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Lee SH, Kang B, Kamenyeva O, Ferreira TR, Cho K, Khillan JS, Kabat J, Kelsall BL, Sacks DL. Dermis resident macrophages orchestrate localized ILC2 eosinophil circuitries to promote non-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7852. [PMID: 38030609 PMCID: PMC10687111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are critical for tissue homeostasis and repair. We previously showed that dermis-resident macrophages produce CCL24 which mediates their interaction with IL-4+ eosinophils, required to maintain their M2-like properties in the TH1 environment of the Leishmania major infected skin. Here, we show that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-5+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells are also required to maintain dermis-resident macrophages and promote infection. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals the dermis-resident macrophages as the sole source of TSLP and CCL24. Generation of Ccl24-cre mice permits specific labeling of dermis-resident macrophages and interstitial macrophages from other organs. Selective ablation of TSLP in dermis-resident macrophages reduces the numbers of IL-5+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils and dermis-resident macrophages, and ameliorates infection. Our findings demonstrate that dermis-resident macrophages are self-maintained as a replicative niche for L. major by orchestrating localized type 2 circuitries with type 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiago Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyoungin Cho
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jaspal S Khillan
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian L Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Riyal H, Ferreira TR, Paun A, Ghosh K, Samaranayake N, Sacks DL, Karunaweera ND. First evidence of experimental genetic hybridization between cutaneous and visceral strains of Leishmania donovani within its natural vector Phlebotomus argentipes. Acta Trop 2023; 245:106979. [PMID: 37391025 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of genus Leishmania, and transmitted by different species of Phlebotomine sand flies. More than 20 species of Leishmania are known to cause disease in humans and other animals. Leishmania donovani species complex is known to have a vast diversity of clinical manifestations in humans, but underlying mechanisms for such diversity are yet unknown. Long believed to be strictly asexual, Leishmania have been shown to undergo a cryptic sexual cycle inside its sandfly vector. Natural populations of hybrid parasites have been associated with the rise of atypical clinical outcomes in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). However, formal demonstration of genetic crossing in the major endemic sandfly species in the ISC remain unexplored. Here, we investigated the ability of two distinct variants of L. donovani associated with strikingly different forms of the disease to undergo genetic exchange inside its natural vector, Phlebotomus argentipes. Clinical isolates of L. donovani either from a Sri Lankan cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patient or an Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patient were genetically engineered to express different fluorescent proteins and drug-resistance markers and subsequently used as parental strains in experimental sandfly co-infection. After 8 days of infection, sand flies were dissected and midgut promastigotes were transferred into double drug-selective media. Two double drug-resistant, dual fluorescent hybrid cell lines were recovered, which after cloning and whole genome sequencing, were shown to be full genomic hybrids. This study provides the first evidence of L. donovani hybridization within its natural vector Ph. argentipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Riyal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Tiago R Ferreira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kashinath Ghosh
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Nadira D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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3
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Lee SH, Kang B, Kamenyeva O, Ferreira TR, Cho K, Khillan JS, Kabat J, Kelsall BL, Sacks DL. Dermis resident macrophages orchestrate localized ILC2-eosinophil circuitries to maintain their M2-like properties and promote non-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2644705. [PMID: 37066418 PMCID: PMC10104262 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2644705/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are critical for tissue homeostasis/repair. We previously showed that dermal TRMs produce CCL24 (eotaxin2) which mediates their interaction with IL-4 producing eosinophils, required to maintain their number and M2-like properties in the TH1 environment of the Leishmania major infected skin. Here, we unveil another layer of TRM self-maintenance involving their production of TSLP, an alarmin typically characterized as epithelial cell-derived. Both TSLP signaling and IL-5+ innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2s) were shown to maintain the number of dermal TRMs and promote infection. Single cell RNA sequencing identified the dermal TRMs as the sole source of TSLP and CCL24. Development of Ccl24-cre mice permitted specific labeling of dermal TRMs, as well as interstitial TRMs from other organs. Genetic ablation of TSLP from dermal TRMs reduced the number of dermal TRMs, and disease was ameliorated. Thus, by orchestrating localized type 2 circuitries with ILC2s and eosinophils, dermal TRMs are self-maintained as a replicative niche for L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tiago Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyoungin Cho
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jaspal S. Khillan
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian L. Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Ferreira TR, Sacks DL. Experimental Hybridization in Leishmania: Tools for the Study of Genetic Exchange. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050580. [PMID: 35631101 PMCID: PMC9144296 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances over the last decade in our understanding of Leishmania reproductive strategies, the sexual cycle in Leishmania has defied direct observation and remains poorly investigated due to experimental constraints. Here, we summarize the findings and conclusions drawn from genetic analysis of experimental hybrids generated in sand flies and highlight the recent advances in generating hybrids in vitro. The ability to hybridize between culture forms of different species and strains of Leishmania should invite more intensive investigation of the mechanisms underlying genetic exchange and provide a rich source of recombinant parasites for future genetic analyses.
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Alcoforado Diniz J, Chaves MM, Vaselek S, Miserani Magalhães RD, Ricci-Azevedo R, de Carvalho RVH, Lorenzon LB, Ferreira TR, Zamboni D, Walrad PB, Volf P, Sacks DL, Cruz AK. Protein methyltransferase 7 deficiency in Leishmania major increases neutrophil associated pathology in murine model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009230. [PMID: 33651805 PMCID: PMC7954300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. In Leishmania parasites, the lack of transcriptional control is mostly compensated by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Methylation of arginine is a conserved post-translational modification executed by Protein Arginine Methyltransferase (PRMTs). The genome from L. major encodes five PRMT homologs, including the cytosolic protein associated with several RNA-binding proteins, LmjPRMT7. It has been previously reported that LmjPRMT7 could impact parasite infectivity. In addition, a more recent work has clearly shown the importance of LmjPRMT7 in RNA-binding capacity and protein stability of methylation targets, demonstrating the role of this enzyme as an important epigenetic regulator of mRNA metabolism. In this study, we unveil the impact of PRMT7-mediated methylation on parasite development and virulence. Our data reveals that higher levels of LmjPRMT7 can impair parasite pathogenicity, and that deletion of this enzyme rescues the pathogenic phenotype of an attenuated strain of L. major. Interestingly, lesion formation caused by LmjPRMT7 knockout parasites is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory reaction in the tissue correlated with an excessive neutrophil recruitment. Moreover, the absence of LmjPRMT7 also impairs parasite development within the sand fly vector Phlebotomus duboscqi. Finally, a transcriptome analysis shed light onto possible genes affected by depletion of this enzyme. Taken together, this study highlights how post-transcriptional regulation can affect different aspects of the parasite biology. Understanding the genetics of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite causing leishmaniasis, is relevant for understanding fundamental questions on the pathogen’s biology and its interaction with hosts. We explore mechanisms used by Leishmania to promptly adapt to different hosts investigating the control of gene expression occurring at the post-transcriptional level in the parasite. Methylation of arginine performed by Protein Arginine Methyltransferase (PRMTs), among other post-translational modifications, may alter the function and interactions of target proteins, some of them are RNA binding proteins, known regulators of gene expression. In this study, we unveil the impact of PRMT7 on parasite development and pathogenicity. In addition to a negative correlation between the levels of LmjPRMT7 and parasite pathogenicity, we observed an impairment of the parasite development in the sand fly vector. Remarkably, despite a severe lesion development in mice, we observed no differences in parasite burden between infections with the pathogenic LmjPRMT7 knockout parasite or the attenuated parental line. Instead, the severe pathology observed is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response correlated with excessive neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alcoforado Diniz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Chaves
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Slavica Vaselek
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rubens D. Miserani Magalhães
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan V. H. de Carvalho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B. Lorenzon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago R. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Dario Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Angela K. Cruz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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6
