristics, enhancing the safety and efficacy of the intervention. Additionally, measuring tangential angles (α, β, and γ) provides insights into arterial alignment, optimizing the cannula trajectory for efficient blood flow. The use of an automatic angle-forming tool enhances measurement precision, contributing to procedural accuracy, minimizing complications, and ensuring the success of ultrasound-guided percutaneous axillary artery cannulation. In summary, the choice of a 15F cannula and precise measurements are essential components of the methodology, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and personalized approaches in VA-ECMO. From March to June 2022, 7 patients (6 males and 1 female) in our intensive care medicine department underwent successful ultrasound-guided percutaneous axillary artery cannulation for VA-ECMO with 15F cannula, including 3 cases with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and 4 cases with circulatory collapse.

Results

292 patients met the study criteria, 215 males and 77 females, with a mean age of 67.2±14.2 years. The measurements showed that D1 was (13.1±2.0) mm, D2 was (8.8±2.5) mm, D3 was (6.1±1.2) mm, D4 was (8.3±3.5) mm, D5 was (6.1±1.1) mm, L1 was (114.1±17.8) mm, and L2 was (128.4±20.2) mm. The tangential angles α of the cephalic trunk left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery to the aorta were (43.8°±17.1°), β was (50.7°±14.8°), and γ was (62.4°±19.1°). Males had significantly wider D3 and D5, longer L1 and L2, and smaller gamma angles than females (P < .05). Three ECPR cases showed no recovery of the spontaneous heartbeat with femoral artery cannulation for VA-ECMO but recovered spontaneous heartbeat after axillary artery cannulation for VA-ECMO was adopted. The measurements in this study have important implications for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) procedures. They provide crucial information about arterial dimensions, including the cephalic trunk, common carotid arteries, and axillary arteries. This information guides clinicians in selecting catheters and determining the ideal depth for percutaneous axillary artery cannulation during ECMO interventions. Notable gender differences in arterial dimensions highlight the need for personalized approaches in ECMO procedures. Customizing catheter choices and cannulation depth based on individual patient characteristics, informed by these measurements, improves the safety and effectiveness of the intervention. The measured tangential angles (α, β, and γ) offer insights into arterial alignment, crucial for optimizing cannula trajectory and ensuring proper alignment for efficient blood flow. The use of an automatic angle-forming tool enhances measurement precision, contributing to procedural accuracy and minimizing the risk of complications during ECMO procedures. In summary, these measurements directly enhance the precision and safety of VA-ECMO procedures, underscoring the importance of personalized approaches based on individual anatomical variations and improving overall intervention success and outcomes.

Conclusion

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous axillary artery cannulation for VA-ECMO with a 15F cannula is clinically feasible. Axillary artery cannulation for VA-ECMO contributes to the restoration of spontaneous heartbeat in ECPR patients more than femoral artery cannulation, and the possible mechanism is a better improvement of coronary blood flow. However, the study has limitations, including a modest sample size and a single-center, retrospective design, impacting its generalizability. To validate and extend these findings, further research with larger and diverse cohorts, including prospective investigations, is necessary to ensure their applicability across various clinical settings and patient demographics in VA-ECMO.

Metastable gallium hydride mediates propane dehydrogenation on H2 co-feeding

In heterogeneous catalysis, the catalytic dehydrogenation reactions of hydrocarbons often exhibit a negative pressure dependence on hydrogen due to the competitive chemisorption of hydrocarbons and hydrogen. However, some catalysts show a positive pressure dependence for propane dehydrogenation, an important reaction for propylene production. Here we show that the positive activity dependence on H2 partial pressure of gallium oxide-based catalysts arises from metastable hydride mediation. Through in situ spectroscopic, kinetic and computational analyses, we demonstrate that under reaction conditions with H2 co-feeding, the dissociative adsorption of H2 on a partially reduced gallium oxide surface produces H atoms chemically bonded to coordinatively unsaturated Ga atoms. These metastable gallium hydride species promote C-H bond activation while inhibiting deep dehydrogenation. We found that the surface coverage of gallium hydride determines the catalytic performance. Accordingly, benefiting from proper H2 co-feeding, the alumina-supported, trace additive-modified gallium oxide catalyst GaOx-Ir-K/Al2O3 exhibited high activity and selectivity at high propane concentrations.

The proportion of CD161 on CD56+ NK cells in peripheral circulation associates with clinical features and disease activity of primary Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to examine the proportion of CD161 on CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and investigate its clinical relevance of pSS.

METHODS

The proportion of CD56+ NK cells and CD161 on CD56+ NK cells was detected by flow cytometry in 31 pSS patients and 29 healthy controls (HCs). The correlations between the proportion of CD161+CD56+ NK cells and clinical features and disease activity of pSS were further analyzed. Meanwhile, we drew the receiver operating characteristic curve to evaluate the diagnostic value of CD161+CD56+ NK cells in pSS. In addition, we evaluated the differences in the effects of CD161+ cells and CD161- cells in peripheral blood on the function of CD56+ NK cells in 5 pSS patients.

RESULTS

The proportion of CD56+ NK cells and CD161+CD56+ NK cells decreased markedly in pSS patients compared to HCs. The correlation analysis showed that the proportion of CD161+CD56+ NK cells negatively correlated with white blood cells, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, IgG, European League Against Rheumatism Sjogren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index and European League Against Rheumatism Sjogren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index, and positively correlated with complement C4. The proportion of CD161+CD56+ NK cells in pSS patients with decayed tooth, fatigue, arthralgia, skin involvement, primary biliary cirrhosis, interstitial lung disease, anti-SSA/Ro60 positive, anti-SSB positive and high IgG was lower than that in negative patients. Furthermore, compared with inactive patients, the proportion of CD161+CD56+ NK cells decreased obviously in active patients. The area under the curve was 0.7375 (p = .0016), the results indicated that CD161+CD56+ NK cells had certain diagnostic values for pSS. In addition, the proportion of CD86, HLA-DR, Ki67, FasL, TNF-α, and IFN-γ on CD161+CD56+ NK cells was lower than that on CD161-CD56+ NK cells in the peripheral blood of pSS patients.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that the proportion of CD56+ NK cells and CD161+CD56+ NK cells decreased significantly in pSS patients, and the proportion of CD161+CD56+ NK cells negatively associated with the clinical features and disease activity of pSS patients. CD161 expression inhibited the function of CD56+ NK cells in peripheral blood of pSS patients. The CD161+CD56+ NK cells may present as a potential target for therapy and a biomarker of disease activity in pSS.

