Expanded statistical analysis of squats on the Great Britain (GB) mainline network

Squat defects are one of the most common rail surface defects. Significant research effort has gone into understand squat defects over the last 10 years which has brought about important developments in the understanding of their initiation mechanism; however, further work is still required to fully understand squat and the best methods to control them. This study considers records of squat defects over a period 9 years, considering 2600 km of track across 8 different routes on the GB mainline network. The analysis separately reviews squats on: plainline, crossings, joints and welds. Results include an overview of the main factors influencing the development of each type of squats, practical methods to immediately reduce and manage squat defects and recommends focus areas for further research to understand squat defects. Results suggest that squats on plainline, crossings, joints and welds, all correlate with different influencing factors; headcheck defects appear to significantly influence the probability of squats and how other factors influence squat development. There is a strong connection between total head wear rate (combined material removal due to traffic and grinding) and squats; 90 % of all squats appear on rail with a headwear rate of <0.2 mm/year. Overall larger section rail (60 kg/m vs 56 kg/m) and harder material (260 Brinell vs 220 Brinell) is significantly less susceptible to squat damage. Track curvature has an influence of squat development, especially in rail with no headcheck cracking, where the tightest curves are significantly more likely to sustain squat damage. The probability of squat at vertical discontinuities, i.e. joints and crossings are significantly more likely as train speed increases. Whilst squats on joints are 1000 time more likely than squats on welds.

The influence of anastomotic techniques on postoperative anastomotic complications: Results of the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit

BACKGROUND

The optimal anastomotic techniques in esophagectomy to minimize rates of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis are not known. The aim of this study was to assess whether the anastomotic technique was associated with anastomotic failure after esophagectomy in the international Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit cohort.

METHODS

This prospective observational multicenter cohort study included patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer over 9 months during 2018. The primary exposure was the anastomotic technique, classified as handsewn, linear stapled, or circular stapled. The primary outcome was anastomotic failure, namely a composite of anastomotic leakage and conduit necrosis, as defined by the Esophageal Complications Consensus Group. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to identify the association between anastomotic techniques and anastomotic failure, after adjustment for confounders.

RESULTS

Of the 2238 esophagectomies, the anastomosis was handsewn in 27.1%, linear stapled in 21.0%, and circular stapled in 51.9%. Anastomotic techniques differed significantly by the anastomosis sites (P < .001), with the majority of neck anastomoses being handsewn (69.9%), whereas most chest anastomoses were stapled (66.3% circular stapled and 19.3% linear stapled). Rates of anastomotic failure differed significantly among the anastomotic techniques (P < .001), from 19.3% in handsewn anastomoses, to 14.0% in linear stapled anastomoses, and 12.1% in circular stapled anastomoses. This effect remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors on multivariable analysis, with an odds ratio of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.46-0.86; P = .004) for circular stapled versus handsewn anastomosis. However, subgroup analysis by anastomosis site suggested that this effect was predominantly present in neck anastomoses, with anastomotic failure rates of 23.2% versus 14.6% versus 5.9% for handsewn versus linear stapled anastomoses versus circular stapled neck anastomoses, compared with 13.7% versus 13.8% versus 12.2% for chest anastomoses.

CONCLUSIONS

Handsewn anastomoses appear to be independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic failure compared with stapled anastomoses. However, this effect seems to be largely confined to neck anastomoses, with minimal differences between techniques observed for chest anastomoses. Further research into standardization of anastomotic approach and techniques may further improve outcomes.

POS0193 EVALUATION OF CRESS IN THE PHASE 2 RANDOMISED PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF SEQUENTIAL BELIMUMAB/RITUXIMAB ADMINISTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME

Background

EULAR Sjögren’s syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) assesses systemic disease activity in patients (pts) with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS); however, weaknesses include exclusion of patient-reported symptoms, tear and salivary gland function, and a marked placebo (PBO) response. Composite of Relevant Endpoints for Sjögren’s Syndrome (CRESS) is a recently developed composite outcome measure validated using data from three Phase 3 randomised controlled trials of pts with pSS.1 Concise CRESS (cCRESS) is used when ocular staining score and salivary gland ultrasonography are unavailable. ESSDAI was an endpoint in a Phase 2, PBO-controlled study, evaluating the safety and efficacy of belimumab (BEL) and rituximab (RTX) sequential administration (BEL/RTX), and BEL and RTX monotherapies in pts with pSS. Although the results numerically favoured BEL/RTX over PBO, this was not statistically significant.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of BEL/RTX and monotherapies using cCRESS overall responses at Weeks (Wks) 24, 52, and 68, and individual item responses at Wk 24 in pts with pSS who completed the Phase 2 study.

Methods

In the Phase 2, double-blind, 68-Wk study (NCT02631538) adults were randomised (2:2:2:1) into 4 treatment arms: BEL/RTX (n=24; weekly BEL 200 mg subcutaneous [SC] to Wk 24 followed by weekly PBO SC to Wk 52 + RTX 1000 mg intravenous [IV], Wk 8 + 10), BEL monotherapy (n=24; weekly BEL 200 mg SC to Wk 52), RTX monotherapy (n=25; RTX 1000 mg IV, Wk 8 + 10), or PBO (n=13). Pts were classified post hoc as cCRESS responders when ≥3 of the following 5 items were met: 1) Clinical (Clin)ESSDAI score <5 (low disease state); 2) decrease of ≥1 point or ≥15% from baseline (BL) in EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI); 3) increase of ≥5 mm from BL in abnormal Schirmer’s test, or no change to abnormal if normal at BL; 4) unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) increase of ≥25% from BL, or any increase from BL if score was 0 at BL; 5) decrease of ≥25% in the rheumatoid factor (RF) titre from BL, or decrease of ≥10% in IgG from BL.1

Results

Of 86 randomised pts, 60 completed follow-up to Wk 68 (completer population) and were included in the analysis. Most pts were female (95%, n=57); mean (SD) age was 49.6 (13.0) years. BL disease characteristics are presented in the Table 1.

Table 1.

