1
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Recent Advances in Aptamer‐Based Nanopore Sensing at Single‐Molecule Resolution. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200364. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Kesküla A, Heinmaa I, Tamm T, Aydemir N, Travas-Sejdic J, Peikolainen AL, Kiefer R. Improving the Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Polypyrrole by Polymerizing Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E136. [PMID: 31935858 PMCID: PMC7023371 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) based electroactive materials are important building blocks for the development of flexible electronics, bio-sensors and actuator devices. As the properties and behavior of PPy depends strongly on the operating environment-electrolyte, solvent, etc., it is desirable to plant immobile ionic species into PPy films to ensure stable response. A premade ionic polymer is not optimal in many cases, as it enforces its own structure on the conducting polymer, therefore, polymerization during fabrication is preferred. Pyrrole (Py) was electropolymerized at low temperature together with a polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) monomer in a one-step polymerization, to form a stable film on the working electrode. The structure and morphology of the PPyPIL films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopy results confirmed the successful polymerization of Py to PPy and PIL monomer to PIL. The presence of (TFSI-) anions that balance the charge in PPyPIL was confirmed by EDX analysis. The electrical properties of PPyPIL in lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) aqueous and propylene carbonate solutions were examined with cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. The blend of PPyPIL had mixed electronic/ionic conductive properties that were strongly influenced by the solvent. In aqueous electrolyte, the electrical conductivity was 30 times lower and the diffusion coefficient 1.5 times higher than in the organic electrolyte. Importantly, the capacity, current density, and charge density were found to stay consistent, independent of the choice of solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arko Kesküla
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.T.); (A.-L.P.)
| | - Ivo Heinmaa
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.T.); (A.-L.P.)
| | - Nihan Aydemir
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (N.A.); (J.T.-S.)
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (N.A.); (J.T.-S.)
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Anna-Liisa Peikolainen
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.K.); (T.T.); (A.-L.P.)
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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3
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Kee S, Zhang P, Travas-Sejdic J. Direct writing of 3D conjugated polymer micro/nanostructures for organic electronics and bioelectronics. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3D direct writing and meniscus-guided pen writing methods, which are capable of fabricating 3D micro/nanostructures from soluble π-conjugated polymers (CPs) and CP precursors, and recent advances in these techniques are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Kee
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Peikai Zhang
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
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4
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Tomaskovic‐Crook E, Zhang P, Ahtiainen A, Kaisvuo H, Lee C, Beirne S, Aqrawe Z, Svirskis D, Hyttinen J, Wallace GG, Travas‐Sejdic J, Crook JM. Human Neural Tissues from Neural Stem Cells Using Conductive Biogel and Printed Polymer Microelectrode Arrays for 3D Electrical Stimulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900425. [PMID: 31168967 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electricity is important in the physiology and development of human tissues such as embryonic and fetal development, and tissue regeneration for wound healing. Accordingly, electrical stimulation (ES) is increasingly being applied to influence cell behavior and function for a biomimetic approach to in vitro cell culture and tissue engineering. Here, the application of conductive polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) pillars is described, direct-write printed in an array format, for 3D ES of maturing neural tissues that are derived from human neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are initially encapsulated within a conductive polysaccharide-based biogel interfaced with the CP pillar microelectrode arrays (MEAs), followed by differentiation in situ to neurons and supporting neuroglia during stimulation. Electrochemical properties of the pillar electrodes and the biogel support their electrical performance. Remarkably, stimulated constructs are characterized by widespread tracts of high-density mature neurons and enhanced maturation of functional neural networks. Formation of tissues using the 3D MEAs substantiates the platform for advanced clinically relevant neural tissue induction, with the system likely amendable to diverse cell types to create other neural and non-neural tissues. The platform may be useful for both research and translation, including modeling tissue development, function and dysfunction, electroceuticals, drug screening, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tomaskovic‐Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AIIM Facility University of Wollongong 2519 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong 2522 Australia
| | - Peikai Zhang
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Annika Ahtiainen
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Tampere University of Technology Tampere 33720 Finland
| | - Heidi Kaisvuo
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Tampere University of Technology Tampere 33720 Finland