Clinical use of macitentan in the treatment of connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background

Connective tissue disease (CTD) is the second most common cause of the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Currently, clinical data concerning CTD-PAH is scarce. Our study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of macitentan in the treatment of CTD-PAH.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients diagnosed with CTD-PAH at The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from April 2020 to November 2021 were included. Of the patients, 9 were switched to macitentan monotherapy whereas 23 received initial combination therapy. The mean follow-up time was 24 weeks. Six-minute walking distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO-FC), serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and echocardiography parameters before and after medication were assessed. Adverse reactions were also recorded and compared.

Results

After 24 weeks of treatment, 6MWD, NT-proBNP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) estimated by ultrasound, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in the macitentan monotherapy group revealed significant differences (Z=-2.67, Z=-2.67, t=6.20, t=5.60, t=-3.04, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in right ventricular diameter (RVD), right atrial diameter (RAD), ascending aortic root inner diameter (AAO) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) (P>0.05). After 24 weeks of medication, the number of patients with WHO-FC grade III/IV symptoms decreased from 6 to 3, 1 to 0 respectively (P<0.05), and that of patients with WHO-FC grade I/II symptoms increased from 0 to 2, 2 to 4 respectively(P<0.05). After 24 weeks of treatment, 6MWD, NT-proBNP, LVEDd, sPAP and TRPG in the macitentan combined with sildenafil treatment group revealed statistically significant differences (Z=-4.11, Z=-3.74, Z=-3.83, t=6.88, t=6.54, P<0.001). Significant differences in RVD, RAD, and TAPSE were found (t=3.46, t=3.69, t=-3.12, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant variances in AAO between the groups (P>0.05). The number of patients with WHO-FC grade III/IV symptoms decreased from 16 to 8, 5 to 0 respectively (P<0.05), and that of patients with WHO-FC grade I/II symptoms increased from 0 to 1, 2 to 14 respectively (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences before and after treatment in 6MWD, NT-proBNP, RVD, RAD, AAO, LVEDd, sPAP, TRPG and TAPSE between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum creatinine (Scr) and hemoglobin (Hb) between 0 and 24 weeks (P>0.05).

Conclusions

Exercise tolerance and cardiac function in patients with CTD-PAH were significantly improved after treatment with macitentan, which was well tolerated. Therefore, macitentan may be an effective and safe targeted drug for CTD-PAH.

Association of autoimmune thyroid disease with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its ultrasonic diagnosis and management

As a common hyperglycemic disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complicated disorder that requires a lifelong insulin supply due to the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. Although it is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder, T1DM is often associated with multiple other autoimmune disorders. The most prevalent concomitant autoimmune disorder occurring in T1DM is autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), which mainly exhibits two extremes of phenotypes: hyperthyroidism [Graves' disease (GD)] and hypo-thyroidism [Hashimoto's thyroiditis, (HT)]. However, the presence of comorbid AITD may negatively affect metabolic management in T1DM patients and thereby may increase the risk for potential diabetes-related complications. Thus, routine screening of thyroid function has been recommended when T1DM is diagnosed. Here, first, we summarize current knowledge regarding the etiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of both diseases. Subsequently, an updated review of the association between T1DM and AITD is offered. Finally, we provide a relatively detailed review focusing on the application of thyroid ultrasonography in diagnosing and managing HT and GD, suggesting its critical role in the timely and accurate diagnosis of AITD in T1DM.

The Effect of Syntactic Similarity on Intra-Sentential Switching Costs: Evidence from Chinese-English Bilinguals

In order to better understand the role of syntactic similarity in a code-switched sentence, the current study explored the effect of similar and different syntactic structures on Chinese-English bilinguals' intra-sentential switching costs. L2 proficiency and switching directions as factors that potentially intervene in bilingual performance were together explored to see if there was any interaction. We manipulated the degree of syntactic similarity by utilizing clauses in active voice (greater similarity) and passive voice (lesser similarity). The study conducted a self-paced reading paradigm as a more natural language reading processing. Results showed overall longer reading times for active sentences than passive counterparts, which supported a syntactic similarity impediment rather than facilitation. The impediment seemed to be predominant irrespective of L2 proficiency. Furthermore, syntactic similarity modulated the asymmetry of switching costs between forward (L1-L2) and backward (L2-L1) direction: word RTs for the 1st and the 2nd switched word yielded greater costs in L2-L1 condition, while greater costs in L1-L2 condition was observed in 3rd switched word RTs and average RTs. The present study observed syntactic similarity impediment rather than facilitation for Chinese-English bilinguals. Notably, syntactic similarity plays a predominant role compared to L2 proficiency, and modulates the asymmetry between switching directions.

Copper/Ruthenium Relay Catalysis for Stereodivergent Access to δ-Hydroxy α-Amino Acids and Small Peptides

An atom- and step-economical and redox-neutral cascade reaction enabled by asymmetric bimetallic relay catalysis by merging a ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric borrowing-hydrogen reaction with copper-catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition has been realized. A variety of highly functionalized 2-amino-5-hydroxyvaleric acid esters or peptides bearing 1,4-non-adjacent stereogenic centers have been prepared in high yields with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity. Judicious selection and rational modification of the Ru catalysts with careful tuning of the reaction conditions played a pivotal role in stereoselectivity control as well as attenuating undesired α-epimerization, thus enabling a full complement of all four stereoisomers that were otherwise inaccessible in previous work. Concise asymmetric stereodivergent synthesis of the key intermediates for biologically important chiral molecules further showcases the synthetic utility of this methodology.

Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Intramolecular Tandem Double Cyclization of γ-Hydroxy Acetylenic Ketones with Alkynes into Naphtho[1,2-b]furan-3-ones

A metal-free and atom-economic route for the synthesis of naphtho[1,2-b]furan-3-ones has been realized via p-TsOH·H2O-catalyzed intramolecular tandem double cyclization of γ-hydroxy acetylenic ketones with alkynes in formic acid. The benzene-linked furanonyl-ynes are the key intermediates obtained by the scission/recombination of C-O double bonds. Further, the structural modifications of the representative product were implemented by reduction, demethylation, substitution, and [5 + 2]-cycloaddition.