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Lee SH, Chaves MM, Kamenyeva O, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Kang B, Pessenda G, Passelli K, Tacchini-Cottier F, Kabat J, Jacobsen EA, Nutman TB, Sacks DL. M2-like, dermal macrophages are maintained via IL-4/CCL24-mediated cooperative interaction with eosinophils in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/46/eaaz4415. [PMID: 32276966 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaz4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) maintain tissue homeostasis, but they can also provide a replicative niche for intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania How dermal TRMs proliferate and maintain their M2 properties even in the strong TH1 environment of the L. major infected dermis is not clear. Here, we show that, in infected mice lacking IL-4/13 from eosinophils, dermal TRMs shifted to a proinflammatory state, their numbers declined, and disease was attenuated. Intravital microscopy revealed a rapid infiltration of eosinophils followed by their tight interaction with dermal TRMs. IL-4-stimulated dermal TRMs, in concert with IL-10, produced a large amount of CCL24, which functioned to amplify eosinophil influx and their interaction with dermal TRMs. An intraperitoneal helminth infection model also demonstrated a requirement for eosinophil-derived IL-4 to maintain tissue macrophages through a CCL24-mediated amplification loop. CCL24 secretion was confined to resident macrophages in other tissues, implicating eosinophil-TRM cooperative interactions in diverse inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela Pessenda
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry and World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry and World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, SC Johnson Medical Research Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Louradour I, Ghosh K, Inbar E, Sacks DL, Aluvihare C, Harrell RA. Sand Fly (Phlebotomus papatasi) Embryo Microinjection for CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 33283789 DOI: 10.3791/61924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies are the natural vectors for Leishmania species, protozoan parasites producing a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from cutaneous lesions to visceral pathology. Deciphering the nature of the vector/parasite interactions is of primary importance for better understanding of Leishmania transmission to their hosts. Among the parameters controlling the sand fly vector competence (i.e. their ability to carry and transmit pathogens), parameters intrinsic to these insects were shown to play a key role. Insect immune response, for example, impacts sand fly vector competence to Leishmania. The study of such parameters has been limited by the lack of methods of gene expression modification adapted for use in these non-model organisms. Gene downregulation by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is possible, but in addition to being technically challenging, the silencing leads to only a partial loss of function, which cannot be transmitted from generation to generation. Targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 technology was recently adapted to the Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly. This technique leads to the generation of transmissible mutations in a specifically chosen locus, allowing to study the genes of interest. The CRISPR/Cas9 system relies on the induction of targeted double-strand DNA breaks, later repaired by either Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) or by Homology Driven Repair (HDR). NHEJ consists of a simple closure of the break and frequently leads to small insertion/deletion events. In contrast, HDR uses the presence of a donor DNA molecule sharing homology with the target DNA as a template for repair. Here, we present a sand fly embryo microinjection method for targeted mutagenesis by CRISPR/Cas9 using NHEJ, which is the only genome modification technique adapted to sand fly vectors to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Louradour
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Kashinath Ghosh
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ehud Inbar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Channa Aluvihare
- University of Maryland Insect Transformation Facility, The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research
| | - Robert A Harrell
- University of Maryland Insect Transformation Facility, The Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research;
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8
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Abstract
The phagosomal pathogen Leishmania appears unaffected by deliberate changes in the early Th1/Th2 balance. In this issue, Carneiro et al. explain these paradoxical results by showing that manipulations affecting IFN-γ-mediated phagocyte activation are counteracted by effects on IFN-γ-dependent recruitment of CCR2+ monocytes permissive to parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lewis MD, Paun A, Romano A, Langston H, Langner CA, Moore IN, Bock KW, Francisco AF, Brenchley JM, Sacks DL. Fatal progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is associated with intestinal parasitism and secondary infection by commensal bacteria, and is delayed by antibiotic prophylaxis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008456. [PMID: 32282850 PMCID: PMC7179947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is typically fatal without treatment. There is substantial variation between individuals in rates of disease progression, response to treatment and incidence of post-treatment sequelae, specifically post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Nevertheless, the majority of infected people are asymptomatic carriers. Hamsters and mice are commonly used as models of fatal and non-fatal VL, respectively. Host and parasite genetics are likely to be important factors, but in general the reasons for heterogeneous disease presentation in humans and animal models are poorly understood. Host microbiota has become established as a factor in cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis but this has not been studied in VL. We induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice and hamsters by long-term treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in their drinking water. There were no significant differences in disease presentation in dysbiotic mice. In contrast, dysbiotic hamsters infected with L. donovani had delayed onset and progression of weight loss. Half of control hamsters had a rapid progression phenotype compared with none of the ABX-treated animals and the nine-month survival rate was significantly improved compared to untreated controls (40% vs. 10%). Antibiotic-treated hamsters also had significantly less severe hepatosplenomegaly, which was accompanied by a distinct cytokine gene expression profile. The protective effect was not explained by differences in parasite loads or haematological profiles. We further found evidence that the gut-liver axis is a key aspect of fatal VL progression in hamsters, including intestinal parasitism, bacterial translocation to the liver, malakoplakia and iron sequestration, none of which occurred in non-progressing murine VL. Diverse bacterial genera were cultured from VL affected livers, of which Rodentibacter was specifically absent from ABX-treated hamsters, indicating this pathobiont may play a role in promoting disease progression. The results provide experimental support for antibiotic prophylaxis against secondary bacterial infections as an adjunct therapy in human VL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harry Langston
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Langner
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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10
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Zamboni DS, Sacks DL. Inflammasomes and Leishmania: in good times or bad, in sickness or in health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:70-76. [PMID: 31229882 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inflammasomes are multi-molecular platforms that are activated in host cell cytoplasm when the innate immune cells are infected with pathogens or exposed to damage signals. Many independent groups reported that Leishmania infection trigger activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages for restriction of intracellular parasite replication. Accordingly, Leishmania can dampen NLRP3 activation as an evasion strategy. In vivo, the NLRP3 inflammasome can promote parasite clearance, but the failure to eliminate parasites in the tissues together with sustained inflammasome activation can promote IL-1β-mediated disease pathology. In this review, we discuss the recent data regarding activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to Leishmania and the beneficial and detrimental effects of the inflammasome during development of Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Rao SPS, Barrett MP, Dranoff G, Faraday CJ, Gimpelewicz CR, Hailu A, Jones CL, Kelly JM, Lazdins-Helds JK, Mäser P, Mengel J, Mottram JC, Mowbray CE, Sacks DL, Scott P, Späth GF, Tarleton RL, Spector JM, Diagana TT. Drug Discovery for Kinetoplastid Diseases: Future Directions. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:152-157. [PMID: 30543391 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites have caused human disease for millennia. Significant achievements have been made toward developing new treatments for leishmaniasis (particularly on the Indian subcontinent) and for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Moreover, the sustained decrease in the incidence of HAT has made the prospect of elimination a tantalizing reality. Despite the gains, no new chemical or biological entities to treat kinetoplastid diseases have been registered in more than three decades, and more work is needed to discover safe and effective therapies for patients with Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Advances in tools for drug discovery and novel insights into the biology of the host-parasite interaction may provide opportunities for accelerated progress. Here, we summarize the output from a gathering of scientists and physicians who met to discuss the current status and future directions in drug discovery for kinetoplastid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P. S. Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Immuno-oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher J. Faraday
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 2, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Asrat Hailu
- School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 28017 code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Catherine L. Jones
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - John M. Kelly
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Mengel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ-RJ, Av. Brasil 4365, Cep: 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Petropolis, University in Petròpolis, Av. Barao do Rio Branco 1003, Cep: 25680-120, Petropolis-RJ, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- University of York, Wentworth Way Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E. Mowbray
