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Balouchi A, Rafsanjani MHAP, Al-Mutawaa K, Naderifar M, Rafiemanesh H, Ebadi A, Ghezeljeh TN, Shahraki-Mohammadi A, Al-Mawali A. Hypertension and pre-hypertension in Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A meta-analysis of prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:101069. [PMID: 34843808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important public health challenges, especially in developing countries. Despite individual studies, information on the exact prevalence of prehypertension (pre-HTN) and HTN in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is lacking. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate prevalence of pre-HTN and HTN, awareness, treatment, and control in the MENA region. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to April 30, 2021. Keywords included hypertension, pre-hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Hoy scale. A random-effects model was evaluated based on overall HTN. The heterogeneity of the preliminary studies was evaluated using the I2 test. A total of 147 studies involving 1,312,244 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the results of the random-effects method (95% CI), the Prevalence of pre-HTN and HTN were 30.6% (95% CI: 25.2, 36.0%; I2 = 99.9%), and 26.2% (95% CI: 24.6, 27.9%; I2 = 99.8%), respectively. The prevalence of HTN awareness was 51.3% (95% CI: 47.7, 54.8; I2 = 99.0%). The prevalence of HTN treatment was 47.0% (95% CI: 34.8, 59.2; I2 = 99.9%). The prevalence of HTN control among treated patients was 43.1% (95% CI: 38.3, 47.9; I2 = 99.3%). Considering the high prevalence of HTN, very low awareness, and poor HTN control in the region, more attention should be paid to preventive programs for HTN reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Balouchi
- Nursing Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kholoud Al-Mutawaa
- Senior consultant community Medicine, Head of Non-communicable Disease Department, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahin Naderifar
- Department of Nursing, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Najafi Ghezeljeh
- Nursing Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Shahraki-Mohammadi
- Assistant Professor of Medical Library and Information Sciences, Department of medical library and information sciences, Paramedical school, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Adhra Al-Mawali
- Director/Centre of Studies & Research, Ministry of Health, Oman.
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Najafipour H, Farjami M, Sanjari M, Amirzadeh R, Shadkam Farokhi M, Mirzazadeh A. Prevalence and Incidence Rate of Diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Uncontrolled Diabetes, and Their Predictors in the Adult Population in Southeastern Iran: Findings From KERCADR Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:611652. [PMID: 34790639 PMCID: PMC8591105 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.611652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is among the most serious health challenges worldwide. We assessed the prevalence of pre-diabetes (pre-DM) and diabetes (DM), the effectiveness of diabetes management, the 5-year incidence rate, and associated variables in the adult population in southeastern Iran. Methods: In a random cluster household survey (2014-2018), 9,959 adult individuals aged 15-80 years were assessed for coronary artery disease risk factors, including diabetes mellitus in Kerman (KERCADRS, phase 2). Among these people, 2,820 persons had also participated in phase 1 of the study 5 years earlier (2009-2011). Univariable and multivariable survey logistic regression models were used to identify the potential predictors of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Results: The prevalence of pre-DM was 12% (males 13.2% vs. females 11.1%), steadily increasing from 7.1% in the 15-24 years group to 18.4% in the 55-64 years group. The prevalence of DM was 10.2% (male and female, 7.9 and 10.8%, respectively), of which 1.9% were undiagnosed. DM was diagnosed in 10.6% of educated and 15.1% of illiterate people. The prevalence of diagnosed DM was lower in smokers (5.2 vs. 8.7%) and dependent opium users (5.4 vs. 8.8%). The prevalence of uncontrolled DM (HbA1c > 7%) was 48.8%, increasing with age. The frequency of uncontrolled DM among people without and with treatment was 32 and 55.9%, respectively. Illiterate people had worse uncontrolled DM (55.6 vs. 39.6%). The 5-year incidence rate (persons/100 person-years) was 1.5 for pre-DM and 1.2 for DM, respectively. The lowest and the highest incidence rate of DM belonged to the 15-34 years old group (0.5) and dependent opium users (2.4). The incidence rate was found to have a direct relationship with BMI and a reverse relationship with physical activity. Conclusion: Pre-DM and DM affected 22.2% of the population. One-third of patients with diabetes had undiagnosed DM, and in 55.9% of people with diagnosed DM, treatment had been ineffective. Appropriate health interventions are needed to reduce the prevalence and health consequences of diabetes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Farjami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojgan Sanjari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, and Department of Endocrinology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Raheleh Amirzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mitra Shadkam Farokhi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mirzazadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Mohammadian Khonsari N, Shahrestanaki E, Ejtahed HS, Djalalinia S, Sheidaei A, Hakak-Zargar B, Heshmati J, Mahdavi-Gorabi A, Qorbani M. Long-term Trends in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control Rate in the Middle East and North Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 178 Population-Based Studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:41. [PMID: 34625888 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study investigated and pooled the long-term trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension (HTN) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Scopus between database inception and November 2020. All cross-sectional studies that investigated the prevalence of pre-HTN, HTN, awareness, treatment, and control in the MENA counties were included. The selection study, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by two investigators independently. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q test and I-squared, and due to sever heterogeneity between studies, the random effect model was used to pool the estimates. Sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the long-term trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of HTN according to definition of HTN as systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or more, or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or more, or being on pharmacological treatment for HTN. RECENT FINDINGS Overall, 178 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies comprised 2,262,797 participants with a mean age of 45.72 ± 8.84 years. According to random effect model, the pooled prevalence of pre-HTN and HTN was 33% (95% CI 28, 39) and 26% (25, 27), respectively. Over the past three decades, prevalence of hypertension increased significantly in the region. The pooled awareness, treatment, and control rates were 50% (48, 53), 41% (38, 44), and 19% (17, 21), receptively. The pooled awareness, treatment, and control rates of HTN were lower significantly in men than women. According to definition of HTN as blood pressures above 140/90 mm Hg, over the past three decades, although the awareness and treatment rates did not change significantly, the control rates improved significantly in the region. The findings showed that HTN is a significant public health problem in the MENA region. Although there are low levels of pooled awareness, treatment, and control rates, the control rates improved over the past three decades in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Shahrestanaki