Clinical, functional, and laboratory parameters at BL and cCRESS responders at Wks 24, 52, and 68 (completer population)

PBO (n=8)BEL/RTX (n=17)BEL (n=19)RTX (n=16)Pt parameters at BL, mean (SD)ClinESSDAI11.1 (3.76)11.7 (5.47)9.2 (3.77)11.7 (4.76)ESSPRI6.4 (2.05)6.0 (1.97)6.5 (1.68)5.9 (2.20)Schirmer, mm/5 min2.7 (3.25)5.3 (6.44)3.3 (3.16)2.8 (3.15)UWS, ml/min0.1 (0.11)0.1 (0.12)0.1 (0.09)0.1 (0.14)RF, KU/l60.8 (42.24)30.9 (38.20)37.0 (34.98)105.0 (200.97)IgG, g/l20.4 (6.65)16.7 (5.00)18.1 (7.19)16.5 (6.09)cCRESS responders, n (%)Wk 244 (50.0)9 (52.9)7 (36.8)5 (31.3)Wk 524 (50.0)10 (58.8)8 (42.1)4 (25.0)Wk 681 (12.5)6 (35.3)7 (36.8)3 (18.8)

At Wks 24 and 52, the proportion of cCRESS responders was numerically higher with BEL/RTX than with either BEL, RTX, or PBO, but the difference was not significant (Table 1). At Wk 68, the proportion of cCRESS responders was numerically higher with BEL/RTX than with RTX or PBO (Table 1). The 5 cCRESS items contributed relatively equally to total cCRESS response, with the highest response observed in the RF/IgG item and the lowest in the tear gland item (Schirmer’s test; Figure 1).

Figure 1.

cCRESS and individual item responders at Wk 24 (completer population)

Conclusion

At Wks 24, 52, and 68, BEL/RTX was generally associated with a numerically higher cCRESS response rate compared with the monotherapies or PBO. The PBO response for cCRESS was notable and similar to the PBO response for ClinESSDAI. The PBO response in the tear and salivary gland items was greater than in the other treatment arms, perhaps due to the use of cCRESS instead of CRESS. Due to the small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution.

References

[1]Arends S, et al. Lancet Rheumatol 2021;3:553–62

Acknowledgements

This post hoc analysis of the GSK Study 201842 was funded by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Medical writing support was provided by Casmira Brazaitis, PhD, Fishawack Indicia Ltd, UK, part of Fishawack Health, and was funded by GSK.

Disclosure of Interests

Hendrika Bootsma Consultant of: BSM, Roche, Novartis, Medimmune and Union Chimique Belge, Grant/research support from: BSM and Roche, Suzanne Arends: None declared, Liseth de Wolff: None declared, Kenneth L Clark Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Andre van Maurik Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Prafull Mistry Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Pragya Shukla Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Svetlana Nihtyanova Shareholder of: GSK, Consultant of: Roche, Employee of: GSK, Norma Lynn Fox Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, David Roth Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK

Textbook outcome following oesophagectomy for cancer: international cohort study

Background

Textbook outcome has been proposed as a tool for the assessment of oncological surgical care. However, an international assessment in patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer has not been reported. This study aimed to assess textbook outcome in an international setting.

Methods

Patients undergoing curative resection for oesophageal cancer were identified from the international Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA) from April 2018 to December 2018. Textbook outcome was defined as the percentage of patients who underwent a complete tumour resection with at least 15 lymph nodes in the resected specimen and an uneventful postoperative course, without hospital readmission. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors independently associated with textbook outcome, and results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent c.i.).

Results

Of 2159 patients with oesophageal cancer, 39.7 per cent achieved a textbook outcome. The outcome parameter ‘no major postoperative complication’ had the greatest negative impact on a textbook outcome for patients with oesophageal cancer, compared to other textbook outcome parameters. Multivariable analysis identified male gender and increasing Charlson comorbidity index with a significantly lower likelihood of textbook outcome. Presence of 24-hour on-call rota for oesophageal surgeons (OR 2.05, 95 per cent c.i. 1.30 to 3.22; P = 0.002) and radiology (OR 1.54, 95 per cent c.i. 1.05 to 2.24; P = 0.027), total minimally invasive oesophagectomies (OR 1.63, 95 per cent c.i. 1.27 to 2.08; P &lt; 0.001), and chest anastomosis above azygous (OR 2.17, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 2.98; P &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with a significantly increased likelihood of textbook outcome.

Conclusion

Textbook outcome is achieved in less than 40 per cent of patients having oesophagectomy for cancer. Improvements in centralization, hospital resources, access to minimal access surgery, and adoption of newer techniques for improving lymph node yield could improve textbook outcome.

Textbook outcome following oesophagectomy for cancer: international cohort study

BACKGROUND

Textbook outcome has been proposed as a tool for the assessment of oncological surgical care. However, an international assessment in patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer has not been reported. This study aimed to assess textbook outcome in an international setting.

METHODS

Patients undergoing curative resection for oesophageal cancer were identified from the international Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA) from April 2018 to December 2018. Textbook outcome was defined as the percentage of patients who underwent a complete tumour resection with at least 15 lymph nodes in the resected specimen and an uneventful postoperative course, without hospital readmission. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors independently associated with textbook outcome, and results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent c.i.).

RESULTS

Of 2159 patients with oesophageal cancer, 39.7 per cent achieved a textbook outcome. The outcome parameter 'no major postoperative complication' had the greatest negative impact on a textbook outcome for patients with oesophageal cancer, compared to other textbook outcome parameters. Multivariable analysis identified male gender and increasing Charlson comorbidity index with a significantly lower likelihood of textbook outcome. Presence of 24-hour on-call rota for oesophageal surgeons (OR 2.05, 95 per cent c.i. 1.30 to 3.22; P = 0.002) and radiology (OR 1.54, 95 per cent c.i. 1.05 to 2.24; P = 0.027), total minimally invasive oesophagectomies (OR 1.63, 95 per cent c.i. 1.27 to 2.08; P < 0.001), and chest anastomosis above azygous (OR 2.17, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 2.98; P < 0.001) were independently associated with a significantly increased likelihood of textbook outcome.