- Drugs for Neglected
Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis-Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David L. Sacks
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Phillip Scott
- University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rick L. Tarleton
- University of Georgia, Coverdell Center, 500 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Spector
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Thierry T. Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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12
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Lee SH, Charmoy M, Romano A, Paun A, Chaves MM, Cope FO, Ralph DA, Sacks DL. Mannose receptor high, M2 dermal macrophages mediate nonhealing Leishmania major infection in a Th1 immune environment. J Exp Med 2017; 215:357-375. [PMID: 29247046 PMCID: PMC5748861 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and functional specialization of dermal macrophages in cutaneous infections have been little studied. In this paper, we show that a strain of Leishmania major (L. major Seidman [LmSd]) that produces nonhealing cutaneous lesions in conventionally resistant C57BL/6 mice was more efficiently taken up by M2-polarized bone marrow (BM)-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and by mannose receptor (MR)hi dermal macrophages in vivo compared with a healing strain (L. major Friedlin V1). Both in steady and in T helper type 1 (Th1) cell-driven inflammatory states, the MRhi dermal macrophages showed M2 characteristics. The dermal macrophages were radio resistant and not replaced by monocytes or adult BM-derived cells during infection, but were locally maintained by IL-4 and IL-10. Notably, the favored infection of M2 BMDMs by LmSd in vitro was MR dependent, and genetic deletion of MR or selective depletion of MRhi dermal macrophages by anti-CSF-1 receptor antibody reversed the nonhealing phenotype. We conclude that embryonic-derived, MRhi dermal macrophages are permissive for parasite growth even in a strong Th1-immune environment, and the preferential infection of these cells plays a crucial role in the severity of cutaneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Melanie Charmoy
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Carneiro MBH, Roma EH, Ranson AJ, Doria NA, Debrabant A, Sacks DL, Vieira LQ, Peters NC. NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Control Inflammation during Leishmania amazonensis Infection by Mediating Infection-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis. J Immunol 2017; 200:196-208. [PMID: 29158417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH phagocyte oxidase isoform (NOX2) are critical for the elimination of intracellular pathogens in many infections. Despite their importance, the role of ROS following infection with the eukaryotic pathogen Leishmania has not been fully elucidated. We addressed the role of ROS in C57BL/6 mice following intradermal infection with Leishmania amazonensis. Despite equivalent parasite loads compared with wild-type (WT) mice, mice deficient in ROS production by NOX2 due to the absence of the gp91 subunit (gp91phox-/-) had significantly more severe pathology in the later stages of infection. Pathology in gp91phox-/- mice was not associated with alterations in CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity but was preceded by enhanced neutrophil accumulation at the dermal infection site. Ex vivo analysis of infected versus uninfected neutrophils revealed a deficiency in infection-driven apoptosis in gp91phox-/- mice versus WT mice. gp91phox-/- mice presented with higher percentages of healthy or necrotic neutrophils but lower percentages of apoptotic neutrophils at early and chronic time points. In vitro infection of gp91phox-/- versus WT neutrophils also revealed reduced apoptosis and CD95 expression but increased necrosis in infected cells at 10 h postinfection. Provision of exogenous ROS in the form of H2O2 reversed the necrotic phenotype and restored CD95 expression on infected gp91phox-/- neutrophils. Although ROS production is typically viewed as a proinflammatory event, our observations identify the importance of ROS in mediating appropriate neutrophil apoptosis and the importance of apoptosis in inflammation and pathology during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B H Carneiro
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eric H Roma
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852; and
| | - Adam J Ranson
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Nicole A Doria
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852; and
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20993
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852; and
| | - Leda Q Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada;
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14
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Romano A, Carneiro MBH, Doria NA, Roma EH, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Inbar E, Lee SH, Mendez J, Paun A, Sacks DL, Peters NC. Divergent roles for Ly6C+CCR2+CX3CR1+ inflammatory monocytes during primary or secondary infection of the skin with the intra-phagosomal pathogen Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006479. [PMID: 28666021 PMCID: PMC5509374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes can be manipulated by environmental cues to perform multiple functions. To define the role of monocytes during primary or secondary infection with an intra-phagosomal pathogen we employed Leishmania major-red fluorescent protein (RFP) parasites and multi-color flow cytometry to define and enumerate infected and uninfected inflammatory cells in the skin. During primary infection, infected monocytes had altered maturation and were the initial mononuclear host cell for parasite replication. In contrast, at a distal site of secondary infection in mice with a healed but persistent primary infection, this same population rapidly produced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in an IFN-γ dependent manner and was critical for parasite killing. Maturation to a dendritic cell-like phenotype was not required for monocyte iNOS-production, and enhanced monocyte recruitment correlated with IFN-γ dependent cxcl10 expression. In contrast, neutrophils appeared to be a safe haven for parasites in both primary and secondary sites. Thus, inflammatory monocytes play divergent roles during primary versus secondary infection with an intra-phagosomal pathogen. Many infectious diseases are initiated in the context of inflammation. This inflammatory response may be initiated by the pathogen itself or by damage to barrier sites associated with the infectious process. In the case of the vector-transmitted intra-phagosomal pathogen Leishmania, the parasite must contend with the robust inflammatory response initiated by the bite of an infected sand fly. Traditionally, rapid infection of macrophages in the skin and manipulation of these cells was seen as the mechanism by which the parasite avoided elimination by inflammatory cells. In the present study, we find that this is not the case following primary infection. After transient residence in neutrophils, Leishmania parasites transitioned into immature inflammatory monocytes, where they underwent proliferation and suppressed the maturation of these cells. In stark contrast, in a setting of pre-existing immunity, inoculation of parasites at a secondary site of infection resulted in parasite killing by monocytes in an IFN-γ dependent manner. Therefore, the role of monocytes is dependent upon the primary or secondary nature of the infection site into which they are recruited, emphasizing both the plasticity of this cell population and the central role these cells play during Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Matheus B. H. Carneiro
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Doria
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Eric H. Roma
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Flavia L. Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ehud Inbar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonatan Mendez
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Charmoy M, Hurrell BP, Romano A, Lee SH, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Riteau N, Mayer-Barber K, Tacchini-Cottier F, Sacks DL. The Nlrp3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and neutrophil recruitment are required for susceptibility to a nonhealing strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:897-911. [PMID: 26689285 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection of C57BL/6 mice with most Leishmania major strains results in a healing lesion and clearance of parasites from the skin. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the L. major Seidman strain (LmSd), isolated from a patient with chronic lesions, despite eliciting a strong Th1 response, results in a nonhealing lesion, poor parasite clearance, and complete destruction of the ear dermis. We show here that in comparison to a healing strain, LmSd elicited early upregulation of IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β-producing dermal cells and prominent neutrophil recruitment to the infected skin. Mice deficient in Nlrp3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, or caspase-1/11, or lacking IL-1β or IL-1 receptor signaling, developed healing lesions and cleared LmSd from the infection site. Mice resistant to LmSd had a stronger antigen-specific Th1 response. The possibility that IL-1β might act through neutrophil recruitment to locally suppress immunity was supported by the healing observed in neutropenic Genista mice. Secretion of mature IL-1β by LmSd-infected macrophages in vitro was dependent on activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome and caspase-1. These data reveal that Nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β, associated with localized neutrophil recruitment, plays a crucial role in the development of a nonhealing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in conventionally resistant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Charmoy