Modular access to chiral bridged piperidine-γ-butyrolactones via catalytic asymmetric allylation/aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization sequences

Chiral functionalized piperidine and lactone heterocycles are widely spread in natural products and drug candidates with promising pharmacological properties. However, there remains no general asymmetric methodologies that enable rapid assemble both critical biologically important units into one three-dimensional chiral molecule. Herein, we describe a straightforward relay strategy for the construction of enantioenriched bridged piperidine-γ-butyrolactone skeletons incorporating three skipped stereocenters via asymmetric allylic alkylation and aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization sequences. The excellent enantioselectivity control in asymmetric allylation with the simplest allylic precursor is enabled by the synergistic Cu/Ir-catalyzed protocol; the success of aza-Prins cyclization/lactonization can be attributed to the pivotal role of the ester substituent, which acts as a preferential intramolecular nucleophile to terminate the aza-Prins intermediacy of piperid-4-yl cation species. The resulting chiral piperidine-γ-butyrolactone bridged-heterocyclic products show impressive preliminary biological activities against a panel of cancer cell lines.

The Impact of Testosterone on Alzheimer's Disease Are Mediated by Lipid Metabolism and Obesity: A Mendelian Randomization Study

BACKGROUND

To investigate the causal relationship between testosterone (BT) levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk and to quantify the role of obesity and lipid metabolism as potential mediators.

METHODS

We used a two-sample, two-step MR to determine:1) the causal effect of BT levels on AD; 2) the causal effect of two lipid metabolites, obesity and LDLc on AD; and 3) the mediating effects of these metabolites. Pooled data for BT levels and lipid metabolism were obtained from the UK Biobank. AD data were obtained from the Alzheimer's Disease Project International Genomics Consortium, FinnGen Consortium, and UK Biobank study. Effect estimates from external genome-wide association study (GWAS) pooled statistics were obtained using inverse variance-weighted (IVW) MR analysis.

RESULTS

Higher levels of BT were associated with a reduced risk of AD (odds ratio [OR] 0.9992, 95% CI 0.9985-0.9998, P = 0.019), and there was a negative correlation with LDLc (OR 0.9208, 95% CI 0.8569-0.9895, P = 0.024) and obesity class 2 (OC2) (OR 0.7445, 95% CI 0.5873-0.9437, P = 0.014). Conversely, there was a positive correlation between LDLc (OR 1.0014, 95% CI 1.0000-1.0029, P = 0.043) and OC2 (OR 1.0005, 95% CI 1.0001-1.0009, P = 0.003) and AD. Mediation analysis showed that the indirect effect of BT levels on AD was achieved through LDLc and OC2, which accounted for 17% and 17% of the total effect, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified a causal role of BT levels in LDLc and OC2. BT levels may affect AD through LDLc and OC2 metabolic processes.

Decreased expression of TIGIT on CD14 + monocytes correlates with clinical features and laboratory parameters of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) in peripheral circulation of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and its role in the development of pSS.

METHODS

The expression of TIGIT on T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD14 + monocytes was detected by flow cytometry in pSS and healthy control (HC). The correlations between expression of TIGIT and clinical features and laboratory parameters of pSS were analyzed. Meanwhile, we analyzed the change in expression of TIGIT before and after treatment, and its role in the prognosis of pSS treatment was evaluated.

RESULTS

The expression of TIGIT on CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells increased and decreased on CD14 + monocytes in pSS compared to HC; however, there was no significance of B lymphocytes and NK cells. The correlation analysis between the expression of TIGIT on T lymphocytes and CD14 + monocytes and clinical features of pSS showed that the decrease in TIGIT expression on CD14 + monocytes was more closely related to pSS. The expression of TIGIT + CD14 + monocytes negatively correlated with the disease activity of pSS. The expression of TIGIT + CD14 + monocytes of pSS with arthralgia, fatigue, decayed tooth, xerostomia, interstitial lung disease, anti-Ro52 positive, and high IgG decreased compared to that in negative patients. Furthermore, it was significantly lower in active patients than in nonactive patients. After treatment, the expression of TIGIT + CD14 + monocytes tended to increase.

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested that decreased TIGIT expression on CD14 + monocytes was associated with the clinical manifestations, disease activity, and prognosis of pSS patients. TIGIT + CD14 + monocytes may present as a potential target and a biomarker of the prognosis for immunomodulatory therapy in pSS. Key Points • The expression of TIGIT+CD14+ monocytes significantly decreased in pSS patients compared to HC. • There was a negative correlation between TIGIT+CD14+ monocytes and the disease activity of pSS. • TIGIT+CD14+ monocyte expression was associated with the clinical manifestations, autoantibodies, IgG, and prognosis of pSS patients.

Synthesis of CoMoO4 Nanofibers by Electrospinning as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting

To improve the traditional energy production and consumption of resources, the acceleration of the development of a clean and green assembly line is highly important. Hydrogen is considered one of the most ideal options. The method of production of hydrogen through water splitting constitutes the most attractive research. We synthesized CoMoO4 nanofibers by electrospinning along with post-heat treatment at different temperatures. CoMoO4 nanofibers show a superior activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and only demand an overpotential of 80 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2. In particular, the CoMoO4 catalyst also delivers excellent performances of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH, which is a more complicated process that needs extra energy to launch. The CoMoO4 nanofibers also showed a superior stability in multiple CV cycles and maintained a catalytic activity for up to 80 h through chronopotentiometry tests. This is attributed mainly to a synergistic interaction between the different metallic elements that caused the activity of CoMoO4 beyond single oxides. This approach proved that bimetallic oxides are promising for energy production.

VISTA as a prospective immune checkpoint in gynecological malignant tumors: A review of the literature

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), encoded by the human VSIR gene, is a B7 family checkpoint homologous to the programmed death-Ligand 1 sequence. In gynecologic malignancies, VISTA is abnormally expressed and regulates the tumor immune microenvironment, causing a high upregulation of VISTA expression in T-cells and myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor proliferation, progression, and immune tolerance. Here, we review the research progress of VISTA in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers through its structure and immunomodulatory mechanism. The comprehensive study of VISTA is expected to improve the current problem of poor immunotherapeutic effects and provide new ideas for immune therapy in patients with gynecologic tumors.

Increased proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes correlates with clinical features and laboratory parameters in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVES

CD226 is widely expressed on the surface of immune cells as a co-stimulatory receptor, which is involved in the development of many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the proportion of CD226 on CD14 + monocytes in the peripheral circulation of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and the clinical significance of pSS.

METHODS

The proportion of CD226 on the surface of CD14 + monocytes was measured by flow cytometry in 45 pSS patients and 25 healthy controls (HC). The correlations between the proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes and the clinical features and laboratory parameters of pSS were analyzed. Meanwhile, we analyzed the change in proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes before and after treatment, and the clinical significance of pSS was evaluated.