CONCLUSION

Textbook outcome is achieved in less than 40 per cent of patients having oesophagectomy for cancer. Improvements in centralization, hospital resources, access to minimal access surgery, and adoption of newer techniques for improving lymph node yield could improve textbook outcome.

Postoperative outcomes in oesophagectomy with trainee involvement

BACKGROUND

The complexity of oesophageal surgery and the significant risk of morbidity necessitates that oesophagectomy is predominantly performed by a consultant surgeon, or a senior trainee under their supervision. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of trainee involvement in oesophagectomy on postoperative outcomes in an international multicentre setting.

METHODS

Data from the multicentre Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group (OGAA) cohort study were analysed, which comprised prospectively collected data from patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April 2018 and December 2018. Procedures were grouped by the level of trainee involvement, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare patient outcomes across groups.

RESULTS

Of 2232 oesophagectomies from 137 centres in 41 countries, trainees were involved in 29.1 per cent of them (n = 650), performing only the abdominal phase in 230, only the chest and/or neck phases in 130, and all phases in 315 procedures. For procedures with a chest anastomosis, those with trainee involvement had similar 90-day mortality, complication and reoperation rates to consultant-performed oesophagectomies (P = 0.451, P = 0.318, and P = 0.382, respectively), while anastomotic leak rates were significantly lower in the trainee groups (P = 0.030). Procedures with a neck anastomosis had equivalent complication, anastomotic leak, and reoperation rates (P = 0.150, P = 0.430, and P = 0.632, respectively) in trainee-involved versus consultant-performed oesophagectomies, with significantly lower 90-day mortality in the trainee groups (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Trainee involvement was not found to be associated with significantly inferior postoperative outcomes for selected patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The results support continued supervised trainee involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery.

1264 A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Expectations of Orthognathic Surgery Patients Based on Their Typology

Aim

Orthognathic surgery corrects craniofacial deformity which compromises breathing or masticatory function. Patients typology influences their expectations for physical and psychological transformation before and after surgery and is an emerging area of research. This study aims to evaluate: 1) subjective expectations and/or perceived outcomes and 2) whether orthognathic surgery meets patients’ expectations.

Method

A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was administered pre- and post-operatively. Patients were classified according to typology, namely metamorphosizers - patients with high expectation of psychological and physical changes, evolvers - opposite of metamorphosizers, pragmatists - low expectation of psychological and high expectation of physical changes, and shedders - opposite of pragmatists. A chi-square test was used to examine whether orthognathic surgery met patients’ expectations.

Results

A total of 27 patients consisting of 19 pre-operative and 8 post-operative completed the survey over an 11-month study period (females = 11; males = 16; mean age= 22.5 years; range = 17-52). Typologically, metamorphosizers dominated, 48%, followed by shedders, 30%, evolvers, 13% and pragmatists, 9%. This indicates that most patients, 78% (metamorphosizers and shedders) had high expectations of psychological change pre-operatively [X2 (2, N = 90) = 43.9, p &lt; .0001)] and perceptions of psychological change post-operatively [X2 (2, N = 90) = 48.8, p &lt; .0001)].

Conclusions

Most patients in this study anticipated and perceived psychological changes after orthognathic surgery. Understanding patient typology may help the orthognathic surgeon understand, address and improve post-operative psychological outcomes in their patients.

Mortality from esophagectomy for esophageal cancer across low, middle, and high-income countries: An international cohort study

BACKGROUND

No evidence currently exists characterising global outcomes following major cancer surgery, including esophageal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise impact of high income countries (HIC) versus low and middle income countries (LMIC) on the outcomes following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

METHOD

This international multi-center prospective study across 137 hospitals in 41 countries included patients who underwent an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, with 90-day follow-up. The main explanatory variable was country income, defined according to the World Bank Data classification. The primary outcome was 90-day postoperative mortality, and secondary outcomes were composite leaks (anastomotic leak or conduit necrosis) and major complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade III - V). Multivariable generalized estimating equation models were used to produce adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%).

RESULTS

Between April 2018 to December 2018, 2247 patients were included. Patients from HIC were more significantly older, with higher ASA grade, and more advanced tumors. Patients from LMIC had almost three-fold increase in 90-day mortality, compared to HIC (9.4% vs 3.7%, p < 0.001). On adjusted analysis, LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day mortality (OR: 2.31, CI95%: 1.17-4.55, p = 0.015). However, LMIC were not independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic leaks (OR: 1.06, CI95%: 0.57-1.99, p = 0.9) or major complications (OR: 0.85, CI95%: 0.54-1.32, p = 0.5), compared to HIC.

CONCLUSION

Resections in LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day postoperative mortality, likely reflecting a failure to rescue of these patients following esophagectomy, despite similar composite anastomotic leaks and major complication rates to HIC. These findings warrant further research, to identify potential issues and solutions to improve global outcomes following esophagectomy for cancer.

OP0135 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF SUBCUTANEOUS BELIMUMAB AND INTRAVENOUS RITUXIMAB COMBINATION IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME: A PHASE 2, RANDOMISED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED 68-WEEK STUDY

Background:

B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is increased in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and plays a role in the B-cell hyperactivity thought to contribute to pSS. Belimumab (BEL, anti-BLyS) and rituximab (RTX, anti-CD20) target B cells through distinct and potentially complementary mechanisms.

Objectives:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous (SC) BEL/intravenous (IV) RTX combination (BEL/RTX) in patients with pSS.

Methods:

This Phase 2, double-blind study (GSK Study 201842; NCT02631538) randomised 86 adults with active pSS to 4 treatment arms stratified for baseline EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) scores 5-12 or >12: placebo (PBO; N=13), BEL/RTX (N=24; BEL 200 mg SC weekly to Week [Wk] 24 followed by weekly PBO SC to Wk 52 + RTX 1000 mg IV, Wk 8 + 10), BEL monotherapy (N=24; BEL 200 mg SC weekly to Wk 52) or RTX monotherapy (N=25; RTX 1000 mg IV, Wk 8 + 10). Follow-up was at Wk 68. Safety to Wk 68 was the primary endpoint (safety population; patients received ≥1 dose of study treatment). Secondary/other endpoints (completer population; patients completed treatment and follow-up phase) were ESSDAI score, stimulated salivary flow, CD20+ B-cell count within salivary gland biopsies, patient-reported oral dryness, and EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) score.