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Flavia Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Romano A, Doria NA, Mendez J, Sacks DL, Peters NC. Cutaneous Infection with Leishmania major Mediates Heterologous Protection against Visceral Infection with Leishmania infantum. J Immunol 2015; 195:3816-27. [PMID: 26371247 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease of the internal organs caused by the eukaryotic parasite Leishmania. Control of VL would best be achieved through vaccination. However, this has proven to be difficult partly because the correlates of protective immunity are not fully understood. In contrast, protective immunity against nonfatal cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is well defined and mediated by rapidly recruited, IFN-γ-producing Ly6C(+)CD4(+) T cells at the dermal challenge site. Protection against CL is best achieved by prior infection or live vaccination with Leishmania major, termed leishmanization. A long-standing question is whether prior CL or leishmanization can protect against VL. Employing an intradermal challenge model in mice, we report that cutaneous infection with Leishmania major provides heterologous protection against visceral infection with Leishmania infantum. Protection was associated with a robust CD4(+) T cell response at the dermal challenge site and in the viscera. In vivo labeling of circulating cells revealed that increased frequencies of IFN-γ(+)CD4(+) T cells at sites of infection are due to recruitment or retention of cells in the tissue, rather than increased numbers of cells trapped in the vasculature. Shortly after challenge, IFN-γ-producing cells were highly enriched for Ly6C(+)T-bet(+) cells in the viscera. Surprisingly, this heterologous immunity was superior to homologous immunity mediated by prior infection with L. infantum. Our observations demonstrate a common mechanism of protection against different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. The efficacy of leishmanization against VL may warrant the introduction of the practice in VL endemic areas or during outbreaks of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Nicole A Doria
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jonatan Mendez
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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17
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Abstract
This unit focuses on the murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis and models of visceral leishmaniasis in mice and hamsters. Each basic protocol describes the methods used to inoculate parasites and to evaluate infections with regard to lesion progression and visceralization, and quantification of parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Sacks
- National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter C Melby
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas
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18
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Abstract
Live and live-attenuated whole organism vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major remain the most uniformly effective vaccines against human parasitic diseases. These vaccines are discussed in terms of the nature of the T cell populations that mediate the strong and durable localized immunity to these infections, and the requirement for persisting antigen to generate and maintain the protective response. The difficulties in developing subunit vaccines that fulfill this requirement argue that despite their own formidable problems in manufacture and delivery, live and live- attenuated whole organism vaccines against human parasitic diseases should be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Pagán AJ, Peters NC, Debrabant A, Ribeiro-Gomes F, Pepper M, Karp CL, Jenkins MK, Sacks DL. Tracking antigen-specific CD4+ T cells throughout the course of chronic Leishmania major infection in resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:427-38. [PMID: 23109292 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary Leishmania major infection typically produces cutaneous lesions that not only heal but also harbor persistent parasites. While the opposing roles of CD4(+) T-cell-derived IFN-γ and IL-10 in promoting parasite killing and persistence have been well established, how these responses develop from naïve precursors has not been directly monitored throughout the course of infection. We used peptide:Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (pMHCII) tetramers to investigate the endogenous, parasite-specific primary CD4(+) T-cell response to L. major in mice resistant to infection. Maximal frequencies of IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T cells were observed in the spleen and infected ears within a month after infection and were maintained into the chronic phase. In contrast, peak frequencies of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells emerged within 2 weeks of infection, persisted into the chronic phase, and accumulated in the infected ears but not the spleen, via a process that depended on local antigen presentation. T helper type-1 (Th1) cells, not Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, were the chief producers of IL-10 and were not exhausted. Therefore, tracking antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells revealed that IL-10 production by Th1 cells is not due to persistent T-cell antigen receptor stimulation, but rather driven by early antigen encounter at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Peters NC, Bertholet S, Lawyer PG, Charmoy M, Romano A, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Stamper LW, Sacks DL. Evaluation of recombinant Leishmania polyprotein plus glucopyranosyl lipid A stable emulsion vaccines against sand fly-transmitted Leishmania major in C57BL/6 mice. J Immunol 2012; 189:4832-41. [PMID: 23045616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous experimental Leishmania vaccines have been developed to prevent the visceral and cutaneous forms of Leishmaniasis, which occur after exposure to the bite of an infected sand fly, yet only one is under evaluation in humans. KSAC and L110f, recombinant Leishmania polyproteins delivered in a stable emulsion (SE) with the TLR4 agonists monophosphoryl lipid A or glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) have shown protection in animal models. KSAC+GLA-SE protected against cutaneous disease following sand fly transmission of Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice. Similar polyprotein adjuvant combinations are the vaccine candidates most likely to see clinical evaluation. We assessed immunity generated by KSAC or L110f vaccination with GLA-SE following challenge with L. major by needle or infected sand fly bite in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Polyprotein-vaccinated mice had a 60-fold increase in CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) T cell numbers versus control animals at 2 wk post-needle inoculation of L. major, and this correlated with a 100-fold reduction in parasite load. Immunity did not, however, reach levels observed in mice with a healed primary infection. Following challenge by infected sand fly bite, polyprotein-vaccinated animals had comparable parasite loads, greater numbers of neutrophils at the challenge site, and reduced CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/IL-17(+) ratios versus nonvaccinated controls. In contrast, healed animals had significantly reduced parasite loads and higher CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/IL-17(+) ratios. These observations demonstrate that vaccine-induced protection against needle challenge does not necessarily translate to protection following challenge by infected sand fly bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Stamper LW, Patrick RL, Fay MP, Lawyer PG, Elnaiem DEA, Secundino N, Debrabant A, Sacks DL, Peters NC. Infection parameters in the sand fly vector that predict transmission of Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1288. [PMID: 21886852 PMCID: PMC3160291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify parameters of Leishmania infection within a population of infected sand flies that reliably predict subsequent transmission to the mammalian host, we sampled groups of infected flies and compared infection intensity and degree of metacyclogenesis with the frequency of transmission. The percentage of parasites within the midgut that were metacyclic promastigotes had the highest correlation with the frequency of transmission. Meta-analysis of multiple transmission experiments allowed us to establish a percent-metacyclic "cutoff" value that predicted transmission competence. Sand fly infections initiated with variable doses of parasites resulted in correspondingly altered percentages of metacyclic promastigotes, resulting in altered transmission frequency and disease severity. Lastly, alteration of sand fly oviposition status and environmental conditions at the time of transmission also influenced transmission frequency. These observations have implications for transmission of Leishmania by the sand fly vector in both the laboratory and in nature, including how the number of organisms acquired by the sand fly from an infection reservoir may influence the clinical outcome of infection following transmission by bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W. Stamper
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Patrick
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phillip G. Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nagila Secundino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review (OBRR), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dobson DE, Kamhawi S, Lawyer P, Turco SJ, Beverley SM, Sacks DL. Leishmania major survival in selective Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly vector requires a specific SCG-encoded lipophosphoglycan galactosylation pattern. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001185. [PMID: 21085609 PMCID: PMC2978724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies that transmit the protozoan parasite Leishmania differ greatly in their ability to support different parasite species or strains in the laboratory: while some show considerable selectivity, others are more permissive. In “selective” sand flies, Leishmania binding and survival in the fly midgut typically depends upon the abundant promastigote surface adhesin lipophosphoglycan (LPG), which exhibits species- and strain-specific modifications of the dominant phosphoglycan (PG) repeat units. For the “selective” fly Phlebotomus papatasi PpapJ, side chain galactosyl-modifications (scGal) of PG repeats play key roles in parasite binding. We probed the specificity and properties of this scGal-LPG PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern) through studies of natural isolates exhibiting a wide range of galactosylation patterns, and of a panel of isogenic L. major engineered to express similar scGal-LPG diversity by transfection of SCG-encoded β1,3-galactosyltransferases with different activities. Surprisingly, both ‘poly-scGal’ and ‘null-scGal’ lines survived poorly relative to PpapJ-sympatric L. major FV1 and other ‘mono-scGal’ lines. However, survival of all lines was equivalent in P. duboscqi, which naturally transmit L. major strains bearing ‘null-scGal’-LPG PAMPs. We then asked whether scGal-LPG-mediated interactions were sufficient for PpapJ midgut survival by engineering Leishmania donovani, which normally express unsubstituted LPG, to express a ‘PpapJ-optimal’ scGal-LPG PAMP. Unexpectedly, these “L. major FV1-cloaked” L. donovani-SCG lines remained unable to survive within PpapJ flies. These studies establish that midgut survival of L. major in PpapJ flies is exquisitely sensitive to the scGal-LPG PAMP, requiring a specific ‘mono-scGal’ pattern. However, failure of ‘mono-scGal’ L. donovani-SCG lines to survive in selective PpapJ flies suggests a requirement for an additional, as yet unidentified L. major-specific parasite factor(s). The interplay of the LPG PAMP and additional factor(s) with sand fly midgut receptors may determine whether a given sand fly host is “selective” or “permissive”, with important consequences to both disease transmission and the natural co-evolution of sand flies and Leishmania. Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny blood-feeding insects that transmit Leishmania protozoan parasites, which cause diseases afflicting millions of people. The world-wide distribution of Leishmania is determined by the availability of transmission-competent vectors. In the laboratory, some vectors support many different Leishmania, while others are highly restricted. This is best exemplified by P. papatasi, which transmit only L. major despite a wide distribution in regions endemic for many Leishmania species. P. papatasi “selectivity” can be reproduced experimentally, and has been attributed to β1,3-linked galactose side chains decorating the abundant L. major surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG) adhesin, which mediate parasite attachment to the P. papatasi midgut to prevent elimination when the digested blood meal is excreted. As geographically diverse L. major display very different LPG galactosylation patterns (n = 0 - 8 βGals/side chain), we explored the consequences of this pattern diversity to survival in P. papatasi. Using natural isolates and L. major lines engineered to express a wide range of LPG galactosylation patterns, we showed L. major survival in P. papatasi PpapJ flies was optimized by expression of highly modified ‘mono-galactosylated’ LPG and extremely sensitive to LPG side chain length. Surprisingly, L. donovani lines engineered to express a “PpapJ-optimal” LPG mono-galactosylation pattern did not survive in PpapJ flies, suggesting that additional interactions are required. These studies reveal the fine specificity of Leishmania - sand fly interactions, and the nature of species- and strain-specific parasite molecules that have co-evolved to take advantage of midgut receptors specific to available sand fly vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Dobson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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24
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Abstract
The dynamic process of pathogen transmission by the bite of an insect vector combines several biological processes that have undergone extensive co-evolution. Whereas the host response to an insect bite is only occasionally confronted with the parasitic pathogens that competent vectors might transmit, the transmitted parasites will always be confronted with the acute, wound-healing response that is initiated by the bite itself. Invariably, this response involves neutrophils. In the case of Leishmania, infection is initiated in the skin following the bite of an infected sand fly, suggesting that Leishmania must possess some means to survive their early encounter with recruited neutrophils at the bite site. Here, we review the literature regarding the impact of neutrophils on the outcome of infection with Leishmania, with special attention to the role of the sand fly bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Peters NC, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Kamhawi S, Lawyer P, Sacks DL. Vector transmission of leishmania abrogates vaccine-induced protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000484. [PMID: 19543375 PMCID: PMC2691580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental vaccines have been developed to protect against the cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis caused by infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan Leishmania, but a human vaccine still does not exist. Remarkably, the efficacy of anti-Leishmania vaccines has never been fully evaluated under experimental conditions following natural vector transmission by infected sand fly bite. The only immunization strategy known to protect humans against natural exposure is “leishmanization,” in which viable L. major parasites are intentionally inoculated into a selected site in the skin. We employed mice with healed L. major infections to mimic leishmanization, and found tissue-seeking, cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells specific for Leishmania at the site of challenge by infected sand fly bite within 24 hours, and these mice were highly resistant to sand fly transmitted infection. In contrast, mice vaccinated with a killed vaccine comprised of autoclaved L. major antigen (ALM)+CpG oligodeoxynucleotides that protected against needle inoculation of parasites, showed delayed expression of protective immunity and failed to protect against infected sand fly challenge. Two-photon intra-vital microscopy and flow cytometric analysis revealed that sand fly, but not needle challenge, resulted in the maintenance of a localized neutrophilic response at the inoculation site, and removal of neutrophils following vector transmission led to increased parasite-specific immune responses and promoted the efficacy of the killed vaccine. These observations identify the critical immunological factors influencing vaccine efficacy following natural transmission of Leishmania. The generation of vaccines that protect against intracellular pathogens such as malaria, human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis have met with limited success. A perplexing aspect of this failure as it relates to leishmaniasis is the knowledge that individuals typically get the disease only once, and that individuals who are experimentally infected with cultured parasites are protected against sand fly transmitted infection, thereby providing a “gold standard” for vaccine design. Many engineered, non-living vaccines have been developed to mimic the immune response observed in protected individuals and some of these have been shown to provide excellent protection against needle inoculation of Leishmania parasites in mice. However, very similar vaccine formulations adapted for use in people have failed to protect against natural exposure to infected sand fly bites. In the present study, we attempt to reconcile these long-standing differences, and to provide the critical correlates of immunity that will predict vaccination success against natural exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola Kimblin
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nagila Secundino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Akopyants NS, Kimblin N, Secundino N, Patrick R, Peters N, Lawyer P, Dobson DE, Beverley SM, Sacks DL. Demonstration of genetic exchange during cyclical development of Leishmania in the sand fly vector. Science 2009; 324:265-8. [PMID: 19359589 PMCID: PMC2729066 DOI: 10.1126/science.1169464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Genetic exchange has not been shown to be a mechanism underlying the extensive diversity of Leishmania parasites. We report here evidence that the invertebrate stages of Leishmania are capable of having a sexual cycle consistent with a meiotic process like that described for African trypanosomes. Hybrid progeny were generated that bore full genomic complements from both parents, but kinetoplast DNA maxicircles from one parent. Mating occurred only in the sand fly vector, and hybrids were transmitted to the mammalian host by sand fly bite. Genetic exchange likely contributes to phenotypic diversity in natural populations, and analysis of hybrid progeny will be useful for positional cloning of the genes controlling traits such as virulence, tissue tropism, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S. Akopyants
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Nicola Kimblin
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
| | - Nagila Secundino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
| | - Rachel Patrick
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
| | - Nathan Peters
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
| | - Phillip Lawyer
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
| | - Deborah E. Dobson
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda MD, 20892
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27
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Abstract
This unit focuses on the murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis and models of visceral leishmaniasis in mice and hamsters. Each basic protocol describes the methods used to inoculate parasites and to evaluate infections with regard to lesion progression and visceralization, and quantification of parasite load. Five support protocols are provided; two for the growth and isolation of metacyclic promastigotes from in vitro culture, one for isolation of tissue amastigotes from infected animals, one for cryopreservation of parasites, and one for the preparation of blood agar plates for quantitation of parasite numbers in infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Sacks
- National Institute of Allergy & Infectious, Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Abstract
Host and parasite factors influencing the expression of cutaneous leishmaniasis were investigated in two murine models of different leishmanial diseases. The role of B lymphocytes in the uncontrolled disease manifested by BALB/c mice infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis was investigated in animals of this inbred strain depleted of B cells by neonatal administration of anti-mouse mu-chain antisera. Whereas non-depleted control mice developed chronic metastatic infections with both Leishmania tropica and Leishmania mexicana and showed depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity when skin-tested with leishmanial antigens, the mu-suppressed mice controlled their initial lesions while displaying strong antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity. These findings reveal an inverse relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity in the expression of chronic leishmaniasis and suggest that B lymphocytes or their products regulate the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to leishmanial infection. In a separate study, healing and chronic strains of Leishmania were compared for their susceptibility to killing by lymphokine-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Whereas amastigotes of the healing strains were readily destroyed by these macrophages, amastigotes of two Leishmania strains, previously shown to produce chronic infections in mice, were resistant to killing by the same cells. These findings suggest that the ability of certain leishmanial strains to induce chronic disease may result from their capacity to evade intracellular destruction by activated macrophages.