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sheidaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Javad Heshmati
- Songhor Healthcare Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi-Gorabi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. .,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Amini M, Djazayery A, Khosravi M, Shafaatdoost M. Promotion of Physical Activity to Prevent Non-communicable Diseases: An Advocacy Paper. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:124. [PMID: 33088452 PMCID: PMC7554599 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_130_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies show that Iranians, especially women, do not have enough physical activity and if serious measures are not taken to resolve this problem, the consequences will be harmful to the society. The purpose of this advocacy paper was to determine and explain the responsibilities of all organizations and institutions responsible for promoting physical activity to root out the problem. Methods: After a thorough library search we conducted nine in-depth interviews with the relevant policymakers and government officials, managers, and practitioners in promoting physical activity. All interviews were recorded. To analyze, all of voice files were typed, saved as Word files, and exported to MAXQDA10 software by the research team. To find the main themes, all the files were read carefully several times. Then they were coded, categorized, and organized based on the main objectives of the study. In this way, themes and subthemes were emerged. Results: According to the participants in the study current state of physical activity in the country, especially among women, is not promising. The participants explained about the main obstacles for promotion of physical activity in the country and recommended practical strategies for its promotion. The strategies were suggested in three areas: Promoting culture, social protection, and adjusting current policies to overcome the existing barriers. Conclusion: Regarding the unfavorable state of physical activity in the country presentation of this advocacy document can be an effective step in promoting physical activity, thus reducing chronic diseases and improving general health in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amini
- Department of Nutrition Research, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolghassem Djazayery
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Shafaatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hakimi H, Ahmadi J, Vakilian A, Jamalizadeh A, Kamyab Z, Mehran M, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Sardari F, Soleimani M, Khademalhosseini M, Abolghasemi M, Mohammadi M, Sadeghi T, Ayoobi F, Abbasi M, Mohamadi M, Jalali Z, Shamsizadeh A, Esmaeili-Nadimi A. The profile of Rafsanjan Cohort Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2020; 36:243-252. [PMID: 32725579 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Owning the largest human-made jungle of pistachio, the second largest copper mine, and being located on the trade route of opium transit, distinguish Rafsanjan from many other cities in Iran. The environmental exposures and lifestyle factors associated with these characteristics of Rafsanjan, have raised concern about possible health outcomes for individuals living in and around this city. Thus, local health authorities initiated the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). RCS is a population-based prospective cohort of men and women aged 35-70 years, launched in August 2015. Individuals from diverse socioeconomic levels and lifestyles were recruited from four urban and suburban areas of Rafsanjan (participation rate 67.42%). Questionnaire-based interviews regarding demographics, dietary and environmental exposures, medical and occupational history, as well as anthropometric measurements were completed for all participants. Additionally, bio-specimens (blood, urine, hair, and nail) were collected, and dental and eye examinations were performed. The enrollment phase ended in December 2017, and a 15-year follow-up is planned. A total of 9990 individuals were enrolled in RCS (53.41% females). About 26% of men are pistachio farmers. The baseline prevalence of major non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and opium use were 25.45%, 10.02%, and 23.81%, respectively. The mean ± SD of other common risk factors are as follows: body mass index (27.83 ± 4.89 mm Hg), systolic blood pressure (107.18 ± 17.56 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure (71.13 ± 10.83), fasting blood sugar (113.27 ± 39.11 mg/dL) and plasma cholesterol (198.78 ± 41.89 mg/dL). These results indicate a concerning prevalence of NCD risk factors in Rafsanjan city, warranting further detailed investigations, particularly regarding the association of NDC with agricultural/industrial pollutants and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hakimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Jafar Ahmadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Vakilian
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jamalizadeh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamyab
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahya Mehran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Eghtesad
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farimah Sardari
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Soleimani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Morteza Khademalhosseini
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Abolghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Movahedeh Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Tabandeh Sadeghi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ayoobi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mitra Abbasi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohamadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Jalali