| | - Chong‐Yong Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AIIM Facility University of Wollongong 2519 Australia
| | - Stephen Beirne
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AIIM Facility University of Wollongong 2519 Australia
| | - Zaid Aqrawe
- School of Pharmacy The University of Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy The University of Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Tampere University of Technology Tampere 33720 Finland
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AIIM Facility University of Wollongong 2519 Australia
| | - Jadranka Travas‐Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology 6140 New Zealand
| | - Jeremy M. Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AIIM Facility University of Wollongong 2519 Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong 2522 Australia
- Department of Surgery St Vincent's Hospital The University of Melbourne 3065 Australia
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5
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A fast imaging method of scanning ion conductance microscopy. Micron 2018; 114:8-13. [PMID: 30053717 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has attracted considerable attention in the biological field as a noninvasive, high-resolution and non-force contact imaging technology. However, the development of improvement to the SICM imaging rate remains a great challenge for applications of rapid or dynamic imaging. In this paper, a fast SICM imaging method is proposed to improve the imaging efficiency via the design of a compressive sampling strategy and a reduction in the reconstruction time of sparse signals using the 2D normalized iterative hard thresholding (2D-NIHT) algorithm. The imaging performance of the method is validated by the simulation of recovery of a random synthetic image, and the superiority of the 2D-NIHT algorithm is also demonstrated by comparison of its reconstruction performance with that of other typical algorithms. The actual imaging performance of the method in SICM is also validated by the imaging of two biological samples, a virus and a living cell, and the results show that the method can duplicate the sample surface topography with high-definition and shorter imaging time. Our study offers a general imaging method for the applications of scanning probe microscopies to realize faster and higher-resolution imaging of biological samples.
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6
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Zhang P, Aydemir N, Alkaisi M, Williams DE, Travas-Sejdic J. Direct Writing and Characterization of Three-Dimensional Conducting Polymer PEDOT Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11888-11895. [PMID: 29570263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct writing is an effective and versatile technique for three-dimensional (3D) fabrication of conducting polymer (CP) structures. It is precisely localized and highly controllable, thus providing great opportunities for incorporating CPs into microelectronic array devices. Herein we demonstrate 3D writing and characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) pillars in an array format, by using an in-house-constructed variant of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). CP pillars with different aspect ratios were successfully fabricated by optimizing the writing parameters: pulling speed, pulling time, concentration of the polymer solution, and the micropipette tip diameter. Especially, super high aspect ratio pillars of around 7 μm in diameter and 5000 μm in height were fabricated, indicating a good capability of this direct writing technique. Additions of an organic solvent and a cross-linking agent contribute to a significantly enhanced water stability of the pillars, critical if the arrays were to be used in biologically relevant applications. Surface morphologies and structural analysis of CP pillars were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical properties of the individual pillars of different heights were examined by cyclic voltammetry using a double-barrel micropipette as an electrochemical cell. Exceptional mechanical properties of the pillars, such as high flexibility and robustness, were observed when bent by applying a force. The 3D pillar arrays are expected to provide versatile substrates for functionalized and integrated biological sensing and electrically addressable array devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Nihan Aydemir
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Maan Alkaisi
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering , University of Canterbury , Christchurch 8140 , New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010 , New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Wellington 6140 , New Zealand
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7
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Gangotra A, Willmott GR. Scanning ion conductance microscopy mapping of tunable nanopore membranes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:054102. [PMID: 28966699 PMCID: PMC5599259 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the use of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) for in-situ topographical mapping of single tunable nanopores, which are used for tunable resistive pulse sensing. A customised SICM system was used to map the elastomeric pore membranes repeatedly, using pipettes with tip opening diameters of approximately 50 nm and 1000 nm. The effect of variations on current threshold, scanning step size, and stretching has been studied. Lowering the current threshold increased the sensitivity of the pipette while scanning, up to the point where the tip contacted the surface. An increase in the pore area was observed as the step size was decreased, and with increased stretching. SICM reveals details of the electric field near the pore entrance, which is important for understanding measurements of submicron particles using resistive pulse sensing.