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Donovan MJ, Messmore AS, Scrafford DA, Sacks DL, Kamhawi S, McDowell MA. Uninfected mosquito bites confer protection against infection with malaria parasites. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2523-30. [PMID: 17339356 PMCID: PMC1865743 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01928-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. New insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (A. Bjorkman and A. Bhattarai, Acta Trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites' biology (M. F. Good et al., Immunol. Rev. 201:254-267, 2004). Using a murine model of malaria infection, we show here that exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes prior to Plasmodium yoelii infection influences the local and systemic immune responses and limits parasite development within the host. In hosts preexposed to bites from uninfected mosquitoes, reduced parasite burdens in the livers were detected early, and during the blood-stage of the life cycle, these burdens remained lower than those in hosts that received mosquito bites only at the time of infection. Repeated exposure to bites from uninfected mosquitoes skewed the immune response towards a T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype as indicated by increased levels of interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These data suggest that the addition of mosquito salivary components to antimalaria vaccines may be a viable strategy for creating a Th1-biased environment known to be effective against malaria infection. Furthermore, this strategy may be important for the development of vaccines to combat other mosquito-transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Donovan
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA
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30
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Huynh C, Sacks DL, Andrews NW. A Leishmania amazonensis ZIP family iron transporter is essential for parasite replication within macrophage phagolysosomes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2006. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1751oia3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Huynh C, Sacks DL, Andrews NW. A Leishmania amazonensis ZIP family iron transporter is essential for parasite replication within macrophage phagolysosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2363-75. [PMID: 17000865 PMCID: PMC2118100 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mammalian hosts with Leishmania amazonensis depends on the remarkable ability of these parasites to replicate within macrophage phagolysosomes. A critical adaptation for survival in this harsh environment is an efficient mechanism for gaining access to iron. In this study, we identify and characterize LIT1, a novel L. amazonensis membrane protein with extensive similarity to IRT1, a ZIP family ferrous iron transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. The ability of LIT1 to promote iron transport was demonstrated after expression in yeast and in L. amazonensis LIT1-null amastigotes. Endogenous LIT1 was only detectable in amastigotes replicating intracellularly, and its intracellular expression was accelerated under conditions predicted to result in iron deprivation. Although L. amazonensis lacking LIT1 grew normally in axenic culture and had no defects differentiating into infective forms, replication within macrophages was abolished. Consistent with an essential role for LIT1 in intracellular growth as amastigotes, Δlit1 parasites were avirulent. After inoculation into highly susceptible mice, no lesions were detected, even after extensive periods of time. Despite the absence of pathology, viable Δlit1 parasites were recovered from the original sites of inoculation, indicating that L. amazonensis can persist in vivo independently of the ability to grow in macrophages. Our findings highlight the essential role played by intracellular iron acquisition in Leishmania virulence and identify this pathway as a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Huynh
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Ramalho-Ortigão JM, Kamhawi S, Joshi MB, Reynoso D, Lawyer PG, Dwyer DM, Sacks DL, Valenzuela JG. Characterization of a blood activated chitinolytic system in the midgut of the sand fly vectors Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi. Insect Mol Biol 2005; 14:703-12. [PMID: 16313571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We characterized a cDNA from Phlebotomus papatasi, PpChit1, which encodes a midgut specific chitinase and show the presence of a functional, blood-induced chitinolytic system in sand flies. PpChit1 is detected only in the midgut and is regulated by blood feeding. A recombinant protein (rPpChit1) produced in HEK 293-F cells exhibited a similar activity profile to that found in the native protein against several specific substrates, including an oligomeric glycol chitin and synthetic 4-methyl-umbelliferone labelled substrates. Western blotting showed that the native protein is recognized by mouse polyclonal antibodies against rPpChit1. Additionally, the rPpChit1 and the native chitinase displayed similar retention times in a HPLC size fractionation column. When added to rPpChit1 or to midgut lysates, PpChit1 sera reduced chitinolytic activity by 65-70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ramalho-Ortigão
- Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852-8132, USA.
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Bertholet S, Debrabant A, Afrin F, Caler E, Mendez S, Tabbara KS, Belkaid Y, Sacks DL. Antigen requirements for efficient priming of CD8+ T cells by Leishmania major-infected dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6620-8. [PMID: 16177338 PMCID: PMC1230980 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6620-6628.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses have been shown to be critical for the development and maintenance of acquired resistance to infections with the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Monitoring the development of immunodominant or clonally restricted T-cell subsets in response to infection has been difficult, however, due to the paucity of known epitopes. We have analyzed the potential of L. major transgenic parasites, expressing the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA), to be presented by antigen-presenting cells to OVA-specific OT-II CD4(+) or OT-I CD8(+) T cells. Truncated OVA was expressed in L. major as part of a secreted or nonsecreted chimeric protein with L. donovani 3' nucleotidase (NT-OVA). Dendritic cells (DC) but not macrophages infected with L. major that secreted NT-OVA could prime OT-I T cells to proliferate and release gamma interferon. A diminished T-cell response was observed when DC were infected with parasites expressing nonsecreted NT-OVA or with heat-killed parasites. Inoculation of mice with transgenic parasites elicited the proliferation of adoptively transferred OT-I T cells and their recruitment to the site of infection in the skin. Together, these results demonstrate the possibility of targeting heterologous antigens to specific cellular compartments in L. major and suggest that proteins secreted or released by L. major in infected DC are a major source of peptides for the generation of parasite-specific CD8(+) T cells. The ability of L. major transgenic parasites to activate OT-I CD8(+) T cells in vivo will permit the analysis of parasite-driven T-cell expansion, differentiation, and recruitment at the clonal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bertholet
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Tabbara KS, Peters NC, Afrin F, Mendez S, Bertholet S, Belkaid Y, Sacks DL. Conditions influencing the efficacy of vaccination with live organisms against Leishmania major infection. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4714-22. [PMID: 16040984 PMCID: PMC1201197 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4714-4722.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental vaccines have been developed with the goal of generating long-term cell-mediated immunity to the obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania major, yet inoculation with live, wild-type L. major remains the only successful vaccine in humans. We examined the expression of immunity at the site of secondary, low-dose challenge in the ear dermis to determine the kinetics of parasite clearance and the early events associated with the protection conferred by vaccination with live L. major organisms in C57BL/6 mice. Particular attention was given to the route of vaccination. We observed that the rapidity, strength, and durability of the memory response following subcutaneous vaccination with live parasites in the footpad are even greater than previously appreciated. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing T cells infiltrate the secondary site by 1.5 weeks, and viable parasites are cleared as early as 2.5 weeks following rechallenge, followed by a rapid drop in IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) cell numbers in the site. In comparison, intradermal vaccination with live parasites in the ear generates immunity that is delayed in effector cell recruitment to the rechallenge site and in the clearance of parasites from the site. This compromised immunity was associated with a rapid recruitment of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing CD4(+) T cells to the rechallenge site. Treatment with anti-IL-10-receptor or anti-CD25 antibody enhanced early parasite clearance in ear-vaccinated mice, indicating that chronic infection in the skin generates a population of regulatory cells capable of influencing the level of resistance to reinfection. A delicate balance of effector and regulatory T cells may be required to optimize the potency and durability of vaccines against Leishmaniasis and other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Tabbara
- NIAID, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Bldg. 4, Rm. 126, Center Dr. MSC 0425, Bethesda, MD 20892-0425, USA
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35
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Flynn B, Wang V, Sacks DL, Seder RA, Verthelyi D. Prevention and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in primates by using synthetic type D/A oligodeoxynucleotides expressing CpG motifs. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4948-54. [PMID: 16041009 PMCID: PMC1201230 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4948-4954.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs mimic microbial DNA and are recognized by toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells. The resulting response limits the early spread of infectious organisms and promotes the development of adaptive immunity. In this regard, CpG ODN show promise as immunoprotective agents and as vaccine adjuvants. Previous studies of nonhuman primates showed that administration of CpG ODN type D (also known as type A) at the site of infection 3 days before and after a challenge with Leishmania major enhanced host resistance and reduced the lesion's severity. In this study, we show that systemic administration of D/A ODN limits the size of lesions following an intradermal infection with L. major. Importantly, the reduced morbidity was not associated with a reduction in long-term immunity, as such treated macaques were still protected following a secondary challenge. Finally, administration of D/A ODN to macaques that had established cutaneous lesions reduced the severity of the lesions, suggesting a potential role for CpG ODN in L. major treatment. Together, these findings support the development of clinical studies to assess the use of CpG ODN types D/A as immunoprotective and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Flynn