Results:

Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were similar among arms. Adverse events (AEs) were balanced across arms. Serious AEs were infrequent but occurred only in active treatment arms (Table). No unexpected safety issues were identified with BEL/RTX relative to BEL or RTX. Treatment phase and follow-up were completed by 60/86 patients. ESSDAI reductions with BEL/RTX were numerically greater over time than PBO, with greatest difference at Wk 68 (Table), but were not differentiated from monotherapy. Stimulated salivary flow showed a trend favouring BEL/RTX vs PBO over later time points (Table). In contrast with PBO, BEL, and RTX, salivary gland biopsies from BEL/RTX showed almost complete B-cell depletion (Wk 24). There was no clear evidence for a positive effect of BEL/RTX on patient-reported oral dryness or ESSPRI score.

Table 1.

Key safety endpoints and selected efficacy endpoints

AEs – safety populationPBO(N=13)BEL/RTX (N=24)BEL(N=24)RTX(N=25)AEs, n (%)13 (100)24 (100)23 (96)24 (96)Drug-related AEs, n (%)10 (77)17 (71)16 (67)14 (56)AEs leading to discontinuation/withdrawal, n (%)1 (8)5 (21)3 (13)5 (20)SAEs, n (%)03 (13)2 (8)4 (16)Number of SAEs0427Deaths, n (%)01 (4)*00Infections and Infestations, n (%)†11 (85)19 (79)21 (88)18 (72)Efficacy – completer populationPBO (N=8)BEL/RTX (N=17)BEL (N=19)RTX (N=16)ESSDAI change, LS mean (SE) from BL over time‡Wk 12-2.00 (1.449)-4.85 (0.996)-3.87 (0.949)-4.22 (1.048)§Wk 24-2.87 (1.324)-5.32 (0.911)-3.87 (0.869)-5.25 (0.940)Wk 52-2.87 (1.294)-5.67 (0.890)-4.76 (0.850)-4.32 (0.919)Wk 68-1.75 (1.400)-5.73 (0.962)-3.87 (0.918)-4.38 (0.994)Stimulated salivary flow (ml/min), mean (SD)BL0.47 (0.247)0.71 (0.629)0.43 (0.329)0.62 (0.621)Wk 120.49 (0.205)0.75 (0.834)0.49 (0.373)0.58 (0.527)Wk 240.55 (0.305)0.78 (0.790)0.45 (0.411)0.72 (0.890)Wk 520.53 (0.378)1.00 (1.146)0.58 (0.608)0.69 (0.781)Wk 680.36 (0.163)0.88 (0.817)0.52 (0.450)0.73 (0.785)§

*Aspiration (n=1); not considered related to treatment; patient died of food aspiration; †System organ class with the highest percent of AEs; ‡Analysis was performed using mixed model repeated measures; §n=15.

BL, baseline; LS, Least square; SAEs, serious AEs; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error

Conclusion:

No unexpected safety issues were identified with BEL/RTX relative to BEL or RTX. BEL/RTX showed a trend towards improvement in ESSDAI and stimulated salivary flow over time, which was sustained post treatment. BEL/RTX depleted B cells in minor salivary gland biopsies.

Funding: GSK

Acknowledgements:

Medical writing assistance was provided by Katalin Bartus, PhD, Fishawack Indicia Ltd., UK, part of Fishawack Health, and was funded by GSK.

Disclosure of Interests:

Xavier Mariette Consultant of: BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Servier, UCB, Grant/research support from: Servier, Chiara Baldini: None declared, Francesca Barone Consultant of: GSK, UCB, Roche, Actelion, Grant/research support from: GSK, UCB, Roche, Actelion, Employee of: Kintai therapeutics, Candel Therapeutics, Hendrika Bootsma Speakers bureau: BMS, Novartis, Consultant of: BMS, Roche, Novartis, MedImmune, UCB, Servier, Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Ken Clark Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Salvatore De Vita Consultant of: GSK, Roche, Karoline Lerang: None declared, Prafull Mistry Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Frederic Morin: None declared, Rajesh Punwaney Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Raphaèle Seror Consultant of: GSK, BMS, Fresenius Kabi, Boehringer, Jansen, Amgen, Pfizer, Roche, Paul LA van Daele: None declared, Andre van Maurik Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Nicolas Wisniacki Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, David Roth Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK

Comparison of short-term outcomes from the International Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA), the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG), and the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit (DUCA)

BACKGROUND

The Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) and the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit (DUCA) have set standards in reporting outcomes after oesophagectomy. Reporting outcomes from selected high-volume centres or centralized national cancer programmes may not, however, be reflective of the true global prevalence of complications. This study aimed to compare complication rates after oesophagectomy from these existing sources with those of an unselected international cohort from the Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Audit (OGAA).

METHODS

The OGAA was a prospective multicentre cohort study coordinated by the West Midlands Research Collaborative, and included patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April and December 2018, with 90 days of follow-up.

RESULTS

The OGAA study included 2247 oesophagectomies across 137 hospitals in 41 countries. Comparisons with the ECCG and DUCA found differences in baseline demographics between the three cohorts, including age, ASA grade, and rates of chronic pulmonary disease. The OGAA had the lowest rates of neoadjuvant treatment (OGAA 75.1 per cent, ECCG 78.9 per cent, DUCA 93.5 per cent; P < 0.001). DUCA exhibited the highest rates of minimally invasive surgery (OGAA 57.2 per cent, ECCG 47.9 per cent, DUCA 85.8 per cent; P < 0.001). Overall complication rates were similar in the three cohorts (OGAA 63.6 per cent, ECCG 59.0 per cent, DUCA 62.2 per cent), with no statistically significant difference in Clavien-Dindo grades (P = 0.752). However, a significant difference in 30-day mortality was observed, with DUCA reporting the lowest rate (OGAA 3.2 per cent, ECCG 2.4 per cent, DUCA 1.7 per cent; P = 0.013).

