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Drzyzga Ł, Śpiewak D, Dorecka M, Wyględowska-Promieńska D. Available Therapeutic Options for Corneal Neovascularization: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5479. [PMID: 38791518 PMCID: PMC11121997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization can impair vision and result in a poor quality of life. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of angiogenic factors, notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This review provides a comprehensive overview of potential therapies for corneal neovascularization, covering tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) inhibitors, interleukin-1L receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, galectin-3 inhibitors, retinal pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitors, and surgical treatments. Conventional treatments include anti-VEGF therapy and laser interventions, while emerging therapies such as immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine and rapamycin) have been explored. Losartan and decorin are potential antifibrotic agents that mitigate TGF-β-induced fibrosis. Ocular nanosystems are innovative drug-delivery platforms that facilitate the targeted release of therapeutic agents. Gene therapies, such as small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides, are promising approaches for selectively inhibiting angiogenesis-related gene expression. Aganirsen is efficacious in reducing the corneal neovascularization area without significant adverse effects. These multifaceted approaches underscore the corneal neovascularization management complexity and highlight ideas for enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the importance of combination therapies and the need for further research to develop specific inhibitors while considering their therapeutic efficacy and potential adverse effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Drzyzga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibiński University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Ophthalmology Center Okolux, 40-754 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Śpiewak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibiński University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Clinical Ophthalmology Center Okolux, 40-754 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariola Dorecka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibiński University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Wyględowska-Promieńska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibiński University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland
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2
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Rai V, Le H, Agrawal DK. Novel mediators regulating angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcer healing. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:488-501. [PMID: 37459652 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A non-healing diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a debilitating clinical problem amounting to socioeconomic and psychosocial burdens. DFUs increase morbidity due to prolonged treatment and mortality in the case of non-treatable ulcers resulting in gangrene and septicemia. The overall amputation rate of the lower extremity with DFU ranges from 3.34% to 42.83%. Wound debridement, antibiotics, applying growth factors, negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, topical oxygen, and skin grafts are common therapies for DFU. However, recurrence and nonhealing ulcers are still major issues. Chronicity of inflammation, hypoxic environment, poor angiogenesis, and decreased formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are common impediments leading to nonhealing patterns of DFUs. Angiogenesis is crucial for wound healing since proper vessel formation facilitates nutrients, oxygen, and immune cells to the ulcer tissue to help in clearing out debris and facilitate healing. However, poor angiogenesis due to decreased expression of angiogenic mediators and matrix formation results in nonhealing and ultimately amputation. Multiple proangiogenic mediators and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy exist to enhance angiogenesis, but the results are not satisfactory. Thus, there is a need to investigate novel pro-angiogenic mediators that can either alone or in combination enhance the angiogenesis and healing of DFUs. In this article, we critically reviewed the existing pro-angiogenic mediators followed by potentially novel factors that might play a regulatory role in promoting angiogenesis and wound healing in DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Hoangvi Le
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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3
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Pikuleva IA. Challenges and Opportunities in P450 Research on the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1295-1307. [PMID: 36914277 PMCID: PMC10506698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 57 cytochrome P450 enzymes found in humans, at least 30 have ocular tissues as an expression site. Yet knowledge of the roles of these P450s in the eye is limited, in part because only very few P450 laboratories expanded their research interests to studies of the eye. Hence the goal of this review is to bring attention of the P450 community to the eye and encourage more ocular studies. This review is also intended to be educational for eye researchers and encourage their collaborations with P450 experts. The review starts with a description of the eye, a fascinating sensory organ, and is followed by sections on ocular P450 localizations, specifics of drug delivery to the eye, and individual P450s, which are grouped and presented based on their substrate preferences. In sections describing individual P450s, available eye-relevant information is summarized and concluded by the suggestions on the opportunities in ocular studies of the discussed enzymes. Potential challenges are addressed as well. The conclusion section outlines several practical suggestions on how to initiate eye-related research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review focuses on the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the eye to encourage their ocular investigations and collaborations between P450 and eye researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Zhou M, Li J, Xu J, Zheng L, Xu S. Exploring human CYP4 enzymes: physiological roles, function in diseases and focus on inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103560. [PMID: 36958639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP)4 family of enzymes are monooxygenases responsible for the ω-oxidation of endogenous fatty acids and eicosanoids and play a crucial part in regulating numerous eicosanoid signaling pathways. Recently, CYP4 gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for several human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. Small-molecule inhibitors of CYP4 could provide promising treatments for these diseases. The aim of the present review is to highlight the advances in the field of CYP4, discussing the physiology and pathology of the CYP4 family and compiling CYP4 inhibitors into groups based on their chemical classes to provide clues for the future discovery of drug candidates targeting CYP4. Teaser: This review provides an updated view of the physiology and pathology of CYP4 enzymes. CYP4 inhibitors are compiled based on their skeletons to provide clues for the future discovery of drug candidates targeting CYP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junda Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, 215300, China.