RESULTS

The proportion of CD226 on CD14 + monocytes markedly increased in pSS patients compared to HC (p < .01). We found the proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes was positively correlated with the disease activity and severity of pSS patients. The proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes in pSS patients with decayed tooth, fatigue, interstitial lung disease (ILD), low WBC, high IgG, anti-Ro60, and anti-SSB positive increased compared to that in negative patients (p < .05). Furthermore, the proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes was significantly higher in active patients than in nonactive patients (p < .01). Additionally, the proportion of CD226 + CD14 + monocytes decreased in seven pSS patients after treatment (p < .01).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested that an increased CD226 proportion on CD14 + monocytes was associated with the clinical manifestations, disease activity, and prognosis of pSS patients. CD226+ CD14 + monocytes may present a potential target and a biomarker for the prognosis and therapy of pSS patients.

Oral delivery of bi-autoantigens by bacterium-like particles (BLPs) against autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice

Induction of oral tolerance by vaccination with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-associated autoantigens exhibits great potential in preventing and treating this autoimmune disease. However, antigen degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) limits the delivery efficiency of oral antigens. Previously, bacterium-like particles (BLPs) have been used to deliver a single-chain insulin (SCI-59) analog (BLPs-SCI-59) or the intracellular domain of insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic) (BLPs-IA-2ic). Both monovalent BLPs vaccines can suppress T1DM in NOD mice by stimulating the corresponding antigen-specific oral tolerance, respectively. Here, we constructed two bivalent BLPs vaccines which simultaneously deliver SCI-59 and IA-2ic (Bivalent vaccine-mix or Bivalent vaccine-SA), and evaluated whether there is an additive beneficial effect on tolerance induction and suppression of T1DM by treatment with BLPs-delivered bi-autoantigens. Compared to the monovalent BLPs vaccines, oral administration of the Bivalent vaccine-mix could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in T1DM. Treatment with the bivalent BLPs vaccines (especially Bivalent vaccine-mix) endowed the mice with a stronger ability to regulate blood glucose and protect the integrity and function of pancreatic islets than the monovalent BLPs vaccines treatment. This additive effect of BLPs-delivered bi-autoantigens on T1DM prevention may be related to that SCI-59- and IA-2-specific Th2-like immune responses could be induced, which was more beneficial for the correction of Th1/Th2 imbalance. In addition, more CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were induced by treatment with the bivalent BLPs vaccines than did the monovalent BLPs vaccines. Therefore, multiple autoantigens delivered by BLPs maybe a promising strategy to prevent T1DM by efficiently inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance.

Causal association between aspirin use and risk of endometrioid carcinoma: a Mendelian randomization study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to investigate the causal relationship between aspirin use and the risk of endometrial endometrioid cancer (EEC) using two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A TSMR analysis was conducted to estimate the potential causal relationship between aspirin use and the risk of EEC using genome-wide data from Genome-wide association study (GWAS). The causal association between aspirin use and EEC was further analyzed by MVMR analysis after adjusting for various factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and infertility. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data associated with aspirin use and EEC was obtained from the GWAS catalog database.

RESULTS

A total of six SNPs were included as instrumental variables in TSMR, which showed that taking aspirin reduced the risk of EEC [OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0-0.28, p = 0.005, inverse variance weighted (IVW) method]. Besides, the results of the weighted median (WME) method, weighted mode, and simple mode were consistent with the results shown by the IVW method. After further using the MVMR method, the causal association of aspirin use and prevention of EEC onset remained significant after adjusting for the effects of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes (OR = 0.076, 95% CI = 0.007-0.793, p = 0.031). Sensitivity analyses, including heterogeneity, horizontal multiplicity, and leave-one-out tests, showed the reliability of the instrumental variables, proving that the results were reliable and not significantly biased.

CONCLUSIONS

Taking aspirin can reduce the risk of EEC morbidity, and it is expected to be of great significance for the early prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer by exploring the biological mechanism of aspirin on endometrioid cancer at a deeper level.

A 47-Year-Old Man with Hyperphosphatemia Due to Chronic Renal Failure Treated with Lanthanum Carbonate Tablets Presenting Acutely with Partial Large Bowel Obstruction

BACKGROUND Hyperphosphatemia is a complication of chronic renal failure (CRF) due to reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. Lanthanum carbonate is a commonly used phosphate binder for patients with CRF and hyperphosphatemia, but has adverse effects if patients are not monitored. This report is of a 47-year-old man with hyperphosphatemia due to CRF treated with lanthanum carbonate tablets who presented acutely with partial large bowel obstruction. The incidence of lanthanum carbonate causing intestinal obstruction is rare, and few cases in the literature have described the course of the disease in detail. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old man diagnosed with diabetic nephropathy underwent hemodialysis treatment and was prescribed 0.5 g/day of chewable lanthanum carbonate tablets. After taking lanthanum carbonate for 5 months, the patient experienced symptoms of decreased bowel movements and exhaustion, which progressively worsened. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple hyperdensities in the large bowel, indicating the presence of lanthanum deposition. Lanthanum carbonate was promptly discontinued. After undergoing enema and catharsis treatment, the large bowel obstruction was relieved, and the hyperdensities in the abdominal CT disappeared. The colonoscopy and histologic examination revealed ulcerations and inflammatory changes in the large bowel mucosa. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the rare association between the use of lanthanum carbonate tablets and intestinal obstruction. Healthcare providers should enhance their vigilance regarding lanthanum carbonate-induced serious gastrointestinal adverse reactions and actively seek to detect lanthanum deposition by abdominal CT or radiography (X-ray). After the occurrence of lanthanum deposition, drug withdrawal and promotion of defecation are primary treatment methods.