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Esmaeili-Nadimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Lifestyle patterns and their nutritional, socio-demographic and psychological determinants in a community-based study: A mixed approach of latent class and factor analyses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236242. [PMID: 32701986 PMCID: PMC7377498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle risk factors, such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity or tobacco smoking can have detrimental effects on health and well-being. Therefore, it is important to examine multiple lifestyle risk factors instead of single ones. Cluster analysis allows the combination of single health behaviors in order to recognize distinguished behavior patterns. This study aimed to evaluate lifestyle patterns of general adult population in northwest of Iran with particular focus on dietary patterns, physical activity, and smoking status. Methods The current cross-sectional study consists of 525 adults aged 18–64 years from East-Azarbaijan Iran. Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to recognize patterns of lifestyle behaviors with ingredients of diet, physical activity, and smoking status. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Biochemical parameters including fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum lipids, liver enzyme and serum 25(OH)-D3 were measured with commercial ELIZA kits. Results Mean ages of participants were 42.90 ± 11.89 years. Using principal component analysis (PCA) three major dietary patterns were extracted including traditional dietary pattern (e.g. nuts and dry fruits), unhealthy dietary pattern (e.g. fast foods, refined grains) and the healthy dietary patterns (e.g. fruits, vegetables). Using LCA, three classes of lifestyles pattern were identified: 1st class was characterized by a healthy dietary pattern, moderate physical activity, and low probability of smoking. 2nd class was characterized by a traditional dietary pattern, low level of physical activity and low probability of smoking and 3rd class was characterized by a unhealthy dietary pattern, low level of physical activity and low probability of smoking and further analysis found that there were significant differences in body mass index (BMI), Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), FBS, Hemoglobin (Hb), education levels and anxiety status between classes (P <0.05). Conclusion This study attempts to classify Iranian adults by their own health behavior. Healthcare professionals should be aware of associations between different lifestyle risk factors and health promotion strategies should further focus on multiple behaviors at the same time. In our country, more studies about the adult population are needed to support the observed findings of our study and therefore allow for a certain generalization of the observations.
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Sampa MB, Hoque MR, Hossain MN. Impacts of Anthropometric, Biochemical, Socio-demographic, and Dietary Habits Factors on the Health Status of Urban Corporate People in a Developing Country. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E188. [PMID: 32605101 PMCID: PMC7551820 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on urban corporate people and applied multinomial logistic regression (MLR) to identify the impact of anthropometric, biochemical, socio-demographic and dietary habit factors on health status. Health status is categorized into four levels: healthy, caution, affected, and emergent. A cross-sectional study, based on convenience sampling method, was conducted to select 271 employees from 18 institutions under the Grameen Bank Complex, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Biochemical measurements such as blood uric acid are highly significant variables in the MLR model. When holding other factors as constants, with a one-unit increase in blood uric acid, a person is 11.02 times more likely to be "emergent" compared to "caution". The odds are also higher, at 1.82, for the blood uric acid to be "affected" compared "caution". The results of this study can help to prevent a large proportion of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by reducing the most significant risk factor: blood uric acid. This study can contribute to the establishment of combined actions to improve disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuda Begum Sampa
- Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Md. Rakibul Hoque
- School of Business, Emporia State University, Emporia, KS 66801, USA;
| | - Md. Nazmul Hossain
- Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh;
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Correia JC, Lachat S, Lagger G, Chappuis F, Golay A, Beran D. Interventions targeting hypertension and diabetes mellitus at community and primary healthcare level in low- and middle-income countries:a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1542. [PMID: 31752801 PMCID: PMC6873661 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence on effectiveness of primary care interventions has attracted renewed calls for their implementation. This review aims to synthesize evidence pertaining to primary care interventions on these two diseases, evaluated and tested in LMICs. METHODS Two reviewers conducted an electronic search of three databases (Pubmed, EMBASE and Web of Science) and screened for eligible articles. Interventions covering health promotion, prevention, treatment, or rehabilitation activities at the PHC or community level were included. Studies published in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, from January 2007 to January 2017, were included. Key extraction variables included the 12 criteria identified by the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. The Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions Framework (ICCCF) was used to guide analysis and reporting of results. RESULTS 198 articles were analyzed. The strategies focused on healthcare service organization (76.5%), community level (9.7 %), creating a positive policy environment (3.6%) and strategies covering multiple domains (10.2%). Studies included related to the following topics: description or testing of interventions (n=81; 41.3%), implementation or evaluation projects (n=42; 21.4%), quality improvement initiatives (n=15; 7.7%), screening and prevention efforts (n=26; 13.2%), management of HTN or DM (n=13; 6.6%), integrated health services (n=10; 5.1%), knowledge and attitude surveys (n=5; 2.5%), cost-effective lab tests (n=2; 1%) and policy making efforts (n=2; 1%). Most studies reported interventions by non-specialists (n=86; 43.4%) and multidisciplinary teams (n=49; 25.5%). CONCLUSION Only 198 articles were found over a 10 year period which demonstrates the limited published research on highly prevalent diseases in LMIC. This review shows the variety and complexity of approaches that have been tested to address HTN and DM in LMICs and highlights the elements of interventions needed to be addressed in order to strengthen delivery of care. Most studies reported little information regarding implementation processes to allow replication. Given the need for multi-component complex interventions, study designs and evaluation techniques will need to be adapted by including process evaluations versus simply effectiveness or outcome evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge César Correia
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Lachat
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Lagger
- Division of Therapeutic Patient Education for Chronic Diseases. Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Golay
- Division of Therapeutic Patient Education for Chronic Diseases. Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary and Emergency Care, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Javadinasab H, Masoudi Asl I, Vosoogh-Moghaddam A, Najafi B. Sustainable financing of health promotion services in selected countries: Best experience for developing countries. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:52. [PMID: 31456976 PMCID: PMC6708097 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sustainable health financing is one of the main challenges of policymakers in the health system. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the sustainable financing of health promotion services in 7 selected countries and to analyze the related documents in Iran in 2018.
