1
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Cable J, Rappuoli R, Klemm EJ, Kang G, Mutreja A, Wright GJ, Pizza M, Castro SA, Hoffmann JP, Alter G, Carfi A, Pollard AJ, Krammer F, Gupta RK, Wagner CE, Machado V, Modjarrad K, Corey L, B Gilbert P, Dougan G, Lurie N, Bjorkman PJ, Chiu C, Nemes E, Gordon SB, Steer AC, Rudel T, Blish CA, Sandberg JT, Brennan K, Klugman KP, Stuart LM, Madhi SA, Karp CL. Innovative vaccine approaches-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1511:59-86. [PMID: 35029310 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines was the result of decades of research to establish flexible vaccine platforms and understand pathogens with pandemic potential, as well as several novel changes to the vaccine discovery and development processes that partnered industry and governments. And while vaccines offer the potential to drastically improve global health, low-and-middle-income countries around the world often experience reduced access to vaccines and reduced vaccine efficacy. Addressing these issues will require novel vaccine approaches and platforms, deeper insight how vaccines mediate protection, and innovative trial designs and models. On June 28-30, 2021, experts in vaccine research, development, manufacturing, and deployment met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium "Innovative Vaccine Approaches" to discuss advances in vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Sowmya Ajay Castro
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Joseph P Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Florian Krammer
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Machado
- Measles and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory, WHO/NIC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID) and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Lurie
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo, Norway.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisa Nemes
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew C Steer
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - John Tyler Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kiva Brennan
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin and School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith P Klugman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynda M Stuart
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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2
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Chan CC, Harley ITW, Pfluger PT, Trompette A, Stankiewicz TE, Allen JL, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Damen MSMA, Oates JR, Alarcon PC, Doll JR, Flick MJ, Flick LM, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Mukherjee R, Karns R, Helmrath M, Inge TH, Weisberg SP, Pamp SJ, Relman DA, Seeley RJ, Tschöp MH, Karp CL, Divanovic S. A BAFF/APRIL axis regulates obesogenic diet-driven weight gain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2911. [PMID: 34006859 PMCID: PMC8131685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of immune mediators on weight homeostasis remains underdefined. Interrogation of resistance to diet-induced obesity in mice lacking a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling serendipitously uncovered a role for B cell activating factor (BAFF). Here we show that overexpression of BAFF in multiple mouse models associates with protection from weight gain, approximating a log-linear dose response relation to BAFF concentrations. Gene expression analysis of BAFF-stimulated subcutaneous white adipocytes unveils upregulation of lipid metabolism pathways, with BAFF inducing white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) from BAFF-overexpressing mice exhibits increased Ucp1 expression and BAFF promotes brown adipocyte respiration and in vivo energy expenditure. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a BAFF homolog, similarly modulates WAT and BAT lipid handling. Genetic deletion of both BAFF and APRIL augments diet-induced obesity. Lastly, BAFF/APRIL effects are conserved in human adipocytes and higher BAFF/APRIL levels correlate with greater BMI decrease after bariatric surgery. Together, the BAFF/APRIL axis is a multifaceted immune regulator of weight gain and adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Isaac T W Harley
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelien Trompette
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, CHUV, CLED 02.206, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jessica L Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- , Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michelle S M A Damen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jarren R Oates
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pablo C Alarcon
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jessica R Doll
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leah M Flick
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas H Inge
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Sünje J Pamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Global Health Discovery & Translational Sciences, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Immunology Graduate Program, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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3
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Mishima Y, Oka A, Liu B, Herzog JW, Eun CS, Fan TJ, Bulik-Sullivan E, Carroll IM, Hansen JJ, Chen L, Wilson JE, Fisher NC, Ting JP, Nochi T, Wahl A, Garcia JV, Karp CL, Sartor RB. Microbiota maintain colonic homeostasis by activating TLR2/MyD88/PI3K signaling in IL-10-producing regulatory B cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3702-3716. [PMID: 31211700 DOI: 10.1172/jci93820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microbiota activate regulatory cells that modulate intestinal inflammation and promote and maintain intestinal homeostasis. IL-10 is a key mediator of immune regulatory function. Our studies described the functional importance and mechanisms by which gut microbiota and specific microbial components influenced the development of intestinal IL-10-producing B cells. We used fecal transplant to germ-free (GF) Il10+/EGFP reporter and Il10-/- mice to demonstrate that microbiota from specific pathogen-free mice primarily stimulated IL-10-producing colon-specific B cells and T regulatory-1 cells in ex-GF mice. IL-10 in turn down-regulated microbiota-activated mucosal inflammatory cytokines. TLR2/9 ligands and enteric bacterial lysates preferentially induced IL-10 production and regulatory capacity of intestinal B cells. Analysis of Il10+/EGFP mice crossed with additional gene-deficient strains and B cell co-transfer studies demonstrated that microbiota-induced IL-10-producing intestinal B cells ameliorated chronic T cell-mediated colitis in a TLR2, MyD88 and PI3K-dependent fashion. In vitro studies implicated PI3Kp110δ and AKT downstream signaling. These studies demonstrated that resident enteric bacteria activated intestinal IL-10-producing B cells through TLR2, MyD88 and PI3K pathways. These B cells reduced colonic T cell activation and maintained mucosal homeostasis in response to intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Mishima
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy W Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chang Soo Eun
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, South Korea
| | - Ting-Jia Fan
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Ian M Carroll
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Nutrition
| | - Jonathan J Hansen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Liang Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, and
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, and
| | | | - Jenny Py Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, and
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Angela Wahl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology
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4
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Zohar Y, Wildbaum G, Novak R, Salzman AL, Thelen M, Alon R, Barsheshet Y, Karp CL, Karin N. CXCL11-dependent induction of FOXP3-negative regulatory T cells suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1200-1201. [PMID: 29493548 DOI: 10.1172/jci120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Stankiewicz TE, Graspeuntner S, Cappelletti M, Wu D, Mukherjee R, Chan CC, Lawson MJ, Klarquist J, Sünderhauf A, Softic S, Kahn CR, Stemmer K, Iwakura Y, Aronow BJ, Karns R, Steinbrecher KA, Karp CL, Sheridan R, Shanmukhappa SK, Reynaud D, Haslam DB, Sina C, Rupp J, Hogan SP, Divanovic S. Erratum: Thermoneutral housing exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and allows for sex-independent disease modeling. Nat Med 2017; 23:1241. [DOI: 10.1038/nm1017-1241c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Zohar Y, Wildbaum G, Novak R, Salzman AL, Thelen M, Alon R, Barsheshet Y, Karp CL, Karin N. CXCL11-dependent induction of FOXP3-negative regulatory T cells suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3913. [PMID: 28846074 DOI: 10.1172/jci97015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Stankiewicz TE, Graspeuntner S, Cappelletti M, Wu D, Mukherjee R, Chan CC, Lawson MJ, Klarquist J, Sünderhauf A, Softic S, Kahn CR, Stemmer K, Iwakura Y, Aronow BJ, Karns R, Steinbrecher KA, Karp CL, Sheridan R, Shanmukhappa SK, Reynaud D, Haslam DB, Sina C, Rupp J, Hogan SP, Divanovic S. Thermoneutral housing exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice and allows for sex-independent disease modeling. Nat Med 2017; 23:829-838. [PMID: 28604704 PMCID: PMC5596511 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common prelude to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Defining the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been hampered by a lack of animal models that closely recapitulate the severe end of the disease spectrum in humans, including bridging hepatic fibrosis. Here we demonstrate that a novel experimental model employing thermoneutral housing, as opposed to standard housing, resulted in lower stress-driven production of corticosterone, augmented mouse proinflammatory immune responses and markedly exacerbated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD pathogenesis. Disease exacerbation at thermoneutrality was conserved across multiple mouse strains and was associated with augmented intestinal permeability, an altered microbiome and activation of inflammatory pathways that are associated with the disease in humans. Depletion of Gram-negative microbiota, hematopoietic cell deletion of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inactivation of the IL-17 axis resulted in altered immune responsiveness and protection from thermoneutral-housing-driven NAFLD amplification. Finally, female mice, typically resistant to HFD-induced obesity and NAFLD, develop full disease characteristics at thermoneutrality. Thus, thermoneutral housing provides a sex-independent model of exacerbated NAFLD in mice and represents a novel approach for interrogation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Giles