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5
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Altaie AM, Mohammad MG, Madkour MI, Shakartalla SB, Jayakumar MN, K G AR, Halwani R, Samsudin AR, Hamoudi RA, Soliman SSM. The Essential Role of 17-Octadecynoic Acid in the Pathogenesis of Periapical Abscesses. J Endod 2023; 49:169-177.e3. [PMID: 36528175 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical abscesses are 1 of the most frequent pathologic lesions in the alveolar bone. Recently, we have identified 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) as the highest unique metabolite in periapical abscesses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunologic and pathophysiological roles of this metabolite in the initiation and development of periapical abscesses. METHODS Periodontal ligament fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with 17-ODYA. Gene expression analysis and interleukin (IL)-8 release were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophage polarization and cytokine release were also determined using flow cytometry and Luminex bioassay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), respectively. RESULTS In periodontal ligament fibroblasts, 17-ODYA caused significant (P < .0001) up-regulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L after 6 days of treatment and up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha at all tested concentrations after 2 days of treatment. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 17-ODYA significantly increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L (P < .0001) and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha and platelet-derived growth factor alpha at 1 μmol/L 17-ODYA (P < .0001). 17-ODYA polarized macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype (M1) and suppressed the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 17-ODYA significantly enhanced the release of IL-8. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to identify the pathologic role of 17-ODYA in the development of periapical abscesses. The results of this study are important in shedding light on the pathogenesis of periapical abscesses in relation to microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad G Mohammad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed I Madkour
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manju Nidagodu Jayakumar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aghila Rani K G
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A R Samsudin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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6
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Singh RD, Avadhesh A, Sharma G, Dholariya S, Shah RB, Goyal B, Gupta SC. Potential of cytochrome P450, a family of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, in cancer therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 38:853-876. [PMID: 36242099 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Targeted cancer therapy with minimal off-target consequences has shown promise for some cancer types. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) consists of 18 families, CYP1-4 families play key role in metabolizing xenobiotics and cancer drugs. This eventually affects the process of carcinogenesis, treatment outcome, and cancer drug resistance. Differential overexpression of CYPs in transformed cells, together with phenotypic alterations in tumors, presents a potential for therapeutic intervention. RECENT ADVANCES Recent advances in molecular tools and information technology have helped utilize CYPs as cancer targets. The precise expression in various tumors, X-ray crystal structures, improved understanding of the structure-activity relationship, and new approaches in the development of prodrugs have supported the ongoing efforts to develop CYPs-based drugs with a better therapeutic index. CRITICAL ISSUES Narrow therapeutic index, off-target effects, drug resistance, and tumor heterogeneity limit the benefits of CYP-based conventional cancer therapies. In this review, we address the CYP1-4 families as druggable targets in cancer. An emphasis is given to the CYP expression, function, and the possible mechanisms that drive expression and activity in normal and transformed tissues. The strategies that inhibit or activate CYPs for therapeutic benefits are also discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Efforts are needed to develop more selective tools that will help comprehend molecular and metabolic alterations in tumor tissues with biological end-points in relation to CYPs. This will eventually translate to developing more specific CYP inhibitors/inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini D Singh
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Biochemistry, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | - Avadhesh Avadhesh
- Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Biochemistry, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Physiology, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | | | - Rima B Shah
- AIIMS Rajkot, 618032, Pharmacology, Rajkot, Gujarat, India;
| | - Bela Goyal
- AIIMS Rishikesh, 442339, Biochemistry, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Subash Chandra Gupta
- Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, 221005;
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7
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Peral A, Mateo J, Domínguez-Godínez CO, Carracedo G, Gómez JA, Crooke A, Pintor J. Therapeutic potential of topical administration of siRNAs against HIF-1α for corneal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Liu X, Jia Y, Shi C, Kong D, Wu Y, Zhang T, Wei A, Wang D. CYP4B1 is a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247020. [PMID: 33592039 PMCID: PMC7886130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP4B1 belongs to the mammalian CYP4 enzyme family and is predominantly expressed in the lungs of humans. It is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of a wide range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. In this study, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, a secondary analysis was performed to explore the expression profile of CYP4B1, as well as its prognostic value in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Based on the obtained results, a significantly decreased CYP4B1 expression was discovered in patients with LUAD when compared with their normal counterparts (p<0.05), and was linked to age younger than 65 years (p = 0.0041), history of pharmaceutical (p = 0.0127) and radiation (p = 0.0340) therapy, mutations in KRAS/EGFR/ALK (p = 0.0239), and living status of dead (p = 0.0026). Survival analysis indicated that the low CYP4B1 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of shorter survival in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with LUAD. The copy number alterations (CNAs) and sites of cg23440155 and cg23414387 hypermethylation might contribute to the decreased CYP4B1 expression. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested that CYP4B1 might act as an oncogene in LUAD by preventing biological metabolism pathways of exogenous and endogenous compounds and enhancing DNA replication and cell cycle activities. In conclusion, CYP4B1 expression may serve as a valuable independent prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Yichen Jia