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8
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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9
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Worthington KS, Baguenard C, Forney BS, Guymon CA. Photopolymerization kinetics in and of self-assembling lyotropic liquid crystal templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristan S. Worthington
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center; Iowa City Iowa 52242
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; The University of Iowa, 4156 Medical Education and Research Facility; Iowa City Iowa 52242
| | - Céline Baguenard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center; Iowa City Iowa 52242
- Cheminnov - ENSCBP; CANOE; 16 Avenue Pey Berland Pessac 33600 France
| | - Bradley S. Forney
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center; Iowa City Iowa 52242
- 3M Construction & Home Improvement Markets Division; 3M Center; 251-1E-19 St. Paul Minnesota 55144
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center; Iowa City Iowa 52242
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10
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Badets V, Loget G, Garrigue P, Sojic N, Zigah D. Combined local anodization of titanium and scanning photoelectrochemical mapping of TiO2 spot arrays. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Zhuang J, Li Z, Jiao Y. Double micropipettes configuration method of scanning ion conductance microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:073703. [PMID: 27475561 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new double micropipettes configuration mode of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is presented to better overcome ionic current drift and further improve the performance of SICM, which is based on a balance bridge circuit. The article verifies the feasibility of this new configuration mode from theoretical and experimental analyses, respectively, and compares the quality of scanning images in the conventional single micropipette configuration mode and the new double micropipettes configuration mode. The experimental results show that the double micropipettes configuration mode of SICM has better effect on restraining ionic current drift and better performance of imaging. Therefore, this article not only proposes a new direction of overcoming the ionic current drift but also develops a new method of SICM stable imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangbohan Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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12
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Aaronson BDB, Garoz-Ruiz J, Byers JC, Colina A, Unwin PR. Electrodeposition and Screening of Photoelectrochemical Activity in Conjugated Polymers Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:12814-12822. [PMID: 26502089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of renewable energy systems require an understanding and correlation of material properties and photoelectrochemical activity on the micro to nanoscale. Among these, conducting polymer electrodes continue to be important materials. In this contribution, an ultrasensitive scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) platform is used to electrodeposit microscale thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on an optically transparent gold electrode and to correlate the morphology (film thickness and structural order) with photoactivity. The electrochemical growth of P3HT begins with a thin ordered film up to 10 nm thick, after which a second more disordered film is deposited, as revealed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. A decrease in photoactivity for the thicker films, measured in situ immediately following film deposition, is attributed to an increase in bulk film disorder that limits charge transport. Higher resolution ex situ SECCM phototransient measurements, using a smaller diameter probe, show local variations in photoactivity within a given deposit. Even after aging, thinner, more ordered regions within a deposit exhibit sustained enhanced photocurrent densities compared to areas where the film is thicker and more disordered. The platform opens up new possibilities for high-throughput combinatorial correlation studies, by allowing materials fabrication and high spatial resolution probing of processes in photoelectrochemical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak D B Aaronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Garoz-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Colina
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos , Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Xue M, Wang Y, Wang X, Huang X, Ji J. Single-crystal-conjugated polymers with extremely high electron sensitivity through template-assisted in situ polymerization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5923-5929. [PMID: 26308660 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal-conjugated polymer (SCCP) arrays are prepared successfully via a simple method, which is a combination of the contact thermochemical reaction and solvent-free in situ polymerization. The dramatic X-ray diffraction and selective-area electron diffraction results show the high crystallinity of the SCCP arrays. These SCCP arrays display unique physical properties and show great potential in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianqi Xue
- Institute of Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Chemical Defense of PLA, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaochun Huang
- Institute of Physics and Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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14
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McKelvey K, Kinnear SL, Perry D, Momotenko D, Unwin PR. Surface Charge Mapping with a Nanopipette. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13735-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506139u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Sophie L. Kinnear
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. CV4
7AL
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15