Mitogenome analysis reveals predominantly ancient Yellow River origin of population inhabiting Datong agro-pastoral ecotone along Great Wall

The Datong Basin was an important arena for population movement and admixture between the Yellow River Valley and Eastern Steppe. In historical materials, the region was often the setting for a tug-of-war between Han farmers and non-Han nomads. The genetic makeup and population history of this Datong population has, however, remained uncertain. In this study, we analysed 289 mitogenomes from Datong individuals. Our primary findings were: (1) population summary statistics analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity and strong signals of population expansion in the Datong population; (2) inter-population comparisons (PCA and Fst heatmap) exhibited a close clustering between the Datong population and Northern Han, especially northern frontier groups, such as the Inner Mongolia Han, Heilongjiang Han, Liaoning Han and Tianjin Han; (3) phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes revealed the presence of different components in the maternal gene pools of Datong population-the northern East Asian component was dominant (66.44%), whereas the southern East Asians were the second largest component with 31.49%. We also observed a much reduced west Eurasian (2.07%) component; (4) direct comparisons with ancient groups showed closer relationship between Datong and Yellow River farmers than Eastern Steppe nomads. Despite, therefore, centuries of Eastern Steppe nomadic control over the Datong area, Yellow River farmers had a much more significant impact on the Datong population.

The effect of inhibitory control and language proficiency on intra-sentential switching costs in reading comprehension

Based on the inhibition account and activation account, inhibitory control and language proficiency play big roles on language control mechanisms underlying language switching respectively. But it is still debatable whether inhibitory control and language proficiency play roles in sentential context during bilingual language comprehension, and how and when they work if they both do. The present study examined the specific roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on modulating intra-sentential switching costs in Chinese-English bilinguals using self-paced reading task. Results indicated that language proficiency and switching direction modulated intra-sentential switching costs significantly. Switching costs were larger when switching into L1 than into L2 for the first two code-switched words due to inhibitory effect, but more costly switching into L2 than into L1 since the third code-switched words owing to the effect of relative language proficiency. During bilingual language processing, inhibition and activation of languages shaped a dynamic interplay of complementary language control processes. Specifically, inhibitory control and language proficiency work as a dynamic continuum in language switching at sentence level. Switching into L1 requires the release of inhibition to L1, but switching into L2 asks the activation and access of L2. The interaction effects of language proficiency and inhibitory control influenced the exertion and components of inhibition. This study reconciled the independent roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on language switching and constructed a new continuum based on language proficiency.

[Protective effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin against acute kidney injury associated with acute liver failure in mice]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the protective effect of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum cystatin (rSj-Cys) against acute kidney injury induced by acute liver failure and unravel the underlying mechanism, so as to provide insights into the clinical therapy of acute kidney injury.

METHODS

Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into the normal control group, rSj-Cys control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GaIN) model group and LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys treatment group, of 6 mice each group. Mice in the LPS/D-GaIN group and LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 μg/kg) and D-GaIN (700 mg/kg), and mice in the LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys group were additionally administered with rSj-Cys (1.25 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection 30 min post-modeling, while mice in the rSj-Cys group were intraperitoneally injected with rSj-Cys (1.25 mg/kg), and mice in the normal control group were injected with the normal volume of PBS. All mice were sacrificed 6 h post-modeling, and mouse serum and kidney samples were collected. Serum creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured, and the pathological changes of mouse kidney specimens were examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of inflammatory factors and pyroptosis-related proteins was quantified in mouse kidney specimens using immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway-associated proteins was determined in mouse kidney specimens using Western blotting assay.

RESULTS

HE staining showed no remarkable abnormality in the mouse kidney structure in the normal control group and the rSj-Cys control group, and renal tubular injury was found in LPS/D-GaIN group, while the renal tubular injury was alleviated in LPS/D-GaIN+rSj-Cys treatment group. There were significant differences in serum levels of Cr (F = 46.33, P < 0.001), BUN (F = 128.60, P < 0.001), TNF-α (F = 102.00, P < 0.001) and IL-6 (F = 202.10, P < 0.001) among the four groups, and lower serum Cr [(85.35 ± 32.05) μmol/L], BUN [(11.90 ± 2.76) mmol/L], TNF-α [(158.27 ± 15.83) pg/mL] and IL-6 levels [(56.72 ± 4.37) pg/mL] were detected in the in LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys group than in the LPS/D-GaIN group (all P values < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining detected significant differences in TNF-α (F = 24.16, P < 0.001) and IL-10 (F = 15.07, P < 0.01) expression among the four groups, and lower TNF-α [(106.50 ± 16.57)%] and higher IL-10 expression [(91.83 ± 5.23)%] was detected in the LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys group than in the LPS/D-GaIN group (both P values < 0.01). Western blotting and immunohistochemistry detected significant differences in the protein expression of pyroptosis-related proteins NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) (F = 24.57 and 30.72, both P values < 0.001), IL-1β (F = 19.24 and 22.59, both P values < 0.001) and IL-18 (F = 16.60 and 19.30, both P values < 0.001) in kidney samples among the four groups, and lower NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 expression was quantified in the LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys treatment group than in the LPS/D-GaIN group (P values < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the protein expression of NF-κB signaling pathway-associated proteins p-NF-κB p-P65/NF-κB p65 (F = 71.88, P < 0.001), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (F = 45.49, P < 0.001) and p-IκB/IκB (F = 60.87, P < 0.001) in mouse kidney samples among the four groups, and lower expression of three NF-κB signaling pathway-associated proteins was determined in the LPS/D-GaIN + rSj-Cys treatment group than in the LPS/D-GaIN group (all P values < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

rSj-Cys may present a protective effect against acute kidney injury caused by acute liver failure through inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis and downregulating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Potential Controllable Redox Couple for Mild and Efficient Lithium Recovery from Spent Batteries

The prosperity of the lithium-ion battery market is dialectically accompanied by the depletion of corresponding resources and the accumulation of spent batteries. It is an urgent priority to develop green and efficient battery recycling strategies for helping ease resources and environmental pressures at the current stage. Here, we propose a mild and efficient lithium extracting strategy based on potential controllable redox couples. Active lithium in the spent battery without discharging is extracted using a series of tailored aprotic solutions comprised of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ethers. This ensures a safe yet efficient recycling process with nearly ≈100 % lithium recovery. We further investigate the Li+ -electron concerted redox reactions and the effect of solvation structure on kinetics during the extraction, and broaden the applicability of the Li-PAHs solution. This work can stimulate new inspiration for designing novel solutions to meet efficient and sustainable demands in recycling batteries.

Influence of medical humanization on patients' attribution in negative medical situations with communication as the mediator: a questionnaire study

Background

Patients' attribution in negative medical situations plays a vital role in reducing medical conflicts and developing high-quality healthcare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the triadic relations among patients' attribution, medical humanization and communication. Furthermore, the mediating effect of communication was tested.

Methods

A cross-sectional study on the relationship between patients' attribution in negative medical situations and medical staff's humanization and communication was conducted, with 3,000 participants totally from 103 hospitals of three different levels in different regions.