Methods: This was a comparative and qualitative study (document analysis). In the comparative phase, the studies related to the selected countries- Australia, England, Germany, Japan, Turkey, Sweden, and Denmark- were investigated. In the second phase of the study, through a qualitative method of content analysis, 60 related documents were examined from 2005 to 2018. The initial evaluation of the documents was done using the Scott method and data were analyzed using Nvivo 8 software.
Results: Based on the main findings of the study, there were a variety of approaches to the sustainable financing of health promotion services: excise taxes on goods; health-related behaviors regarding tobacco and alcohol consumption and gambling; using the capacities of social insurance funds in Germany and Turkey; and relying on the government budget in all the studied countries. According to the results of documents analysis related to the sustainable financing of health promotion in Iran, 3 main issues and 11 sub issues were identified.
Conclusion: Using any of these methods or a combination of them depends on the political, social, and cultural structure of each country. The provisions of the law seem to be almost comprehensive; however, implementation, operationalization and monitoring of these elements are of significant importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Javadinasab
- Department of Health Services Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iravan Masoudi Asl
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Vosoogh-Moghaddam
- Faculty member of secretariate for supreme council of health and food security, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.,NCD Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Najafi
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of health economics, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nasrazadani M, Maracy MR, Dreassi E, Mahaki B. Mapping of Stomach, Colorectal, and Bladder Cancers in Iran, 2004-2009: Applying Bayesian Polytomous Logit Model. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:104. [PMID: 30622687 PMCID: PMC6298128 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_30_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the last report of Iran cancer registry, stomach, colorectal, and bladder cancers are the most prevalent cancers. The present study focused on separating the latent risk surface into shared and disease-specific components. METHODS In this study, data consisting of stomach, colorectal, and bladder cancers in 30 provinces of Iran during 2004-2009 are considered. These data are analyzed by polytomous logit model. The incidence of stomach cancer acts as the reference category (the surrogate for smoking). Then, the log odds are decomposed into shared and specific structured spatial and unstructured spatial components. These latent components help to detect spatial patterns of shared and disease-specific risk factors. RESULTS Central, Southern, Eastern, and Southwestern provinces are supposed as high-risk regions for shared risk factor for colorectal and bladder cancers. This shared risk factor is slightly associated more with bladder than with colorectal cancer. Northern, northwestern, and central regions and also three borderline provinces in southwestern are high-risk regions for colorectal cancer. Central, eastern, southern, and western strip of the country except Ilam are found as the high-risk regions of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS After considering known shared risk factor of the three cancers, it turns out that colorectal and bladder cancers have unknown shared risk factor. The significant difference in their lifestyle and eating habits could be an assumption of the risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nasrazadani
- Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Emanuela Dreassi
- Department of Statistics G. Parenti, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Behzad Mahaki
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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11
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Akbartabar Toori M, Kiani F, Sayehmiri F, Sayehmiri K, Mohsenzadeh Y, Ostovar R, Angha P, Mohsenzadeh Y. Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia, High LDL, and Low HDL in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 43:449-465. [PMID: 30214097 PMCID: PMC6123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and abnormal increase of different types of dyslipidemia leads to some important diseases, such as constriction and abstraction of vessels in various parts of the body, especially in the heart. High lipid profile, such as increased total cholesterol and LDL as well as decreased HDL are recognized as cardiovascular disease risk factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran by a meta-analysis method. METHODS A literature search for studies published during 1998-2015 was carried out using both Persian and English databases (SID, Magiran, IranMedex, MedLib, PubMed, and Scopus). Keywords such as lipid, dyslipidemia, CVD, cardiovascular risk factors, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and prevalence were used in the search. Random-effects model was used for the analysis using STATA (version 11.2). RESULTS In total, 163 articles were identified of which 49 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) of eligible articles for high cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl and ≥240 mg/dl was 42% (95% CI: 38-45) and 17% (95% CI: 14-20), respectively. Moreover, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) for high LDL-C ≥130 mg/dl and ≥160 mg/dl was 40% (95% CI: 32-48) and 19% (95% CI: 16-23), respectively. The pooled prevalence estimate for low HDL-C (<40 among males, <50 among females) was 43% (95% CI: 33-53) in both sexes of the Iranian people. All types of lipid component abnormalities (hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C) were more prevalent in women. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the prevalence of different types of dyslipidemia in Iran is substantial. Given the risk of complications (e.g. cardiovascular disease and control of different types of dyslipidemia) in Iranian people, it is important to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Akbartabar Toori
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Faezeh Kiani
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Sayehmiri
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Yousof Mohsenzadeh
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Rahim Ostovar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Parvin Angha
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Yazdan Mohsenzadeh
- Department of Paramedical Sciences, Faculty of Emergency Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Nicosia A, Cernetti C, Cremonesi A, Goktekin O, Sauguet A, Wijns W, Musumeci G. PCR Peripheral @ GISE: a unique educational link between peripheral endovascular solutions and interventional cardiologists. EUROINTERVENTION 2017; 13:e1013-e1017. [PMID: 29033385 DOI: 10.4244/eijv13i9a154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Nikniaz L, Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz Z. Food insecurity increases the odds of obesity among Iranian women: A population-based study of northwestern Iran. Nutr Diet 2017; 74:454-459. [PMID: 29130294 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between obesity and food security status. The sample comprised of Iranian adults with an age range of 15-64 years. METHODS In this cross-sectional study (n = 1277), the short form of the Household Food Security Scale was used to determine food security status. Height, weight and waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio and conicity index (CI) were also calculated. One-way analysis of variance and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the mean anthropometric measurements of males and females with different food security status (P > 0.05). After adjusting for covariates, there was no statistically significant association between food security status and anthropometric measurements in men. However, the low food-secure females were 72% more likely to be overweight in comparison with very low food-secure women (P = 0.04). Moreover, food-secure females were 32% less likely to have CI >1.25 compared with very low food-secure females (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that there is an association between food insecurity and overweight, which is consistent with the finding of prior researches. In addition, for the first time, we showed the significant association between low food security and CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar S Tabrizi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani
- Road and Traffic Injury Research Centre, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farahbakhsh
- Research Centre of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Shuja M, Sarrafzadegan N, Roohafza HR, Sadeghi M, Ghafari M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian Hafshejani A. Factors Associated with Cigarette Smoking in Central Parts of Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:647-653. [PMID: 28440970 PMCID: PMC5464479 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to assess factors associated with cigarette smoking in central parts of Iran. Materials and methods: We used the data of the post intervention phase of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) that was conducted in 2007. Logistic regression was used for calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratios (OR). The group with the least prevalence of smoking was considered as the Reference Group (RG) and the OR for other parts of the variable was calculated based on the RG and reported with a confidence interval of 95%. Findings: Generally, 9513 individuals participated in the study, of which 13.5% were smokers (26.2% of men and 0.8% of women). The OR for cigarette smoking in men compared with women in (RG) was 13.89 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 7.44–24.82). Among rural areas, compared with urban areas in (RG), the OR was 0.98 (95% CI 0.82–1.15); and among elementary education level compared to illiterate individuals the OR was 4.37 (95% CI 1.68–10.76). The OR in individuals in the age group 35–44, compared with the age group of 65 and older in (RG) was 2.49 (95% CI 1.81–3.45). The place most used for cigarette smoking was streets (72.1%); and the main reason for starting or continuing cigarette smoking, according to smokers’ opinions, was pleasure and fun. Conclusion: The highest number of smokers was in 35-44 years men, in rural areas, with elementary education level; so, they are the ones who need more attention through implementation of educational programs for awareness, improved attitudes and practices, and smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Shuja
- Researcher, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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Darabi M, Asadi Lari M, Motevalian SA, Motlagh A, Arsang-Jang S, Karimi Jaberi M. Trends in gastrointestinal cancer incidence in Iran, 2001-2010: a joinpoint analysis. Epidemiol Health 2016; 38:e2016056. [PMID: 27923268 PMCID: PMC5309725 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the time trends of stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancer during the past decade in Iran. METHODS Cancer incidence data for the years 2001 to 2010 were obtained from the cancer registration of the Ministry of Health. All incidence rates were directly age-standardized to the world standard population. In order to identified significant changes in time trends, we performed a joinpoint analysis. The annual percent change (APC) for each segment of the trends was then calculated. RESULTS The incidence of stomach cancer increased from 4.18 and 2.41 per 100,000 population in men and women, respectively, in 2001 to 17.06 (APC, 16.7%) and 8.85 (APC, 16.2%) per 100,000 population in 2010 for men and women, respectively. The corresponding values for colorectal cancer were 2.12 and 2.00 per 100,000 population for men and women, respectively, in 2001 and 11.28 (APC, 20.0%) and 10.33 (APC, 20.0%) per 100,000 in 2010. For esophageal cancer, the corresponding increase was from 3.25 and 2.10 per 100,000 population in 2001 to 5.57 (APC, 12.0%) and 5.62 (APC, 11.2%) per 100,000 population among men and women, respectively. The incidence increased most rapidly for stomach cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 23.7% for men; APC, 18.6% for women), for colorectal cancer in men aged 60 to 69 years (APC, 24.2%) and in women aged 50 to 59 years (APC, 25.1%), and for esophageal cancer in men and women aged 80 years and older (APC, 17.5% for men; APC,15.3% for women) over the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of gastrointestinal cancer significantly increased during the past decade. Therefore, monitoring the trends of cancer incidence can assist efforts for cancer prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Darabi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadi Lari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Motlagh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shahid Baheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Maryam Karimi Jaberi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Latifi SM, Moradi L, Shahbazian H, Aleali AM. A study of the prevalence of dyslipidemia among the adult population of Ahvaz, Iran. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:190-193. [PMID: 27377682 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main causes of the disease burden in developed and developing countries. The present study is planned to access the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its risk factors among the general population of Ahvaz over 20 years of age. METHOD In this descriptive-analytic study, using multi-stage cluster method, out of the 25 existing health centers in the city of Ahvaz (four health centers in the Eastern Ahvaz and two centers in the west were chosen based on the population they covered). The blood samples of the participants were taken after 12h of fasting for measure FBS, TG, Chol, HDLand LDL level their heights, and weights were measured using the standard methods. Interviewing the participants, the research questionnaires were filled by the trained health workers. RESULTS Out of 2505 participants, 1155 samples (%46.1) were male with mean age of 42.9±14.5years and 1350 samples (%53.9) were women with the mean age of 39.9±12.6 years. The prevalence of dyslipidemia among the individuals over 20 years of age in Ahvaz was %80.9 (%75.9 in male and %85.1 in female). Age and BMI were positively correlated with increase in the risk of dyslipidemia. Women had a higher risk of dyslipidemia CONCLUSION: This study showed that more than %80 over 20 years old Ahvazian population had dyslipidemia(female more than male). Age and BMI are positively correlated with increasing dyslipidemia in my population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahmoud Latifi
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Moradi
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Hajieh Shahbazian
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Armaghan Moravej Aleali
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Fakhrzadeh H, Djalalinia S, Mirarefin M, Arefirad T, Asayesh H, Safiri S, Samami E, Mansourian M, Shamsizadeh M, Qorbani M. Prevalence of physical inactivity in Iran: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:92-97. [PMID: 27777692 PMCID: PMC5075364 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Physical inactivity is one of the most important risk factors for chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and stroke. We aim to conduct a systematic review of the prevalence of physical inactivity in Iran.