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O'Connell MA, Snowden ME, McKelvey K, Gayet F, Shirley I, Haddleton DM, Unwin PR. Positionable vertical microfluidic cell based on electromigration in a theta pipet. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10011-10018. [PMID: 25080122 DOI: 10.1021/la5020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A microscale vertical fluidic cell system has been implemented, based on a simple theta pipet pulled to a sharp point (ca. 10-20 μm diameter for the studies herein) and positioned with a high degree of control on a surface. The dual channel arrangement allows an electric field to be generated between an electrode in each compartment of the pipet that can be used to control the electromigration of charged species between the two compartments, across a thin liquid meniscus in contact with the substrate of interest. By visualizing the interfacial region using laser scanning confocal microscopy, the adsorption of fluorescently-labeled materials on surfaces is monitored quantitatively in real time, exemplified through studies of the adsorption of anionic microparticles (1.1 μm diameter) on positively and negatively charged substrate surfaces of poly-L-lysine (PLL) and poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA), respectively, on glass. These studies highlight significant electrostatic effects on adsorption rates and also that the adsorption of these particles is dominated by the three phase meniscus/solid/air boundary. The technique is easily modified to the case of a submerged substrate, resulting in a much larger deposition area. Finite element method modeling is used to calculate local electric field strengths that are used to understand surface deposition patterns. To demonstrate the applicability of the technique to live biological substrates, the delivery of fluorescent particles directly to the surface of a single root hair cell of Zea mays is demonstrated. The mobile pipet allows deposition to be directed to specific regions of the cell, allowing discrete sites to be labeled with particles. Finally, the technique is used to study the uptake of fluorescent polymer molecules to single root hair cells, with quantitative analysis of the adsorption rates of vinyl-sulfonic acid copolymers, with varying rhodamine B content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Connell
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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16
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Takami T, Park BH, Kawai T. Nanopipette exploring nanoworld. NANO CONVERGENCE 2014; 1:17. [PMID: 28191397 PMCID: PMC5271136 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-014-0017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipettes, with tip orifices on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers, have been utilized in the fields of analytical chemistry and nanophysiology. Nanopipettes make nanofabrication possible at liquid/solid interfaces. Moreover, they are utilized in time-resolved measurements and for imaging biological materials, e.g., living cells, by using techniques such as scanning ion-conductance microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. We have successfully fabricated ion-selective nanopipettes that can be used to identify targeted ions such as sodium and potassium in- and outside of living cells. In this review, we discuss the extent of utilization of nanopipettes in investigating the nanoworld. In addition, we discuss the potential applications of future nanopipettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Takami
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
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17
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Aydemir N, Parcell J, Laslau C, Nieuwoudt M, Williams DE, Travas-Sejdic J. Direct writing of conducting polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:1296-300. [PMID: 23857715 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is a new printing method-direct writing of conducting polymers (CPs)-based on pipette-tip localized continuous electrochemical growth. A single barrel micropipette containing a metal wire (Pt) is filled with a mixture of monomer, supporting electrolyte, and an appropriate solvent. A droplet at the tip of the pipette contacts the substrate, which becomes the working electrode of a micro-electrochemical cell confined to the tip droplet and the pipette. The metallic wire in the pipette acts as both counter and reference electrode. Electropolymerization forms the CP on the working electrode in a pattern controlled by the movement of the pipette. In this study, various width poly(pyrrole) 2D and 3D structures are extruded and characterized in terms of microcyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Aydemir
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St., Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Abdelwahab NA, Ghoneim AM, Abd El-Ghaffar MA. Characterization and Electrical Properties of Poly(aniline-co-2,4-dimethoxyaniline) Nanostructures Prepared by Interfacial Polymerization. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2012.735298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McKelvey K, O'Connell MA, Unwin PR. Meniscus confined fabrication of multidimensional conducting polymer nanostructures with scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2986-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Williams DE. Closing remarks: looking back and ahead at ‘nano’ electroanalytical chemistry. Faraday Discuss 2013; 164:437-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patel AN, Collignon MG, O’Connell MA, Hung WOY, McKelvey K, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. A New View of Electrochemistry at Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20117-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha N. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Manon Guille Collignon
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Michael A. O’Connell
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Wendy O. Y. Hung
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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