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Basson AR, Chen C, Sagl F, Trotter A, Bederman I, Gomez-Nguyen A, Sundrud MS, Ilic S, Cominelli F, Rodriguez-Palacios A. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604989. [PMID: 33603741 PMCID: PMC7884479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES 'What We Eat in America' report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christy Chen
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Filip Sagl
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez-Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark S. Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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2
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Meriwether D, Sulaiman D, Volpe C, Dorfman A, Grijalva V, Dorreh N, Solorzano-Vargas RS, Wang J, O’Connor E, Papesh J, Larauche M, Trost H, Palgunachari MN, Anantharamaiah G, Herschman HR, Martin MG, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetics mitigate intestinal inflammation in COX2-dependent inflammatory bowel disease model. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3670-3685. [PMID: 31184596 PMCID: PMC6715371 DOI: 10.1172/jci123700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) total knockout and myeloid knockout (MKO) mice develop Crohn's-like intestinal inflammation when fed cholate-containing high fat diet (CCHF). We demonstrated that CCHF impaired intestinal barrier function and increased translocation of endotoxin, initiating TLR/MyD88-dependent inflammation in Cox2 KO but not WT mice. Cox2 MKO increased pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated macrophages, and in the intestinal tissue and plasma upon CCHF challenge. Cox2 MKO also reduced inflammation resolving lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in intestinal tissue, while administration of an LXA4 analog rescued disease in Cox2 MKO mice fed CCHF. The apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) mimetic 4F mitigated disease in both the Cox2 MKO/CCHF and piroxicam-accelerated Il10-/- models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reduced elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in tissue and plasma. APOA1 mimetic Tg6F therapy was also effective in reducing intestinal inflammation in the Cox2 MKO/CCHF model. We further demonstrated that APOA1 mimetic peptides: i) inhibited LPS and oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (oxPAPC) dependent pro-inflammatory responses in human macrophages and intestinal epithelium; and ii) directly cleared pro-inflammatory lipids from mouse intestinal tissue and plasma. Our results support a causal role for pro-inflammatory and inflammation resolving lipids in IBD pathology and a translational potential for APOA1 mimetic peptides for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jifang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, and
| | | | | | - Muriel Larauche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - G.M. Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Meyer MR, Fredette NC, Barton M, Prossnitz ER. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor inhibits vascular prostanoid production and activity. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:61-9. [PMID: 26303299 PMCID: PMC4782600 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complications of atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, are the most common causes of death in postmenopausal women. Endogenous estrogens inhibit vascular inflammation-driven atherogenesis, a process that involves cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids such as thromboxane A2. Here, we studied whether the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) mediates estrogen-dependent inhibitory effects on prostanoid production and activity under pro-inflammatory conditions. Effects of estrogen on production of thromboxane A(2) were determined in human endothelial cells stimulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, Gper-deficient (Gper(-/-)) and WT mice were fed a pro-inflammatory diet and underwent ovariectomy or sham surgery to unmask the role of endogenous estrogens. Thereafter, contractions to acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial vasoconstrictor prostanoids and the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor agonist U46619 were recorded in isolated carotid arteries. In endothelial cells, TNF-α-stimulated thromboxane A2 production was inhibited by estrogen, an effect blocked by the GPER-selective antagonist G36. In ovary-intact mice, deletion of Gper increased prostanoid-dependent contractions by twofold. Ovariectomy also augmented prostanoid-dependent contractions by twofold in WT mice but had no additional effect in Gper(-/-) mice. These contractions were blocked by the COX inhibitor meclofenamate and unaffected by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester. Vasoconstrictor responses to U46619 did not differ between groups, indicating intact signaling downstream of thromboxane-prostanoid receptor activation. In summary, under pro-inflammatory conditions, estrogen inhibits vasoconstrictor prostanoid production in endothelial cells and activity in intact arteries through GPER. Selective activation of GPER may therefore be considered as a novel strategy to treat increased prostanoid-dependent vasomotor tone or vascular disease in postmenopausal women.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arteritis/immunology
- Arteritis/metabolism
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/immunology
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Ovariectomy
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Thromboxane A2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thromboxane A2/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Resistance/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Meyer