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Calvin C Chan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J Lawson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Annika Sünderhauf
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samir Softic
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Rachel Sheridan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiva K Shanmukhappa
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Damien Reynaud
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David B Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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8
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Lawson MJ, Chaturvedi V, Stankiewicz TE, Vanoni S, Harley IT, McAlees JW, Giles DA, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Rueda CM, Senthamaraikannan P, Sun X, Karns R, Hoebe K, Janssen EM, Karp CL, Hildeman DA, Hogan SP, Kallapur SG, Chougnet CA, Way SS, Divanovic S. Type I interferons regulate susceptibility to inflammation-induced preterm birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91288. [PMID: 28289719 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Maternal inflammation induced by microbial infection is a critical predisposing factor for PTB. However, biological processes associated with competency of pathogens, including viruses, to induce PTB or sensitize for secondary bacterial infection-driven PTB are unknown. We show that pathogen/pathogen-associated molecular pattern-driven activation of type I IFN/IFN receptor (IFNAR) was sufficient to prime for systemic and uterine proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine production and induction of PTB. Similarly, treatment with recombinant type I IFNs recapitulated such effects by exacerbating proinflammatory cytokine production and reducing the dose of secondary inflammatory challenge required for induction of PTB. Inflammatory challenge-driven induction of PTB was eliminated by defects in type I IFN, TLR, or IL-6 responsiveness, whereas the sequence of type I IFN sensing by IFNAR on hematopoietic cells was essential for regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Importantly, we also show that type I IFN priming effects are conserved from mice to nonhuman primates and humans, and expression of both type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines is upregulated in human PTB. Thus, activation of the type I IFN/IFNAR axis in pregnancy primes for inflammation-driven PTB and provides an actionable biomarker and therapeutic target for mitigating PTB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
| | - Matthew J Lawson
- Division of Immunobiology.,Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel A Giles
- Division of Immunobiology.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebekah Karns
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology/Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation
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9
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Giles DA, Ramkhelawon B, Donelan EM, Stankiewicz TE, Hutchison SB, Mukherjee R, Cappelletti M, Karns R, Karp CL, Moore KJ, Divanovic S. Modulation of ambient temperature promotes inflammation and initiates atherosclerosis in wild type C57BL/6 mice. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1121-1130. [PMID: 27818938 PMCID: PMC5081423 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Obesity and obesity-associated inflammation is central to a variety of end-organ sequelae including atherosclerosis, a leading cause of death worldwide. Although mouse models have provided important insights into the immunopathogenesis of various diseases, modeling atherosclerosis in mice has proven difficult. Specifically, wild-type (WT) mice are resistant to developing atherosclerosis, while commonly used genetically modified mouse models of atherosclerosis are poor mimics of human disease. The lack of a physiologically relevant experimental model of atherosclerosis has hindered the understanding of mechanisms regulating disease development and progression as well as the development of translational therapies. Recent evidence suggests that housing mice within their thermoneutral zone profoundly alters murine physiology, including both metabolic and immune processes. We hypothesized that thermoneutral housing would allow for augmentation of atherosclerosis induction and progression in mice. Methods ApoE−/− and WT mice were housed at either standard (TS) or thermoneutral (TN) temperatures and fed either a chow or obesogenic “Western” diet. Analysis included quantification of (i) obesity and obesity-associated downstream sequelae, (ii) the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and (iii) inflammatory gene expression pathways related to atherosclerosis. Results Housing mice at TN, in combination with an obesogenic “Western” diet, profoundly augmented obesity development, exacerbated atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice, and initiated atherosclerosis development in WT mice. This increased disease burden was associated with altered lipid profiles, including cholesterol levels and fractions, and increased aortic plaque size. In addition to the mild induction of atherosclerosis, we similarly observed increased levels of aortic and white adipose tissue inflammation and increased circulating immune cell expression of pathways related to adverse cardiovascular outcome. Conclusions In sum, our novel data in WT C57Bl/6 mice suggest that modulation of a single environmental variable, temperature, dramatically alters mouse physiology, metabolism, and inflammation, allowing for an improved mouse model of atherosclerosis. Thus, thermoneutral housing of mice shows promise in yielding a better understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Thermoneutral housing augments atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− and WT mice. Thermoneutral housing increases serum LDL levels in obese WT mice. Thermoneutral housing increases inflammatory potential in lean and obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Giles
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Bhama Ramkhelawon
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Donelan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Susan B Hutchison
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rajib Mukherjee
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Discovery & Translational Sciences, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Department of Medicine, Marc and Ruti Bell Program for Vascular Biology and Disease, The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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10
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Kunz S, Dolch A, Surianarayanan S, Dorn B, Bewersdorff M, Alessandrini F, Behrendt R, Karp CL, Muller W, Martin SF, Roers A, Jakob T. T cell derived IL-10 is dispensable for tolerance induction in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2018-27. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kunz
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Anja Dolch
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Sangeetha Surianarayanan
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Britta Dorn
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Mayte Bewersdorff
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München; Munich Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | | | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Center-University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Medical Center Gießen-Marburg; Justus Liebig University Gießen; Gießen Germany
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11
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Wilson CB, Karp CL. A reply to DeVico, Lewis & Gallo (2015). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2015.0347. [PMID: 26460139 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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12
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Wilson CB, Karp CL. Can immunological principles and cross-disciplinary science illuminate the path to vaccines for HIV and other global health challenges? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0152. [PMID: 25964461 PMCID: PMC4527394 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most impactful and cost-effective public health measures of the twentieth century. However, there remain great unmet needs to develop vaccines for globally burdensome infectious diseases and to allow more timely responses to emerging infectious disease threats. Recent advances in the understanding of immunological principles operative not just in model systems but in humans in concert with the development and application of powerful new tools for profiling human immune responses, in our understanding of pathogen variation and evolution, and in the elucidation of the structural aspects of antibody–pathogen interactions, have illuminated pathways by which these unmet needs might be addressed. Using these advances as foundation, we herein present a conceptual framework by which the discovery, development and iterative improvement of effective vaccines for HIV, malaria and other globally important infectious diseases might be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Wilson
- Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 Fifth Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 Fifth Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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13
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Abstract
The road to a more efficacious vaccine that could be a truly transformative tool for decreasing tuberculosis morbidity and mortality, along with Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, is quite daunting. Despite this, there are reasons for optimism. Abetted by better conceptual clarity, clear acknowledgment of the degree of our current immunobiological ignorance, the availability of powerful new tools for dissecting the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis, the generation of more creative diversity in tuberculosis vaccine concepts, the development of better fit-for-purpose animal models, and the potential of more pragmatic approaches to the clinical testing of vaccine candidates, the field has promise for delivering novel tools for dealing with this worldwide scourge of poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Global Health, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Abstract
The world is in need of more effective approaches to controlling tuberculosis. The development of improved control strategies has been hampered by deficiencies in the tools available for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and defining the dynamic consequences of the interaction of M. tuberculosis with its human host. Key needs include a highly sensitive, specific nonsputum diagnostic; biomarkers predictive of responses to therapy; correlates of risk for disease development; and host response-independent markers of M. tuberculosis infection. Tools able to sensitively detect and quantify total body M. tuberculosis burden might well be transformative across many needed use cases. Here, we review the current state of the field, paying particular attention to needed changes in experimental paradigms that would facilitate the discovery, validation, and development of such tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gardiner
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102
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15
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McAlees JW, Whitehead GS, Harley IT, Cappelletti M, Rewerts CL, Holdcroft AM, Divanovic S, Wills-Karp M, Finkelman FD, Karp CL, Cook DN. Distinct Tlr4-expressing cell compartments control neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:863-73. [PMID: 25465099 PMCID: PMC4454628 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease. Some forms of allergic asthma are characterized by T helper type 2 (Th2)-driven eosinophilia, whereas others are distinguished by Th17-driven neutrophilia. Stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on hematopoietic and airway epithelial cells (AECs) contributes to the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and allergens, but the specific contribution of TLR4 in these cell compartments to airway inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. We used novel, conditionally mutant Tlr4(fl/fl) mice to define the relative contributions of AEC and hematopoietic cell Tlr4 expression to LPS- and allergen-induced airway inflammation. We found that Tlr4 expression by hematopoietic cells is critical for neutrophilic airway inflammation following LPS exposure and for Th17-driven neutrophilic responses to the house dust mite (HDM) lysates and ovalbumin (OVA). Conversely, Tlr4 expression by AECs was found to be important for robust eosinophilic airway inflammation following sensitization and challenge with these same allergens. Thus, Tlr4 expression by hematopoietic and airway epithelial cells controls distinct arms of the immune response to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn W. McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Gregory S. Whitehead
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Isaac T.W. Harley
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Cheryl L. Rewerts
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - A. Maria Holdcroft
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH,Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Christopher L. Karp
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Donald N. Cook
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
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16
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Abstract
Infection-induced inflammation, frequently associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, is considered a significant contributor to preterm birth. A G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), encoded by Cnr2, is expressed in various immune cells and was shown to modulate immune responses. We show here that Cnr2, but not Cnr1, deficient mice are resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven preterm birth and suppression of serum progesterone levels. After LPS challenge, Cnr2(-/-) mice exhibited increased serum levels of IL-10 with decreased IL-6 levels. These changes were associated with reduced LPS-induced Ptgs2 expression at the maternal-conceptus interface on day 16 of pregnancy. LPS stimulation of Cnr2(-/-) dendritic cells in vitro resulted in increased IL-10 with reduced IL-6 production and correlated with increased cAMP accumulation. Collectively, our results suggest that increased IL-10 production occurring via augmented cAMP accumulation represents a potential mechanism for the resistance of Cnr2(-/-) mice to LPS-induced preterm birth. These results may have clinical relevance, because currently, there are limited options to prevent preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences (X.S., Y.L., S.K.D.), Perinatal Institute, and Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (M.C., C.L.K., S.D.), Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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17
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Harley ITW, Stankiewicz TE, Giles DA, Softic S, Flick LM, Cappelletti M, Sheridan R, Xanthakos SA, Steinbrecher KA, Sartor RB, Kohli R, Karp CL, Divanovic S. IL-17 signaling accelerates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Hepatology 2014; 59:1830-9. [PMID: 24115079 PMCID: PMC3975735 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammation plays a central pathogenic role in the pernicious metabolic and end-organ sequelae of obesity. Among these sequelae, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. The twinned observations that obesity is associated with increased activation of the interleukin (IL)-17 axis and that this axis can regulate liver damage in diverse contexts prompted us to address the role of IL-17RA signaling in the progression of NAFLD. We further examined whether microbe-driven IL-17A regulated NAFLD development and progression. We show here that IL-17RA(-/-) mice respond to high-fat diet stress with significantly greater weight gain, visceral adiposity, and hepatic steatosis than wild-type controls. However, obesity-driven lipid accumulation was uncoupled from its end-organ consequences in IL-17RA(-/-) mice, which exhibited decreased steatohepatitis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase enzyme expression, and hepatocellular damage. Neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduced obesity-driven hepatocellular damage in wild-type mice. Further, colonization of mice with segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a commensal that induces IL-17A production, exacerbated obesity-induced hepatocellular damage. In contrast, SFB depletion protected from obesity-induced hepatocellular damage. CONCLUSION These data indicate that obesity-driven activation of the IL-17 axis is central to the development and progression of NAFLD to steatohepatitis and identify the IL-17 pathway as a novel therapeutic target in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac TW Harley
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Daniel A Giles
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Samir Softic
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Leah M Flick
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Rachel Sheridan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Stavra A Xanthakos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnati, OH
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18
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Zohar Y, Wildbaum G, Novak R, Salzman AL, Thelen M, Alon R, Barsheshet Y, Karp CL, Karin N. CXCL11-dependent induction of FOXP3-negative regulatory T cells suppresses autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2009-22. [PMID: 24713654 DOI: 10.1172/jci71951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A single G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) can activate multiple signaling cascades based on the binding of different ligands. The biological relevance of this feature in immune regulation has not been evaluated. The chemokine-binding GPCR CXCR3 is preferentially expressed on CD4+ T cells, and canonically binds 3 structurally related chemokines: CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Here we have shown that CXCL10/CXCR3 interactions drive effector Th1 polarization via STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5 phosphorylation, while CXCL11/CXCR3 binding induces an immunotolerizing state that is characterized by IL-10(hi) (Tr1) and IL-4(hi) (Th2) cells, mediated via p70 kinase/mTOR in STAT3- and STAT6-dependent pathways. CXCL11 binds CXCR3 with a higher affinity than CXCL10, suggesting that CXCL11 has the potential to restrain inflammatory autoimmunity. We generated a CXCL11-Ig fusion molecule and evaluated its use in the EAE model of inflammatory autoimmune disease. Administration of CXCL11-Ig during the first episode of relapsing EAE in SJL/J mice not only led to rapid remission, but also prevented subsequent relapse. Using GFP-expressing effector CD4+ T cells, we observed that successful therapy was associated with reduced accumulation of these cells at the autoimmune site. Finally, we showed that very low doses of CXCL11 rapidly suppress signs of EAE in C57BL/6 mice lacking functional CXCL11.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemokine CXCL11/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL11/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL11/pharmacology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT Transcription Factors/genetics