CONCLUSION

Despite differences in rates of co-morbidities, oncological treatment strategies, and access to minimal-access surgery, overall complication rates were similar in the three cohorts.

Comparison of clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients with urge, mixed, and passive fecal incontinence: a systematic literature review

PURPOSE

Two subgroups of fecal incontinence (FI) are described in literature and used in clinical practice. However, the pertinence of this classification of FI is still unknown as there are no clear established guidelines. To a better understanding, we performed a systematic review to characterize the different types of FI (active, passive, or mixed) on the basis of clinical presentation and complementary explorations.

METHODS

This systematic literature review was performed in reference to recommendations for systematic review using PRISMA guidelines without date restriction, until May 2020. This systematic review was performed without temporal limitation using MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases.

RESULTS

Six hundred nine unique citations were identified from all the databases combined. Of those, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, with 8 retrospective observational studies and 13 prospective observational studies. There was a lack of homogeneity in definitions of passive and urge (active) FI among studies. Prevalence of passive and urge FI was respectively of 4.0-5.0 and 15.0-35.0%. Clinical characteristics, physical examination, and endoanal imaging were not evaluated in most studies. In anorectal manometry, maximal squeeze pressure was higher in passive FI subgroup in most studies and results regarding maximal resting pressure remain discordant. There seemed to be no difference regarding first sensation volume and maximal tolerable volume among subgroups. A few studies evaluated pudendal terminal nerve motor latency with no difference among subgroups.

CONCLUSION

There is a lack of well-conducted prospective studies comparing the different subtypes of FI with validated definitions in both clinical and paraclinical examinations.

Perioperative intravenous contrast administration and the incidence of acute kidney injury after major gastrointestinal surgery: prospective, multicentre cohort study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the impact of preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast for CT and the risk of developing postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery.

METHODS

This prospective, multicentre cohort study included adults undergoing gastrointestinal resection, stoma reversal or liver resection. Both elective and emergency procedures were included. Preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast was defined as exposure to contrast administered for the purposes of CT up to 7 days before surgery. The primary endpoint was the rate of AKI within 7 days. Propensity score-matched models were adjusted for patient, disease and operative variables. In a sensitivity analysis, a propensity score-matched model explored the association between preoperative exposure to contrast and AKI in the first 48 h after surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 5378 patients were included across 173 centres. Overall, 1249 patients (23·2 per cent) received intravenous contrast. The overall rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery was 13·4 per cent (718 of 5378). In the propensity score-matched model, preoperative exposure to contrast was not associated with AKI within 7 days (odds ratio (OR) 0·95, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 1·21; P = 0·669). The sensitivity analysis showed no association between preoperative contrast administration and AKI within 48 h after operation (OR 1·09, 0·84 to 1·41; P = 0·498).

CONCLUSION

There was no association between preoperative intravenous contrast administered for CT up to 7 days before surgery and postoperative AKI. Risk of contrast-induced nephropathy should not be used as a reason to avoid contrast-enhanced CT.

Assessing facial recognition after orthognathic surgery at automated border controls in airports

The aim of this paper was to find out whether orthognathic surgery affects facial recognition at automated border controls in airports, and whether we should recommend that patients update their photographic identification postoperatively. We collected data on all 82 patients who had orthognathic surgery between August 2013 and June 2017. They were contacted by telephone and asked about any difficulties they had encountered when passing through automated or human-operated border controls or when using other forms of photographic identification such as driving licences. All questions were asked with reference to experiences before the operation. A total of 50 patients responded, of which 35 had travelled by aeroplane since their operations. Six of them had had problems passing through passport control (two human-operated and four automated) but after additional security checks had successfully continued their journeys. Four had had bimaxillary surgery, one had had maxillary advancement, and one mandibular advancement. Orthognathic surgery does affect identification at border controls, and most of our patients had had difficulties at automated checks because of the differences between the biometric data within the e-passport chip and the live biometric that was scanned. These findings will enable us to improve the information we give to our patients before operation, but further studies are required to increase the sample size and improve reliability.

Low-density granulocytes activate T cells and demonstrate a non-suppressive role in systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVES

The presence of proinflammatory low-density granulocytes (LDG) has been demonstrated in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Recently, regulatory neutrophilic polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) were identified in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because LDG and PMN-MDSC share a similar phenotype with contrasting functional effects, we explored these cells in a cohort of patients with SLE.

METHODS

LDG and normal-density granulocytes (NDG) were isolated from fresh blood of healthy donors (HD) and patients with SLE. Associations between LDG and clinical manifestations were analysed. Multicolor flow cytometry and confocal imaging were performed to immunophenotype the cells. The ability of LDG and NDG to suppress T cell function and induce cytokine production was quantified.

RESULTS

LDG prevalence was elevated in SLE versus HD, associated with the interferon (IFN) 21-gene signature and disease activity. Also, the LDG-to-lymphocyte ratio associated better with SLE disease activity index than neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. SLE LDG exhibited significantly heightened surface expression of various activation markers and also of lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, previously described to be associated with PMN-MDSC. Supernatants from SLE LDG did not restrict HD CD4⁺ T cell proliferation in an arginase-dependent manner, suggesting LDG are not immunosuppressive. SLE LDG supernatants induced proinflammatory cytokine production (IFN gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha) from CD4⁺ T cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our results, SLE LDG display an activated phenotype, exert proinflammatory effects on T cells and do not exhibit MDSC function. These results support the concept that LDG represent a distinct proinflammatory subset in SLE with pathogenic potential, at least in part, through their ability to activate type 1 helper responses.

Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in TLR-7-dependent lupus

The peptidylarginine deiminases PAD2 and PAD4 are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. PAD4 may be pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through its role in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation that promotes autoantigen externalization, immune dysregulation, and organ damage. The role of this enzyme in mouse models of autoimmunity remains unclear, as pan-PAD chemical inhibitors improve clinical phenotype, whereas PAD4-KO models have given conflicting results. The role of PAD2 in SLE has not been investigated. The differential roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in TLR-7-dependent lupus autoimmunity were examined. Padi4-/- displayed decreased autoantibodies, type I IFN responses, immune cell activation, vascular dysfunction, and NET immunogenicity. Padi2-/- mice showed abrogation of Th subset polarization, with some disease manifestations reduced compared with WT but to a lesser extent than Padi4-/- mice. RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct modulation of immune-related pathways in PAD-KO lymphoid organs. Human T cells express both PADs and, when exposed to either PAD2 or PAD4 inhibitors, displayed abrogation of Th1 polarization. These results suggest that targeting PAD2 and/or PAD4 activity modulates dysregulated TLR-7-dependent immune responses in lupus through differential effects of innate and adaptive immunity. Compounds that target PADs may have potential therapeutic roles in T cell-mediated diseases.

Dysregulated neutrophil responses and neutrophil extracellular trap formation and degradation in PAPA syndrome

OBJECTIVES

Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA) syndrome is characterised by flares of sterile arthritis with neutrophil infiltrate and the overproduction of interleukin (IL)-1β. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential role of neutrophil subsets and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) in the pathogenesis of PAPA.

METHODS

Neutrophils and low-density granulocytes (LDG) were quantified by flow cytometry. Circulating NETs were measured by ELISA and PAPA serum was tested for the ability to degrade NETs. The capacity of NETs from PAPA neutrophils to activate macrophages was assessed. Skin biopsies were analysed for NETs and neutrophil gene signatures.

RESULTS

Circulating LDGs are elevated in PAPA subjects. PAPA neutrophils and LDGs display enhanced NET formation compared with control neutrophils. PAPA sera exhibit impaired NET degradation and this is corrected with exogenous DNase1. Recombinant human IL-1β induces NET formation in PAPA neutrophils but not healthy control neutrophils. NET formation in healthy control neutrophils is induced by PAPA serum and this effect is inhibited by the IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra. NETs from PAPA neutrophils and LDGs stimulate IL-6 release in healthy control macrophages. NETs are detected in skin biopsies of patients with PAPA syndrome in association with increased tissue IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-17. Furthermore, LDG gene signatures are detected in PAPA skin.

CONCLUSIONS

PAPA syndrome is characterised by an imbalance of NET formation and degradation that may enhance the half-life of these structures in vivo, promoting inflammation. Anakinra ameliorates NET formation in PAPA and this finding supports a role for IL-1 signalling in exacerbated neutrophil responses in this disease. The study also highlights other inflammatory pathways potentially pathogenic in PAPA, including IL-17 and IL-6, and these results may help guide new therapeutic approaches in this severe and often treatment-refractory condition.

Changes in glycaemic control, blood pressure and lipids 5 years following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding combined with medical care in patients with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal analysis

The long-term outcomes of weight loss maintenance induced by laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) followed by multidisciplinary medical care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (beyond 3 years) are scarcely reported. Study aims were to determine the longer term metabolic outcomes following LAGB combined with medical care in patients with T2DM. This is a longitudinal analysis of 200 adults with T2DM who had LAGB between 2003 and 2008 and were followed up till 2013 at a single bariatric unit in a tertiary UK centre. A total of 200 patients (age 47 ± 9.7 years; body mass index [BMI] 52.8 ± 9.2 kg m^-2 ; glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.9 ± 1.9% [62.8 mmol mol^-1 ]; women, n = 123 [61.5%]; insulin treatment, n = 71 [35.5%]) were included. The mean follow-up was 62.0 ± 13.0 months (range 18-84 months). There were significant reductions in body weight (-24.4 ± 12.3% [38 ± 22.7 kg]), HbA1c (-1.4 ± 2.0%), systolic blood pressure [BP] (-11.7 ± 23.5 mmHg), total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The proportion of patients requiring insulin reduced from 36.2% to 12.3%. The overall band complication rate was 21% (21 patients). LAGB when combined with multidisciplinary medical care significantly improved metabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM independent of diabetes duration, and baseline BMI over 5 years. Diabetes duration and baseline BMI did not predict changes in glycaemic control, BP or lipids following LAGB.

Neutrophil subsets and their gene signature associate with vascular inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis in lupus

BACKGROUND

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with enhanced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease not explained by Framingham risk score (FRS). Immune dysregulation associated to a distinct subset of lupus proinflammatory neutrophils (low density granulocytes; LDGs) may play key roles in conferring enhanced CV risk. This study assessed if lupus LDGs are associated with in vivo vascular dysfunction and inflammation and coronary plaque.

METHODS

SLE subjects and healthy controls underwent multimodal phenotyping of vascular disease by quantifying vascular inflammation (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT [18F-FDG-PET/CT]), arterial dysfunction (EndoPAT and cardio-ankle vascular index), and coronary plaque burden (coronary CT angiography). LDGs were quantified by flow cytometry. Cholesterol efflux capacity was measured in high-density lipoprotein-exposed (HDL-exposed) radioactively labeled cell lines. Whole blood RNA sequencing was performed to assess associations between transcriptomic profiles and vascular phenotype.

RESULTS

Vascular inflammation, arterial stiffness, and noncalcified plaque burden (NCB) were increased in SLE compared with controls even after adjustment for traditional risk factors. In SLE, NCB directly associated with LDGs and associated negatively with cholesterol efflux capacity in fully adjusted models. A neutrophil gene signature reflective of the most upregulated genes in lupus LDGs associated with vascular inflammation and NCB.

CONCLUSION

Individuals with SLE demonstrate vascular inflammation, arterial dysfunction, and NCB, which may explain the higher reported risk for acute coronary syndromes. The association of LDGs and neutrophil genes with vascular disease supports the hypothesis that distinct neutrophil subsets contribute to vascular damage and unstable coronary plaque in SLE. Results also support previous observations that neutrophils may disrupt HDL function and thereby promote atherogenesis.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00001372FUNDING. Intramural Research Program NIAMS/NIH (ZIA AR041199) and Lupus Research Institute.