Methods: We searched international databases; ISI, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and national databases Irandoc, Barakat knowledge network system, and Scientific Information Database (SID). We collected data for outcome measures of prevalence of physical inactivity by sex, age, province, and year. Quality assessment and data extraction has been conducted independently by two independent research experts. There were no limitations for time and language.
Results: We analyzed data for prevalence of physical inactivity in Iranian population. According to our search strategy we found 254 records; of them 185 were from international databases and the remaining 69 were obtained from national databases after refining the data, 34 articles that met eligible criteria remained for data extraction. From them respectively; 9, 20, 2 and 3 studies were at national, provincial, regional and local levels. The estimates for inactivity ranged from approximately 30% to almost 70% and had considerable variation between sexes and studied sub-groups.
Conclusion: In Iran, most of studies reported high prevalence of physical inactivity. Our findings reveal a heterogeneity of reported values, often from differences in study design, measurement tools and methods, different target groups and sub-population sampling. These data do not provide the possibility of aggregation of data for a comprehensive inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Fakhrzadeh
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Mirarefin
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Arefirad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Elham Samami
- Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran ; Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Maimela E, Alberts M, Modjadji SEP, Choma SSR, Dikotope SA, Ntuli TS, Van Geertruyden JP. The Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors amongst Adults in the Dikgale Health Demographic and Surveillance System (HDSS) Site, Limpopo Province of South Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147926. [PMID: 26882033 PMCID: PMC4755539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in a rural community in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. METHODS This survey was conducted using the WHO "STEPwise approach to the surveillance of non-communicable diseases" (STEPS) methodology. Participants were residents of the Dikgale HDSS site and standardised international protocols were used to measure behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake and, physical activity) and physical characteristics (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences and blood pressure-BP). Fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL-C were determined in 732 participants. Data were analysed using STATA 12 for Windows. RESULTS The prevalence of current smokers amongst the participants was 13.7%, of which 81.3% were daily smokers. Alcohol was consumed by 16.3% of the participants. The majority of participants (88.6%) had low daily intake of fruit and vegetables and low physical activity (66.5%). The prevalence of hypertension amongst the participants was 38.2%. Overweight, obesity and high waist circumference were prevalent in females. The cardio-metabolic risk profile was not significantly different between men and women. People who were older than 40 years, overweight or obese and those who consumed alcohol were more likely to be hypertensive. Smoking was associated significantly with older age, males, never married and divorced people. Alcohol consumption was associated with older age, males, low educational status and low income. CONCLUSION High levels of risk factors for NCDs among adults in the Dikgale HDSS suggest an urgent need for health interventions to control these risk factors at the population level in order to reduce the prevalence of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Maimela
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
- International Health Unit, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marianne Alberts
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Sewela E. P. Modjadji
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Solomon S. R. Choma
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Sekgothe A. Dikotope
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Thembelihle S. Ntuli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Public Health and Health Promotion, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Polokwane, South Africa
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Shaheen AM, Nassar OS, Amre HM, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Factors Affecting Health-Promoting Behaviors of University Students in Jordan. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.71001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Jafari-Adli S, Jouyandeh Z, Qorbani M, Soroush A, Larijani B, Hasani-Ranjbar S. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:121. [PMID: 25610814 PMCID: PMC4301060 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the most important underlying risk factors for chronic disease. Dramatically increasing and following complication of obesity should be alerted to health politicians and practitioners to prevent associated health risks. This review aimed to give a better insight into the prevalence of obesity and overweight in different areas of Iran. METHOD All published internal (SID, Irandoc, Iranmedex), and international (Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, Scopus) source studies, reported the prevalence of overweight/obesity among normal population samples, during Jan 2005 through Jan 2014, were assessed in this review. Paper selection processes were done by two researchers separately. Studies which met the eligible criteria were included in this review. RESULT One hundred ninety three eligible studies enter into our review. Of 193 final selected studies, 86 (15 national, 71 sub national) of them were reported the prevalence of obesity/overweight in adult, and 107 studies (11 national, 96 sub national) in under-18 by individual. The range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies in adult, was 27.0-38.5 (95% CI: 26.8-27.1, 37.2-39.8), and 12.6-25.9 (95% CI: 12.2-13.0, 24.9-26.8), separately. In under-18 the range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies were 5.0-13.5 (95% CI: 4.5-5.5, 13.4-13.6), and 3.2-11.9 (95% CI: 3.0-3.4, 11.3-12.4). CONCLUSION Obesity as an important public health problem has been discussed in recent few decades worldwide. Although the national reported prevalence of obesity in Iran was not considerably diverse, but remarkable differences were seen in the sub national prevalence which must be noticed more in political health programs especially among women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Jafari-Adli