- STAT Transcription Factors/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/pathology
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19
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Chen G, Korfhagen TR, Karp CL, Impey S, Xu Y, Randell SH, Kitzmiller J, Maeda Y, Haitchi HM, Sridharan A, Senft AP, Whitsett JA. Foxa3 induces goblet cell metaplasia and inhibits innate antiviral immunity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:301-13. [PMID: 24392884 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1181oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Goblet cell metaplasia accompanies common pulmonary disorders that are prone to recurrent viral infections. Mechanisms regulating both goblet cell metaplasia and susceptibility to viral infection associated with chronic lung diseases are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the role of the transcription factor FOXA3 in regulation of goblet cell metaplasia and pulmonary innate immunity. METHODS FOXA3 was identified in airways from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We produced transgenic mice conditionally expressing Foxa3 in airway epithelial cells and developed human bronchial epithelial cells expressing Foxa3. Foxa3-regulated genes were identified by immunostaining, Western blotting, and RNA analysis. Direct binding of FOXA3 to target genes was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing correlated with RNA sequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS FOXA3 was highly expressed in airway goblet cells from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FOXA3 was induced by either IL-13 or rhinovirus. Foxa3 induced goblet cell metaplasia and enhanced expression of a network of genes mediating mucus production. Paradoxically, FOXA3 inhibited rhinovirus-induced IFN production, IRF-3 phosphorylation, and IKKε expression and inhibited viral clearance and expression of genes required for antiviral defenses, including MDA5, RIG-I, TLR3, IRF7/9, and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSIONS FOXA3 induces goblet cell metaplasia in response to infection or Th2 stimulation. Suppression of IFN signaling by FOXA3 provides a plausible mechanism that may serve to limit ongoing Th1 inflammation during the resolution of acute viral infection; however, inhibition of innate immunity by FOXA3 may contribute to susceptibility to viral infections associated with chronic lung disorders accompanied by chronic goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- 1 Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, and
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20
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Stewart CA, Metheny H, Iida N, Smith L, Hanson M, Steinhagen F, Leighty RM, Roers A, Karp CL, Müller W, Trinchieri G. Interferon-dependent IL-10 production by Tregs limits tumor Th17 inflammation. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4859-74. [PMID: 24216477 DOI: 10.1172/jci65180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of IL-10 and Tregs in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment to impair anticancer Th1 immunity makes them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. IL-10 and Tregs also suppress Th17 activity, which is associated with poor prognosis in several cancers. However, previous studies have overlooked their potential contribution to the regulation of pathogenic cancer-associated inflammation. In this study, we investigated the origin and function of IL-10–producing cells in the tumor microenvironment using transplantable tumor models in mice. The majority of tumor-associated IL-10 was produced by an activated Treg population. IL-10 production by Tregs was required to restrain Th17-type inflammation. Accumulation of activated IL-10+ Tregs in the tumor required type I IFN signaling but not inflammatory signaling pathways that depend on TLR adapter protein MyD88 or IL-12 family cytokines. IL-10 production limited Th17 cell numbers in both spleen and tumor. However, type I IFN was required to limit Th17 cells specifically in the tumor microenvironment, reflecting selective control of tumor-associated Tregs by type I IFN. Thus, the interplay of type I IFN, Tregs, and IL-10 is required to negatively regulate Th17 inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic interference of this network could therefore have the undesirable consequence of promoting Th17 inflammation and cancer growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/deficiency
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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21
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Wagage S, John B, Krock BL, Hall AO, Randall LM, Karp CL, Simon MC, Hunter CA. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor promotes IL-10 production by NK cells. J Immunol 2014; 192:1661-70. [PMID: 24403534 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-10 has an important role in limiting inflammation in many settings, including toxoplasmosis. In the present studies, an IL-10 reporter mouse was used to identify the sources of this cytokine following challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. During infection, multiple cell types expressed the IL-10 reporter but NK cells were a major early source of this cytokine. These IL-10 reporter(+) NK cells expressed high levels of the IL-12 target genes T-bet, KLRG1, and IFN-γ, and IL-12 depletion abrogated reporter expression. However, IL-12 signaling alone was not sufficient to promote NK cell IL-10, and activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was also required for maximal IL-10 production. NK cells basally expressed the AHR, relevant chaperone proteins, and the AHR nuclear translocator, which heterodimerizes with the AHR to form a competent transcription factor. In vitro studies revealed that IL-12 stimulation increased NK cell AHR levels, and the AHR and AHR nuclear translocator were required for optimal production of IL-10. Additionally, NK cells isolated from T. gondii-infected Ahr(-/-) mice had impaired expression of IL-10, which was associated with increased resistance to this infection. Taken together, these data identify the AHR as a critical cofactor involved in NK cell production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagie Wagage
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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22
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Divanovic S, Dalli J, Jorge-Nebert LF, Flick LM, Gálvez-Peralta M, Boespflug ND, Stankiewicz TE, Fitzgerald JM, Somarathna M, Karp CL, Serhan CN, Nebert DW. Contributions of the three CYP1 monooxygenases to pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolution lipid mediator pathways. J Immunol 2013; 191:3347-57. [PMID: 23956430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All three cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) monooxygenases are believed to participate in lipid mediator biosynthesis and/or their local inactivation; however, distinct metabolic steps are unknown. We used multiple-reaction monitoring and liquid chromatography-UV coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-based lipid-mediator metabololipidomics to identify and quantify three lipid-mediator metabolomes in basal peritoneal and zymosan-stimulated inflammatory exudates, comparing Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(⁻/⁻) C57BL/6J-background triple-knockout mice with C57BL/6J wild-type mice. Significant differences between untreated triple-knockout and wild-type mice were not found for peritoneal cell number or type or for basal CYP1 activities involving 11 identified metabolic steps. Following zymosan-initiated inflammation, 18 lipid mediators were identified, including members of the eicosanoids and specialized proresolving mediators (i.e., resolvins and protectins). Compared with wild-type mice, Cyp1 triple-knockout mice exhibited increased neutrophil recruitment in zymosan-treated peritoneal exudates. Zymosan stimulation was associated with eight statistically significantly altered metabolic steps: increased arachidonic acid-derived leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) and decreased 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; decreased docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1/protectin D1, 17S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, and 14S-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; and decreased eicosapentaenoic acid-derived 18R-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), 15S-HEPE, and 12S-HEPE. In neutrophils analyzed ex vivo, elevated LTB₄ levels were shown to parallel increased neutrophil numbers, and 20-hydroxy-LTB₄ formation was found to be deficient in Cyp1 triple-knockout mice. Together, these results demonstrate novel contributions of CYP1 enzymes to the local metabolite profile of lipid mediators that regulate neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senad Divanovic
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lucia F Jorge-Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
| | - Leah M Flick
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Marina Gálvez-Peralta