Results

There were significant positive correlations among medical staff's humanization, communication and patients' attributional styles (r = 0.112-0.236, p < 0.001 for all). Medical humanization had direct predictive effects on patients' attributional style in negative medical situations (β = 0.14, p < 0.01). Mediation analysis also indicated the indirect predictive effect of medical humanization on patients' attributions through communication (β = 0.02, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Patients' attribution in negative medical situations is predicted by patients' perception of medical staff's humanization in healthcare and physicians' communication skills. Medical humanization not only affects patients' attributions in negative situations directly, but also influences patients' attributions via communication indirectly. The humanistic care should be included in medical education for healthcare professionals, and professional training on medical staff's humanization and communication skills is strongly needed to establish healthy and harmonious doctor-patient relationship.

Rapid Detection of Streptococcus mutans Using an Integrated Microfluidic System with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Streptococcus mutans is the primary causative agent of caries, which is one of the most common human diseases. Thus, rapid and early detection of cariogenic bacteria is critical for its prevention. This study investigated the combination of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and microfluid technology to quantitatively detect S. mutans. A low-cost, rapid microfluidic chip using LAMP technology was developed to amplify and detect bacteria at 2.2-2.2 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml and its detection limits were compared to those of standard polymerase chain reaction. A visualization system was established to quantitatively determine the experimental results, and a functional relationship between the bacterial concentration and quantitative results was established. The detection limit of S. mutans using this microfluidic chip was 2.2 CFU/ml, which was lower than that of the standard approach. After quantification, the experimental results showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of S. mutans, thereby confirming the effectiveness and accuracy of the custom-made integrated LAMP microfluidic system for the detection of S. mutans. The microfluidic system described herein may represent a promising simple detection method for the specific and rapid testing of individuals at risk of caries.

The effects of cross-linguistic similarity on phrase-level language switching: evidence from high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals

Previous research on language switching has debated whether high-proficient bilinguals exhibit symmetrical costs and one underlying reason for which may be the potential influence of cross-linguistic characteristics. The previous conflicting findings suggest their impact on language switching needs to be further investigated. In this study, we recruited 36 high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals and investigated the effect of cross-linguistic similarity on the switching of quantifier expressions under three switch conditions. The results showed that switch costs were significantly greater when the quantifier expression was similar between Chinese and English than when it was different. Larger switch costs were found in the alternate switch condition than those in the non-switch or random switch conditions. In addition, participants exhibited larger switch costs when switching to the first language than when switching to the second language. The results suggest that the similarity of quantifier expressions between the first language and the second language would create more competition and thus induce larger switch costs in phrase-level language switching, which may be derived from the inner word recognition system of the mental lexicon. This study further improves the relevant theories on the origin of switch costs by supporting the Language Non-Specific Selection Hypothesis.

Regulation of post-translational modification of PD-L1 and advances in tumor immunotherapy

The immune checkpoint molecules programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are one of the most promising targets for tumor immunotherapy. PD-L1 is overexpressed on the surface of tumor cells and inhibits T cell activation upon binding to PD⁃1 on the surface of T cells, resulting in tumor immune escape. The therapeutic strategy of targeting PD-1/PD-L1 involves blocking this binding and restoring the tumor-killing effect of immune cells. However, in clinical settings, a relatively low proportion of cancer patients have responded well to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and clinical outcomes have reached a bottleneck and no substantial progress has been made. In recent years, PD-L1 post-translation modifications (PTMs) have gradually become a hot topic in the field of PD-L1 research, which will provide new insights to improve the efficacy of current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Here, we summarized and discussed multiple PTMs of PD-L1, including glycosylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation and palmitoylation, with a major emphasis on mechanism-based therapeutic strategies (including relevant enzymes and targets that are already in clinical use and that may become drugs in the future). We also summarized the latest research progress of PTMs of PD-L1/PD-1 in regulating immunotherapy. The review provided novel strategies and directions for tumor immunotherapy research based on the PTMs of PD-L1/PD-1.

Downregulation of miR‑7 and miR‑153 is involved in Helicobacter pylori CagA induced gastric carcinogenesis and progression

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a pivotal role in the development of gastric cancer (GC). However, the association between aberrant microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) expression and H. pylori‑induced GC remains poorly understood. The present study reported that repeated infection of H. pylori caused the oncogenicity of GES‑1 cells in BALB/c Nude mice. miRNA sequencing revealed that both miR‑7 and miR‑153 were significantly decreased in the cytotoxin‑associated gene A (CagA) positive GC tissues and this was further confirmed in a chronic infection model of GES‑1/HP cells. Further biological function experiments and in vivo experiments validated that miR‑7 and miR‑153 can promote apoptosis and autophagy, inhibit proliferation and inflammatory response in GES‑1/HP cells. All the associations between miR‑7/miR‑153 and their potential targets were revealed via bioinformatics prediction and dual‑luciferase reporter assay. Particularly, downregulation of both miR‑7 and miR‑153 obtained an improved sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing H. pylori (CagA+)‑induced GC. The present study identified that the combination of miR‑7 and miR‑153 may be regarded as novel therapeutic targets in H. pylori CagA (+)‑associated GC.

Tracking C-H bond activation for propane dehydrogenation over transition metal catalysts: work function shines

The activation of the C-H bond in heterogeneous catalysis plays a privileged role in converting light alkanes into commodity chemicals with a higher value. In contrast to traditional trial-and-error approaches, developing predictive descriptors via theoretical calculations can accelerate the process of catalyst design. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this work describes tracking C-H bond activation of propane over transition metal catalysts, which is highly dependent on the electronic environment of catalytic sites. Furthermore, we reveal that the occupancy of the antibonding state for metal-adsorbate interaction is the key factor in determining the ability to activate the C-H bond. Among 10 frequently used electronic features, the work function (W) exhibits a strong negative correlation with C-H activation energies. We demonstrate that e^-W can effectively quantify the ability of C-H bond activation, surpassing the predictive capacity of the d-band center. The C-H activation temperatures of the synthesized catalysts also confirm the effectiveness of this descriptor. Apart from propane, e^-W applies to other reactants like methane.