- Institute of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar City, China
| | - Changyuan Shi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Dechen Kong
- College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Anjie Wei
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining City, China
- * E-mail:
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Supe S, Upadhya A, Singh K. Role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting ocular neovascularization: A review. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108329. [PMID: 33198953 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization (NV) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa and may lead to loss of vision if not controlled in time. Several clinical trials elucidate the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of the ocular neovascularization. The advent and extensive use of ocular anti-VEGF therapy heralded a new age in the treatment of retinal vascular and exudative diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo expression of specific genes and thus provides an extremely useful method for investigating gene activity with minimal toxicity. siRNA targeting VEGF overcomes many drawbacks associated with the conventional treatment available for the treatment of ocular neovascularization. However, delivery methods that protect the siRNA against degradation and are appropriate for long-term care will help increase the effectiveness of RNAi-based anti-VEGF ocular therapies. Several nanotechnology approaches have been explored by formulation scientists for delivery of siRNA to the eye; targeting particularly VEGF for the treatment of NV. This review mainly focuses on current updates in various pre-clinical and clinical siRNA strategies for targeting VEGF involved in the development of ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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10
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Lim S, Alshagga M, Ong CE, Chieng JY, Pan Y. Cytochrome P450 4B1 (CYP4B1) as a target in cancer treatment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:785-796. [PMID: 32054340 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120905959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 4B1 (CYP4B1) plays crucial roles in biotransforming of xenobiotics. Its predominant extrahepatic expression has been associated with certain tissue-specific toxicities. However, the expressions of CYP4B1 in various cancers and hence their potential roles in cancer development were inclusive. In this work, existing knowledge on expression and regulation of CYP4B1 gene and protein, catalysis of CYP4B1, association of CYP4B1 with cancers, contradicting findings about human CYP4B1 activities as well as the employing CYP4B1 in suicide gene approach for cancer treatment were reviewed. To date, it appears that there is a wide spectrum of tissue distribution of CYP4B1 with lungs as the predominant sites. Several nuclear receptors are possibly responsible for regulating its gene expression. The involvement of CYP4B1 in cancer was considered via activation of procarcinogens and neovascularization. However, human CYP4B1 was found to be inactive due to a substitution of proline with serine at position 427. Suicide gene approach combining reengineered CYP4B1 and prodrug 4-ipomeanol (4-IPO) has shown a promising potential for targeted cancer therapy. Further studies should focus on the verification of human CYP4B1 catalytic activities. More compounds with similar structure as 4-IPO should be tested to identify more alternative agents for the suicide gene approach in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sym Lim
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Alshagga
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - C E Ong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Y Chieng
- Hospital Pantai Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y Pan
- Division of Biomedical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Therapeutic Strategies for Corneal Wound Angiogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-020-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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McReynolds C, Morisseau C, Wagner K, Hammock B. Epoxy Fatty Acids Are Promising Targets for Treatment of Pain, Cardiovascular Disease and Other Indications Characterized by Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Endoplasmic Stress and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:71-99. [PMID: 32894508 PMCID: PMC7737916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive lipid mediators resulting from the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are controlled by many pathways that regulate the levels of these mediators and maintain homeostasis to prevent disease. PUFA metabolism is driven primarily through three pathways. Two pathways, the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymatic pathways, form metabolites that are mostly inflammatory, while the third route of metabolism results from the oxidation by the cytochrome P450 enzymes to form hydroxylated PUFA and epoxide metabolites. These epoxygenated fatty acids (EpFA) demonstrate largely anti-inflammatory and beneficial properties, in contrast to the other metabolites formed from the degradation of PUFA. Dysregulation of these systems often leads to chronic disease. Pharmaceutical targets of disease focus on preventing the formation of inflammatory metabolites from the COX and LO pathways, while maintaining the EpFA and increasing their concentration in the body is seen as beneficial to treating and preventing disease. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is the major route of metabolism of EpFA. Inhibiting its activity increases concentrations of beneficial EpFA, and often disease states correlate to mutations in the sEH enzyme that increase its activity and decrease the concentrations of EpFA in the body. Recent approaches to increasing EpFA include synthetic mimics that replicate biological activity of EpFA while preventing their metabolism, while other approaches focus on developing small molecule inhibitors to the sEH. Increasing EpFA concentrations in the body has demonstrated multiple beneficial effects in treating many diseases, including inflammatory and painful conditions, cardiovascular disease, neurological and disease of the central nervous system. Demonstration of efficacy in so many disease states can be explained by the fundamental mechanism that EpFA have of maintaining healthy microvasculature and preventing mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress. While there are no FDA approved methods that target the sEH or other enzymes responsible for metabolizing EpFA, current clinical efforts to test for efficacy by increasing EpFA that include inhibiting the sEH or administration of EpFA mimics that block metabolism are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and U.C. Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- EicOsis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and U.C. Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and U.C. Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- EicOsis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and U.C. Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Fleming I. New Lipid Mediators in Retinal Angiogenesis and Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:739. [PMID: 31333461 PMCID: PMC6624440 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases associated with vascular destabilization and the inappropriate proliferation of retinal endothelial cells have major consequences on the retinal vascular network. In extreme cases, the development of hypoxia, the upregulation of growth factors, and the hyper-proliferation of unstable capillaries can result in bleeding and vision loss. While anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and laser retinal photocoagulation can be used to treat the symptoms of late stage disease, there is currently no treatment available that can prevent disease progression. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize endogenous substrates (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to bioactive fatty acid epoxides that demonstrate biological activity with generally protective/anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. These epoxides are further metabolized by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to fatty acid diols, high concentrations of which have vascular destabilizing effects. Recent studies have identified increased sEH expression and activity and the subsequent generation of the docosahexaenoic acid-derived diol; 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, as playing a major role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes current understanding of the roles of cytochrome P450 enzyme and sEH–derived PUFA mediators in retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
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Torrecilla J, Del Pozo-Rodríguez A, Vicente-Pascual M, Solinís MÁ, Rodríguez-Gascón A. Targeting corneal inflammation by gene therapy: Emerging strategies for keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:130-140. [PMID: 29981344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the underlying process of several diseases within the eye, specifically in the cornea. Current treatment options for corneal inflammation or keratitis, and related neovascularization, are restricted by limited efficacy, adverse effects, and short duration of action. Gene therapy has shown great potential for the treatment of diseases affecting the ocular surface, and major efforts are being targeted to inflammatory mediators and neovascularization, in order to develop potential treatments for corneal inflammation. Gene therapy to treat ocular disorders is still starting, and current therapies are primarily experimental, with most human clinical trials still in research state, although some of them have already shown encouraging results. In this review, we focus on the progress and challenges of gene therapy to treat corneal inflammation. After introducing the inflammation process, we present the main nucleic acid delivery systems, including viral and non-viral vectors, and the most studied strategies to address the therapy: control of neovascularization and regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josune Torrecilla
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ana Del Pozo-Rodríguez
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Mónica Vicente-Pascual
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Solinís
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group (PharmaNanoGene), Faculty of Pharmacy, Centro de investigación Lascaray ikergunea, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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15
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Liu S, Romano V, Steger B, Kaye SB, Hamill KJ, Willoughby CE. Gene-based antiangiogenic applications for corneal neovascularization. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Menni C, Metrustry SJ, Ehret G, Dominiczak AF, Chowienczyk P, Spector TD, Padmanabhan S, Valdes AM. Molecular pathways associated with blood pressure and hexadecanedioate levels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175479. [PMID: 28403188 PMCID: PMC5389832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dicarboxylic acid hexadecanedioate is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and mortality in humans and feeding it to rats raises BP. Here we aim to characterise the molecular pathways that influence levels of hexadecanedioate linked to BP regulation, using genetic and transcriptomic studies. The top associations for hexadecanedioate in a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) conducted on 6447 individuals from the TwinsUK and KORA cohorts were tested for association with BP and hypertension in the International Consortium for BP and in a GWAS of BP extremes. Transcriptomic analyses correlating hexadecanedioate with gene expression levels in adipose tissue in 740 TwinsUK participants were further performed. GWAS showed 242 SNPs mapping to two independent loci achieving genome-wide significance. In rs414056 in the SCLO1B1 gene (Beta(SE) = -0.088(0.006)P = 1.65 x 10−51, P < 1 x 10−51), the allele previously associated with increased risk of statin associated myopathy is associated with higher hexadecanedioate levels. However this SNP did not show association with BP or hypertension. The top SNP in the second locus rs6663731 mapped to the intronic region of CYP4Z2P on chromosome 1 (0.045(0.007), P = 5.49x10-11). Hexadecanedioate levels also correlate with adipose tissue gene-expression of the 3 out of 4 CYP4 probes (P<0.05) and of alcohol dehydrogenase probes (Beta(SE) = 0.12(0.02); P = 6.04x10-11). High circulating levels of hexadecanedioate determine a significant effect of alcohol intake on BP (SBP: 1.12(0.34), P = 0.001; DBP: 0.70(0.22), P = 0.002), while no effect is seen in the lower hexadecanedioate level group. In conclusion, levels in fat of ADH1A, ADH1B and CYP4 encoding enzymes in the omega oxidation pathway, are correlated with hexadecanedioate levels. Hexadecanedioate appears to regulate the effect of alcohol on BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah J. Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Ehret
- Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna F. Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Chowienczyk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- Academic Rheumatology Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Yeung J, Holinstat M. Who is the real 12-HETrE? Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 132:25-30. [PMID: 28259546 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenases, including lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450s, generate an array of structurally diverse oxylipins that modulate distinct biological responses in mammals. Depending on the source of tissues and enzymes, distinct oxylipins are generated with inherent cellular function. Here, we report structurally different forms of 12-HETrE, with distinct biological function in tissues as well as their derived enzymatic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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McLellan GJ, Aktas Z, Hennes-Beean E, Kolb AW, Larsen IV, Schmitz EJ, Clausius HR, Yang J, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Inceoglu B, Hammock BD, Brandt CR. Effect of a Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor, UC1728, on LPS-Induced Uveitis in the Rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4. [PMID: 28066796 PMCID: PMC5218821 DOI: 10.13188/2334-2838.1000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase isozymes convert free arachidonic acid into eicosanoids named epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that have roles in regulating inflammation. EETs are rapidly converted to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DiHETs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Little is known about the potential role of these metabolites in uveitis, but conversion of EETs to DiHETs could contribute to the inflammation. We tested a potent and orally available inhibitor of sEH for its ability to reduce ocular inflammation in a rabbit LPS-induced model of uveitis. Rabbits were treated by subcutaneous injection with the sEH inhibitor (UC1728, 3 mg/kg), or the vehicle control (PEG400) and uveitis was assessed at 6, 24 and 48 h post-intracameral LPS injection using a modified Hackett-McDonald scoring system. Eyes treated by intra-cameral injection of PBS, or by aseptic preparation served as further controls. Signs of inflammation in this model were mild and transient. Treatment with UC1728 did not significantly reduce inflammation compared to animals treated with the PEG400 vehicle. Blood levels of UC1728 were a thousand fold higher than the in vitro determined inhibitory potency (IC50) of the compound suggesting a significant degree of inhibition of sEH in the rabbit. The lack of efficacy suggests that sEH or its substrates the EETs may not be involved in mediating inflammation in this model of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zeynep Aktas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, Gazi University, Turkey
| | - Elizabeth Hennes-Beean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Inna V Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily J Schmitz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hilary R Clausius
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bora Inceoglu
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Kim YC, Grossniklaus HE, Edelhauser HF, Prausnitz MR. Intrastromal delivery of bevacizumab using microneedles to treat corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7376-86. [PMID: 25212779 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that highly targeted intrastromal delivery of bevacizumab using coated microneedles allows dramatic dose sparing compared with subconjunctival and topical delivery for treatment of corneal neovascularization. METHODS Stainless steel microneedles 400 μm in length were coated with bevacizumab. A silk suture was placed in the cornea approximately 1 mm from the limbus to induce corneal neovascularization in the eyes of New Zealand white rabbits that were divided into different groups: untreated, microneedle delivery, topical eye drop, and subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab. All drug treatments were initiated 4 days after suture placement and area of neovascularization was measured daily by digital photography for 18 days. RESULTS Eyes treated once with 4.4 μg bevacizumab using microneedles reduced neovascularization compared with untreated eyes by 44% (day 18). Eyes treated once with 2500 μg bevacizumab using subconjunctival injection gave similar results to microneedle-treated eyes. Eyes treated once with 4.4 μg subconjunctival bevacizumab showed no significant effect compared with untreated eyes. Eyes treated with 52,500 μg bevacizumab by eye drops three times per day for 14 days reduced the neovascularization area compared with untreated eyes by 6% (day 18), which was significantly less effective than the single microneedle treatment. Visual exam and histological analysis showed no observable effect of microneedle treatment on corneal transparency or microanatomical structure. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that microneedles can target drug delivery to corneal stroma in a minimally invasive way and demonstrates effective suppression of corneal neovascularization after suture-induced injury using a much lower dose compared with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo C Kim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hans E Grossniklaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Henry F Edelhauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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20