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
| | - Nicholas D Boespflug
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Jonathan M Fitzgerald
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maheshika Somarathna
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
| | - Christopher L Karp
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati OH 45229
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati OH 45267-0056
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23
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Shirey KA, Lai W, Scott AJ, Lipsky M, Mistry P, Pletneva LM, Karp CL, McAlees J, Gioannini TL, Weiss J, Chen WH, Ernst RK, Rossignol DP, Gusovsky F, Blanco JCG, Vogel SN. The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection. Nature 2013; 497:498-502. [PMID: 23636320 DOI: 10.1038/nature12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop alternatives to annual influenza vaccines and antiviral agents licensed for mitigating influenza infection. Previous studies reported that acute lung injury caused by chemical or microbial insults is secondary to the generation of host-derived, oxidized phospholipid that potently stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammation. Subsequently, we reported that Tlr4(-/-) mice are highly refractory to influenza-induced lethality, and proposed that therapeutic antagonism of TLR4 signalling would protect against influenza-induced acute lung injury. Here we report that therapeutic administration of Eritoran (also known as E5564)-a potent, well-tolerated, synthetic TLR4 antagonist-blocks influenza-induced lethality in mice, as well as lung pathology, clinical symptoms, cytokine and oxidized phospholipid expression, and decreases viral titres. CD14 and TLR2 are also required for Eritoran-mediated protection, and CD14 directly binds Eritoran and inhibits ligand binding to MD2. Thus, Eritoran blockade of TLR signalling represents a novel therapeutic approach for inflammation associated with influenza, and possibly other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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24
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Wilson EB, Yamada DH, Elsaesser H, Herskovitz J, Deng J, Cheng G, Aronow BJ, Karp CL, Brooks DG. Blockade of chronic type I interferon signaling to control persistent LCMV infection. Science 2013; 340:202-7. [PMID: 23580528 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical for antiviral immunity; however, chronic IFN-I signaling is associated with hyperimmune activation and disease progression in persistent infections. We demonstrated in mice that blockade of IFN-I signaling diminished chronic immune activation and immune suppression, restored lymphoid tissue architecture, and increased immune parameters associated with control of virus replication, ultimately facilitating clearance of the persistent infection. The accelerated control of persistent infection induced by blocking IFN-I signaling required CD4 T cells and was associated with enhanced IFN-γ production. Thus, we demonstrated that interfering with chronic IFN-I signaling during persistent infection redirects the immune environment to enable control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and the UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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25
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Pagán AJ, Peters NC, Debrabant A, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Pepper M, Karp CL, Jenkins MK, Sacks DL. Tracking antigen-specific CD4+ T cells throughout the course of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:427-38. [PMID: 23109292 PMCID: PMC4086308 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary Leishmania major infection typically produces cutaneous lesions that not only heal but also harbor persistent parasites. While the opposing roles of CD4(+) T-cell-derived IFN-γ and IL-10 in promoting parasite killing and persistence have been well established, how these responses develop from naïve precursors has not been directly monitored throughout the course of infection. We used peptide:Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (pMHCII) tetramers to investigate the endogenous, parasite-specific primary CD4(+) T-cell response to L. major in mice resistant to infection. Maximal frequencies of IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells were observed in the spleen and infected ears within a month after infection and were maintained into the chronic phase. In contrast, peak frequencies of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells emerged within 2 weeks of infection, persisted into the chronic phase, and accumulated in the infected ears but not the spleen, via a process that depended on local antigen presentation. T helper type-1 (Th1) cells, not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, were the chief producers of IL-10 and were not exhausted. Therefore, tracking antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells revealed that IL-10 production by Th1 cells is not due to persistent T-cell antigen receptor stimulation, but rather driven by early antigen encounter at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Smith LM, Hensley LE, Geisbert TW, Johnson J, Stossel A, Honko A, Yen JY, Geisbert J, Paragas J, Fritz E, Olinger G, Young HA, Rubins KH, Karp CL. Interferon-β therapy prolongs survival in rhesus macaque models of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 2012; 208:310-8. [PMID: 23255566 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a clear need for novel, effective therapeutic approaches to hemorrhagic fever due to filoviruses. Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever is associated with robust interferon (IFN)-α production, with plasma concentrations of IFN-α that greatly (60- to 100-fold) exceed those seen in other viral infections, but little IFN-β production. While all of the type I IFNs signal through the same receptor complex, both quantitative and qualitative differences in biological activity are observed after stimulation of the receptor complex with different type I IFNs. Taken together, this suggested potential for IFN-β therapy in filovirus infection. Here we show that early postexposure treatment with IFN-β significantly increased survival time of rhesus macaques infected with a lethal dose of Ebola virus, although it failed to alter mortality. Early treatment with IFN-β also significantly increased survival time after Marburg virus infection. IFN-β may have promise as an adjunctive postexposure therapy in filovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Smith
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Chang SY, Song JH, Guleng B, Cotoner CA, Arihiro S, Zhao Y, Chiang HS, O'Keeffe M, Liao G, Karp CL, Kweon MN, Sharpe AH, Bhan A, Terhorst C, Reinecker HC. Circulatory antigen processing by mucosal dendritic cells controls CD8(+) T cell activation. Immunity 2012; 38:153-65. [PMID: 23246312 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulatory antigens transit through the small intestine via the fenestrated capillaries in the lamina propria prior to entering into the draining lymphatics. But whether or how this process controls mucosal immune responses remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) of the lamina propria can sample and process both circulatory and luminal antigens. Surprisingly, antigen cross-presentation by resident CX3CR1(+) DCs induced differentiation of precursor cells into CD8(+) T cells that expressed interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-13, and IL-9 and could migrate into adjacent compartments. We conclude that lamina propria CX3CR1(+) DCs facilitate the surveillance of circulatory antigens and act as a conduit for the processing of self- and intestinally absorbed antigens, leading to the induction of CD8(+) T cells, that partake in the control of T cell activation during mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Chang
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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28
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Korfhagen TR, Kitzmiller J, Chen G, Sridharan A, Haitchi HM, Hegde RS, Divanovic S, Karp CL, Whitsett JA. SAM-pointed domain ETS factor mediates epithelial cell-intrinsic innate immune signaling during airway mucous metaplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16630-5. [PMID: 23012424 PMCID: PMC3478616 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208092109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus plays a critical role in clearing inhaled toxins, particles, and pathogens. Diverse toxic, inflammatory, and infectious insults induce airway mucus secretion and goblet cell metaplasia to preserve airway sterility and homeostasis. However, goblet cell metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway obstruction are integral features of inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis, which cause an immense burden of morbidity and mortality. These chronic lung diseases are united by susceptibility to microbial colonization and recurrent airway infections. Whether these twinned phenomena (mucous metaplasia, compromised host defenses) are causally related has been unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SAM pointed domain ETS factor (SPDEF) was induced by rhinoviral infection of primary human airway cells and that cytoplasmic activities of SPDEF, a transcriptional regulator of airway goblet cell metaplasia, inhibited Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of epithelial cells. SPDEF bound to and inhibited activities of TLR signaling adapters, MyD88 and TRIF, inhibiting MyD88-induced cytokine production and TRIF-induced interferon β production. Conditional expression of SPDEF in airway epithelial cells in vivo inhibited LPS-induced neutrophilic infiltration and bacterial clearance. SPDEF-mediated inhibition of both TLR and type I interferon signaling likely protects the lung against inflammatory damage when inciting stimuli are not eradicated. Present findings provide, at least in part, a molecular explanation for increased susceptibility to infection in lung diseases associated with mucous metaplasia and a mechanism by which patients with florid mucous metaplasia may tolerate microbial burdens that are usually associated with fulminant inflammatory disease in normal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Divisions of Neonatology, Perinatal, and Pulmonary Biology