Efficient transfected liposomes co-loaded with pNrf2 and pirfenidone improves safe delivery for enhanced pulmonary fibrosis reversion

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an interstitial lung disease with complex pathological mechanism, and there is currently a lack of therapeutics that can heal it completely. Using gene therapy with drugs provides promising therapeutic strategies for synergistically reversing PF. However, improving the intracellular accumulation and transfection efficiency of therapeutic nucleic acids is still a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Herein, we developed lipid nanoparticles (PEDPs) with high transfection efficiency coloaded with pDNA of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (pNrf2) and pirfenidone (PFD) for PF therapy. PEDPs can penetrate biological barriers, accumulate at the target, and exert therapeutic effects, eventually alleviating the oxidative stress imbalance in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs II) and inhibiting myofibroblast overactivation through the synergistic effects of Nrf2 combined with PFD, thus reversing PF. In addition, we systematically engineered various liposomes (LNPs), demonstrated that reducing the polyethylene glycol (PEG) proportion could significantly improve the uptake and transfection efficiency of the LNPs, and proposed a possible mechanism for this influence. This study clearly reveals that controlling the composition ratio of PEG in PEDPs can efficiently deliver therapeutics into AECs II, improve pNrf2 transfection, and synergize with PFD in a prospective strategy to reverse PF.

Characterization of aberrant glycosylation associated with osteoarthritis based on integrated glycomics methods

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of aging people. Investigation of abnormal glycosylation is essential for the understanding of pathological mechanisms of OA.

METHODS

The total protein was isolated from OA (n = 13) and control (n = 11) cartilages. Subsequently, glycosylation alterations of glycoproteins in OA cartilage were investigated by lectin microarrays and intact glycopeptides analysis. Finally, the expression of glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of altered glycosylation was assessed by qPCR and GEO database.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that several glycopatterns, such as α-1,3/6 fucosylation and high-mannose type of N-glycans were altered in OA cartilages. Notably, over 27% of identified glycopeptides (109 glycopeptides derived from 47 glycoproteins mainly located in the extracellular region) disappeared or decreased in OA cartilages, which is related to the cartilage matrix degradation. Interestingly, the microheterogeneity of N-glycans on fibronectin and aggrecan core protein was observed in OA cartilage. Our results combined with GEO data indicated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines altered the expression of glycosyltransferases (ALG3, ALG5, MGAT4C, and MGAT5) which may contribute to the alterations in glycosylation.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed the abnormal glycopatterns and heterogeneities of site-specific glycosylation associated with OA. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the heterogeneity of site-specific N-glycans was reported in OA cartilage. The results of gene expression analysis suggested that the expression of glycosyltransferases was impacted by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may facilitate the degradation of protein and accelerate the process of OA. Our findings provide valuable information for the understanding of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OA.

Macrophage-derived exosomes promote intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease by regulating TMIGD1 via mircroRNA-223

BACKGROUND & AIM

Exosomes are effective mediators of cell-to-cell interactions and transport several regulatory molecules, including microRNAs (miRNAs), involved in diverse fundamental biological processes. The role of macrophage-derived exosomes in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been previously reported. This study investigated specific miRNAs in macrophage-derived exosomes in IBD and their molecular mechanism.

METHODS

A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced IBD mouse model was established. The culture supernatant of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for isolating exosomes, which were subjected to miRNA sequencing. Lentiviruses were used to alter miRNA expression and investigate the role of macrophage-derived exosomal miRNAs. Both mouse and human organoids were co-cultured with macrophages in a Transwell system to model cellular IBD in vitro.

RESULTS

LPS-induced macrophages released exosomes containing various miRNAs and exacerbated IBD. Based on miRNA sequencing of macrophage-derived exosomes, miR-223 was selected for further analysis. Exosomes with upregulated miR-223 expression contributed to the exacerbation of intestinal barrier dysfunction in vivo, which was further verified using both mouse and human colon organoids. Furthermore, time-dependent analysis of the mRNAs in DSS-induced colitis mouse tissue and miR-223 target gene prediction were performed to select the candidate gene, resulting in the identification of the barrier-related factor Tmigd1.

CONCLUSION

Macrophage-derived exosomal miR-223 has a novel role in the progression of DSS-induced colitis by inducing intestinal barrier dysfunction through the inhibition of TMIGD1.

Designing single-site alloy catalysts using a degree-of-isolation descriptor

Geometrically isolated metal atoms in alloy catalysts can target efficient and selective catalysis. However, the geometric and electronic disturbance between the active atom and its neighbouring atoms, that is, diverse microenvironments, makes the active site ambiguous. Herein, we demonstrate a methodology to describe the microenvironment and determine the effectiveness of active sites in single-site alloys. A simple descriptor, degree-of-isolation, is proposed, considering both electronic regulation and geometric modulation within a PtM ensemble (M = transition metal). The catalytic performance of PtM single-site alloy is examined thoroughly using this descriptor for an industrially important reaction, propane dehydrogenation. The volcano-shaped isolation-selectivity plot reveals a Sabatier-type principle for designing selective single-site alloys. Specifically, for a single-site alloy with a high degree-of-isolation, alternation of the active centre has a great impact on tuning selectivity, validated by the outstanding consistency between experimental propylene selectivity and the computational descriptor.

Electron-rich benzofulvenes as effective dipolarophiles in copper(i)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides

A series of benzofulvenes without any electron-withdrawing substituents were employed as 2π-type dipolarophiles for the first time to participate in Cu(i)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DC) reactions of azomethine ylides. An intrinsic non-benzenoid aromatic characteristic from benzofulvenes serves as a key driving force for activation of the electron-rich benzofulvenes. Utilizing the current methodology, a wide range of multi-substituted chiral spiro-pyrrolidine derivatives containing two contiguous all-carbon quaternary centers were formed in good yield with exclusive chemo-/regioselectivity and high to excellent stereoselectivity. Computational mechanistic studies elucidate the origin of the stereochemical outcome and the chemoselectivity, in which the thermostability of these cycloaddition products is the major factor.

Blood protection of autologous platelet-rich plasma in long-time aortic root reconstruction: A retrospective study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the blood protective effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma in aortic root reconstruction under longtime cardiopulmonary bypass.

METHOD

Patients who underwent aortic root reconstruction between August 2018 and August 2022 were included and divided into experimental and control groups according to whether autologous platelet-rich plasmapheresis was used or not. The experimental group included 112 patients (90 males aged 39.00 [28.75-49.00] years), and the control group included 112 patients (90 males aged 37.00 [27.00-46.25] years). The clinical data for example EuroSCORE II cardiovascular surgery risk score, blood routine and other indicators were collected from the two groups.