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., USA
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Abstract
Experimental Leishmania major infection in mice has been of immense interest because it was among the first models to demonstrate the importance of the Th1/Th2 balance to infection outcome in vivo. However, the Th2 polarization that promotes the development of nonhealing cutaneous lesions in BALB/c mice has failed to adequately explain the mechanisms underlying nonhealing forms of leishmaniasis in humans. We have studied a L. major strain from a patient with nonhealing lesions that also produces nonhealing lesions with ulcerations and high parasite burden in conventionally resistant C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, these mice develop a strong, polarized, and sustained Th1 response, as evidenced by high levels of IFN-gamma produced by Leishmania-specific cells in the draining lymph node and in the ear lesion, and an absence of IL-4 or IL-13. The parasites fail to be effectively cleared despite high level induction of inducible NO synthase in the lesion, and despite their sensitivity to killing by IFN-gamma-activated macrophages in vitro. Infection of IL-10(-/-) mice, blockade of the IL-10R, or depletion of CD25(+) cells during the chronic phase promotes parasite killing, indicating that IL-10 and regulatory T cells play a role in rendering the Th1 responses ineffective at controlling infection in the skin. Mice with nonhealing primary lesions are nonetheless resistant to reinfection in the other ear. We suggest that nonhealing infections in animal models that are explained not by aberrant Th2 development, but by overactivation of homeostatic pathways designed to control inflammation, provide better models to understand nonhealing or reactivation forms of leishmaniasis in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Ear, External/immunology
- Ear, External/parasitology
- Ear, External/pathology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/immunology
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Wound Healing/genetics
- Wound Healing/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Anderson
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Abstract
Insect galectins are associated with embryonic development or immunity against pathogens. Here, we show that they can be exploited by parasites for survival in their insect hosts. PpGalec, a tandem repeat galectin expressed in the midgut of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi, is used by Leishmania major as a receptor for mediating specific binding to the insect midgut, an event crucial for parasite survival, and accounts for species-specific vector competence for the most widely distributed form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. In addition, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using midgut receptors for parasite ligands as target antigens for transmission-blocking vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhang WW, Mendez S, Ghosh A, Myler P, Ivens A, Clos J, Sacks DL, Matlashewski G. Comparison of the A2 gene locus in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major and its control over cutaneous infection. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35508-15. [PMID: 12829719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Old World Leishmania infections, Leishmania donovani is responsible for fatal visceral leishmaniasis, and L. major is responsible for non-fatal cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. The genetic differences between these species which govern the pathology or site of infection are not known. We have therefore carried out detailed analysis of the A2 loci in L. major and L. donovani because A2 is expressed in L. donovani but not L. major, and A2 is required for survival in visceral organs by L. donovani. We demonstrate that although L. major contains A2 gene regulatory sequences, the multiple repeats that exist in L. donovani A2 protein coding regions are absent in L. major, and the remaining corresponding A2 sequences appear to represent non-expressed pseudogenes. It was possible to restore amastigote-specific A2 expression to L. major, confirming that A2 regulatory sequences remain functional in L. major. Although L. major is a cutaneous parasite in rodents and humans, restoring A2 expression to L. major inhibited its ability to establish a cutaneous infection in susceptible BALB/c or resistant C57BL6 mice, a phenotype typical of L. donovani. There was no detectable cellular immune response against L. major after cutaneous infection with A2-expressing L. major, suggesting that the lack of growth was not attributable to acquired host resistance but to an A2-mediated suppression of parasite survival in skin macrophages. These observations argue that the lack of A2 expression in L. major contributed to its divergence from L. donovani with respect to the pathology of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Mendez S, Tabbara K, Belkaid Y, Bertholet S, Verthelyi D, Klinman D, Seder RA, Sacks DL. Coinjection with CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides reduces the pathogenicity of a live vaccine against cutaneous Leishmaniasis but maintains its potency and durability. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5121-9. [PMID: 12933855 PMCID: PMC187328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.5121-5129.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inoculation of live, nonattenuated Leishmania major to produce a lesion in a selected site that heals, referred to as leishmanization, is to date the only vaccine against leishmaniasis that has proven to be effective in humans. Its use has been restricted or abandoned entirely, however, due to safety concerns. In an attempt to develop a leishmanization protocol that minimizes pathology while maintaining long-term protection, live parasites were coinjected with CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) alone or in combination with whole-cell lysates of heat-killed L. major promastigotes bound to alum (ALM). C57BL/6 mice infected intradermally by using L. major plus CpG ODN with or without ALM developed few or no dermal lesions and showed an early containment of parasite growth, while mice infected with L. major with or without ALM developed sizable dermal lesions that required up to 10 weeks to heal. The CpG ODNs provoked a transient inflammation that included an early recruitment and accumulation of gamma interferon-producing CD4(+) lymphocytes in the site. Attenuation of the live vaccine did not compromise its ability to confer long-term immunity, as mice receiving L. major and CpG ODN plus ALM were totally protected against reinfection with L. major for up to 6 months. By comparison, the immunity elicited by two efficient nonlive vaccines began to wane by 6 months. Our results suggest that immune modulation using CpG ODNs might be a practical approach to improving the safety of a highly effective live vaccine that has already been widely applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mendez
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Leishmania infections involve an acute phase of replication within macrophages, typically associated with pathology. After recovery parasites persist for long periods, which can lead to severe disease upon reactivation. Unlike the role of host factors, parasite factors affecting persistence are poorly understood. Leishmania major lacking phosphoglycans (lpg2-) were unable to survive in sand flies and macrophages, but retained the ability to persist indefinitely in the mammalian host without inducing disease. The L. major lpg2- thus provides a platform for probing parasite factors implicated in persistence and its role in disease and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Späth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Noben-Trauth N, Lira R, Nagase H, Paul WE, Sacks DL. The relative contribution of IL-4 receptor signaling and IL-10 to susceptibility to Leishmania major. J Immunol 2003; 170:5152-8. [PMID: 12734362 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The roles of IL-10 and IL-4 receptor signaling were evaluated in a murine model of Leishmania major infection. In previous studies the L. major substrain LV39 caused progressive, nonhealing lesions in BALB/c mice deficient for IL-4R alpha-chain (IL-4R alpha), while substrain IR173 was highly controlled. To explore whether IL-10 is responsible for inducing susceptibility to LV39, wild-type and IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice were treated with anti-IL-10R mAb, and in a genetic approach, the IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice were crossed with BALB/c IL-10(-/-) mice. In contrast to the lack of resistance conferred by IL-4R alpha gene deletion, partial resistance to LV39 was conferred by IL-10 gene deletion or treatment of BALB/c mice with anti-IL-10R mAb. Lesion sizes and LV39 parasite numbers were further and dramatically reduced in both anti-IL-10R-treated IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice and IL-4R alpha x IL-10 double knockouts. Anti-IL-10R mAb treatment further suppressed parasite growth in IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice infected with L. major IR173. Production of IFN-gamma was only increased relative to wild-type or littermate controls in IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice with complementary defects in IL-10. Comparisons of IFN-gamma-treated infected macrophages in vitro indicated that LV39 required 25- to 500-fold greater concentrations of IFN-gamma than IR173-infected macrophages to achieve a similar efficiency of parasite killing. These studies suggest that regardless of parasite substrain, IL-10 is as important as IL-4/IL-13 in promoting susceptibility to L. major and even more so for those substrains that are relatively resistant to IFN-gamma mediated killing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Noben-Trauth
- Department of Immunology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Freidag BL, Mendez S, Cheever AW, Kenney RT, Flynn B, Sacks DL, Seder RA. Immunological and pathological evaluation of rhesus macaques infected with Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol 2003; 103:160-8. [PMID: 12880593 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(03)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection causing ulcerating skin lesions, is an important disease worldwide and urgently requires a vaccine. Animal models that closely mimic human disease are essential for designing preventive vaccines against Leishmania major. We have evaluated both biologic and immunologic parameters of cutaneous L. major infection in nonhuman primates. Naïve rhesus macaques or monkeys previously exposed to L. major were infected with varying doses of L. major metacyclic promastigotes, and lesion size was assessed over a 10-week period. Monkeys previously infected with L. major had much smaller lesions that resolved faster compared with those of naïve monkeys in response to the two higher doses of infection. Moreover, eight of nine naïve monkeys had parasites detected in their lesions during the course of the infection. In addition, the cellular infiltrate within the lesions was qualitatively and quantitatively different in naïve versus previously infected monkeys. Finally, an ELIspot assay determined that the magnitude and kinetics of responses differed between previously infected and naïve monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Freidag