| | | | - Hans-Michael Haitchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Christopher L. Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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29
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Wilson EB, Kidani Y, Elsaesser H, Barnard J, Raff L, Karp CL, Bensinger S, Brooks DG. Emergence of distinct multiarmed immunoregulatory antigen-presenting cells during persistent viral infection. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:481-91. [PMID: 22607801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During persistent viral infection, adaptive immune responses are suppressed by immunoregulatory factors, contributing to viral persistence. Although this suppression is mediated by inhibitory factors, the mechanisms by which virus-specific T cells encounter and integrate immunoregulatory signals during persistent infection are unclear. We show that a distinct population of IL-10-expressing immunoregulatory antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is amplified during chronic versus acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and suppresses T cell responses. Although acute LCMV infection induces the expansion of immunoregulatory APCs, they subsequently decline. However, during persistent LCMV infection, immunoregulatory APCs are amplified and parallel the viral replication kinetics. Further characterization demonstrates that immunoregulatory APCs are molecularly and metabolically distinct, and exhibit increased expression of T cell-interacting molecules and negative regulatory factors that suppress T cell responses. Thus, immunoregulatory APCs are amplified during viral persistence and deliver inhibitory signals that suppress antiviral T cell immunity and likely contribute to persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Abstract
Chris Karp discusses the negative impact of cold stress on mouse models of disease. Mus musculus enjoys pride of place at the center of contemporary biomedical research. Despite being the current model system of choice for in vivo mechanistic analysis, mice have clear limitations. The literature is littered with examples of therapeutic approaches that showed promise in mouse models but failed in clinical trials. More generally, mice often provide poor mimics of the human diseases being modeled. Available data suggest that the cold stress to which laboratory mice are ubiquitously subjected profoundly affects mouse physiology in ways that impair the modeling of human homeostasis and disease. Experimental attention to this key, albeit largely ignored, environmental variable is likely to have a broad transformative effect on biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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31
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Abstract
The gut microbiome has been proposed to play a causal role in obesity. Here, we review the historical context for this hypothesis, highlight recent key findings, and critically discuss issues central to further progress in the field, including the central epistemological problem for the field: how to define causality in the relationship between microbiota and obesity phenotypes. Definition of such will be critical for the field to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T W Harley
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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32
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Kobayashi T, Matsuoka K, Sheikh SZ, Russo SM, Mishima Y, Collins C, deZoeten EF, Karp CL, Ting JPY, Sartor RB, Plevy SE. IL-10 regulates Il12b expression via histone deacetylation: implications for intestinal macrophage homeostasis. J Immunol 2012; 189:1792-9. [PMID: 22786766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To prevent excessive inflammatory responses to commensal microbes, intestinal macrophages, unlike their systemic counterparts, do not produce inflammatory cytokines in response to enteric bacteria. Consequently, loss of macrophage tolerance to the enteric microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Therefore, we examined whether the hyporesponsive phenotype of intestinal macrophages is programmed by prior exposure to the microbiota. IL-10, but not in vivo exposure to the microbiota, programs intestinal macrophage tolerance, because wild-type (WT) colonic macrophages from germ-free and specific pathogen-free (SPF)-derived mice produce IL-10, but not IL-12 p40, when activated with enteric bacteria. Basal and activated IL-10 expression is mediated through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Conversely, colonic macrophages from germ-free and SPF-derived colitis-prone Il10(-/-) mice demonstrated robust production of IL-12 p40. Next, mechanisms through which IL-10 inhibits Il12b expression were investigated. Although Il12b mRNA was transiently induced in LPS-activated WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), expression persisted in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. There were no differences in nucleosome remodeling, mRNA stability, NF-κB activation, or MAPK signaling to explain prolonged transcription of Il12b in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. However, acetylated histone H4 transiently associated with the Il12b promoter in WT BMDMs, whereas association of these factors was prolonged in Il10(-/-) BMDMs. Experiments using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and HDAC3 short hairpin RNA indicate that HDAC3 is involved in histone deacetylation of the Il12b promoter by IL-10. These results suggest that histone deacetylation on the Il12b promoter by HDAC3 mediates homeostatic effects of IL-10 in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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33
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Karp CL. Unstressing intemperate models: how cold stress undermines mouse modeling. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2012. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1976oia9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
Macrophages play pleiotropic, niche-specific roles in all tissues and organs. As immune sentinels, tissue macrophages regulate immune activation and inflammation; in turn, their function is modulated by inflammatory mediators deriving from such activation. Recent papers have established unanticipated roles for interleukin 4 and the alternative activation of tissue macrophages in the organismal response to diverse environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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35
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Abstract
A dual role of B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), has been established. In the first role, B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE through the production of anti-myelin antibodies that contribute to demyelination. On the contrary, B cells have also been shown to have protective functions in that they play an essential role in the spontaneous recovery from EAE. In this review, we summarize studies conducted in a number of species demonstrating the conditions under which B cells are pathogenic in EAE. We also discuss the phenotype and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Mann
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-2178, USA
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36
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Ramsey BW, Banks-Schlegel S, Accurso FJ, Boucher RC, Cutting GR, Engelhardt JF, Guggino WB, Karp CL, Knowles MR, Kolls JK, LiPuma JJ, Lynch S, McCray PB, Rubenstein RC, Singh PK, Sorscher E, Welsh M. Future directions in early cystic fibrosis lung disease research: an NHLBI workshop report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:887-92. [PMID: 22312017 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2068ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1989 discovery that mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause cystic fibrosis (CF), there has been substantial progress toward understanding the molecular basis for CF lung disease, leading to the discovery and development of new therapeutic approaches. However, the earliest impact of the loss of CFTR function on airway physiology and structure and its relationship to initial infection and inflammation are poorly understood. Universal newborn screening for CF in the United States represents an unprecedented opportunity for investigating CF clinical manifestations very early in life. Recently developed animal models with pulmonary phenotypic manifestations also provide a window into the early consequences of this genetic disorder. For these reasons, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a working group of extramural experts, entitled "Future Research Directions in Early CF Lung Disease" on September 21-22, 2010, to identify future research directions of great promise in CF. The priority areas identified included (1) exploring pathogenic mechanisms of early CF lung disease; (2) leveraging newborn screening to elucidate the natural history of early lung disease; (3) developing a spectrum of biomarkers of early lung disease that reflects CF pathophysiology, clinical outcome, and response to treatment; (4) exploring the role of genetics/genomics (e.g., modifier genes, gene-environmental interactions, and epigenetics) in early CF pathogenesis; (5) defining early microbiological events in CF lung disease; and (6) elucidating the initial airway inflammatory, remodeling, and repair mechanisms in CF lung disease.