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Guzman-Aranguez A, Loma P, Pintor J. Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as a promising tool for ocular therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:730-47. [PMID: 23937539 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the expression of specific genes in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing an extremely useful tool for investigating gene function. Progress in the understanding of RNAi-based mechanisms has opened up new perspectives in therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases including ocular disorders. The eye is currently considered a good target for RNAi therapy mainly because it is a confined compartment and, therefore, enables local delivery of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by topical instillation or direct injection. However, delivery strategies that protect the siRNAs from degradation and are suitable for long-term treatment would be help to improve the efficacy of RNAi-based therapies for ocular pathologies. siRNAs targeting critical molecules involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa and neovascular eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and corneal neovascularization) have been tested in experimental animal models, and clinical trials have been conducted with some of them. This review provides an update on the progress of RNAi in ocular therapeutics, discussing the advantages and drawbacks of RNAi-based therapeutics compared to previous treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Nakano M, Lockhart CM, Kelly EJ, Rettie AE. Ocular cytochrome P450s and transporters: roles in disease and endobiotic and xenobiotic disposition. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:247-60. [PMID: 24856391 PMCID: PMC4676416 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.921190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolism and transport processes in the liver, intestine and kidney that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents have been studied extensively. In contrast, comparatively little research has been conducted on these topics as they pertain to the eye. Recently, however, catalytic functions of ocular cytochrome P450 enzymes have gained increasing attention, in large part due to the roles of CYP1B1 and CYP4V2 variants in primary congenital glaucoma and Bietti's corneoretinal crystalline dystrophy, respectively. In this review, we discuss challenges to ophthalmic drug delivery, including Phase I drug metabolism and transport in the eye, and the role of three specific P450s, CYP4B1, CYP1B1 and CYP4V2 in ocular inflammation and genetically determined ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M. Lockhart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward J. Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase (COX)-, lipoxygenase (LOX)-, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP)-derived eicosanoids have been implicated in ocular surface inflammation and neovascularization. These eicosanoids are subjected to regulation by enzymes, such as heme oxygenases (HOs) and ferritin. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and lipidomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed on pterygia from patients undergoing surgical pterygium excision. Control tissues consisted of donor corneas. In addition, lipidomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed on tears collected from patients before the surgery. RESULTS Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of HO-2, the constitutive HO isoform, was upregulated by 40% in pterygia compared with control tissue, whereas the mRNA level of the inducible form, HO-1, was downregulated by more than 50%. Levels of CYP4B1 mRNA showed an approximate 2-fold increase in pterygia compared with control. Lipidomic analysis of tissues indicated a moderate elevation in Prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 levels in pterygia compared with control. Among the LOX-derived metabolites, the antiinflammatory-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) levels were significantly reduced in pterygia (79.3 ± 48.11 pg/mg protein) compared with control (586.2 ± 213.5 pg/mg protein), whereas the proinflammatory LOX- and CYP4B1-derived 12-HETE levels were 10-fold higher in pterygia (2768 ± 832.3 pg/mg protein) compared with control (231.4 ± 87.35 pg/mg protein). Prostaglandin E2 and HETEs were also present in tears from patients with pterygium but were not detected in tears from healthy volunteers. The mRNA expression levels of both light and heavy chain ferritin were 60% and 30% lower, respectively, in pterygia compared with control. CONCLUSIONS We believe that a dysfunctional HO-ferritin system leads to increased levels of proinflammatory mediators, thus contributing to the inflammation characteristic of pterygia.
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Kirwan RP, Zheng Y, Tey A, Anijeet D, Sueke H, Kaye SB. Quantifying changes in corneal neovascularization using fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 154:850-858.e2. [PMID: 22840481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify changes in corneal neovascularization in patients with active keratitis after treatment using color imaging, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). DESIGN Prospective, interventional case series. METHODS Twelve consecutive patients were studied. A comparison of corneal neovascularization parameters was undertaken before and after resolution of the keratitis. A slit-lamp digital camera acquired images of the neovascularization using color imaging, FA, and ICGA. The best-quality images were selected using a grading system, and the neovascular regions of interest were analyzed using automated in-house software. The parameters of analysis were vessel area, diameter, tortuosity, and FA dye leakage. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the area of neovascularization after treatment on color imaging (0.78 mm(2); P < .05), FA (2.33 mm(2); P < .01), and ICGA (2.07 mm(2); P < .01). There was also a significant reduction in mean vessel diameter across the region of interest for each patient, more marked on FA (42.74 to 32.52 μm; P < .01) and ICGA (44.77 to 33.29 μm; P < .01) than on color imaging (29.10 to 25.17 μm; P < .01). A significant change in vessel tortuosity was not observed. There was a significant increase in FA dye leakage time (12.41 seconds; P < .05) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate application of an objective method for analyzing changes in corneal neovascularization. The excellent vessel delineation with ICGA even in the presence of stromal scars makes it an ideal agent for measurement of vessel parameters. FA is useful at detecting vessel leakage, and the time to leakage provides a possible measure of vessel staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaidhrí P Kirwan