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USADepartment of CardiologyCantonal Hospital, Tellstrasse, 5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandMolecular Internal MedicineUniversity of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USADepartment of CardiologyCantonal Hospital, Tellstrasse, 5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandMolecular Internal MedicineUniversity of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie C Fredette
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USADepartment of CardiologyCantonal Hospital, Tellstrasse, 5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandMolecular Internal MedicineUniversity of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Barton
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USADepartment of CardiologyCantonal Hospital, Tellstrasse, 5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandMolecular Internal MedicineUniversity of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USADepartment of CardiologyCantonal Hospital, Tellstrasse, 5001 Aarau, SwitzerlandMolecular Internal MedicineUniversity of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Chen Y, Ogundare M, Williams CM, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sewell GW, Smith PJ, Rahman FZ, O’Shea N, Segal AW, Griffiths WJ. Shotgun cholanomics of ileal fluid. Biochimie 2013; 95:461-3. [PMID: 22986022 PMCID: PMC4529479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have developed a rapid method for the shotgun analysis of bile acids in intestinal fluid. The method is semi-quantitative, and requires little sample preparation. Bile salts might contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. In a pilot study we demonstrate the method by analysing the bile acid content of ileal fluid from seven Crohn's disease patients and three healthy controls. The dominant bile acids observed were di and/or trihydroxycholanoates, di- and/or trihydroxycholanoylglycines, di- and/or tri-hydroxycholanoyltaurines, monosulphated dihydroxycholanoates and monosulphated dihydroxycholanoylglycine. The method can be similarly applied to samples derived from other parts of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Michael Ogundare
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Christopher M. Williams
- EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Infectious Disease Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gavin W. Sewell
- Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 E6JJ, UK
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 E6JJ, UK
| | - Farooq Z. Rahman
- Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 E6JJ, UK
| | - Nuala O’Shea
- Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 E6JJ, UK
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 E6JJ, UK
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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5
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Silva A, Weber A, Bain M, Reding T, Heikenwalder M, Sonda S, Graf R. COX-2 is not required for the development of murine chronic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G968-75. [PMID: 21372163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00497.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a severe inflammation of the pancreas associated with destruction of the parenchyma, fibrosis, and persistent abdominal pain. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-2-derived prostaglandins, key mediators of the inflammatory response, are elevated in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Previous studies investigated COX-2 as a therapeutic target. These reports showed a reduced pathology in COX-2-deficient mice with a better outcome. Here we compared the role of COX-2 in acute and chronic pancreatic inflammation using the same COX-2(-/-) mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. In a setting of acute pancreatitis, juvenile COX-2(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced histopathological score compared with wild-type littermates; on the contrary, adult mice did not show any difference in the development of the disease. Similarly, in a setting of chronic pancreatitis induced over a period of 4 wk, adult mice of the two strains showed comparable histological score and collagen deposition. However, the abundance of mRNAs coding for profibrotic genes, such as collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, and transforming growth factor-β was consistently lower in COX-2(-/-) mice. In addition, comparable histological scores and collagen deposition were observed in wild-type mice treated with a COX-2 inhibitor. We conclude that, in contrast to what was observed in the rat pancreatitis models, COX-2 has a limited and age-dependent effect on inflammatory processes in the mouse pancreas. These results suggest that COX-2 modulates the inflammatory process during the development of pancreatitis in a species-specific manner. Thus the pathophysiological roles of COX-2 and its therapeutic implications in patients with pancreatitis should be reexamined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Silva