- />Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jouyandeh
- />Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- />Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- />Non communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Soroush
- />Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor of Shariati Hospital, North Karegar St., P.O Box 1411413137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- />Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- />Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor of Shariati Hospital, North Karegar St., P.O Box 1411413137, Tehran, Iran
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Shaghaghi A, Ahmadi A. Evidence Gap on the Prevalence of Non-conventional Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:292-7. [PMID: 25389516 PMCID: PMC4225639 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Robust scientific evidence exists about the role of non-conventional risk factors in type 2 diabetes worldwide. The current epidemiological pattern of the disease in Iran suggests a precipitating role for these non-conventional risk factors. This review was performed to examine the research evidence suggesting a higher prevalence of non-conventional type 2 diabetes risk factors in Iran. METHODS MeSH keywords were applied to search several databases, including PUBMED, MEDLINE, AMED, EMBASE, Iran DOC, and the Scientific Information Database without a time limit from inception to September 2011. The quality of the non-interventional and population-based studies on Iranians included in these databases was assessed by the authors and any disagreement was resolved with consensus. RESULTS The literature search yielded 1847 publications, of which 62 were included in this study after eliminating non-relevant and overlapping papers. No study was found that verified a higher prevalence of the non-conventional type 2 diabetes risk factors in the Iranian population. CONCLUSION The identified evidence gap about the role of prominent non-conventional risk factors of type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population could be a major caveat in the application of an evidence-based approach to endorse or reject existing hypothesis about these risk factors. Studies on the prevalence of non-conventional biomarkers of type 2 diabetes among Iranians could be a promising area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Shaghaghi
- Health Education and Promotion Department, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Qorbani M, Samavat T, Sharifi F, Larijani B, Fakhrzadeh H. Prevalence of dyslipidemia in iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:373-93. [PMID: 24829725 PMCID: PMC4018586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% cardiovascular disease (CVD) is preventable despite the fact that it is currently the ultimate cause of disability in the world. Assessment of the nationwide prevalence of dyslipidemia as a major CVD risk factor is essential to efficiently conduct prevention programs. We extracted data according to the cut-off points of dyslipidemia used in each study. All published papers on this topic in Iranian and international journals with affiliation of "Iran" were reviewed using standard keywords up to September 2011. We included all available population-based studies and national surveys conducted in individuals aged ≥ 15 years. We excluded studies with < 300 individuals, non-population-based studies, or duplicated citations. We analyzed by random effect method due to between-study heterogeneity. The estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals in 29 eligible articles and one un-published data for hypercholesterolemia (≥200 mg/dl), hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dl), high levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol ([LDL-C] [≥ 130 mg/dl]) and low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ([HDL-C] <40 mg/dl in males, <50 mg/dl in females), in Iranian people were 41.6% (36.1-47.0), 46.0% (43.3-48.7), 35.5% (24.0-47.1) and 43.9% (33.4-54.4), respectively among both sexes and in both rural and urban areas. Hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-C and low HDL-C were more prevalent in women, whereas hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in men. All types of lipid component abnormalities were more prevalent in urban residents. Prevalence of dyslipidemia is considerable in Iran. It is necessary to enforce current measures of dyslipidemia control in the Iranian people to reduce CVD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Samavat
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Fakhrzadeh
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Haidari M, Nikbakht MR, Pasdar Y, Najaf F. Trend analysis of gastric cancer incidence in Iran and its six geographical areas during 2000-2005. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3335-41. [PMID: 22994757 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide. While it is one of the most common cancers in Iran, there are only limited data regarding incidence trends in the country. This study is the first of its type to investigate trends across six geographical areas during 2000-2005 using cancer registry data. MATERIALS AND METHODS The registered data for gastric cancer cases in National Cancer Registry System were extracted from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Center for Disease Control and Management, code C16. First, according to WHO population, the sex-standardized incidence rate in both sexes and then the trends of incidence rate during 2000-2005 were investigated separately for different geographical areas of the country. RESULTS The incidence rates of gastric cancer in Iran and its six geographical areas during 2000-2005 were increasing albeit with differences in their slopes. The overall incidence rate increased from 2.8 in 2000 to 9.1 per 100,000 persons per year in 2005, rising from 4.1 to 13.2 in men. The average six-year incidence of gastric cancer in the central and northwestern border of Caspian Sea was 7.8 per 100,000 persons per year, while it was 0.9 per 100,000 persons per year in the border of the Persian Gulf. Generally the incidence rate in men was higher than in women. CONCLUSION Iran is one of the high-risk areas for gastric cancer. Increase in incidence might continue in the future partly because of improvement in cancer registry systems as well as increase in risk of this cancer.