Cell death in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

Nephritis is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One key characteristic of lupus nephritis (LN) is the deposition of immune complexes containing nucleic acids and/or proteins binding to nucleic acids and autoantibodies recognizing these molecules. A variety of cell death processes are implicated in the generation and externalization of modified nuclear autoantigens and in the development of LN. Among these processes, apoptosis, primary and secondary necrosis, NETosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy have been proposed to play roles in tissue damage and immune dysregulation. Cell death occurs in healthy individuals during conditions of homeostasis yet autoimmunity does not develop, at least in part, because of rapid clearance of dying cells. In SLE, accelerated cell death combined with a clearance deficiency may lead to the accumulation and externalization of nuclear autoantigens and to autoantibody production. In addition, specific types of cell death may modify autoantigens and alter their immunogenicity. These modified molecules may then become novel targets of the immune system and promote autoimmune responses in predisposed hosts. In this review, we examine various cell death pathways and discuss how enhanced cell death, impaired clearance, and post-translational modifications of proteins could contribute to the development of lupus nephritis.

Cell and protein compatible 3D bioprinting of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair

Rapid prototyping of bone tissue engineering constructs often utilizes elevated temperatures, organic solvents and/or UV light for materials processing. These harsh conditions may prevent the incorporation of cells and therapeutic proteins in the fabrication processes. Here we developed a method for using bioprinting to produce constructs from a thermoresponsive microparticulate material based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) at ambient conditions. These constructs could be engineered with yield stresses of up to 1.22 MPa and Young's moduli of up to 57.3 MPa which are within the range of properties of human cancellous bone. Further study showed that protein-releasing microspheres could be incorporated into the bioprinted constructs. The release of the model protein lysozyme from bioprinted constructs was sustainted for a period of 15 days and a high degree of protein activity could be measured up to day 9. This work suggests that bioprinting is a viable route to the production of mechanically strong constructs for bone repair under mild conditions which allow the inclusion of viable cells and active proteins.

Inhibition of TLR2 signaling by small molecule inhibitors targeting a novel putative pocket within the TLR2 TIR domain (INM9P.448)

Overexuberant TLR2 signaling has been implicated in numerous diseases. Visual analysis of the TLR2 TIR domain crystal structure suggested the presence of a “pocket” adjacent to the highly conserved and functionally important proline and glycine residues of the BB loop. Given the importance of the BB loop in mediating TLR signal transduction, we hypothesized that Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) could be used to identify a small molecule inhibitor(s) that would fit within this “pocket” and blunt TLR2 signaling. Using CADD, ~150 small compounds were identified based on their predicted ability to bind in this pocket. Based on inhibition of IL-8 mRNA induced by TLR2 agonists, compound “C29” was found to inhibit TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 signaling in human HEK-TLR2 and THP-1 cells, but only TLR2/1 signaling in murine macrophages. C29 blocks heat-killed and live bacterial TLR2 agonist-induced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA. C29 prevents the early activation of TLR2-mediated signaling, including NF-κB and MAPKs, as well as MyD88 recruitment to TLR2 in THP-1 cells. C29 is cleavable and the byproduct, o-vanillin, reproduces comparable TLR2 inhibitory activity. O-vanillin covalently interacts with recombinant human TLR2 TIR domain dose-dependently. Mutagenesis of “pocket” residues revealed an indispensable role for TLR2/1, but not TLR2/6, signaling, suggesting divergent roles. Collectively, these results provide proof-of-principle for using CADD to identify inhibitors of TLR2 signaling.

The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection

There is a pressing need to develop alternatives to annual influenza vaccines and antiviral agents licensed for mitigating influenza infection. Previous studies reported that acute lung injury caused by chemical or microbial insults is secondary to the generation of host-derived, oxidized phospholipid that potently stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammation. Subsequently, we reported that Tlr4(-/-) mice are highly refractory to influenza-induced lethality, and proposed that therapeutic antagonism of TLR4 signalling would protect against influenza-induced acute lung injury. Here we report that therapeutic administration of Eritoran (also known as E5564)-a potent, well-tolerated, synthetic TLR4 antagonist-blocks influenza-induced lethality in mice, as well as lung pathology, clinical symptoms, cytokine and oxidized phospholipid expression, and decreases viral titres. CD14 and TLR2 are also required for Eritoran-mediated protection, and CD14 directly binds Eritoran and inhibits ligand binding to MD2. Thus, Eritoran blockade of TLR signalling represents a novel therapeutic approach for inflammation associated with influenza, and possibly other infections.

Genome-wide identification of genes required for fitness of group A Streptococcus in human blood

The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a strict human pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases. Although GAS genome sequences are available, functional genomic analyses have been limited. We developed a mariner-based transposon, osKaR, designed to perform Transposon-Site Hybridization (TraSH) in GAS and successfully tested its use in several invasive serotypes. A complex osKaR mutant library in M1T1 GAS strain 5448 was subjected to negative selection in human blood to identify genes important for GAS fitness in this clinically relevant environment. Mutants underrepresented after growth in blood (output pool) compared to growth in rich media (input pool) were identified using DNA microarray hybridization of transposon-specific tags en masse. Using blood from three different donors, we identified 81 genes that met our criteria for reduced fitness in blood from at least two individuals. Genes known to play a role in survival of GAS in blood were found, including those encoding the virulence regulator Mga (mga), the peroxide response regulator PerR (perR), and the RofA-like regulator Ralp-3 (ralp3). We also identified genes previously reported for their contribution to sepsis in other pathogens, such as de novo nucleotide synthesis (purD, purA, pyrB, carA, carB, guaB), sugar metabolism (scrB, fruA), zinc uptake (adcC), and transcriptional regulation (cpsY). To validate our findings, independent mutants with mutations in 10 different genes identified in our screen were confirmed to be defective for survival in blood bactericidal assays. Overall, this work represents the first use of TraSH in GAS to identify potential virulence genes.

Seat-belt trauma of the breast in a pregnant woman causing milk-duct injury: a case report and review of the literature

Injury to the milk-duct following a road traffic accident has not been reported in the literature. This case report describes a 25-year-old postpartum lady with massive swelling of the breast due to milk-duct injury and collection of milk within the breast. We describe the possible mechanism of milk-duct injury, its presentation and management, and also review the literature on seat-belt injury to the breast.