- Swiss HPB Center, Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Gao Q, Esworthy RS, Kim BW, Synold TW, Smith DD, Chu FF. Atherogenic diets exacerbate colitis in mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:2043-54. [PMID: 20848490 PMCID: PMC2991606 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proinflammatory effect of high-fat diet has been observed beyond the cardiovascular system, but there is little evidence to support its role in triggering inflammatory bowel disease. GPx1/2-double-knockout (DKO) mice deficient in 2 intracellular glutathione peroxidases, GPx1 and GPx2, on a C57BL/6 (B6) background, have mild ileocolitis on a conventional chow. METHODS We fed B6 DKO mice 2 atherogenic diets to test the dietary effect on atherosclerosis and ileocolitis. Both atherogenic diets have high cholesterol-the Chol+/CA diet has cholic acid (CA), and the Chol+ diet has no CA. RESULTS The Chol+/CA diet induced severe colitis, but not ileitis, in the DKO mice compared with the Chol+ and the Chol- control diet. On the Chol+/CA diet, the wild-type (WT) mice had levels of aortic lesions and hypercholesterolemia similar to those of DKO mice but had no intestinal pathology. The diet-associated inflammatory responses in the DKO mice included increased colonic proinflammatory serum amyloid A3 expression, plasma lipopolysaccharide, and TNF-α levels. The Chol+/CA diet lowered the expression of the unfolded protein response genes ATF6, CHOP, unspliced Xbp(U) , and Grp78/Bip, in WT and DKO mice compared with mice on the Chol- diet. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that a cholesterol diet weakens the colon unfolded protein response, which can aggravate spontaneous colitis, leading to gut barrier breakdown. GPx has no impact on atherosclerosis without ultrahypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - R. Steven Esworthy
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Timothy W. Synold
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - David D. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
| | - Fong-Fong Chu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) has widely been regarded as the consequence of a dysregulated T-cell-mediated response to intestinal microbes, and the majority of the worldwide research effort has focused on characterizing and treating the chronic inflammatory phase of the disease. However, recent molecular biological and clinical investigations indicate that CD is actually a primary immunodeficiency. At first counter-intuitive, the apparent paradox of a pathogenic innate immune defect can be linked mechanistically to the granulomatous chronic inflammation characteristic of the disease. Genome-wide association studies have corroborated the involvement of innate immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CD, but less than 20% of the heritable risk is accounted for. By contrast, in vitro and in vivo stimulation of the immune system has highlighted novel areas of interest that may lead to the development of targeted therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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8
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Watanabe J, Lin JA, Narasimha AJ, Shahbazian A, Ishikawa TO, Martin MG, Herschman HR, Reddy ST. Novel anti-inflammatory functions for endothelial and myeloid cyclooxygenase-2 in a new mouse model of Crohn's disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G842-50. [PMID: 20299600 PMCID: PMC8875131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00468.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important regulator of inflammation implicated in the development of a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the regulation of intestinal inflammation by COX-2 is poorly understood. We previously reported that COX-2(-/-) mice fed a cholate-containing high-fat (CCHF) diet had high mortality of unknown mechanisms attributable to severe intestinal inflammation in the ileo-ceco-colic junction that presented characteristics similar to Crohn's disease (CD). To further characterize the role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation, we established cell-specific conditional COX-2(-/-) mice. Endothelial cell-specific (COX-2(-E/-E)) and myeloid cell-specific (COX-2(-M/-M)) COX-2(-/-) mice, but not wild-type mice, on the CCHF diet developed localized CD-like pathology at the ileo-ceco-colic junction that was associated with cellular infiltration, increased expression of myeloperoxidase and IL-5, and decreased IL-10 expression. The CD-like pathology in COX-2(-E/-E) mice was also accompanied by increased expression of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and INF-gamma), compared with wild-type mice and COX-2(-M/-M) mice. In contrast, the ileo-ceco-colic inflammation in COX-2(-M/-M) mice was associated with more pronounced infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages than COX-2(-E/-E) mice. COX-2(-ME/-ME) (COX-2(-M/-M) x COX-2(-E/-E)) mice on the CCHF diet developed CD-like pathology in the ileo-ceco-colic junction reminiscent of total COX-2(-/-) mice on CCHF diet and wild-type mice on CCHF diet treated with COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. The pathology of diet-mediated ileo-ceco-colic inflammation in COX-2(-/-) mice offers an excellent model system to elucidate the protective roles of endothelial and myeloid COX-2 and the molecular pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Watanabe
- 1Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine/Cardiology,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James A. Lin
- 2Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ajay J. Narasimha
- 3Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ani Shahbazian
- 1Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine/Cardiology,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tomo-o Ishikawa
- 3Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin G. Martin
- 2Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Harvey R. Herschman
- 3Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California,4Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California,5Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Srinivasa T. Reddy
- 1Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine/Cardiology,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California,3Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California,5Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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