Influence of extruded soybean meal with varying fat and oleic acid content on nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy in broilers

Effects of feeding expeller-extruded high oleic soybeans in broiler diets on growth performance, blood profile, and meat quality

This study evaluated the effects of expeller-extruded high oleic soybeans (TruSoya) on growth performance, blood immune and antioxidant status, and meat quality of broilers compared with conventional soybean meal (SBM) and expeller-extruded conventional soybeans. A total of 288 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb500; initial BW: 37.2 g) were allotted to one of 3 dietary treatments: 1) a corn basal diet with conventional SBM (CSBM); 2) a corn basal diet with expeller-extruded conventional soybeans (EECS); 3) a corn basal diet with expeller-extruded high oleic soybeans (EEHS) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed over 3 phases (starter phase 1: 0-1 weeks, grower phase 2: 1-3 weeks, and finisher phase 3: 3-6 weeks). At the end of each feeding phase, BW and feed consumption were measured to calculate average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At the end of the feeding trial (d 42), one bird per pen was bled for blood profile analysis, and two birds per pen were euthanized for breast and thigh collection. Data were subjected to analysis of variance testing the main effect of diet with pen as the experimental unit. Broilers fed the CSBM diet had greater (P < 0.05) BW at the end of each phase and overall ADG than those fed EECS and EEHS. Broilers fed EEHS showed greater (P < 0.05) final BW and overall ADG than EECS by 10.6 % and 10.7 %, respectively. The EEHS significantly increased (P < 0.05) blood basophil proportion compared with CSBM (15.7 % vs. 7.6 %). However, dietary treatment did not affect other blood cell count parameters and blood antioxidant status. Oleic acid contents for breast and thigh meats from broilers fed EEHS were higher (P < 0.05) than those of broilers fed CSBM and EECS by 63 % and 53 %, respectively. In conclusion, EEHS improved meat fatty acid composition with higher oleic acid contents and improved growth performance compared with EECS, suggesting its potential as a protein source for high quality broiler meat production.

Epigallocatechin gallate improves oleic acid-induced hepatic steatosis in laying hen hepatocytes via the MAPK pathway

Fatty liver disease in laying hens, characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, poses significant challenges to poultry health and production efficiency. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive compound found in green tea, in mitigating oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis in primary chicken hepatocytes. Treatment with EGCG effectively attenuated lipid deposition by downregulating lipid synthesis-related genes. Moreover, EGCG mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis induced by OA, thereby preserving hepatocyte viability. Mechanistically, EGCG exerted its protective effects by modulating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that EGCG holds promise as a therapeutic agent for managing fatty liver disease in poultry, offering insights into novel strategies for improving poultry health and production outcomes.

Effects of Different Defatting Methods of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal on the Metabolic Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Young Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different defatting methods of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFM) on the metabolic energy and nutrient digestibility in laying hens. Sixty young laying hens (Hy-Line W-36) aged 63 days were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2), each with five replicates of six hens housed in individual cages. Group G1 was fed 25% pressed black soldier fly meal (BSFMp) and 75% basal diet, and Group G2 was fed 25% extracted black soldier fly meal (BSFMe) and a 75% basal diet. Both diets included 5 g/kg chromium oxide as an external marker. A 7-day preliminary trial was followed by a 4-day experimental period. The results indicate that pressing and extracting significantly affected the digestibility of crude fat and total energy in BSFM, with BSFMp showing significantly higher crude fat digestibility than BSFMe. Similarly, total energy digestibility was also significantly higher in BSFMp. However, there were no significant differences in dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility between the two processing methods. The apparent metabolic energy values of BSFMp and BSFMe were 16.34 and 12.41 MJ/kg, respectively, showing a significant difference. The nitrogen-corrected metabolic energy values were 15.89 MJ/kg in BSFMp and 11.93 MJ/kg in BSFMe, indicating a highly significant difference. The digestibility of arginine and leucine in BSFMp was significantly higher than in BSFMe, while differences in lysine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and isoleucine were not significant. In conclusion, both defatting methods of BSFM had no adverse effects on the metabolic energy and nutrient digestibility in young laying hens, but BSFMp demonstrated better effects on the digestibility of metabolic energy and nutrients in the feed for young laying hens.

Full-Fat Soybean Meals as an Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredient-Feed Processing Methods and Utilization-Review and Perspective

On a global scale, the poultry industry expands its wings in terms of meat and egg production to the masses. However, this industry itself requires a sustainable and permanent supply of different inputs, one of which is poultry feed and nutrition. Soybean is a versatile protein that is offered to poultry in different inclusion rates in commercial diets after being processed using various thermal and mechanical processing methods. Conventional commercial soybean meal is usually prepared by the extraction of oil from whole soybeans using solvents, producing a meal that has approximately 1% crude fat. Without oil extraction, full-fat soybean (FFSBM) is produced, and it is an excellent source of dietary energy and protein for poultry with a nutritional profile of 38-40% protein and 18-20% crude fat, on average. FFSBM has less crude protein (CP) than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SE SBM) but higher metabolizable energy due to higher fat content. Alternatively, extruded expeller processing produces defatted soybean meal containing approximately 6-7% crude fat. Studies have demonstrated that FFSBM can be used in poultry diets to improve poultry nutrition, performance, and quality of the poultry meat and eggs produced. This review aims to evaluate the nutrition and use of meals prepared from conventional and high-oleic soybeans using various feed processing methods.

Broiler Age Differently Affects Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Net Energy of Expanded Soybean Meal

Accurately determining the energy values of ingredients is crucial for meeting energy requirements and achieving maximum production performance of animals. This study was conducted to measure the available energy values of three expanded soybean meals (ESBMs) for Arbor Acres male broilers from 14 to 16 day and 28 to 30 day using the difference method. A corn-soybean basal diet was formulated, and test diets were developed with 25% ESBMs as substitutes for energy-yielding ingredients. A completely randomized design was used for determining heat production and energy balance of broilers in 12 open-circuit respiration chambers, with six replicates per group. Prior to measurement, four (14 to 16 day) or two (28 to 30 day) birds per chamber were given a 4-day adaption to diets and chambers. The period lasted for 3 days to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen balance, gas exchanges, and heat production. Broilers fed test diets with 25% ESBM exhibited higher nitrogen intake (p < 0.05), nitrogen excreta (p < 0.05), and increased energy deposition as protein irrespective of age (p < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that AME, nitrogen corrected AME (AMEn), and net energy (NE) values of 3 ESBMs averaged 10.48, 8.93, and 6.88 MJ/kg for broilers from 14 to 16 day, while averaged 11.91, 10.42, and 6.43 MJ/kg for broilers from 28 to 30 day. Broilers from 28 to 30 day showed significantly higher AMEn values but lower NE/AME values of ESBMs compared with those from 14 to 16 day (p < 0.05). Therefore, age-dependent energy values of a single ingredient should be considered in feed formulations to optimize economic returns.