RESULTS

The transfusion volume of allogeneic red blood cells in the experimental group (52 cases without blood transfusion, 23 cases with 1-2 units, 15 cases with 3-4 units, and 22 cases with 5 units and above) was significantly lower than that in the control group (32 cases without transfusion, 34 cases with 1-2 units, 22 cases with 3-4 units, and 24 cases with 5 units or more) (Z = -2.06, p < 0.05). Resternotomy/thoracotomy occurred in 11 cases (9.8%) in the experimental group and 23 cases (20.5%) in the control group (RR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.1-5.14, p < 0.05). The number of bleeding events in the experimental group (18 cases, 16.1%) was significantly less than that in the control group (33 cases, 29.5%) (RR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.14-4.17, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The application of autologous platelet-rich plasma in a long-time cardiopulmonary bypass aortic root reconstruction can reduce the amount of allogeneic blood transfusion and the occurrence of bleeding events, which is beneficial for blood protection.

Improving the solubility of pseudo-hydrophobic Alzheimer's Disease medicinal chemicals through co-crystal formulation

Natural products are ligands and potential inhibitors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) tau. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is a CNS active natural product. Despite having signature polyphenolic character, DHM is ostensibly hydrophobic owing to intermolecular hydrogen bonds that shield hydrophilic phenols. Our research shows DHM becomes ionized at near-neutral pH allowing formulation of salts with transformed solubility. The MicroED co-crystal structure with trolamine reveals DHM salts as metastable solids with unlocked hydrogen bonding and a thermodynamic bent to solubilize in water. All salt formulations show better inhibitory activity against AD tau than the non-salt form, with efficacies correlating to enhanced solubilities. These results underscore the role of structural chemistry in guiding selection of solubilizing agents for chemical formulation. We propose DHM salts are appropriate formulations for research as dietary supplements to promote healthy aging by combating protein misfolding. Additionally, DHM is a suitable lead for medicinal chemistry and possible development of CNS pharmaceuticals.

Coupling acid catalysis and selective oxidation over MoO3-Fe2O3 for chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Redox catalysts play a vital role in chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation processes, which have recently been considered to be a promising prospect for propylene production. This work describes the coupling of surface acid catalysis and selective oxidation from lattice oxygen over MoO₃-Fe₂O₃ redox catalysts for promoted propylene production. Atomically dispersed Mo species over γ-Fe₂O₃ introduce effective acid sites for the promotion of propane conversion. In addition, Mo could also regulate the lattice oxygen activity, which makes the oxygen species from the reduction of γ-Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄ contribute to selectively oxidative dehydrogenation instead of over-oxidation in pristine γ-Fe₂O₃. The enhanced surface acidity, coupled with proper lattice oxygen activity, leads to a higher surface reaction rate and moderate oxygen diffusion rate. Consequently, this coupling strategy achieves a robust performance with 49% of propane conversion and 90% of propylene selectivity for at least 300 redox cycles and ultimately demonstrates a potential design strategy for more advanced redox catalysts.

Phase flicker-induced sharpness deterioration on 2D holographic displays with digitally driven phase-only LCoS devices

Phase flicker in liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) devices can decrease the effective phase modulation resolution by introducing overlapped phase oscillations between adjacent modulated gray levels, thus degrading the performance of LCoS devices in various applications. However, the effect of phase flicker on a holographic display is often overlooked. From an application angle, this paper investigates the quality of the holographic reconstructed image, especially sharpness, under the static and dynamic effects of different flicker magnitudes. Both the simulation and experimental results reveal that the increment in the magnitude of phase flicker causes an equal sharpness deterioration with the reduction of the numbers of hologram phase modulation levels.

Increasing steering angle of LCoS in a WSS system through integration with a metasurface

Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) has been the dominant choice for wavelength selective switches (WSSs) in telecommunication industry due to its high spatial resolution and compatibility with software defined flexible grid feature. Current LCoS devices generally have a limited steering angle, which also limits the minimum footprint of the WSS system. The steering angle of LCoS devices is fundamentally determined by the pixel pitch, which is highly challenging to be optimized without resorting to other techniques. In this paper, we present an approach to increase the steering angle of LCoS devices through the integration with dielectric metasurfaces. Here a dielectric Huygens-type metasurface is integrated with an LCoS device to increase its steering angle by 10°. This approach can effectively minimize the overall size of the WSS system while maintaining a small form factor of the LCoS device.

Negative electrodes for supercapacitors with good performance using conductive bismuth-catecholate metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing research interest in various fields. Unfortunately, the poor conductivity of most traditional MOFs considerably hinders their application in energy storage. Benefiting from the full charge delocalization in the atomic plane, two-dimensional conductive coordination frameworks achieve good electrochemical performance. In this work, π-π coupling conductive bismuth-catecholate nanobelts with tunable lengths, Bi(HHTP) (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction and their length-dependent electrochemical properties are also investigated. The Bi(HHTP) nanobelts (about 10 μm in length) possess appropriate porosity, numerous redox active sites and good electrical conductivity. Being a negative electrode for supercapacitors, Bi(HHTP) nanobelts display a high specific capacitance of 234.0 F g^-1 and good cycling stability of 72% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the mechanism of charge storage is interpreted for both battery-type and surface-capacitive behavior. It is believed that the results of this work will help to develop battery-type negative electrode materials with promising electrochemical performance using some newly designed π-π coupling conductive coordination frameworks.

High-Throughput Screening of Electrocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reactions Accelerated by Interpretable Intrinsic Descriptor

Numerous activity descriptors have been developed to rationally design single-atom catalysts (SACs), such as energy-based or electronic descriptors. However, their computationally costly and experimentally unobtainable properties limit the understanding of the structure-activity relationship to a case-by-case basis. This paper describes a simple and interpretable descriptor directly related to activity, which can be not only easily obtained from the atomic databases, but also experimentally verified by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The defined descriptor proves to accelerate high-throughput screening of more than 700 graphene-based SAC models without computations, universal for 3-5d transition metals and C/N/P/B/O-based coordination environments. Meanwhile, the analytical formula of this descriptor reveals the intrinsic relations of various crucial features in the complicated metal-ligand interaction, thus the structure-activity relationship is clarified at the molecular orbital level. Using electrochemical nitrogen reduction as an example, this descriptor's guidance role has been experimentally validated by 13 previous reports as well as our synthesized 4 SACs. Several other new advanced catalysts are also identified. Orderly combining machine learning with physical insights, this work provides a new generalized strategy for crossing the chasm between low-cost high-throughput screening and a comprehensive understanding of the structure-mechanism-activity relationship.