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Allen JL, Flick LM, Divanovic S, Jackson SW, Bram R, Rawlings DJ, Finkelman FD, Karp CL. Cutting edge: regulation of TLR4-driven B cell proliferation by RP105 is not B cell autonomous. J Immunol 2012; 188:2065-9. [PMID: 22291190 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of RP105 has been confounded by the fact that this TLR homolog has appeared to have opposing, cell type-specific effects on TLR4 signaling. Although RP105 inhibits TLR4-driven signaling in cell lines and myeloid cells, impaired LPS-driven proliferation by B cells from RP105(-/-) mice has suggested that RP105 facilitates TLR4 signaling in B cells. In this article, we show that modulation of B cell proliferation by RP105 is not a function of B cell-intrinsic expression of RP105, and identify a mechanistic role for dysregulated BAFF expression in the proliferative abnormalities of B cells from RP105(-/-) mice: serum BAFF levels are elevated in RP105(-/-) mice, and partial BAFF neutralization rescues aberrant B cell proliferative responses in such mice. These data indicate that RP105 does not have dichotomous effects on TLR4 signaling and emphasize the need for caution in interpreting the results of global genetic deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Allen
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Divanovic S, Sawtell NM, Trompette A, Warning JI, Dias A, Cooper AM, Yap GS, Arditi M, Shimada K, Duhadaway JB, Prendergast GC, Basaraba RJ, Mellor AL, Munn DH, Aliberti J, Karp CL. Opposing biological functions of tryptophan catabolizing enzymes during intracellular infection. J Infect Dis 2011; 205:152-61. [PMID: 21990421 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have underscored physiological and pathophysiological roles for the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in immune counterregulation. However, IDO was first recognized as an antimicrobial effector, restricting tryptophan availability to Toxoplasma gondii and other pathogens in vitro. The biological relevance of these findings came under question when infectious phenotypes were not forthcoming in IDO-deficient mice. The recent discovery of an IDO homolog, IDO-2, suggested that the issue deserved reexamination. IDO inhibition during murine toxoplasmosis led to 100% mortality, with increased parasite burdens and no evident effects on the immune response. Similar studies revealed a counterregulatory role for IDO during leishmaniasis (restraining effector immune responses and parasite clearance), and no evident role for IDO in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Thus, IDO plays biologically important roles in the host response to diverse intracellular infections, but the dominant nature of this role--antimicrobial or immunoregulatory--is pathogen-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senad Divanovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA
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Divanovic S, Trompette A, Ashworth JI, Rao MB, Karp CL. Therapeutic enhancement of protective immunity during experimental leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1316. [PMID: 21909452 PMCID: PMC3167777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. Available therapies are problematic due to toxicity, treatment duration and emerging drug resistance. Mouse models of leishmaniasis have demonstrated that disease outcome depends critically on the balance between effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell responses, something mirrored in descriptive studies of human disease. Recombinant IL-2/diphtheria toxin fusion protein (rIL-2/DTx), a drug that is FDA-approved for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, has been reported to deplete regulatory CD4+ T cells. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the potential efficacy of rIL-2/DTx as adjunctive therapy for experimental infection with Leishmania major. Treatment with rIL-2/DTx suppressed lesional regulatory T cell numbers and was associated with significantly increased antigen-specific IFN-γ production, enhanced lesion resolution and decreased parasite burden. Combined administration of rIL-2/DTx and sodium stibogluconate had additive biological and therapeutic effects, allowing for reduced duration or dose of sodium stibogluconate therapy. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that pharmacological suppression of immune counterregulation using a commercially available drug originally developed for cancer therapy may have practical therapeutic utility in leishmaniasis. Rational reinvestigation of the efficacy of drugs approved for other indications in experimental models of neglected tropical diseases has promise in providing new candidates to the drug discovery pipeline. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that causes a large burden of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by sandflies, leishmaniasis causes a wide spectrum of human disease. The severe end of the spectrum, visceral leishmaniasis, causes an annual mortality of approximately 50,000, largely in India and Sudan. Available therapies for leishmaniasis are problematic due to emerging drug resistance, toxicity and/or the need for lengthy courses of treatment. There is thus an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to this neglected tropical disease. To address this problem, the authors examined whether a commercially available drug developed for cancer therapy (Ontak), reported to have immunological activity of relevance to the immunobiology of Leishmania infection, exhibited efficacy in mouse models of leishmaniasis. The study found therapeutic efficacy for the drug alone in these models, as well as additive therapeutic efficacy in combination with standard antimicrobial therapy. Rational reinvestigation of the efficacy of already approved drugs in experimental models of neglected tropical diseases has promise in providing needed new candidates to the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senad Divanovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aurelien Trompette
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jamie I. Ashworth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marepalli B. Rao
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Denning TL, Norris BA, Medina-Contreras O, Manicassamy S, Geem D, Madan R, Karp CL, Pulendran B. Functional specializations of intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets that control Th17 and regulatory T cell responses are dependent on the T cell/APC ratio, source of mouse strain, and regional localization. J Immunol 2011; 187:733-47. [PMID: 21666057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although several subsets of intestinal APCs have been described, there has been no systematic evaluation of their phenotypes, functions, and regional localization to date. In this article, we used 10-color flow cytometry to define the major APC subsets in the small and large intestine lamina propria. Lamina propria APCs could be subdivided into CD11c(+)CD11b(-), CD11c(+)CD11b(+), and CD11c(dull)CD11b(+) subsets. CD11c(+)CD11b(-) cells were largely CD103(+)F4/80(-) dendritic cells (DCs), whereas the CD11c(+)CD11b(+) subset comprised CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+)F4/80(-) DCs and CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(-)F4/80(+) macrophage-like cells. The majority of CD11c(dull)CD11b(+) cells were CD103(-)F4/80(+) macrophages. Although macrophages were more efficient at inducing Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells than DCs, at higher T cell/APC ratios, all of the DC subsets efficiently induced Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells. In contrast, only CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs efficiently induced Th17 cells. Consistent with this, the regional distribution of CD11c(+)CD11b(+)CD103(+) DCs correlated with that of Th17 cells, with duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. Conversely, CD11c(+)CD11b(-)CD103(+) DCs, macrophages, and Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells were most abundant in the colon and scarce in the duodenum. Importantly, however, the ability of DC and macrophage subsets to induce Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells versus Th17 cells was strikingly dependent on the source of the mouse strain. Thus, DCs from C57BL/6 mice from Charles River Laboratories (that have segmented filamentous bacteria, which induce robust levels of Th17 cells in situ) were more efficient at inducing Th17 cells and less efficient at inducing Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells than DCs from B6 mice from The Jackson Laboratory. Thus, the functional specializations of APC subsets in the intestine are dependent on the T cell/APC ratio, regional localization, and source of the mouse strain.