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Shabnam AA, Homa K, Reza MTM, Bagher L, Hossein FM, Hamidreza A. Cut-off points of waist circumference and body mass index for detecting diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension according to National Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Surveillance in Iran. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:614-21. [PMID: 23056071 PMCID: PMC3460497 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.30284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cut-off points of waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) are varied according to different races. There is a dearth of information on these indices especially in Iranian adults. We sought to estimate the cut-off points of waist circumference and BMI for detecting diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data were gathered by the First Iranian Non-Communicable Disease Survey in 2005. In total, 70,981 participants between 25 and 64 years of old were selected via random multistage cluster sampling. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to show the cut-off points of waist circumference and BMI for detecting diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. The maximum value the sum of sensitivity and specificity indicated the cut-off point. RESULTS The cut-off points of waist circumference according to maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in men were 89.7 cm, 89.4 cm and 88.2 cm and in women were 93.9 cm, 96.2 cm and 90 cm respectively. The cut-off points of BMI according to maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity for detecting hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in men were 25.7 kg/m(2), 24.8 kg/m(2) and 24 kg/m(2) and in women were 26.9 kg/m(2), 26.3 kg/m(2) and 26.1 kg/m(2) respectively. CONCLUSIONS This was a population-based study on a huge sample on the basis of a national survey. The Iranian BMI was different from the values suggested by the WHO. The waist circumference in Iranian women was higher than that in men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kashani Homa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Larijani Bagher
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Forouzanfar Mohammad Hossein
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Al-Majed HT, Sadek AA. Pre-hypertension and hypertension in college students in Kuwait: a neglected issue. J Family Community Med 2012; 19:105-12. [PMID: 22870414 PMCID: PMC3410173 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8229.98296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of pre-hypertension and hypertension in college students in Kuwait and their related risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 803, randomly selected students aged 17 to 23 years (346 male, 457 female) from different colleges in Kuwait, were included in the study between 2009 and 2010. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were taken by trained personnel. Pre-hypertension was defined as systolic pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg or diastolic pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg. Risk factor measurements that were determined, included smoking, body mass index (BMI), and family history of hypertension. Blood samples were collected and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and lipid profile levels were determined. RESULTS There were no hypotensive students. Normotensives constituted 53.5% (n = 430), pre-hypertensives formed 39.5% (n = 317), and hypertensive students comprised of 7% (n = 56). The overall proportions of hypertension and pre-hypertension were higher among male students (85.7 and 64.4%) than female students (14.3 and 35.6%), respectively. Hypertensive and pre-hypertensive students versus normotensive students had significantly higher levels of BMI-based obesity, smoking, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and IGT. Also, hypertensive and pre-hypertensive, compared to normotensive students, had significantly higher proportions (21.4, 18.3, and 4.0%, respectively) of risky high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (< 1 mg / dL), cholesterol (7.1, 3.8, and 1.4%, respectively), and triglycerides (TG) (17.9, 9.1, and 7.9%, respectively) where p was< 0.001, 0.016, and 0.051, respectively. CONCLUSION Hypertensive and pre-hypertensive students showed elevated levels of lipids and BMI-based obesity more than normotensive students. TG, HDL, HbA1c, and cholesterol appeared to influence pre-hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana T Al-Majed
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Kuwait.
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Social disparities in prevalence, treatment and control of hypertension in Iran: second National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases, 2006. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1620-9. [PMID: 20647858 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32833a38f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing hypertension prevalence, treatment and control by sociodemographic factors in Iran. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2006 National Surveillance of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases of Iran with a population-based sample of almost 30,000 people aged 15-64 years. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore differences in hypertension prevalence, treatment and control, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities and behavioral factors. RESULTS Hypertension prevalence was 17.37%. Among hypertensive patients, 33.35% were under treatment, and, among treated people, 35.10% had hypertension controlled. In multiple-regression analysis, age, male sex, low level of education, Kurd ethnicity, overweight and obesity, diabetes mellitus, lower level of physical activity and high-Human Development Index provinces were independently associated with higher prevalence of hypertension. Income and living in rural or urban area were not related to hypertension prevalence. Treatment rates were lower in men, younger people and people of low education and low income, but there were no treatment rate disparities connected to living area, ethnicity and provinces (by Human Development Index). In addition, diabetic patients, obese people and past daily smokers had higher treatment rates. Lower control rates were independently associated with male sex, higher age and lower education, but not with other variables. CONCLUSION In Iran, there is comparatively higher prevalence of hypertension among people of Kurdish ethnicity, people of low education and in high-Human Development Index provinces; a lower treatment rate among men, younger people, people of low education and low income; and a lower control rate among men and people of low education. These disparities should be addressed by researchers and health policy makers.
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Risk of transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder in first- and second-generation immigrants to Sweden. Eur J Cancer Prev 2010; 19:275-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e3283387728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cancer incidence among Iranian immigrants in Sweden and Iranian residents compared to the native Swedish population. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:599-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mackie P, Sim F. More than just diplomatic small talk? Public Health 2009; 123:349-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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