- St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Yu W, Chai H, Li Y, Zhao H, Xie X, Zheng H, Wang C, Wang X, Yang G, Cai X, Falck JR, Yang J. Increased expression of CYP4Z1 promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth in human breast cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:73-83. [PMID: 22841774 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4Z1, a novel CYP4 family member, is over-expressed in human mammary carcinoma and associated with high-grade tumors and poor prognosis. However, the precise role of CYP4Z1 in tumor progression is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CYP4Z1 overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth in breast cancer. Stable expression of CYP4Z1 in T47D and BT-474 human breast cancer cells significantly increased mRNA expression and production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and decreased mRNA levels and secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), without affecting cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth in vitro. Notably, the conditioned medium from CYP4Z1-expressing cells enhanced proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and promoted angiogenesis in the zebrafish embryo and chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. In addition, there were lower levels of myristic acid and lauric acid, and higher contents of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in CYP4Z1-expressing T47D cells compared with vector control. CYP4Z1 overexpression significantly increased tumor weight and microvessel density by 2.6-fold and 1.9-fold in human tumor xenograft models, respectively. Moreover, CYP4Z1 transfection increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt, while PI3K or ERK inhibitors and siRNA silencing reversed CYP4Z1-mediated changes in VEGF-A and TIMP-2 expression. Conversely, HET0016, an inhibitor of the CYP4 family, potently inhibited the tumor-induced angiogenesis with associated changes in the intracellular levels of myristic acid, lauric acid and 20-HETE. Collectively, these data suggest that increased CYP4Z1 expression promotes tumor angiogenesis and growth in breast cancer partly via PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Bellner L, Patil KA, Castellano K, Halilovic A, Dunn MW, Schwartzman ML. Targeted suppression of HO-2 gene expression impairs the innate anti-inflammatory and repair responses of the cornea to injury. Mol Vis 2011; 17:1144-52. [PMID: 21552471 PMCID: PMC3087447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heme oxygenase (HO)-2 is highly expressed in the corneal epithelium and is a component of the heme oxygenase system that represents an intrinsic cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory system based on its ability to modulate leukocyte migration and to inhibit expression of inflammatory cytokines and proteins via its products biliverdin/bilirubin and carbon monoxide (CO). We have shown that in HO-2 null mice epithelial injury leads to unresolved corneal inflammation and chronic inflammatory complications including ulceration, perforation and neovascularization. In this study, we explore whether a localized corneal suppression of HO-2 is sufficient for disrupting the innate anti-inflammatory and repair capability of the cornea. METHODS Silencing hairpin RNA (shRNA) against HO-2 was administered subconjunctivally (100 ng/eye) as well as topically (100 ng/eye) starting one day before corneal epithelial debridement and once daily, thereafter. The corneal epithelium was removed using an Alger Brush in anesthetized mice. Re-epithelialization was assessed by fluorescein staining using a dissecting microscope and image analysis. Inflammatory response was quantified by myeloperoxidase activity. Levels of mRNA were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS Local injection of HO-2-specific shRNA led to a 50% reduction in corneal HO-2 mRNA. Administration of HO-2-specific shRNA delayed corneal re-epithelialization when compared with the control shRNA-treated group by 14%, 20%, and 12% at days 3, 4, and 7 after injury, respectively (n=18-24). The observed delay in the wound repair process in HO-2 shRNA treated mice was accompanied by a threefold and 3.5 fold increase in the neovascular response at days 4 and 7 after injury. Further, local knockdown of HO-2 lead to an aberrant chronic inflammatory response, as shown by presence of high numbers of inflammatory cells still present in the cornea at day 7 after injury; 1.04±0.45×10(6) in HO-2 knockdown mice versus 0.14±0.03×10(6) inflammatory cells in control mice. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) but not MMP-9 increased following injury and remained elevated in the injured corneas of the HO-2 shRNA-treated eyes. CONCLUSIONS Corneal knockdown of HO-2 via local administration of HO-2-specific shRNA leads to delayed re-epithelialization, increased neovascularization and an aberrant inflammatory response similar to what is observed in the HO-2 null mouse. The elevated MMP-2 expression may contribute to the increase in neovascularization in corneas in which HO-2 expression is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bellner
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Kiran A. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | | | - Adna Halilovic
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Michael W. Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Michal Laniado Schwartzman
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY,Department of Ophthalmology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Satih S, Chalabi N, Rabiau N, Bosviel R, Fontana L, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon DJ. Gene expression profiling of breast cancer cell lines in response to soy isoflavones using a pangenomic microarray approach. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:231-8. [PMID: 20455703 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the rate of breast cancer differs between women in Asian and Western countries, molecular genetics/genomics basis of this epidemiological observation remains elusive. Moreover, the intake of phytoestrogens is associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer. Genistein and daidzein are the primary soy isoflavones with a chemical structure similar to estrogens. Conceivably, the actions of phytoestrogens on gene expression signatures might mediate their postulated effects on breast cancer pathogenesis. The present study evaluated the transcriptional responsiveness of breast cancer cells to soy phytoestrogens using a whole-genome microarray-based approach. Human breast cancer cell lines and a fibrocystic breast cell line were treated with genistein or daidzein. We identified 278 and 334 differentially expressed genes after genistein or daidzein treatment, respectively, in estrogen-positive (MCF-7) and estrogen-negative (MDA-MB-231, MCF-10a) cells. Hierarchical clustering of this finding revealed a significant modulation, respectively, of 246 or 169 genes after genistein or daidzein exposures. Importantly, the molecular pathways for the differentially expressed genes included those that relate to cell communication, biodegradation of xenobiotics, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and cell growth/death. These molecular observations collectively contribute to a growing knowledgebase on the putative mechanism(s) of action of phytoestrogens in breast cancer pathogenesis and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Satih