[Therapeutic objectives in Gaucher disease]

Evidence-based therapeutic goals have been developed by European and North American experts in the field of Gaucher disease (GD, lysosomal acid beta glucosidase deficiency, OMIM 230 800) in an attempt to reverse the entire disease phenotype, improve quality of life and prevent life-threatening complications. Patients with GD usually have maximal clinical benefit when enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) efficiency is administered at the optimal time i.e. generally during the asymptomatic phase of the disease. Currently, imiglucerase is the standard of care for type 1 GD due to its high efficiency at improving bleeding tendencies, anemia, reversing heptosplenomegaly and part of skeletal damages and eliminating bone crises. ERT has also demonstrated a remarkable safety profile with tolerability at 3 years greater than 99%. Treatment of GD is a lifelong treatment that patients should not interrupt without a careful monitoring of the disease evolution.

Laser-ablation rates measured using x-ray laser transmission

The rate of laser ablation at irradiances of approximately 2 x 10{14} W cm{-2} of solid iron has been measured using the transmission of a neonlike zinc x-ray laser at 21.2 nm through thin iron targets. Ablated iron becomes transparent to the x-ray laser flux, enabling the thickness of unablated material and hence the rate of ablation to be measured from time resolved x-ray laser transmission.

Opacity measurements of a hot iron plasma using an x-ray laser

The temporal evolution of the opacity of an iron plasma at high temperature (30-350 eV) and high density (0.001-0.2 g cm-3) has been measured using a nickel-like silver x-ray laser at 13.9 nm. The hot dense iron plasma was created in a thin (50 nm) iron layer buried 80 nm below the surface in a plastic target that was heated using a separate 80 ps pulse of 6-9 J, focused to a 100 microm diameter spot. The experimental opacities are compared with opacities evaluated from plasma conditions predicted using a fluid and atomic physics code.

Phenotype variations in Gaucher disease

The Gaucher phenotype is very complex and it cannot be simply evaluated on the basis of blood counts or splenomegaly, but by the analysis of all disease compartments. To establish the diagnosis of Gaucher disease, biochemical assay of glucocerebrosidase activity is the most reliable method. However, it can be supplemented by molecular diagnosis, which may be helpful to predict the severity and the rate of progression of clinical manifestations. The genotype-phenotype correlations are very complex with a high inter-individual variability in the severity of clinical manifestations within a same genotype. Genetic modifiers may play an important role in determining the eventual Gaucher phenotype. Despite of some devastating complications, which can arise with advancing age, Gaucher disease worsen progressively in the majority of patients homozygous for the N370S mutation. The analysis of the data of the International Collaborative Gaucher Group registry should provide a better understanding of the natural history of the Gaucher disease.

Therapeutic goals in Gaucher disease

Evidence-based therapeutic goals have been developed by several European and American experts in Gaucher disease in order to attempt to reverse the entire Type 1 Gaucher phenotype, prevent complications, improve quality of life and prevent life-threatening complications. Patients with Gaucher disease will benefit by maximum enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) efficiency if it is given at the optimal time i.e. generally during the asymptomatic phase of the disease. Currently, Cerezyme is the standard of care for all severities of type 1 Gaucher disease due to its high efficiency at ameliorating bleeding tendencies, reversing organomegaly and part of skeletal damages and eliminating bone crises. ERT has also demonstrated a remarkable safety profile with tolerability at 3 years greater than 99%. Treatment of Gaucher disease is a long-life treatment that the patient should not interrupt without a careful monitoring of the disease evolution.

Dietary supplementation with different vitamin C doses: no effect on oxidative DNA damage in healthy people

BACKGROUND

Antioxidants are believed to prevent many types of disease. Some previous studies suggest that dietary supplementation with vitamin C results in a decrease in the level of one of the markers of oxidative damage-8-oxoguanine in the DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). AIM OF TRIAL: To investigate the effect of different dose levels of dietary supplementation with vitamin C on oxidative DNA damage.

METHODS

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial was carried out using three different levels (80, 200 and 400 mg) of dietary vitamin C supplementation in a healthy population of 160 volunteers; supplementation was for a period of 15 weeks followed by a 10 week washout period. Peripheral blood samples were obtained every 5 weeks from baseline to 25 weeks.

RESULTS

An increase in PBMC vitamin C levels was not observed following supplementation in healthy volunteers. There was no effect found on 8-oxoguanine measured using HPLC with electrochemical detection for any of the three supplemented groups compared to placebo. 8-oxoadenine levels were below the limit of detection of the HPLC system used here.

CONCLUSIONS

Supplementation with vitamin C had little effect on cellular levels in this group of healthy individuals, suggesting their diets were replete in vitamin C. The dose range of vitamin C used did not affect oxidative damage in PBMC DNA.

Antitumour activity of XR5944 in vitro and in vivo in combination with 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan in colon cancer cell lines

XR5944 (MLN944), a novel bis-phenazine, has demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity against a variety of murine and human tumour models. In the present study, the antitumour activity of XR5944 was investigated in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or irinotecan in human colon carcinoma cell lines and xenografts. In vitro cytotoxicity of the combinations following exposure to the drugs sequentially or simultaneously was evaluated by the sulphorhodamine-B assay and interactions were determined using median-effect analysis. Antagonism was observed (CI>1) following exposure of HT29 cells simultaneously to XR5944 and 5-FU or SN38 (active metabolite of irinotecan). In contrast, sequential exposure of either combination in either order demonstrated at least an additive response (CI⩽1). At least an additive response was also observed with these combinations in HCT116 cells regardless of schedule. Antitumour activity in HT29 xenografts in nude mice was enhanced by sequential administration of 5-FU (65 mg kg⁻¹) or irinotecan (CPT-11) (35 mg kg⁻¹) 48 h before XR5944 (5, 10, or 15 mg kg⁻¹) compared to single agent treatment at the same or higher doses. Administration of irinotecan (35 mg kg⁻¹) and XR5944 (15 mg kg⁻¹) just 30 min apart yielded similar efficacy to sequential administration 48 h apart. All combinations were well tolerated. These data suggest that combinations of XR5944 with irinotecan or 5-FU are of significant interest in the treatment of colon cancer.