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Turco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity. Nature 2002; 420:502-7. [PMID: 12466842 DOI: 10.1038/nature01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1287] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2002] [Accepted: 09/16/2002] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-term persistence of pathogens in a host that is also able to maintain strong resistance to reinfection, referred to as concomitant immunity, is a hallmark of certain infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. The ability of pathogens to establish latency in immune individuals often has severe consequences for disease reactivation. Here we show that the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing in resistant C57BL/6 mice is controlled by an endogenous population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These cells constitute 5-10% of peripheral CD4+ T cells in naive mice and humans, and suppress several potentially pathogenic responses in vivo, particularly T-cell responses directed against self-antigens. During infection by L. major, CD4+CD25+ T cells accumulate in the dermis, where they suppress-by both interleukin-10-dependent and interleukin-10-independent mechanisms-the ability of CD4+CD25- effector T cells to eliminate the parasite from the site. The sterilizing immunity achieved in mice with impaired IL-10 activity is followed by the loss of immunity to reinfection, indicating that the equilibrium established between effector and regulatory T cells in sites of chronic infection might reflect both parasite and host survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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von Stebut E, Belkaid Y, Nguyen B, Wilson M, Sacks DL, Udey MC. Skin-derived macrophages from Leishmania major-susceptible mice exhibit interleukin-12- and interferon-gamma-independent nitric oxide production and parasite killing after treatment with immunostimulatory DNA. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:621-8. [PMID: 12230504 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Co-administration of CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides and parasite antigen protects susceptible BALB/c mice from otherwise progressive infection with Leishmania major. Although the protective effect of CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides is clearly dependent on endogenous interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production, the source of these Th1-promoting cytokines in infected mice is unknown. In contrast to macrophages from Leishmania-resistant C57BL/6 mice, macrophages from susceptible BALB/c mice are hyporesponsive to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. While studying interactions of various antigen-presenting cells with Leishmania, we found that BALB/c inflammatory skin macrophages, whether Leishmania-infected or uninfected, produced large amounts of interleukin-12 when treated with CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides. Like lipopolysaccharide, CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides induced production of interferon-gamma and release of nitric oxide by skin macrophages. Studies using skin macrophages from interleukin-12- and interferon-gamma-deficient BALB/c mice demonstrated that nitric oxide release was not dependent on interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma production. Approximately 44% and 27% of intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes were killed by infected skin macrophages within 72 h upon stimulation with CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides and lipopolysaccharide, respectively. Parasite killing by macrophages was independent of endogenous interferon-gamma production, but was strongly enhanced by exogenous interferon-gamma. Parasite elimination was dependent on the induction of nitric oxide, however. In vivo, injection of CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides into lesional skin reduced the parasite burden approximately 50-fold within the first 5 d of infection prior to full generation of a Th response. These results suggest that skin macrophages, constituting the principal reservoir of parasites in infected susceptible mice, produce Th1-promoting cytokines in response to CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides. In addition, CpG-containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides may also act locally on skin macrophages to facilitate Leishmania clearance by inducing nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Rhee EG, Mendez S, Shah JA, Wu CY, Kirman JR, Turon TN, Davey DF, Davis H, Klinman DM, Coler RN, Sacks DL, Seder RA. Vaccination with heat-killed leishmania antigen or recombinant leishmanial protein and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces long-term memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and protection against leishmania major infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1565-73. [PMID: 12070284 PMCID: PMC2193566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) have potent effects on innate and adaptive cellular immune responses. In this report, the ability of CpG ODN to confer long-term immunity and protection when used as a vaccine adjuvant with a clinical grade of leishmanial antigen, autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM), or a recombinant leishmanial protein was studied. In two different mouse models of L. major infection, vaccination with ALM plus CpG ODN was able to control infection and markedly reduce lesion development in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, respectively, up to 12 wk after immunization. Moreover, B6 mice immunized with ALM plus CpG ODNs were still protected against infectious challenge even 6 mo after vaccination. In terms of immune correlates of protection, ALM plus CpG ODN-vaccinated mice displayed L. major-specific T helper cell 1 and CD8+ responses. In addition, complete protection was markedly abrogated in mice depleted of CD8+ T cells at the time of vaccination. Similarly, mice vaccinated with a recombinant leishmanial protein plus CpG ODN also had long-term protection that was dependent on CD8+ T cells in vivo. Together, these data demonstrate that CpG ODN, when used as a vaccine adjuvant with either a recombinant protein or heat-killed leishmanial antigen, can induce long-term protection against an intracellular infection in a CD8-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Rhee
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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48
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Joshi PB, Kelly BL, Kamhawi S, Sacks DL, McMaster WR. Targeted gene deletion in Leishmania major identifies leishmanolysin (GP63) as a virulence factor. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 120:33-40. [PMID: 11849703 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmanolysin, the Leishmania surface metalloproteinase of 63 kDa (GP63) has been described as a parasite virulence factor and is involved in the direct interaction of promastigotes and host macrophage receptors and interaction with the complement cascade. To study the role of leishmanolysin in the pathogenesis and virulence of Leishmania major, targeted gene replacement was used to delete the entire 20 kb region containing all seven leishmanolysin genes (gp63 genes 1-7). The resulting L. major leishmanolysin deficient mutants showed normal development inside the sand fly vector, however, promastigotes recovered from sand flies or from culture showed an increase in sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis and a delay in lesion formation in BALB/c animals. The phenotypic differences could be significantly improved by expression of a cloned leishmanolysin gene. These results demonstrate that leishmanolysin is a vital virulence factor in Leishmania pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phalgun B Joshi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Jack Bell Research Centre, University of British Columbia and Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, BC, V6H 3Z6, Vancouver, Canada.
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49
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Abstract
Studies of the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania major-induced murine cutaneous leishmaniasis provide a framework for understanding the evolution of L. major infection of skin in humans and the foundation for rationale vaccine design. Experiments in which infection is initiated with "suprap hysiologic" numbers of parasites clearly identify Th-derived type I cytokines as essential participants in macrophage activation and macrophage nitric oxide production as prerequisite for parasite control. Dendritic cells, rather than macrophages, appear to be responsible for L. major-specific Th priming in these studies. Recent studies of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis in a model system in which infection is initiated with lower, more physiologic numbers of parasites confirm many of the important findings obtained in "high dose" inoculation models, but important differences have been noted. The low dose inoculation model should ultimately provide insights into mechanisms that are responsible for dendritic cell recruitment into leishmania lesions, mechanisms that facilitate parasite acquisition by skin dendritic cells and cellular interactions that eventuate in T cell priming and lesion involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Udey
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA
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50
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Belkaid Y, Hoffmann KF, Mendez S, Kamhawi S, Udey MC, Wynn TA, Sacks DL. The role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1497-506. [PMID: 11714756 PMCID: PMC2193677 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.10.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Some pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp) have been shown to persist in their host after clinical cure, establishing the risk of disease reactivation. We analyzed the conditions necessary for the long term maintenance of Leishmania major in genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice after spontaneous healing of their dermal lesions. Interleukin (IL)-10 was found to play an essential role in parasite persistence as sterile cure was achieved in IL-10-deficient and IL-4/IL-10 double-deficient mice. The requirement for IL-10 in establishing latency associated with natural infection was confirmed in IL-10-deficient mice challenged by bite of infected sand flies. The host-parasite equilibrium was maintained by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which were each able to release IL-10 or interferon (IFN)-gamma, and were found to accumulate in chronic sites of infection, including the skin and draining lymph node. A high frequency of the dermal CD4+ T cells released both IL-10 and IFN-gamma. Wild-type mice treated transiently during the chronic phase with anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies achieved sterile cure, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to eliminate latency, infection reservoirs, and the risk of reactivation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Belkaid
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 4 Rm. 126, Center Dr. MSC 0425, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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