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Surianarayanan S, Karp CL, Muller W, Roers A. IL-10 production by B cells is not required for B cell-mediated suppression of contact allergy (163.24). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.163.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
B cells play important roles in the activation of T cells. On the other hand, regulatory functions have been ascribed to B cells based on findings in animal models. Enhanced autoimmunity and contact allergy was found in B cell deficient mice. These data supported the concept of distinct subsets of regulatory B cells specialized in the suppression of immune responses. IL-10 was proposed as one of the key suppressive mechanisms of such cells. An IL-10 producing subpopulation of B cells characterized by expression of CD5 and CD1d, B10 cells, was reported to suppress the T cell response to contact allergens and to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Unexpectedly, our analysis of conditional B cell-specific IL-10 deficient mice revealed no deregulation of contact allergy. This was not due to inefficient Cre/loxP-mediated inactivation of the IL-10 gene in the CD5+CD1d+ B cell subset or in conventional B cells as shown by cell sorting and single cell PCR. We conclude that IL-10 production is not required for regulation of contact allergy by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Werner Muller
- 3Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Roers
- 1Institute for Immunology, Dresden, Germany
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Karp CL, Mahanty S. Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pasternak BA, D’Mello S, Jurickova II, Han X, Willson T, Flick L, Petiniot L, Uozumi N, Divanovic S, Traurnicht A, Bonkowski E, Kugathasan S, Karp CL, Denson LA. Lipopolysaccharide exposure is linked to activation of the acute phase response and growth failure in pediatric Crohn's disease and murine colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:856-69. [PMID: 19924809 PMCID: PMC3052288 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been linked to clinical disease activity in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that markers of LPS exposure and the acute phase response (APR) would be increased in pediatric IBD patients with growth failure, and that LPS signaling would be required for induction of the APR in murine colitis. METHODS Serum markers of LPS exposure, endotoxin core IgA antibody (EndoCAb), and the APR, LPS binding protein (LBP) were quantified in pediatric IBD patients and controls. LBP and cytokine production were determined after administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) enemas to mice with genetic deletion of Toll-Like receptor 4 (TLR4), and wildtype (WT) controls. RESULTS Serum EndoCAb and LBP were significantly elevated in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), compared to disease controls with ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (P < 0.001). This was independent of disease activity or location. CD patients with elevated serum EndoCAb and LBP exhibited linear growth failure which persisted during therapy. Serum LBP increased in WT mice following TNBS administration, in conjunction with increased serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10, and expansion of regulatory T-cell numbers. Both the APR and expansion of foxp3+ T cells were abrogated in TLR4-deficient mice, in conjunction with a reduction in acute weight loss. CONCLUSIONS LPS exposure and a persistent APR are associated with growth failure in pediatric CD. LPS signaling is required for the APR in murine colitis. Therapies targeting this pathway may benefit the subset of patients with refractory growth failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A. Pasternak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016
| | - Sharon D’Mello
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ingrid I. Jurickova
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Tara Willson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Leah Flick
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Lisa Petiniot
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Naonori Uozumi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Anna Traurnicht
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Erin Bonkowski
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher L. Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Karp CL. Guilt by intimate association: what makes an allergen an allergen? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:955-60; quiz 961-2. [PMID: 20381850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Why specific, ubiquitous, otherwise innocuous environmental proteins tend to provoke maladaptive, T(H)2-polarized immune responses in susceptible hosts is a fundamental mechanistic question for those interested in the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of allergic disease. The current renaissance in the study of innate immunity has provided important insights into this question. The theme emerging from recent studies is that direct (dys)functional interactions with pathways of innate immune activation that evolved to signal the presence of microbial infection are central to the molecular basis for allergenicity. This article reviews these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Karp
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Perona-Wright G, Mohrs K, Szaba FM, Kummer LW, Madan R, Karp CL, Johnson LL, Smiley ST, Mohrs M. Systemic but not local infections elicit immunosuppressive IL-10 production by natural killer cells. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 6:503-12. [PMID: 20006839 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Surviving infection represents a balance between the proinflammatory responses needed to eliminate the pathogen, and anti-inflammatory signals limiting damage to the host. IL-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine whose impact is determined by the timing and localization of release. We show that NK cells rapidly express IL-10 during acute infection with diverse rapidly disseminating pathogens. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 was necessary and sufficient for NK cell induction of IL-10. NK cells from mice with systemic parasitic infection inhibited dendritic cell release of IL-12 in an IL-10-dependent manner, and NK cell depletion resulted in elevated serum IL-12. These data suggest an innate, negative feedback loop in which IL-12 limits its own production by eliciting IL-10 from NK cells. In contrast to disseminating pathogens, locally restricted infections did not elicit NK cell IL-10. Thus systemic infections uniquely engage NK cells in an IL-10-mediated immunoregulatory circuit that functions to alleviate inflammation.
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Lykens JE, Terrell CE, Zoller EE, Divanovic S, Trompette A, Karp CL, Aliberti J, Flick MJ, Jordan MB. Mice with a selective impairment of IFN-gamma signaling in macrophage lineage cells demonstrate the critical role of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages for the control of protozoan parasitic infections in vivo. J Immunol 2010; 184:877-85. [PMID: 20018611 PMCID: PMC2886308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma has long been recognized as a cytokine with potent and varied effects in the immune response. Although its effects on specific cell types have been well studied in vitro, its in vivo effects are less clearly understood because of its diverse actions on many different cell types. Although control of multiple protozoan parasites is thought to depend critically on the direct action of IFN-gamma on macrophages, this premise has never been directly proven in vivo. To more directly examine the effects of IFN-gamma on cells of the macrophage lineage in vivo, we generated mice called the "macrophages insensitive to IFN-gamma" (MIIG) mice, which express a dominant negative mutant IFN-gamma receptor in CD68+ cells: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Macrophage lineage cells and mast cells from these mice are unable to respond to IFN-gamma, whereas other cells are able to produce and respond to this cytokine normally. When challenged in vitro, macrophages from MIIG mice were unable produce NO or kill Trypanosoma cruzi or Leishmania major after priming with IFN-gamma. Furthermore, MIIG mice demonstrated impaired parasite control and heightened mortality after T. cruzi, L. major, and Toxoplasma gondii infection, despite an appropriate IFN-gamma response. In contrast, MIIG mice displayed normal control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, despite persistent insensitivity of macrophages to IFN-gamma. Thus, the MIIG mouse formally demonstrates for the first time in vivo, the specific importance of direct, IFN-gamma mediated activation of macrophages for controlling infection with multiple protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lykens
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Machado FS, Esper L, Dias A, Madan R, Gu Y, Hildeman D, Serhan CN, Karp CL, Aliberti J. Native and aspirin-triggered lipoxins control innate immunity by inducing proteasomal degradation of TRAF6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2573. [PMID: 19808249 PMCID: PMC2768855 DOI: 10.1084/jem.2007241692209r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Perona-Wright G, Madan R, Mohrs K, Szaba FM, Kummer LW, Karp CL, Smiley ST, Johnson LL, Mohrs M. Immunosuppressive IL-10 production by natural killer cells is elicited by systemic but not local infections. Cytokine 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Divanovic S, Trompette A, Pfluger PT, Weisberg SP, Harley IT, Flick LM, Allen JL, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ, Tschöp MH, Karp CL. Regulation of energy metabolism by the RP105/TLR axis. Cytokine 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Madan R, Demircik F, Surianarayanan S, Allen JL, Divanovic S, Trompette A, Yogev N, Gu Y, Khodoun M, Hildeman D, Boespflug N, Fogolin MB, Gröbe L, Greweling M, Finkelman FD, Cardin R, Mohrs M, Müller W, Waisman A, Roers A, Karp CL. Nonredundant roles for B cell-derived IL-10 in immune counter-regulation. J Immunol 2009; 183:2312-20. [PMID: 19620304 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 plays a central role in restraining the vigor of inflammatory responses, but the critical cellular sources of this counter-regulatory cytokine remain speculative in many disease models. Using a novel IL-10 transcriptional reporter mouse, we found an unexpected predominance of B cells (including plasma cells) among IL-10-expressing cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues at baseline and during diverse models of in vivo immunological challenge. Use of a novel B cell-specific IL-10 knockout mouse revealed that B cell-derived IL-10 nonredundantly decreases virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and plasma cell expansion during murine cytomegalovirus infection and modestly restrains immune activation after challenge with foreign Abs to IgD. In contrast, no role for B cell-derived IL-10 was evident during endotoxemia; however, although B cells dominated lymphoid tissue IL-10 production in this model, myeloid cells were dominant in blood and liver. These data suggest that B cells are an underappreciated source of counter-regulatory IL-10 production in lymphoid tissues, provide a clear rationale for testing the biological role of B cell-derived IL-10 in infectious and inflammatory disease, and underscore the utility of cell type-specific knockouts for mechanistic limning of immune counter-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Madan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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