- Centre Jean Perrin, Département d'Oncogénétique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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Avisar I, Weinberger D, Kremer I. Effect of subconjunctival and intraocular bevacizumab injections on corneal neovascularization in a mouse model. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:108-15. [PMID: 20136420 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903429007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of bevacizumab (Avastin), an anti-VEGF agent, in the reduction of corneal neovascularization in a rodent model, and compare between the effect of intraocular and subconjunctival injection. METHODS Corneal neovascularization was induced by application of a mixture of 75% silver nitrate and 25% potassium nitrate to the corneal center of the right eye of 125 mice. Immediately thereafter, 75 eyes were treated with subconjunctival, anterior chamber, or intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. The remaining mice served as a control. The groups were compared at different postoperative time points for percentage area of neovascularization evaluated by digital photos, the presence of corneal stromal vascular endothelial cells studied by immunohistochemical staining, and VEGF levels measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS In the untreated eyes, percentage area of neovascularization increased from 11.3 +/- 7% on day 2 to 20 +/- 8.9% on day 4, 47 +/- 25.4% on day 8, and 51 +/- 24.7% on day 10. The percentage area of neovascularization following subconjunctival injection was 7 +/- 2.9% on day 2, 15.7 +/- 6% on day 4, 32.2 +/- 15.2% on day 8, and 39.7 +/- 14.5% on day 10. The percentage area of neovascularization following anterior chamber injection was 14.4 +/- 3% on day 2, 16.5 +/- 6.3% on day 4, 26.3 +/- 6.5% on day 8, and 19.8 +/- 1.2% on day 10. The percentage area of neovascularization following intravitreal injection was 11 +/- 2.5% on day 2, 14.7 +/- 5% on day 4, 23.5 +/- 6.5% on day 8, and 24.2 +/- 14.9% on day 10. CONCLUSIONS Bevacizumab injections partially inhibit the growth of corneal neovascularization induced by acute chemical injury in a mouse model. The intraocular routes of injection were found to be the most effective, and the subconjunctival route of injection yielded the earliest peak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Avisar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqwa and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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28
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Abstract
The cornea is particularly suited to gene therapy. The cornea is readily accessible, normally transparent, and is somewhat sequestrated from the general circulation and the systemic immune system. The principle of genetic therapy for the cornea is to use an appropriate vector system to transfer a gene to the cornea itself, or to the ocular environs, or systemically, so that a transgenic protein will be expressed that will modulate congenital or acquired disease. The protein may be structural such as a collagen, or functionally active such as an enzyme, cytokine or growth factor that may modulate a pathological process. Alternatively, gene expression may be silenced by the use of modalities such as antisense oligonucleotides. Interestingly, despite a very considerable amount of work in animal models, clinical translation directed to gene therapy of the human cornea has been minimal. This is in contrast to gene therapy for monogenic inherited diseases of the retina, where promising early results of clinical trials for Leber's congenital amaurosis have already been published and a number of other trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keryn A Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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29
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Sasaki T, Horikawa M, Orikasa K, Sato M, Arai Y, Mitachi Y, Mizugaki M, Ishikawa M, Hiratsuka M. Possible Relationship Between the Risk of Japanese Bladder Cancer Cases and the CYP4B1 Genotype. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2008; 38:634-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyn081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Nebert DW, Karp CL. Endogenous functions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR): intersection of cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1)-metabolized eicosanoids and AHR biology. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36061-5. [PMID: 18713746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r800053200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and the Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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31
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Patil K, Bellner L, Cullaro G, Gotlinger KH, Dunn MW, Schwartzman ML. Heme oxygenase-1 induction attenuates corneal inflammation and accelerates wound healing after epithelial injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3379-86. [PMID: 18441305 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heme oxygenase (HO) is considered a fundamental endogenous immunomodulatory, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory system. This protective function is primarily ascribed to the inducible HO-1. The authors examined the effect of HO-1 induction on corneal inflammation and wound healing in mice undergoing epithelial injury. METHODS C57BL6 mice were treated with SnCl(2) the day before epithelial injury and once daily thereafter. The corneal epithelium was removed with the use of a corneal rust ring remover in anesthetized mice. Reepithelialization was measured by fluorescein staining. The inflammatory response was examined by histology and was quantified by the myeloperoxidase assay. Inflammatory lipid mediators were detected and quantified by LC/MS/MS-based lipidomic analysis. HO-1 expression was assessed by real-time PCR, and HO activity was determined by measuring HO-dependent carbon monoxide production. RESULTS Epithelial injury caused a time-dependent transient increase in HO-1 expression and HO activity that was significantly amplified by treatment with SnCl(2), resulting in a twofold to threefold increase in mRNA levels and a similar increase in corneal HO activity. Induction of HO-1 was associated with a significant acceleration of wound healing when compared with a vehicle-treated group and with attenuation of the inflammatory response, evidenced by a significant decrease in the number of infiltrating cells and by a significant reduction in the expression and production of proinflammatory lipid mediators and cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of HO-1 provides a mechanism that modulates inflammation and promotes wound closure; pharmacologic amplification of this system may constitute a novel strategy to treat corneal inflammation while accelerating wound repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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